Article(id=1241793460227867004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0407, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=1708185600000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773996232325, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1755792000000, pubDateStr=2025-08-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773996232325, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773996232325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996232325, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241793456876618047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='222', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773996231526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773997043565, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796862877958695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796862877958696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241793456876618047, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=64, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241793462761226690, articleId=1241793460227867004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Research on the influence of vertical ground motion on the seismic response of self-centering column piers and their continuous beam bridges, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vertical ground motion is more intense in the near-fault zones, which poses a potential threat to the rocking self-centering (RSC) column piers with low seismic damage characteristics. Based on the OpenSees platform, finite element model of RSCs was established, and the accuracy of the modeling method was validated by comparing simulation results with pseudo-static and shaking table test results. Ten near-filed ground motions with pulse-like waves were used as the earthquake inputs, and bidirectional horizontal excitation and the three-dimensional excitation were considered respectively. A research on the influence of vertical ground motion on the seismic response of RSCs, and the continuous beam bridge with RSCs was conducted. The results show that vertical ground motions can increase the maximum axial force of RSCs, and reduce the minimum height of the RSC section, but the changes are not significant on average. Under disadvantageous conditions, the maximum axial force can increase by about 19.55%, and the minimum height of the compression zone of the section can be reduced by about 22.05%. Overall, the vertical ground motion has a minor impact on the maximum displacement at the top of RSCs. Vertical ground motion can greatly change the tensile stress and failure of energy-dissipating steel bars in RSC bridge columns. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the vertical ground motion effects on seismic response estimation of RSC bridge columns and RSC bridge structures.

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竖向地震动在临近断层区较为强烈,这对具有低损伤特征的摇摆-自复位(rocking self-centering,RSC)桥墩构成了潜在的威胁。基于OpenSees平台建立了RSC桥墩有限元模型,与拟静力和振动台试验结果对比验证了建模方法的准确性。选取10条近场含脉冲地震波作为输入,分别以双向水平与三向激励2种工况对比,研究了竖向地震动对于RSC桥墩地震反应的影响。进一步扩展至含RSC桥墩的连续梁桥,以从整体上考虑桥梁上部结构的影响。结果表明:竖向地震动会使桥墩轴力增大,桥墩受压区最小高度减小,但从平均意义角度不是很显著,在不利的情况下,最大轴力可增加约19.55%,截面受压区最小高度降低约22.05%。总体而言,竖向地震动对RSC桥墩的墩顶最大位移影响不大。竖向地震动会很大程度改变RSC桥墩耗能钢筋拉应力及其破坏情况,由此对RSC桥墩及其桥梁结构抗震分析时有必要考虑竖向地震动的影响。

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王东升(1974—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

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王东升(1974—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

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王东升(1974—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=耗能钢筋)], refs=[Reference(id=1241802918073008905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=29, issue=3, pageStart=84, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=王东升, 郭迅, 孙治国, journalName=地震工程与工程振动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王东升,郭迅,孙治国,. 汶川大地震公路桥梁震害初步调查[J]. 地震工程与工程振动, 2009, 29(3): 84-94., articleTitle=汶川大地震公路桥梁震害初步调查, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802918219809564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=29, issue=3, pageStart=84, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=WANG Dongsheng, GUO Xun, SUN Zhiguo, journalName=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, refType=null, 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Review on the study of post-earthquake residual displacement of structure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802928151921130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=40, issue=11, pageStart=81, pageEnd=89, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=48, authorNames=魏标, 闵浩峥, 汪伟浩, journalName=工程力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏标,闵浩峥,汪伟浩,. 分离式减震榫的阻尼力模型研究———基于Ramberg-Osgood模型[J]. 工程力学, 2023, 40(11): 81-89., articleTitle=分离式减震榫的阻尼力模型研究———基于Ramberg-Osgood模型, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802928298721785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=40, issue=11, pageStart=81, pageEnd=89, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=49, authorNames=WEI Biao, MIN Haozheng, WANG Weihao, journalName=Engineering Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEI Biao, MIN Haozheng, WANG Weihao, et al. Research on damping force model of separated shock absorber based on Ramberg-Osgood model[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2023, 40(11): 81-89. 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journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Time-history curves of the vertical force of the bearing, figureFileSmall=qxIcq8DkCOmSoSKp2+MLgg==, figureFileBig=b9l7GQ/4fs7uNZ/+ExAuFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802914126168568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=CN, label=图12, caption=支座竖向力时程曲线, figureFileSmall=qxIcq8DkCOmSoSKp2+MLgg==, figureFileBig=b9l7GQ/4fs7uNZ/+ExAuFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802914268774915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Near-field strong earthquake records with pulse-like waves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动序列地震事件台站震级Rrup/kmXY竖向
1Imperial Valley-06El Centro Array #76.530.56E07140E07230E07-UP
2Loma PrietaSaratoga-Aloha Ave6.938.50STG090STG000STG-UP
3ErzicanErzincan6.694.38ERZ-NSERZ-EWERZ-UP
4Cape MendocinoPetrolia7.018.18PET000PET090PET-UP
5LandersLucerne7.282.19LCN260LCN345LCN-UP
6Northridge-01Rinaldi Receiving Sta6.696.50RRS318RRS228RRS-UP
7KocaeliIzmit7.517.21IZT180IZT090IZT-UP
8Chi-ChiTCU0657.620.57TCU065-NTCU065-ETCU065-V
9Chi-ChiTCU1027.621.49TCU102-NTCU102-ETCU102-V
10DuzceDuzce7.146.58DZC180DZC270DZC-UP
), ArticleFig(id=1241802914382021139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

近场含脉冲强震记录

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地震动序列地震事件台站震级Rrup/kmXY竖向
1Imperial Valley-06El Centro Array #76.530.56E07140E07230E07-UP
2Loma PrietaSaratoga-Aloha Ave6.938.50STG090STG000STG-UP
3ErzicanErzincan6.694.38ERZ-NSERZ-EWERZ-UP
4Cape MendocinoPetrolia7.018.18PET000PET090PET-UP
5LandersLucerne7.282.19LCN260LCN345LCN-UP
6Northridge-01Rinaldi Receiving Sta6.696.50RRS318RRS228RRS-UP
7KocaeliIzmit7.517.21IZT180IZT090IZT-UP
8Chi-ChiTCU0657.620.57TCU065-NTCU065-ETCU065-V
9Chi-ChiTCU1027.621.49TCU102-NTCU102-ETCU102-V
10DuzceDuzce7.146.58DZC180DZC270DZC-UP
), ArticleFig(id=1241802914482684448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The maximum displacement at the top of RSC bridge piers

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工况地震动序列均值
12345678910
双向水平/mm156.4382.24334.55146.6160.06277.32110.03166.51379.19158.39187.13
双向水平+竖向/mm157.0780.19335.17146.2560.91281.22109.59167.04387.47157.80188.27
变化量/%0.41-2.490.19-0.251.421.41-0.400.322.18-0.370.61
), ArticleFig(id=1241802914604319281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RSC桥墩墩顶最大位移

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工况地震动序列均值
12345678910
双向水平/mm156.4382.24334.55146.6160.06277.32110.03166.51379.19158.39187.13
双向水平+竖向/mm157.0780.19335.17146.2560.91281.22109.59167.04387.47157.80188.27
变化量/%0.41-2.490.19-0.251.421.41-0.400.322.18-0.370.61
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The maximum axial force of RSC bridge piers

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工况地震动序列均值
12345678910
双向水平/kN6332.05854.27471.56513.75675.56958.16227.96580.87545.76571.66573.1
双向水平+竖向/kN6729.36221.67804.26473.86468.68318.76870.06595.07749.76968.27019.9
变化量/%6.276.284.45-0.6113.9719.5510.310.222.706.046.80
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RSC桥墩轴力最大值

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工况地震动序列均值
12345678910
双向水平/kN6332.05854.27471.56513.75675.56958.16227.96580.87545.76571.66573.1
双向水平+竖向/kN6729.36221.67804.26473.86468.68318.76870.06595.07749.76968.27019.9
变化量/%6.276.284.45-0.6113.9719.5510.310.222.706.046.80
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The minimum height of the compressive area of RSC bridge pier sections

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工况地震动序列均值
12345678910
双向水平/mm252.91333.05234.83235.09388.23324.09238.72216.41260.55233.96271.78
双向水平+竖向/mm248.03330.48224.19234.23383.01252.62236.93207.68257.61231.80260.66
变化量/%-1.93-0.77-4.53-0.37-1.34-22.05-0.75-4.03-4.03-0.92-4.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241802915078275685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

RSC桥墩截面受压区最小高度

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工况地震动序列均值
12345678910
双向水平/mm252.91333.05234.83235.09388.23324.09238.72216.41260.55233.96271.78
双向水平+竖向/mm248.03330.48224.19234.23383.01252.62236.93207.68257.61231.80260.66
变化量/%-1.93-0.77-4.53-0.37-1.34-22.05-0.75-4.03-4.03-0.92-4.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241802915220882034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

High-velocity pulse ground motion records

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序列地震台站断层距/km地震记录分量/g
EW(东西)向NS(南北)向UP(竖)向
1Chi-ChiTCU0520.70.3480.4190.241
2Chi-ChiTCU0545.30.1480.1880.129
3Chi-ChiTCU1029.70.2980.1690.189
), ArticleFig(id=1241802915392848513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

强速度脉冲地震动记录

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序列地震台站断层距/km地震记录分量/g
EW(东西)向NS(南北)向UP(竖)向
1Chi-ChiTCU0520.70.3480.4190.241
2Chi-ChiTCU0545.30.1480.1880.129
3Chi-ChiTCU1029.70.2980.1690.189
), ArticleFig(id=1241802915510289038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The maximum drift angle and residual drift angle of the double-column piers

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地震动桥墩最大位移角桥墩残余位移角
H向H+V向H向H+V向
TCU052纵桥向3.8633.8340.0240.125
横桥向2.7422.7220.0050.057
TCU054纵桥向2.1252.1630.0320.024
横桥向0.4600.4440.0090.005
TCU102纵桥向1.2561.2290.0110.030
横桥向0.5910.6200.0040.018
), ArticleFig(id=1241802917041210012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

双柱墩最大位移角及残余位移角

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地震动桥墩最大位移角桥墩残余位移角
H向H+V向H向H+V向
TCU052纵桥向3.8633.8340.0240.125
横桥向2.7422.7220.0050.057
TCU054纵桥向2.1252.1630.0320.024
横桥向0.4600.4440.0090.005
TCU102纵桥向1.2561.2290.0110.030
横桥向0.5910.6200.0040.018
), ArticleFig(id=1241802917225759404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Number of fractured energy dissipation steel bars

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地震动输入方向地震动
TCU052TCU054TCU102
H向18197
H+V向171310
), ArticleFig(id=1241802917406114492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241793460227867004, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

耗能钢筋折断数量

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地震动输入方向地震动
TCU052TCU054TCU102
H向18197
H+V向171310
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竖向地震动对自复位桥墩及其连续梁桥地震反应影响研究
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王东升 , 张凯林 , 甄浩越 , 葛超洋 , 童磊
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(4): 64-74
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(4): 64-74
竖向地震动对自复位桥墩及其连续梁桥地震反应影响研究
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王东升 , 张凯林, 甄浩越, 葛超洋, 童磊
作者信息
  • 河北工业大学 土木与交通学院,天津 300401
  • 王东升(1974—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

Research on the influence of vertical ground motion on the seismic response of self-centering column piers and their continuous beam bridges
Dongsheng WANG , Kailin ZHANG, Haoyue ZHEN, Chaoyang GE, Lei TONG
Affiliations
  • School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
出版时间: 2025-08-22 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0407
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竖向地震动在临近断层区较为强烈,这对具有低损伤特征的摇摆-自复位(rocking self-centering,RSC)桥墩构成了潜在的威胁。基于OpenSees平台建立了RSC桥墩有限元模型,与拟静力和振动台试验结果对比验证了建模方法的准确性。选取10条近场含脉冲地震波作为输入,分别以双向水平与三向激励2种工况对比,研究了竖向地震动对于RSC桥墩地震反应的影响。进一步扩展至含RSC桥墩的连续梁桥,以从整体上考虑桥梁上部结构的影响。结果表明:竖向地震动会使桥墩轴力增大,桥墩受压区最小高度减小,但从平均意义角度不是很显著,在不利的情况下,最大轴力可增加约19.55%,截面受压区最小高度降低约22.05%。总体而言,竖向地震动对RSC桥墩的墩顶最大位移影响不大。竖向地震动会很大程度改变RSC桥墩耗能钢筋拉应力及其破坏情况,由此对RSC桥墩及其桥梁结构抗震分析时有必要考虑竖向地震动的影响。

摇摆-自复位桥墩  /  竖向地震动  /  数值分析  /  耗能钢筋

Vertical ground motion is more intense in the near-fault zones, which poses a potential threat to the rocking self-centering (RSC) column piers with low seismic damage characteristics. Based on the OpenSees platform, finite element model of RSCs was established, and the accuracy of the modeling method was validated by comparing simulation results with pseudo-static and shaking table test results. Ten near-filed ground motions with pulse-like waves were used as the earthquake inputs, and bidirectional horizontal excitation and the three-dimensional excitation were considered respectively. A research on the influence of vertical ground motion on the seismic response of RSCs, and the continuous beam bridge with RSCs was conducted. The results show that vertical ground motions can increase the maximum axial force of RSCs, and reduce the minimum height of the RSC section, but the changes are not significant on average. Under disadvantageous conditions, the maximum axial force can increase by about 19.55%, and the minimum height of the compression zone of the section can be reduced by about 22.05%. Overall, the vertical ground motion has a minor impact on the maximum displacement at the top of RSCs. Vertical ground motion can greatly change the tensile stress and failure of energy-dissipating steel bars in RSC bridge columns. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the vertical ground motion effects on seismic response estimation of RSC bridge columns and RSC bridge structures.

rocking self-centering (RSC) column piers  /  vertical ground motion  /  numerical analysis  /  energy-dissipating steel bars
王东升, 张凯林, 甄浩越, 葛超洋, 童磊. 竖向地震动对自复位桥墩及其连续梁桥地震反应影响研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (4) : 64 -74 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0407
Dongsheng WANG, Kailin ZHANG, Haoyue ZHEN, Chaoyang GE, Lei TONG. Research on the influence of vertical ground motion on the seismic response of self-centering column piers and their continuous beam bridges[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (4) : 64 -74 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0407
桥梁是重要的生命线工程,地震中一旦损毁,将对救援及社会恢复产生严重影响[1]。传统钢筋混凝土桥墩由于强震作用下存在塑性区,会产生一定的残余变形,其值过大时会直接影响桥梁震后修复及通行功能[2-4]。摇摆-自复位桥墩(rocking self-centering bridge column,RSC)因可以减轻自身地震损伤和降低残余位移而受到广泛关注。PALERMO等[5-6]首次提出自复位构件与耗能构件相结合的RSC桥墩,完成了1组单柱式RSC桥墩拟静力试验,同时提出一种基于集中塑性铰的数值分析模型,通过改变预应力筋和耗能钢筋的配筋率等对RSC桥墩滞回性能进行了分析;MARRIOTT等[7-8]针对采用外置阻尼器的RSC桥墩抗震性能展开研究,建立了墩底多弹簧模型对双向加载下桥墩滞回曲线、中性轴高度和预应力筋应力等进行研究。SAIIDI等[9]、ZHOU等[10]和张丹等[11]分别针对RSC桥墩连续梁桥开展振动台试验,以全桥方式验证新型RSC桥墩等的抗震性能。
近年的强震记录与震害调查都表明,近断层区域竖向地震动具有更大加速度峰值、特征周期长的特点,更易使结构发生严重损坏[12-14]。贾俊峰等[15]、韩建平等[16]和李宁等[17]针对竖向地震动特征展开研究,发现近断层地震记录中竖向地震动的地面峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)与水平地震动PGA的峰值比(V/H)更高。SAADEGHVARIRI等[18]和BUTTON等[19]分别开展了竖向地震动对普通钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)桥梁的影响研究,认为其将显著影响桥墩轴力。KIM等[20]和KUMAR等[21]针对RC桥墩分别进行了拟动力和振动台试验,发现竖向地震动会使桥墩的轴力发生显著变化,将直接影响桥墩抗震性能与破坏模式。在桥梁支座方面,叶昆等[22]和石岩等[23]研究发现,较大的竖向激励影响铅芯橡胶支座和摩擦摆支座的动力反应及破坏模式。魏标等[24]分析了地震作用下双曲面球型支座竖向位移反应行为,证明它能显著降低地震下支座竖向荷载变化。管璐[25]分析了竖向地震动对于双层排架自复位桥墩的影响,表明层间位移角、残余位移角和钢筋最大应力等均增大。
值得注意的是,RSC桥墩在地震作用下存在接缝开合,竖向地震动作用导致它的轴向荷载产生变化,进而影响其摇摆反应。目前,针对RSC桥墩抗震性能研究多忽略了竖向地震动影响,由此本文首先建立了RSC桥墩数值分析模型,通过既有试验验证了模型的准确性,其次以实际工程为背景,建立采用RSC桥墩的连续梁桥模型,最后以时程分析手段讨论了竖向地震动作用下RSC桥墩及其桥梁结构的抗震性能。
RSC桥墩假定由底节段、预应力钢束和内置耗能钢筋构成,基于Opne Sees数值分析平台建立其数值分析模型,包括非线性梁柱单元、桁架单元、零长度转动弹簧单元和刚性单元,见图1。其中,通过非线性梁柱单元模拟桥墩变形反应;采用桁架单元模拟预应力筋和耗能钢筋,并通过刚臂与桥墩节点连接,以实现与桥墩变形协调;在桥墩接缝处设置均匀分布仅受压材料(ENT材料)的零长度弹簧实现对RSC桥墩摇摆接缝的模拟,在这里通过适当的参数设置可以考虑桥墩多节段的影响,因此本文并未对多节段的影响做详细讨论[26]。在模型中,以Concrete01材料模拟桥墩混凝土,以考虑包辛格效应的Steel02单轴材料模拟桥墩纵筋和耗能钢筋,以Elastic-PP材料模拟预应力筋的弹性反应。RSC桥墩的详细建模过程与弹簧刚度取值见文献[26],由于篇幅限制,本文不再赘述。
静力分为单向拟静力与双向拟静力加载试验,前者为MANDER等[27]完成的RKG-GU试件与PALERMO等[28]完成的HBD1试件,后者为MARRIOTT等[8]完成的HBD4试件;图2(a)为RKG-GU试件桥墩模拟与试验滞回曲线的对比图,图2(b)为HBD1试件桥墩模拟与试验滞回曲线的对比图,图2(c)、(d)分别为HBD4试件南北向与东西向桥墩模拟与试验滞回曲线的对比图。由图可知,模拟得到的试件正、负两个方向的刚度、强度和残余位移与试验吻合效果较好,验证了本文建模方法对RSC桥墩滞回性能模拟的准确性。
振动台试验为美国太平洋地震工程研究中心(Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,PEER)于2017年完成的RSC双柱墩振动台试验[29]。模拟中对桥墩施加9条双向地震动(横桥向+竖向),墩顶最大位移、左墩预应力筋最大应力和右墩预应力筋最大应力模拟与试验结果对比图见图3(a)~(c)。由图3(a)~(c)可知,RSC桥墩地震荷载作用下数值模拟得出的墩顶最大位移和预应力筋拉力的结果与试验吻合度较高。墩顶位移时程分析结果见图4。从整体来看,本文所建立的数值分析模型可较为准确地模拟出RSC桥墩在地震作用下的非线性反应。
基于非线性时程方法分析竖向地震动对RSC桥墩的抗震性能的影响。以实际工程中普通钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)桥墩尺寸重新设计RSC桥墩,从墩顶最大位移、轴力和受压区最小高度等方面讨论竖向地震动对RSC桥墩的影响。
独柱式RSC桥墩见图5。桥墩直径为1200 mm,有效墩高为5880 mm,剪跨比λ为4.9。纵筋配置20根直径为32 mm的HRB400钢筋,对应纵筋配筋率为1.42%。耗能钢筋布置14根直径为32 mm的HRB400钢筋,对应纵筋配筋率为1%。在桥墩截面4个对称位置分别设计10束直径为15.24 mm的无黏结预应力筋,对应配筋率为0.50%,初始张拉应力为458.04 MPa,对应初始张拉率为24.62%,产生的轴压比为0.07。上部结构质量为293.15 t,产生的轴压比为0.08,因此桥墩总的轴压比为0.15。
在数值分析中采用1.1节方法建模,采用Rayleigh阻尼,阻尼比取值为5%,桥墩考虑重力P-Δ效应影响。
从ATC-63[30]推荐的地震动数据库中选取10条近场含脉冲强震记录,选用强震记录参数见表1。因双向水平向地震动输入下,接缝张开方向不定,使桥墩在横向、纵向均会产生摇摆反应,最大夹角可能出现在桥墩的任意方向。因此本文以计算桥墩的最大位移及残余位移,其中,dxdy分别为桥墩横桥向和纵桥向位移(或残余位移)。其他需要说明的是,本章中预应力筋最大应力取4根预应力筋中的最大值。
RSC桥墩的最大反应将直接决定桥墩的损伤情况,RSC桥墩的墩顶最大位移反应见表2。由表可知,在近断层地震动作用下竖向地震动对桥墩的墩顶位移影响不大。其中,共10条近断层地震动中6条地震动竖向作用使RSC桥墩的墩顶位移加大,在9号地震动作用下,桥墩位移增加了2.18%;4条地震动使得桥墩的最大位移减小,在2号地震动作用下,桥墩位移减小了2.49%。
竖向地震动作用将直接引起桥墩轴力的变化,甚至部分学者认为竖向地震动产生的高轴力是导致桥墩混凝土压溃的主要原因[21-22]。桥墩最大轴力反应情况见表3。由表可知,除4号地震动外,其余均表现出竖向地震动使桥墩轴力增大的特点。其中6号地震动作用下,竖向地震动作用使墩顶最大轴力增加了19.55%。整体来看,竖向地震动会导致桥墩最大轴力增加。
地震作用下,RSC桥墩由于墩底接缝的存在导致开合,整体做摇摆反应。竖向地震动导致轴向荷载变化,将直接影响接缝开合并导致受压区高度变化。RSC桥墩受压区的最小高度情况见表4。整体来看,竖向地震动将使RSC桥墩受压区最小高度降低,其中6号地震动下考虑竖向地震动使受压区最小高度降低22.05%。
初步分析受压区最小高度降低的原因,一是竖向地震动作用导致桥墩轴力变化,二是桥墩接缝张开角度增大,这些都可能导致接缝处混凝土受压区最小高度降低。过小的受压区高度将导致墩底接缝处混凝土压应力集中,存在局部压溃/劈裂的可能。
以10条近场含速度脉冲强震记录研究了竖向地震动对于RSC桥墩的影响,与输入地震动的个体较为相关,如6号地震动很大程度加大了桥墩轴力,减小了桥墩截面受压区最小高度,但对于桥墩位移影响较小。总体上看,竖向地震动会加大桥墩轴力,减小桥墩受压区最小高度,对于桥墩位移影响较小。
国内外众多学者对隔震桥梁地震反应分析表明,应注意竖向地震动的影响[22-24]。RSC连续梁桥先天具有隔震特性,由此本节建立了一座RSC双柱式墩的连续梁桥数值分析模型,研究其在含速度脉冲近场地震动(PGA=0.4 g)作用下的反应,进一步分析竖向地震动对RSC墩连续梁桥抗震性能的影响。
基于OpenSees数值分析平台建立4×30 m RSC连续梁桥非线性动力分析模型,见图6。连续梁桥主梁与盖梁均采用弹性梁柱单元模拟,并以刚性连接实现多主梁之间横向联系的模拟;RSC桥墩采用1.1节建议的建模方法进行模拟,细部构造见文献[26];板式橡胶支座采用Elastomeric Bearing单元模拟;采用Hysteretic材料模拟钢筋剪力分配项和混凝土剪力分配项,2种材料并联后串联理想弹塑性间隙单轴材料,实现对挡块碰撞及破坏复杂过程的模拟;桥台采用Zerolength单元模拟;采用Hyperbolic材料模拟桥台受力。在分析中,采用Rayleigh阻尼模型,阻尼比取值为5%,桥墩考虑重力P-Δ效应的影响。
为降低计算量,选择1999年集集地震记录中的3组含有强速度脉冲的近场地震动作为输入,具体信息见表5。3组强震记录的加速度反应谱见图7。由图可知,无论水平还是竖向地震动,它们整体上具备较宽的周期范围,这样就可以更好地考虑频率成分的影响。为保证结果可对比性与一致性,将3组强震记录中EW分量加速度峰值(peak ground acceleration,PGA)调幅至0.4 g后沿横桥向输入;NS与UP分量PGA按EW分量的比例因子进行调幅[31]
1)桥墩最大位移角及残余位移角
由于竖向地震动作用,RSC桥墩承受的上部结构产生的竖向荷载是一个动态变化的过程,将导致桥墩水平位移产生变化。纵、横桥向在双向(H)和三向(H+V)地震动作用下RSC桥墩墩顶最大位移时程曲线见图8图9。由图8图9可知,竖向地震动并未使RSC桥墩的水平位移产生显著增长。RSC桥墩在纵、横桥向的最大位移角和残余位移角见表6。由表可知,考虑竖向地震动作用,在TCU054地震动作用下桥墩纵桥向和TCU102地震动横桥向最大位移角分别提升了1.76%、4.78%,而其余情况下分别降低0.73%~3.60%。对比残余位移角可以发现双向水平和三向地震动下桥墩均未产生较明显的残余位移角,仅是在TCU052输入时纵桥向残余位移角达到0.125%,似乎受到竖向地震动的影响,但要远低于通常希望控制的1%限值[32]。上述这些现象可能是由于竖向地震动作用导致桥墩受到的轴向荷载增加,RSC桥墩在摇摆反应中受压,导致其接缝张开幅度降低,从而产生RSC桥墩峰值位移部分降低的现象。此外,地震荷载使耗能钢筋受力增加,导致其产生的残余位移角增大。
2)轴力变化
强震下桥墩轴力将直接影响RSC桥墩接缝处的开合反应,过大的轴力将影响桥墩接缝张开,使混凝土发生局部压碎的严重破坏。RSC桥墩轴力时程曲线见图10。由图可知,考虑竖向地震动后桥墩轴力差值在0.21%~3.27%,两者十分接近;TCU052地震动、TCU054地震动和TCU102地震动中竖向地震动峰值分别于33.83、34.88、35.35 s时出现;竖向地震动达到峰值PGA范围时轴力变化要大些。综合对比分析发现,竖向与水平强震记录峰值几乎同时到达情况下,桥墩轴力变化要大,应该是二者产生的竖向反应相互叠加的结果。
3)耗能钢筋应力
竖向地震动对RSC桥墩摇摆反应影响会改变耗能钢筋的拉压应力。2#桥墩截面耗能钢筋编号,以及墩底处在TCU052地震动输入下耗能钢筋应力的最大值见图11。双向水平与三向地震动输入时,应力最大值均产生在13号耗能钢筋位置,但其他部分钢筋应力存在明显差异,如1号,前者较后者降低了51.6%。此外,耗能钢筋最大应力超过1000 MPa时,此时可能意味着断裂,双向水平输入下主要产生在3~6、12~18号,而三向输入则主要产生在1~5和13~20号。耗能钢筋拉断数量(最大应力超过极限应力752 MPa)见表7。由表可知,TCU052地震动与TCU054地震动作用时表现为竖向地震动使耗能钢筋拉断数量降低,其中TCU054地震动作用下耗能钢筋拉断数量相差最多,分别为双向时拉断19根,三向时拉断13根。而在TCU102地震动下则与之相反,竖向地震动影响反而增加了3根。这种增加与减少的原因仍在于水平与竖向地震荷载效应的叠加,当二者都产生耗能钢筋受拉时,则会有更多的耗能钢筋拉断。
可以结合支座轴力变化情况,对上述耗能钢筋拉断情况做进一步的分析。RSC桥墩连续梁支座的竖向力时程曲线见图12,选择的是中跨2#桥墩盖梁上支座以降低桥台等边界条件的影响。可以发现竖向地震动对于支座竖向力影响显著,相比仅水平双向输入时支座竖向力最大值平均增大约10.84%,支座竖向最小值平均减小约21.69%。图12中仅双向水平地震动作用,支座竖向力也会发生改变,主要是由于主梁随同桥墩摇摆反应产生较小的竖向位移所致,也与桥台的转动约束有关。主梁(含盖梁)的竖向惯性力、恒载构成了支座的反力,而它又与桥墩底部耗能钢筋拉力、竖向预应力钢筋拉力和接缝处混凝土截面高度上的(局部)压力构成了平衡。图12(b)可知,在TCU054地震动作用下双向水平作用产生的支座最大反应与竖向地震动产生的最大反应时间上存在不一致,因此就降低了耗能钢筋的拉应力;若二者在发生时间上较为一致,就会有增加耗能钢筋拉应力的可能,如TCU102地震动的情况。在近断层地震动作用下,结构易遭受破坏,增加耗能构件是很好的结构保护措施[33]
本文基于OpenSees数值分析平台,建立了摇摆-自复位桥墩(RSC)的有限元模型,并与拟静力试验滞回反应及振动台试验结果进行了对比,验证了建模方法的准确性,还进一步建立了RSC墩连续梁桥的数值模型。对RSC桥墩及采用RSC墩的连续梁桥采用双向水平地震动与三向地震动2种分析工况进行对比,研究竖向地震动对RSC桥墩及其连续梁桥地震反应的影响。得出以下结论:
1)竖向地震动使RSC桥墩的墩顶最大轴力增加以及桥墩受压区最小高度减小,构成对RSC桥墩不利的影响,对于RSC桥墩的墩顶位移影响不大。
2)在竖向地震动作用下,RSC墩连续梁桥的墩顶位移并未发生显著变化,其中残余位移有增加趋势,但其值仍远小于可修复的限值1%内。竖向地震动会导致RSC连续梁桥桥墩轴力增大,直接影响到RSC桥墩接缝处的开合反应。
3)竖向地震动会很大程度改变RSC桥墩耗能钢筋拉应力及其破坏情况,具体则受水平与竖向地震动最大反应对应的时间是否一致影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52178473)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0407
  • 接收时间:2023-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-21
  • 修回日期:2024-02-18
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国家自然科学基金项目(52178473)
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    河北工业大学 土木与交通学院,天津 300401
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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