Article(id=1241791797651898744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0318, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707235200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-07, revisedDate=1710086400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995835935, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995835935, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995835935, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995835935, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791788986471392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995833869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996997624, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=202, endPage=211, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791799413506437, articleId=1241791797651898744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Performance-based optimal selection method for reinforcement schemes of seismic damaged structures, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cost-effective ratio for the reinforcement of seismic damaged structures is proposed based on the estimated seismic economic loss and reinforcement cost. A performance-based optimal selection method is established. The cost-effective ratio and estimated repair time are adopted as quantitative indexes. Besides, the construction technology, construction time cost, and effect on building functions are qualitative indexes. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and combination ordered weighted averaging (C-OWA) were adopted as the mathematical method for optimal selection. Taking a certain typical concrete frame structure as the research object, based on the incremental dynamic analysis results of different seismic damage reinforcement schemes, a comparative and optimal selection study of the FRP reinforcement scheme, shock absorption reinforcement scheme, and seismic isolation reinforcement scheme for the seismic damaged structure was carried out. Results indicate that the proposed cost-effective ratio can provide a comprehensive and objective insight into promoting seismic performance from an economic perspective. Moreover, the performance-based optimal selection procedure can effectively provide a scientific basis for the construction decision-maker by combining objective situations and subjective willingness.

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基于地震预期损失和加固方案费用估计,提出了震损结构加固效费比指标。以震损结构加固效费比、结构预期修复时间作为定量指标,以施工技术、加固工期和功能影响作为定性指标,结合模糊数学理论的理想点优选算法和组合数有序加权算子,建立了一套基于性能的震损结构加固方案优选方法。以某典型混凝土框架结构为研究对象,根据不同震损加固方案的增量动力分析结果,开展了震损结构纤维增强复合材料加固方案、减震加固方案以及隔震加固方案的对比优选研究。研究结果表明,提出的加固效费比指标,能客观、全面地反映不同加固方案对结构残余抗震能力提升产生的经济性影响;建立的基于性能的震损结构加固方案优选流程,能将客观条件和主观意愿相结合,科学高效地给出加固优选方案,为震损结构加固决策者提供参考依据。

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高峰(1996—),男,工程师,硕士,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:
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吴小宾(1963—),男,教授级高工,硕士,主要从事复杂结构设计与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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吴小宾(1963—),男,教授级高工,硕士,主要从事复杂结构设计与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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吴小宾(1963—),男,教授级高工,硕士,主要从事复杂结构设计与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802908367388720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791797651898744, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Close coefficient of different seismic strengthening scheme, figureFileSmall=82waxbI/ZdlLXOqd40DWjQ==, figureFileBig=bqIECCD9c49vuai3hSHOnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802908489023549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791797651898744, language=CN, label=图10, caption=加固方案贴近系数对比, figureFileSmall=82waxbI/ZdlLXOqd40DWjQ==, figureFileBig=bqIECCD9c49vuai3hSHOnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802908652601414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791797651898744, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Seismic damage state and the material performance reduction ratios of concrete members

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型号损伤状态描述钢筋弹性模量折减γb混凝土强度折减γc
DS1构件出现弯曲裂缝(基本完好)1.001.00
DS2构件出现轻微剥落与剪切裂缝0.670.95
DS3构件裂缝宽度变大,数量增多,保护层大面积剥落0.500.90
DS4构件出现裸露的箍筋或纵筋0.350.85
DS5构件核心区混凝土开始压碎0.200.80
), ArticleFig(id=1241802908749070418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791797651898744, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混凝土构件损伤状态及材料性能折减系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
型号损伤状态描述钢筋弹性模量折减γb混凝土强度折减γc
DS1构件出现弯曲裂缝(基本完好)1.001.00
DS2构件出现轻微剥落与剪切裂缝0.670.95
DS3构件裂缝宽度变大,数量增多,保护层大面积剥落0.500.90
DS4构件出现裸露的箍筋或纵筋0.350.85
DS5构件核心区混凝土开始压碎0.200.80
), ArticleFig(id=1241802908845539426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791797651898744, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mechanical parameters of FRP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单层厚度/mm包裹层数弹性模量/GPa极限强度/MPa极限应变/%
0.167423535001.5
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FRP参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单层厚度/mm包裹层数弹性模量/GPa极限强度/MPa极限应变/%
0.167423535001.5
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Mechanical properties of viscous dampers

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阻尼系数c/(kN•s/mm)最大阻尼力/kN阻尼指数设计速度/(mm/s)
1001000.251000
), ArticleFig(id=1241802909151723648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791797651898744, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黏滞阻尼器参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阻尼系数c/(kN•s/mm)最大阻尼力/kN阻尼指数设计速度/(mm/s)
1001000.251000
), ArticleFig(id=1241802909264969874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791797651898744, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mechanical parameters of LRB700 isolators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
竖向刚度/(kN/mm)等效水平刚度/(kN/mm)等效阻尼比/%屈服前刚度/(kN/mm)屈服后刚度/(kN/mm)屈服力/kN
32001.7523151.1590
), ArticleFig(id=1241802909399187621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791797651898744, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

LRB700型号隔震支座参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
竖向刚度/(kN/mm)等效水平刚度/(kN/mm)等效阻尼比/%屈服前刚度/(kN/mm)屈服后刚度/(kN/mm)屈服力/kN
32001.7523151.1590
), ArticleFig(id=1241802909579542715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791797651898744, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

50-year estimated seismic loss of buildings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
震损状态隔震加固减震加固FRP加固无加固
损失/万元修复时间/d损失/万元修复时间/d损失/万元修复时间/d损失/万元修复时间/d
DS13011.414015.116786.518076.7
DS25572.415525.320167.420807.4
DS39254.218646.222118.024148.8
DS415126.222757.0288010.3320411.2
DS5267310.528538.7388813.4440414.9
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50 a建筑预期损失估计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
震损状态隔震加固减震加固FRP加固无加固
损失/万元修复时间/d损失/万元修复时间/d损失/万元修复时间/d损失/万元修复时间/d
DS13011.414015.116786.518076.7
DS25572.415525.320167.420807.4
DS39254.218646.222118.024148.8
DS415126.222757.0288010.3320411.2
DS5267310.528538.7388813.4440414.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241802909877338330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791797651898744, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Input parameters of the optimal selection calculation verification cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加固方案效费比修复时间施工技术加固工期功能影响
隔震加固0.5760.7430.835
减震加固0.8881.0000.850
FRP加固1.0001.0001.000
权重系数0.210.120.230.240.20
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优选算例输入参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加固方案效费比修复时间施工技术加固工期功能影响
隔震加固0.5760.7430.835
减震加固0.8881.0000.850
FRP加固1.0001.0001.000
权重系数0.210.120.230.240.20
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基于性能的震损结构加固方案优选方法研究
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吴小宾 1 , 高峰 1 , 陈鹏 2 , 熊耀清 1
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(3): 202-211
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(3): 202-211
基于性能的震损结构加固方案优选方法研究
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吴小宾1 , 高峰1 , 陈鹏2, 熊耀清1
作者信息
  • 1.中国建筑西南设计研究院有限公司,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川大学 建筑与环境学院,四川 成都 610207
  • 吴小宾(1963—),男,教授级高工,硕士,主要从事复杂结构设计与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

高峰(1996—),男,工程师,硕士,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:
Performance-based optimal selection method for reinforcement schemes of seismic damaged structures
Xiaobin WU1 , Feng GAO1 , Peng CHEN2, Yaoqing XIONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Southwest Architecture Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2.College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0318
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基于地震预期损失和加固方案费用估计,提出了震损结构加固效费比指标。以震损结构加固效费比、结构预期修复时间作为定量指标,以施工技术、加固工期和功能影响作为定性指标,结合模糊数学理论的理想点优选算法和组合数有序加权算子,建立了一套基于性能的震损结构加固方案优选方法。以某典型混凝土框架结构为研究对象,根据不同震损加固方案的增量动力分析结果,开展了震损结构纤维增强复合材料加固方案、减震加固方案以及隔震加固方案的对比优选研究。研究结果表明,提出的加固效费比指标,能客观、全面地反映不同加固方案对结构残余抗震能力提升产生的经济性影响;建立的基于性能的震损结构加固方案优选流程,能将客观条件和主观意愿相结合,科学高效地给出加固优选方案,为震损结构加固决策者提供参考依据。

抗震加固  /  基于性能的地震工程  /  理想点算法  /  加固效费比  /  方案优选

The cost-effective ratio for the reinforcement of seismic damaged structures is proposed based on the estimated seismic economic loss and reinforcement cost. A performance-based optimal selection method is established. The cost-effective ratio and estimated repair time are adopted as quantitative indexes. Besides, the construction technology, construction time cost, and effect on building functions are qualitative indexes. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and combination ordered weighted averaging (C-OWA) were adopted as the mathematical method for optimal selection. Taking a certain typical concrete frame structure as the research object, based on the incremental dynamic analysis results of different seismic damage reinforcement schemes, a comparative and optimal selection study of the FRP reinforcement scheme, shock absorption reinforcement scheme, and seismic isolation reinforcement scheme for the seismic damaged structure was carried out. Results indicate that the proposed cost-effective ratio can provide a comprehensive and objective insight into promoting seismic performance from an economic perspective. Moreover, the performance-based optimal selection procedure can effectively provide a scientific basis for the construction decision-maker by combining objective situations and subjective willingness.

seismic strengthening  /  performance-based earthquake engineering  /  TOPSIS method  /  cost-effective ratio for the reinforcement  /  optimal selection
吴小宾, 高峰, 陈鹏, 熊耀清. 基于性能的震损结构加固方案优选方法研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (3) : 202 -211 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0318
Xiaobin WU, Feng GAO, Peng CHEN, Yaoqing XIONG. Performance-based optimal selection method for reinforcement schemes of seismic damaged structures[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 202 -211 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0318
我国是地震多发国家,大量建筑在地震中遭受不同程度的破坏,需要进行加固后才能重新使用。我国汶川地震后,在调查的375栋建筑中,需要加固才能入住的为130栋,占总调查数的34.7%[1]。结构抗震加固方法种类多样,适用情况各异,合理选用加固方法成为了决策者面临的首要问题。例如,针对尼泊尔震后重建[2]、意大利老城区既有建筑加固[3]等大规模加固改造项目,工程师和研究人员开展了大量方案优选比对工作,以确定最优加固方案。
面对日益增加的震损或既有建筑加固项目需求,如何对加固方案进行高效、合理全面的优选评价是一个亟待解决的科学和工程问题。王宇赞[4]采用了模糊综合评判法,结合多属性目标决策的知识构建了混凝土结构加固方案优选模型。吴小宾等[5]针对砌体结构的加固方案提出了基于理想点算法的方案优选算法。张亮泉等[6]采用层次分析法开展了震损结构加固方案研究,主要关注了安全性、适用性、经济性、时间性和可行性几种定性指标。朱健等[7]采用增量动力分析方法对结构加固前后的抗震能力进行了评价,并从经济性的角度进行了简要对比。
近年来,随着基于性能地震工程学方法的不断发展,采用地震预期损失作为指标进行震损加固方案优选成为研究热点。CALVI[8]定义了效费比指标,对比了不同加固方案的直接经济消耗和预期地震损失,并对加固方案之间的优劣进行了比较。基于效费比指标,NUZZO等[9]提出了损失参数矩阵,建立了基于结构加固费用和地震预期损失的加固优选方法。CARDONE等[10]采用了结构加固前后的地震预期损失差值,对结构加固方案的效果进行了评价。CLEMETT等[11]结合了地震预期损失和环境影响参数,建立了基于多目标的优选方法。GALLO等[12]研究了主观评价参数的不确定性对于加固方案优选决策结果的影响。陈凌辉等[13]以屈曲约束支撑(buckling-restrained brace,BRB)加固框架为例,研究了加固方案对于结构地震可恢复性指标的影响,提出了加固效益指标的计算方法。
当前震损结构加固方案的优选研究,大多采用单一定量或多种定性指标,缺乏对于震损加固方案优选目标的综合考量。并且优选过程采用的算法具有较大局限性或过于依赖主观经验,不能有效指导实际结构加固工程设计。本文采用基于性能的抗震设计理论方法,建立了考虑结构震损和抗震加固效果的效费比模型;将效费比和预期修复时间作为定量指标,结合施工技术、工期和对使用功能影响等定性指标,采用理想点优选算法对结构加固方案进行优选。建立了一套定性与定量相结合、多目标综合的震损结构加固方案优选理论,为实际加固工程项目提供科学性支撑。
根据文献[10]的建议,采用加固前后预期地震经济损失的差值作为评价加固效果的依据。建立针对结构加固方案评价的定量指标,提出了基于结构预期地震损失的震损结构加固效费比R指标,其表达式为
式中:C为根据量价结合的方式估算的震损结构加固费用;LES为依据基于性能的地震损失评估方法预测的原始震损无加固结构地震预期损失;LESS为震损加固结构的地震预期损失。其中地震预期损失计算年限,应为结构加固后的设计使用年限,本文以50 a后续使用年限为例。
理想点优选算法(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS)是一类模糊数学方法,其充分利用原始数据信息以精确反映各方案之间的差距。该方法的优点是对于数据分布及样本含量没有严格限制,数据计算简单易行。本文选用TOPSIS算法作为震损结构加固方案优选的核心方法,用于直接确定最优加固方案。算法流程[5]如下。
1)构造归一化初始矩阵。
设共有n个待评价对象,每个对象有m个评价指标。原始的数据矩阵为
式中xnm为第n个评价对象的第m个指标的评价值。
对原始矩阵进行向量规范化,得
对矩阵进行归一化处理,得
2)确定最优方案和最劣方案。
最优方案Z+Z矩阵每列元素的最大值构成:
最劣方案Z-由Z矩阵每列元素的最小值构成:
3)计算各评价方案与最优方案接近程度。
式中ωj为第j个评价指标的权重系数,根据专家评估法或根据实际情况确定。
最终以评价对象与最优方案的贴近程度对方案优劣进行评价:
式中Ci取值范围0~1.0,其值越接近1.0则表示评价方案越优异。利用Ci值的大小,可对待评价加固方案的优劣进行排序。
优选算法流程见图1。针对某一特定的震损结构,不同的加固方案可供选择,以方案A、方案B、方案C为例。首先针对不同加固方案,采用量价估计方法预估加固施工费用。其次,采用基于性能的地震方法,得到地震预期经济损失及修复时间。通过式(1)计算得到加固方案效费比。最后,通过专家打分法的方式或按照实际工程情况,确定施工技术、工期以及功能影响指标,并采用组合数有序加权算子(combination ordered weighted averaging,C-OWA)确定各类定量和定性指标的权重系数矩阵;采用TOPSIS算法计算贴近系数,比较得到最优震损结构加固方案。
结构地震预期损失评估采用了美国FEMA P-58中的基于概率的地震损失评估方法[14]进行计算。基于不同震损加固方案的增量动力分析(incremental dynamic analysis,IDA)结果,在PACT软件中计算得到震损加固结构的预期年地震损失,结合估算的加固费用得到加固效费比;同时,PACT计算中得到结构预期修复时间指标。
以典型的混凝土框架结构为对象,开展考虑地震损伤的不同加固方案的优选研究。选取某中学教学楼加固为工程案例背景,结构三维示意图见图2。教学楼共6层,长41.6 m,宽14 m,总高25 m,抗震设防烈度为7度,为典型的框架结构。拟选用的加固方案为包裹FRP纤维布加固、黏滞阻尼器减震加固以及叠层橡胶支座基底隔震加固方案,针对这3种加固方案进行优选对比。
典型单榀钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架建模示意说明和梁柱配筋图见图2。首层采用C50等级混凝土,第2层C40,第3~6层为C30。恒、活载经简化集中于梁柱节点,模型总重为1782 t。结构1阶自振周期为1.157 s。采用OpenSees软件进行建模分析。采用分布塑性的非线性梁柱单元结合赋予纤维截面的方式对RC梁柱单元进行模拟。纤维截面分别定义了无约束混凝土纤维、约束混凝土纤维和纵筋纤维。为方便考虑计入震损折减系数以及对纤维增强复合材料(fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)加固进行模拟,对每个梁柱构件进行了划分:分为了端部塑性铰区和中间弹性区。认为构件损伤主要出现在塑性铰区,FRP加固方案也仅对塑性铰区进行加固处理。为方便建模,塑性铰区长度均取为1.0 m。
在地震往复荷载作用下,钢筋的弹性模量明显降低。美国加州交通运输局建议了5种便于工程区分的损伤状态,即引入钢筋弹性模量折减系数γb来计入钢筋损伤,而对屈服强度与极限强度不进行折减。
基于构件宏观力学性能提出的混凝土简化损伤模型,目前在工程和研究中的应用较为广泛,引入混凝土强度折减系数γc来考虑结构构件震损修复后的混凝土力学性能降低。DB51/5059—2015《四川省建筑抗震鉴定与加固技术规程》[15]指出,对于中等或者严重损伤的混凝土柱,承载力折减系数可取为0.7~0.9;对于轻微损伤或者基本完好混凝土柱,承载力可不折减[14-15]。HE等[16]研究发现,严重损伤的RC柱混凝土强度折减系数可取为0.8。
综上,本研究中混凝土构件在不同震损状态下的折减系数取值见表1
对于FRP加固震损结构,考虑在RC柱节点域采用粘贴碳纤维增强复合材料纤维布进行加固处理。在进行地震响应增量动力分析(IDA)时,加固区和非加固区分别采用不同的单元进行模拟。加固混凝土本构模拟方法介绍参考文献[17]。
FRP加固后的内部混凝土受到纤维布和箍筋的双重约束。在加固时应先对损伤混凝土进行灌浆置换,再对柱端进行缠绕加固。采用的FRP的基本力学性能参数见表2
在不同程度震损模型的基础上,采用黏滞阻尼器进行加固。总计考虑采用20根黏滞阻尼器,均匀对称布置于结构1~5层。采用工程中常用的VFD-NL-100-50型号阻尼器,力学性能见表3。黏滞阻尼器单元在OpenSees中采用Maxwell模型进行模拟。
基础隔震加固方案以常用的铅芯橡胶支座为基础,控制隔震层的屈重比1.5%进行设计。隔震层共计采用15个LRB700型号支座,详细信息见表4。隔震支座在OpenSees中采用Bouc-Wen模型进行模拟。
对应不同加固方案,进行了加固工程量的统计,以工程量乘以综合单价的方式对不同加固方案的费用进行了估算。加固工程综合单价部分参考了《四川省建设工程工程量清单计价定额-房屋建筑维修与加固工程》[18]。根据当前的市场价格,黏滞阻尼器综合单价拟定为3万元(主要项目包含黏滞阻尼器、试验、配套连接件、节点连接施工等),隔震支座综合单价拟定为6.8万元(主要项目包含隔震支座、试验、支座顶升、柱静力切割等)。由于不同加固方案对于混凝土修复的工作量一致,不直接影响加固方案优选结果,故优选对比过程中忽略了混凝土置换和裂缝修补等修复费用。隔震加固额外计入了土方开挖以及隔震层施工费用等。隔震方案、减震方案、FRP方案的加固费用估算结果分别为128万、60万、57万元。
我国的地震区划采用峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)作为地面运动强度参数,高小旺等[19]对地震作用的概率分布进行了研究,认为地震作用符合极值II型分布。本文采用PGA符合极值II型概率分布函数理论,其超越概率表达式为
式中:x为地震动PGA;b为地震作用众值;k为形状参数,由最小二乘法确定。根据GB 18306—2015《中国地震动参数区划图》[20]回归得到在7度(0.1 g)烈度下,b = 0.35,k = 2.14,即对应于某PGA值,其50 a超越概率为
基于地震50 a超越概率,根据地震超越概率、重现期的基本关系,可得地震年超越概率为
场地地震危险性曲线结果见图3
震损结构不同加固方案示意见图4。对于考虑DS1~DS5震损程度的原始模型以及3种加固模型进行增量动力分析(IDA),以建立结构的易损性曲线并求解地震50 a预期损失。
建筑所在场地地震分组为第3组,设防烈度7度(0.1 g),Ⅱ类场地,特征周期0.45 s,设计地震动水平地震影响系数最大值为0.08。根据GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[21]中的相关要求进行选择地震动。选择了2条人工地震动和9条天然地震动,均分别满足了主要周期点反应谱值、无震损结构基地剪力和地震动有效持时等相关规定。选择地震动谱反应谱和设计谱对比见图5
进行IDA分析时,选取PGA作为地震动需求参数(input measure,IM),进行非线性时程分析,地震动PGA从0.025 g增至0.6 g,间隔0.05 g作为增量步。
提取4个不同模型在不同震损情况下的IDA计算结果,包括结构的最大层间位移角、最大楼层加速度以及最大残余位移角。IDA计算结果作为基本计算参数输入到PACT软件中进行地震预期损失计算。
图6为IDA计算得到的震损结构和采用不同加固方案的震损加固混凝土框架结构的地震倒塌超越概率。地震倒塌的层间位移角限值取为1/50。计算结果表明,结构的倒塌超越概率随着震损程度的增加而升高,震损程度的不同对于结构的倒塌概率影响较为明显。以原始震损结构为例,在罕遇烈度地震PGA = 0.22 g作用下,从DS1状态下倒塌概率0.97%增加至DS5状态倒塌概率4.51%,见图6(d)。对于所选用的研究案例,结构抗震设计安全余量较高,故计算结果显示其地震倒塌概率相对较低。
此外,不同的加固方案对于震损结构的防倒塌性能提升有显著不同。以DS5状态为例,在较高烈度地震PGA = 0.6 g作用下,原震损结构倒塌概率为58.9%,采用FRP加固、黏滞阻尼器和基础隔震加固的防倒塌效果依次增强,3种加固方案倒塌概率分别为56.0%、45.2%、35.6%。表明采用基础隔震方案的震损加固结构防倒塌效果最为明显。
潜在地震风险导致的50 a地震预期损失计算公式[22]
式中,fDV(dv)为决策变量(decision variable,DV)超过一定值(dv)的50 a超越概率。决策变量在本文研究中为地震损失金额和修复时间。
以震损状态DS3为例,图7给出了原始震损以及震损加固结构的50 a经济损失平均超越概率结果。结果表明,随着预期地震损失金额的增加,其50 a超越概率下降。采用加固方案能不同程度地降低地震预期损失。根据式(12)的积分公式可知,损失-超越概率曲线与横纵坐标所包围的面积,即为不同结构的50 a地震预期损失。
不同地震损伤假定下的隔震加固、减震加固、FPR加固以及无加固模型的50 a地震预期损失数据及对比见表5图8。结果表明,采用3种不同加固方案,对于结构抗震性能均有不同程度的提升。随着震损程度的增加,加固技术对于预期经济损失和修复时间的降低程度更加明显。在所对比的3种方案中,隔震方案取得的抗震能力提升效果最为显著。
表5的地震预期经济损失以及不同加固方案量价计算结果为依据,采用式(1)计算不同方案的加固效费比,结果见图8(c)。不同方案的效费比随震损程度的不同而产生差异,总体呈现出震损越大,效费比值增加的趋势。在震损程度DS1 ~ DS3范围内,隔震加固方案效费比较高;而在震损程度较大情况(DS4、DS5),减震加固方案的效费比提升显著,超越了隔震方案。以震损程度DS5为例,减震、隔震和FRP加固方案的效费比依次为25.9、13.5、9.0,减震加固方案的优势较为明显。
效费比值的显著差异原因在于震损加固原理的不同和加固费用的差异。基础隔震技术主要利用了结构周期延长降低地震作用的原理,减小地震输入作用的效果较为明显,但加固费用较高。黏滞阻尼减震技术为提升结构的附加阻尼耗能,耗散地震作用响应能量,在结构变形较大情况下效果更好。而FRP包裹加固主要提升构件的材料延性,使得其变形能力提升。从变形和加速度相应的角度去评价结构的预期地震损失,对于FRP加固方案无法完全体现出优势。
优选方法中用于优选排序的各参数权重系数,以及施工技术、工期和功能使用影响等参数,采用专家打分法确定。总共收集了建筑设计、科研和施工领域共计18位专家打分表。不同优选指标的权重系数打分等级分为1~5共5级,各指标等级对应的专家选择人数见图9
由于专家打分法中,专家意见的不同可能导致数据出现极端值情况。本文采用了C-OWA算子[23]确定各优选指标的权重系数。C-OWA算法流程如下。
1)决策数据的获取和排序。将某一个指标的决策数据集Xi = {x1x2,⋯,xn}中的数据从大到小重新排序,并将新数列从0开始编号,即Bi = {b0b1,⋯,bn-1},其中b0b1 ≥⋯bn-1n为参与评价的专家数量。
2)基于组合数进行新数列的加权向量求解,其中,得到权重为
式中为从n-1个决策数据中取出j个数据的组合数。
3)通过δj+1依次对决策数据进行加权,得到指标Xi的绝对权重值为
4)通过归一化,计算指标Xi的相对权重值为
式中m为用于评价的指标个数。
将采用基于性能的地震工程方法计算得到的加固效费比和预期修复时间作为定量指标,结合加固施工技术、工期和对建筑使用功能影响作为定性指标。将定量计算指标与定性调查得到的定性指标相结合,同时代入TOPSIS算法进行方案优选。采用的定性指标值和C-OWA算子确定的各指标的权重系数向量见表6
3种加固方案在不同结构震损程度假定下的贴近系数见图10。贴近系数值越高则表明方案最接近于最理想的选择。在3种加固方案中的贴近系数最大方案,即为算法得到的震损结构加固的最优方案。研究表明:上部结构震损程度较低时(DS1、DS2),隔震方案的优势较为明显;然而随着震损程度的增加,隔震方案的贴近系数降低,而减震方案贴近系数提升显著。在震损程度DS3时,减震和隔震方案的贴近系数值分别为0.63、0.62,几乎相同。而在震损程度DS5时,减震方案体现出了较大的优势。FRP加固方案的贴近系数值随震损程度的变化较为平稳,在DS1、DS2、DS3、DS4震损程度情况均为相较最劣方案。在DS5震损情况,超越了隔震加固成为次优方案。
本文研究中的贴近系数变化规律与加固效费比的规律较为接近,原因在于效费比在方案的优选过程中的权重系数值较大,起到了较为重要的影响。若针对实际不同的工程项目,权重系数的选取不同,或将得到不同的优选方案结果。
本文采用基于性能的地震工程方法,提出了震损结构加固效费比指标。通过将加固效费比、修复时间以及施工技术等一系列定量和定性指标的结合,采用理想点优选算法,建立了一套基于性能的震损结构加固方案优选方法。以典型混凝土框架结构为例进行了加固方案优选研究。得出如下主要结论:
1)提出的加固效费比指标,综合考虑了加固施工的工程费用和抗震性能的提升带来的经济性优势。在相同的经济层面上体现了不同加固方案的抗震性能提升异同。
2)建立的基于性能的震损结构加固方案的优选方法,与现有方法相比,减小了主观因素对优选结果的影响。引入了效费比和预期修复时间作为定量指标,采用C-OWA算法确定指标权重系数,使优选结果能更综合、更客观地反映不同加固方案的优劣。
3)不同的原始结构震损状态对应的优选抗震能力加固提升方案产生一定差异。隔震加固方案在上部结构震损程度较低情况下,以及减震加固方案在震损程度较高情况下,分别表现出了较为明显的优势。FRP加固方案随震损情况的优选表现较为平稳。然而不同方案施工周期以及对建筑使用功能的影响各异,故需要结合工程实际和定性指标进行全面考量。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1509305)
  • 中建股份科技研发课题项目(CSCEC-2023-Z-18)
  • 四川省科技计划项目(2023NSFSC0892)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0318
  • 接收时间:2024-02-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-07
  • 修回日期:2024-03-11
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1509305)
中建股份科技研发课题项目(CSCEC-2023-Z-18)
四川省科技计划项目(2023NSFSC0892)
作者信息
    1.中国建筑西南设计研究院有限公司,四川 成都 610041
    2.四川大学 建筑与环境学院,四川 成都 610207

通讯作者:

高峰(1996—),男,工程师,硕士,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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