Article(id=1241791796360053080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0314, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=1727625600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995835627, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995835627, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995835627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995835627, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791788986471392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995833869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996997624, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=158, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791796695597409, articleId=1241791796360053080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Real-time hybrid test method based on physical information neural network, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Real-time hybrid testing is an important test method for exploring the seismic performance of structures incorporating velocity-dependent components. However, current real-time hybrid tests encounter the challenge that the numerical substructure calculation efficiency fails to meet the real-time requirements, thereby restricting the application of this method in seismic tests of large-scale engineering structures. In order to improve the computational efficiency of the numerical substructures, a physical information neural network suitable for real-time hybrid testing is proposed, and a real-time hybrid testing method for neural network surrogate models is implemented. First, a neural network model was constructed based on different physical constraint equations. Then the seismic response of a two-story frame structure with a damper was numerically simulated by finite element software, and these simulation data were employed to train the network model. Finally, the trained physical information neural network was used to carry out real-time hybrid test simulation. The simulation results show that the physical information neural network has high prediction accuracy, among which the physical information neural network using resilience as the loss function has the highest accuracy. The real-time hybrid test method based on the physical information neural network agent model is feasible.

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实时混合试验是一种对含速度相关型构件的结构开展抗震性能研究的重要试验方法。然而,目前的实时混合试验面临着数值子结构计算效率难以满足实时性的挑战,限制了该方法在大型工程结构抗震试验中的应用。为了提高数值子结构的计算效率,提出了适用于实时混合试验的物理信息神经网络,实现了神经网络代理模型实时混合试验方法。首先,基于不同物理约束方程构建了神经网络模型;然后,通过有限元软件对2层含阻尼器框架结构进行了地震响应数值模拟,并利用这些模拟数据训练网络模型;最后,利用训练得到的物理信息神经网络开展了实时混合试验仿真。仿真结果表明,物理信息神经网络具备较高的预测精度,其中以恢复力作为损失函数的物理信息神经网络精度最高,基于物理信息神经网络代理模型的实时混合试验方法具备可行性。

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杨格(1990—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事结构抗震试验方法研究。E-mail:
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龚建勋(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构抗震试验方法研究。E-mail:

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龚建勋(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构抗震试验方法研究。E-mail:

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龚建勋(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构抗震试验方法研究。E-mail:

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Real time hybrid test and performance test of cabling rack system[J]. Journal of Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, 2021, 31(6): 744-752. 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ArticleFig(id=1241802923064234200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791796360053080, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Hyperparameters of Transformer

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超参数取值超参数取值
训练轮次3000前馈网络维度100
层数2注意力头数2
学习率0.001丢弃率0.005
批处理大小2优化器‘Adam’
), ArticleFig(id=1241802923265560810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791796360053080, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Transformer的超参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
超参数取值超参数取值
训练轮次3000前馈网络维度100
层数2注意力头数2
学习率0.001丢弃率0.005
批处理大小2优化器‘Adam’
), ArticleFig(id=1241802923374612728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791796360053080, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Simulation conditions with different loss functions

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工况名称损失函数输入输入维度输出输出维度迭代次数
1速度RE400×2000×2RE400×2000×13000
2加速度RE400×2000×2RE400×2000×13000
3加加速度RE400×2000×2RE400×2000×13000
4恢复力RE400×2000×2REdNRN400×2000×53000
), ArticleFig(id=1241802923538190602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791796360053080, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

采用不同损失函数的模拟工况

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工况名称损失函数输入输入维度输出输出维度迭代次数
1速度RE400×2000×2RE400×2000×13000
2加速度RE400×2000×2RE400×2000×13000
3加加速度RE400×2000×2RE400×2000×13000
4恢复力RE400×2000×2REdNRN400×2000×53000
), ArticleFig(id=1241802923693379865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791796360053080, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Network prediction accuracy with different loss functions

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工况名称损失函数训练损失L预测误差RMSE/mm预测峰值误差PE/%
1速度3.131.015.61
2加速度1.270.933.20
3加加速度3.610.977.63
4恢复力0.740.581.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241802923815014695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791796360053080, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同损失函数的网络预测精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况名称损失函数训练损失L预测误差RMSE/mm预测峰值误差PE/%
1速度3.131.015.61
2加速度1.270.933.20
3加加速度3.610.977.63
4恢复力0.740.581.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241802923957621046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791796360053080, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Errors of surrogate models under different experimental substructure models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验子结构损失函数训练损失L预测误差RMSE/mm预测峰值误差PE/%单步计算耗时/ms
线弹性模型恢复力0.740.581.050.037
ViscousDamper模型恢复力2.610.684.20.042
Bouc-Wen模型恢复力4.670.815.80.039
), ArticleFig(id=1241802924087644484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791796360053080, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同试验子结构模型下代理模型的误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验子结构损失函数训练损失L预测误差RMSE/mm预测峰值误差PE/%单步计算耗时/ms
线弹性模型恢复力0.740.581.050.037
ViscousDamper模型恢复力2.610.684.20.042
Bouc-Wen模型恢复力4.670.815.80.039
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基于物理信息神经网络的实时混合试验方法
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龚建勋 1 , 杨格 1, 2 , 沈晗瑞 1
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(3): 158-167
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(3): 158-167
基于物理信息神经网络的实时混合试验方法
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龚建勋1 , 杨格1, 2 , 沈晗瑞1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2.武汉理工大学 三亚科教创新园,海南 三亚 572000
  • 龚建勋(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构抗震试验方法研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨格(1990—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事结构抗震试验方法研究。E-mail:
Real-time hybrid test method based on physical information neural network
Jianxun GONG1 , Ge YANG1, 2 , Hanrui SHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya 572000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0314
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实时混合试验是一种对含速度相关型构件的结构开展抗震性能研究的重要试验方法。然而,目前的实时混合试验面临着数值子结构计算效率难以满足实时性的挑战,限制了该方法在大型工程结构抗震试验中的应用。为了提高数值子结构的计算效率,提出了适用于实时混合试验的物理信息神经网络,实现了神经网络代理模型实时混合试验方法。首先,基于不同物理约束方程构建了神经网络模型;然后,通过有限元软件对2层含阻尼器框架结构进行了地震响应数值模拟,并利用这些模拟数据训练网络模型;最后,利用训练得到的物理信息神经网络开展了实时混合试验仿真。仿真结果表明,物理信息神经网络具备较高的预测精度,其中以恢复力作为损失函数的物理信息神经网络精度最高,基于物理信息神经网络代理模型的实时混合试验方法具备可行性。

实时混合试验  /  物理信息神经网络  /  损失函数  /  代理模型  /  子结构

Real-time hybrid testing is an important test method for exploring the seismic performance of structures incorporating velocity-dependent components. However, current real-time hybrid tests encounter the challenge that the numerical substructure calculation efficiency fails to meet the real-time requirements, thereby restricting the application of this method in seismic tests of large-scale engineering structures. In order to improve the computational efficiency of the numerical substructures, a physical information neural network suitable for real-time hybrid testing is proposed, and a real-time hybrid testing method for neural network surrogate models is implemented. First, a neural network model was constructed based on different physical constraint equations. Then the seismic response of a two-story frame structure with a damper was numerically simulated by finite element software, and these simulation data were employed to train the network model. Finally, the trained physical information neural network was used to carry out real-time hybrid test simulation. The simulation results show that the physical information neural network has high prediction accuracy, among which the physical information neural network using resilience as the loss function has the highest accuracy. The real-time hybrid test method based on the physical information neural network agent model is feasible.

real-time hybrid test  /  physical information neural network  /  loss function  /  surrogate model  /  substructure
龚建勋, 杨格, 沈晗瑞. 基于物理信息神经网络的实时混合试验方法. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (3) : 158 -167 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0314
Jianxun GONG, Ge YANG, Hanrui SHEN. Real-time hybrid test method based on physical information neural network[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 158 -167 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0314
地震是一种严重的自然灾害,给人类社会和经济发展带来了巨大破坏和损失。为降低地震对建筑结构和基础设施的破坏程度,人们开展了大量抗震研究工作。然而,传统抗震设计和评估方法主要依赖数值模拟和小尺度试验,存在一定局限性。近年来,实时混合试验(real-time hybrid test,RTHS)作为一种新型动力试验方法受到了广泛关注[1-4]。其核心思想是将整体结构划分为数值子结构和试验子结构两个部分,数值子结构通过计算机模拟计算,试验子结构通过振动台或者作动器进行加载,二者在试验过程中通过数据交互保证边界位移协调和力的平衡[5]。该方法可仅选取结构中关键的速度相关型构件作为试件,从而有效地克服了试件尺寸受实验室加载能力限制的问题,为含阻尼器等装置的消能减振结构全尺寸试验提供了可能。
在实时混合试验中,数值子结构的计算和试验子结构的加载都需要实时完成,这对数值求解和试验加载提出了更高的要求[6-8]。其中,数值计算的实时性是目前限制实时混合试验方法应用于大型工程结构的主要因素。尤其是对于涉及大自由度和非线性的复杂结构,基于有限元的数值计算由于计算量过大,计算时间要以小时为单位,而实时混合试验的单步时间步长是毫秒级别的,可能会出现数值子结构无法在一个积分步长内完成计算,导致计算结果不能及时传递给试验子结构,最终导致试验失败。为了解决这一问题,学者们从简化数值模型和增大时间积分步长等方面,开展了大量研究。在简化数值模型方面,一般是将数值结构简化为层间剪切模型或者线弹性模型[9],但会降低计算精度;CHAE等[10]对一个安装磁流变阻尼器的3层钢框架结构开展了实时混合试验,其数值子结构简化为148个自由度;TANG等[11]针对土-结构相互作用体系,将土体作为数值子结构简化为黏弹性模型,提出了基于MATLAB和GPU的实时混合试验框架并进行振动台试验。在增大时间积分步长方面,CHEN等[12]和KOLAY等[13]提出无条件稳定的显式积分算法,保证数值子结构在较大的积分步长下也能具备数值稳定性;BURSI等[14]提出支持并行计算的分离式时间积分方法,试验子结构和数值子结构可以采用不同的积分步长。然而,上述方法存在位移和速度仅有一阶精度的问题。
为了解决实时混合试验中数值子结构的计算效率问题,近年来,机器学习方法开始被用于建立数值子结构的代理模型[15-16]。机器学习方法的应用使得数值计算效率大大提高,但如何保证其对于非线性结构的计算精度仍然有待研究。物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural networks,PINN)是一种结合深度学习和物理学知识的机器学习模型[17],其核心是将物理知识引入到损失函数中,其在非线性地震响应预测[18]、结构损伤检测[19]以及结构识别与分析[20]等方面表现出了良好的准确性。然而在实时混合试验的数值子结构计算中,其物理方程有别于上述动力方程,且其数值计算结果会应用于下一步的加载,对网络预测精度提出了更高的要求。因此,有必要针对实时混合试验数值子结构计算的特点,建立物理信息神经网络并提出神经网络代理模型实时混合试验方法。
为此,本文分别基于速度、加速度、加加速度以及恢复力的物理信息约束方程,建立了基于物理信息的神经网络模型,作为数值子结构的代理模型,提出了基于物理信息神经网络的实时混合试验方法。首先介绍了所提出的物理信息神经网络实时混合试验方法的原理,然后针对一个2层含阻尼器框架结构开展了实时混合试验仿真,其中试验子结构分别采用了线弹性模型、ViscousDamper模型和Bouc-Wen模型,验证了所提物理信息神经网络的实时混合试验方法的可行性。
适用于消能结构的实时混合试验见图1。将阻尼器作为试验子结构,将建筑结构作为数值子结构。将建筑结构数值子结构用神经网络模型代替,与阻尼器试验子结构结合起来进行混合动力分析,并获得整个阻尼结构在地震激励下的动力响应。因此,在结构试验中,往往存在主要的研究对象,不需要获得原型结构的所有数据,只需要获取特定自由度的位移和力响应,神经网络代理模型只需要输出预测试验子结构的位移。
考虑表示n个自由度的二维耗能结构系统,多自由度结构体系在地震作用下的运动方程为
式中:MC分别为结构系统的质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵;dN分别为数值子结构的位移、速度、加速度向量;dE为试验子结构的位移向量;RNRE分别为数值子结构和试验子结构的恢复力向量;为地震动;{1}为所有元素为1的向量。
在传统的神经网络中,模型的训练过程通常依赖于通过数据驱动的方法,利用损失函数来最小化预测值与真实值之间的差异。但对于实时混合试验,存在着预测误差累积的问题,对网络的预测精度要求较高,单纯依赖数据驱动的方式难以捕捉系统的复杂物理行为,因此提出以下2种物理损失函数,使得神经网络能够学习到结构的运动行为,并进行准确的预测。
物理信息神经网络的架构主要由一个神经网络预测模块和物理约束模块组成,见图2。神经网络预测模块主要通过地震动以及实测的试验子结构恢复力作为输入,测量的试验子结构位移作为输出。物理约束模块基于中心差分法,利用试验子结构的位移分别计算得到其速度、加速度以及加加速度(对位移的3次求导),其公式分别如式(2)~式(4)所示:
式中:为第i步的速度;为第i步的加速度;为第i步的加加速度;Δt为时间步长。
优化物理信息神经网络的过程是通过最小化总损失函数L来实现的。L综合了数据驱动损失L1和物理损失L2,这两者都基于均方误差(mean square error,MSE)的度量,其表达式分别如式(5)~式(7)所示:
式中:数据驱动损失L1为地震响应的试验子结构位移预测值与真实值之间的差异;而物理损失L2则衡量了通过预测试验子结构位移计算得到的加速度与真实位移计算得到的加速度之间的差异;n为时间步长总数。同时为了对比不同物理约束带来的优化效果,物理损失中衡量的加速度可以分别替换成速度和加加速度来进行预测值和真实值的差异比较。
对于多个自由度的耗能结构系统,在基于运动学约束的物理损失函数的基础上进一步地改进,通过更改物理约束模块,提出基于恢复力约束的物理损失函数以达到优化目的,见图3。神经网络预测模块主要通过地震动以及实测的试验子结构恢复力作为输入,此时将试验子结构位移、数值子结构位移及其恢复力作为输出。数值子结构的质量归一化恢复力作为实际应用中不可测量的变量参数,此时物理约束模块可以基于中心差分法,利用地震记录、数值子结构的位移和试验子结构的恢复力近似计算,计算公式如式(8)所示:
与1.2节一致,优化物理信息神经网络的过程是通过最小化总损失函数L来实现的。L综合了数据驱动损失L1和物理损失L2,这两者都基于均方误差(MSE)的度量。此时,数据驱动损失L1表示地震响应的数值子结构位移预测值与真实值之间的差异,而物理损失L2则衡量了通过神经网络模块预测的数值子结构恢复力与物理约束模块预测得到的之间的差异。
基于前述提出的基于运动学约束的物理损失函数和基于恢复力约束的物理损失函数,本文提出的物理信息神经网络模型架构见图4。该模型框架采用了Transformer和长短期记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)神经网络。Transformer是一种基于自注意力机制[21]的神经网络架构[22],能够有效捕捉输入序列中不同时间步之间的全局依赖关系,这种特性尤其适合地震动和阻尼力等时间序列数据的处理。LSTM则是一种专门设计用于处理时间序列的递归神经网络,能够有效解决序列数据中的长期依赖问题[23]
以1.2节基于运动学约束的物理损失函数为例,神经网络的输入为第i步的地震动和阻尼力,首先通过嵌入层,将输入转换为高维向量表示,接着通过位置编码输入到Transformer层,其内部的多头注意力机制用来捕捉输入序列的全局依赖关系,然后经过双层LSTM网络处理序列数据,最后通过Dropout层和线性层,预测的输出结果是第i+1的阻尼器位移。在实时混合试验中,将网络预测的第i+1步阻尼器位移发送给试验子结构,实时加载获得第i+1步的阻尼力,然后反馈给神经网络作为下一步的输入,如此循环完成试验。而在网络训练过程中,则需要假定阻尼器的数值模型,以黏滞型阻尼器为例,可以通过计算阻尼器位移对时间步长的导数来近似获得阻尼器当前步的速度,从而计算得到当前步的阻尼力并作为下一步的输入,以此达到闭环训练的目的。
原型结构为2层平面含阻尼器的钢框架结构,见图5。其中,以一层布置的阻尼器作为试验子结构,剩余框架部分作为数值子结构。首先利用有限元软件OpenSees对结构进行建模并且动力分析,用于建立神经网络模型所需的训练数据集。该结构是一个二维三自由度的模型,跨度为6 m,层高为3.6 m,所有梁和柱构件均定义为具有5个积分点的纤维截面非线性梁柱单元,以模拟横截面中的应力分布和沿构件的塑性扩展。双线性材料模型应用于梁和柱构件,采用的是300 mm×300 mm×10 mm×15 mm的工字钢截面,其屈服强度为235 MPa,弹性模量为2×105 MPa,屈服后刚度比为0.05,以底层右侧柱子为例,其水平剪力-位移曲线见图6。假设框架部分前2阶的阻尼比均为0.03,结构受到0.26 g的El Centro地震动激励。
分析中采用Newmark-β积分算法,时间步长取为0.005 s。模拟获得了数值子结构2层的水平位移和恢复力时程,支撑的位移和力时程。假设试验子结构为线弹性模型,通过设置不同的支撑刚度,其范围为21.386~76.736 kN/mm,从而生成了400×2000×2(样本个数×时间步长×信号个数)个数据点,在400个数据集中,320个用于训练、40个用于验证以及40个用于测试。本文为了优化模型性能,采用经验公式和反复测试来调整模型的超参数,并以最优超参数进行训练及预测,超参数见表1
采用表2所示4种不同损失函数构造的神经网络算法来训练模型,以验证混合试验方法的可行性。
为了评估物理神经网络模型的预测效果,采用均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)和峰值误差(peak error,PE)作为评估指标。均方根误差(RMSE)的表达式如式(9)所示:
式中:为验证的真实值;为混合仿真的预测值,i为对应的时间步。峰值误差(PE)表示在整个时程上的真实最大值与预测最大值之间的误差,其计算公式为
式中:为整个时程上的真实最大值;为整个时程上的预测最大值。
利用训练数据集分别对于4种工况下的神经网络模型进行训练,其结果见表3。由表可知,4种神经网络模型训练趋于稳定,其预测阶段40个样本的平均RMSE分别为1.01、0.93、0.97、0.58,平均峰值误差PE分别为5.61%、3.2%、7.63%、1.05%。
首先验证了基于运动学约束的物理损失函数的框架中,以速度、加速度和加加速度分别作为损失函数构造出的不同神经网络模型,结果分别见图7图8图9。其中图7(a)图8(a)图9(a)分别代表上述3种神经网络在训练阶段的函数损失,图7(b)图8(b)图9(b)分别代表3种神经网络在测试阶段的函数损失。这表明3种损失函数构造出的神经网络均具有良好的非线性学习能力。在基于运动学约束的物理损失函数中,以加速度作为物理约束损失函数时,神经网络在训练阶段和测试阶段均表现最佳,因此在实时混合试验仿真中以该训练模型作为神经网络代理模型,预测结构的地震响应。
在基于恢复力约束的物理损失函数的框架中,以数值子结构恢复力作为损失函数构造的神经网络模型,其训练阶段和测试阶段结果见图10,这表明以数值子结构恢复力作为损失函数构造出的神经网络具有更加良好的非线性学习能力。
在实时混合试验仿真中,以基于运动学约束的物理损失函数构造的神经网络作为代理模型,选取40个预测样本中的任意一个,试验子结构的刚度为57.15 kN/mm,以有限元软件的计算结果作为真实值,动态响应结果见图11。图中,实线为试验子结构真实位移数值,虚线表示神经网络预测位移数值,两者高度吻合,其RMSE为0.92 mm,PE为1.64%,表明神经网络代理模型具有极高的精度。
在实时混合试验仿真中以基于恢复力约束的物理损失函数构造的神经网络作为代理模型,结果见图12。图中实线为试验子结构真实位移数值,虚线表示神经网络预测位移数值,两者高度吻合,其PE为1.04%,结果表明神经网络代理模型的预测效果完全达到预期要求。
在整个仿真过程中,基于运动学约束的神经网络代理模型的实时混合试验仿真的单个时间步长的计算平均耗时为0.012 ms,基于恢复力约束的神经网络代理模型的实时混合试验仿真的单个时间步长的计算平均耗时为0.037 ms,两者整体计算耗时均远小于积分步长0.005 s。由于整体结构简单、自由度少,OpenSees单步计算平均耗时0.086 ms,虽然小于加载积分步长,但是仍然大于神经网络代理模型的计算耗时,表明该方法在保证神经网络模型精度的同时大大节省试验中的计算时间。
在2.2节中,训练代理模型时所用的试验子结构为线弹性模型,为了更好地研究非线性模型对网络精度的影响,本节将钢框架结构一层中的线弹性支撑分别换成非线性的黏滞模型和Bouc-Wen模型,首先在OpenSees模型中阻尼器采用具有黏性阻尼材料ViscousDamper的双节点连接单元模拟,阻尼系数的初始值设置为50 kN•s/mm,阻尼器的指数为0.2,阻尼力的计算公式如式(11)所示:
式中:Cd为黏滞阻尼系数;ad为黏滞阻尼器的指数;x为阻尼器位移;dx/dt为阻尼器速度。其滞回曲线见图13。而数值子结构模型与2.1节所述相同,建立代理模型所采用的神经网络架构、参数设置、评价指标同2.2节。地震动仍然采用El Centro,采用Newmark-β时间积分算法,时间步长为0.005 s,通过设置不同的阻尼系数,其范围在50~60 kN•s/mm之间,最终得到400个样本数据。
而对于试验子结构采用Bouc-Wen模型时,其阻尼力计算公式如下:
式中:α为塑性力在总阻尼力中所占比例的调节参数,设置为0.6;k为阻尼器的弹性刚度;ut)为阻尼器位移;zt)为滞回塑性位移;γ为滞回环宽度相关的调整参数,设置为1000;β为滞回环高度相关的调整参数设置为1000;A为滞回幅值因子,设置为0;n为非线性指数,设置为1。Bouc-Wen模型的力-位移曲线见图14。通过设置不同的弹性刚度,其范围在100~110 kN/mm之间,最终得到400个样本数据。
以精度表现较好的基于恢复力约束的物理损失函数构造的神经网络作为代理模型,针对上述2种不同本构模型的试验子结构,通过训练迭代3000次后,其实时混合试验仿真的结果见图15图16,测试阶段的平均RSME分别为0.68 mm和0.81 mm,实时混合试验仿真过程中PE分别为4.2×10-2和5.8×10-2,与试验子结构为线弹性支撑的结果对比见表4
可以看出,当试验子结构本构模型的复杂性增加时,物理信息神经网络代理模型的精度有略微下降,但预测位移的RMSE和PE与试验子结构为线弹性模型时的误差仍在同一量级,说明所提物理信息神经网络精度较高,可以应用于非线性试验子结构的实时混合试验中。
本文针对实时混合试验中数值子结构计算效率低的问题,提出了基于运动学约束和恢复力约束的物理信息神经网络算法,并建立了基于物理信息神经网络的实时混合试验方法。采用所提出的物理信息神经网络,分别针对试验子结构为线弹性模型、ViscousDamper模型和Bouc-Wen模型,对一个2层含阻尼器框架结构进行了实时混合试验仿真,主要结论如下:
1)在基于运动学约束的物理信息损失函数的构造中,通过对输出位移分别进行相应阶次的求导得到速度、加速度和加加速度,其中以加速度作为损失函数的神经网络模型的预测精度最好,可以作为实时混合试验中的数值子结构的代理模型。
2)相对于基于运动学约束的物理信息损失函数,采用基于恢复力约束损失函数的网络具有更高的预测精度。但其需要对数值子结构和试验子结构所有自由度上的位移和恢复力进行预测,适用于结构自由度数较少的情况;通过数值验证的结果表明,传统实时混合仿真和基于物理信息神经网络模型的实时混合仿真方法表现出了较高的一致性和吻合度,证实了基于物理信息神经网络模型的准确性和可靠性。
3)当试验子结构本构模型的复杂性增加时,物理信息神经网络代理模型的精度有略微下降,但预测位移的RMSE和PE与试验子结构为线弹性模型时的误差仍在同一量级,说明所提物理信息神经网络精度较高,可以应用于非线性试验子结构的实时混合试验中。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52478202; 52008320)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0314
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
  • 修回日期:2024-09-30
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52478202; 52008320)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    2.武汉理工大学 三亚科教创新园,海南 三亚 572000

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杨格(1990—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事结构抗震试验方法研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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