Article(id=1241791792853619706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0305, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706716800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-01, revisedDate=1718640000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995834792, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995834792, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995834792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995834792, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791788986471392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995833869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996997624, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791793088499712, articleId=1241791792853619706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Subspace identification method of bridge frequencies based on the dimensionless vehicle response, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The indirect identification of bridge frequencies through coupled vehicle-bridge dynamics is a critical area of research that underpins the health monitoring of bridges. Traditional methods in this domain, however, impose significant constraints on the parameters and operational velocities of the vehicles involved. These restrictions significantly hamper the real-world applicability of these indirect methods since they cannot be smoothly integrated into the analysis of standard vehicles in normal driving conditions. To bridge this gap in the literature and practice, the current study presents a pioneering approach that capitalizes on the dimensionless response of vehicles in transit to indirectly identify bridge frequencies. The research commences by formulating a set of dimensionless equations characterizing the motion of the vehicle-bridge system. From this theoretical groundwork, the study derives a system state equation and an output signal equation, both predicated upon an enhanced subspace identification technique. This study introduces an innovative equation that captures the dimensionless residual response signal from the dual axles of a single vehicle, incorporating temporal variances in the process. This methodological framework successfully negates the adverse impact of road surface irregularities, effectively sidestepping limitations linked to vehicle parameters within conventional subspace identification methods. The versatility of this approach allows for its application to any typical vehicle in motion across a bridge. Then, the study validates the practicality of the proposed indirect approach for the frequency identification of simply supported beam bridges using the dimensionless response of a dual-axle vehicle. Through rigorous numerical analyses, this study examines the influence of driving speeds, road surface conditions, and stochastic vehicle loads on the indirect identification of bridge frequencies. The results highlight the necessity of adequate load excitation to dependably identify bridge frequencies, especially for eliciting the higher-order modal vibrations of bridges, which are essential for accurately identifying modes at higher frequencies. Finally, empirical evidence is provided through field tests conducted on a high-pier simply supported beam bridge. By inputting the monitored dynamic contact force between the vehicle and bridge into the proposed enhanced subspace identification model, this study validates the feasibility and accuracy of this novel approach. The experimental results affirm that the short-time stochastic subspace identification(ST-SSI) technique effectively isolates the first two modal frequencies of the bridge, outperforming the multivariable output error state space(MOESP) method in identifying higher-frequency modes. This research substantially broadens the scope of bridge frequency identification to include standard vehicles within regular traffic flows, simultaneously improving the precision of frequency detection, especially for higher-order modes.

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当前基于车桥耦合系统的桥梁频率间接识别方法普遍对行驶车辆参数和速度有较大约束,难以应用于正常行驶的普通车辆。为了解决这一问题,该文提出了一种考虑车辆无量纲响应的桥梁频率间接识别方法。首先,以无量纲化的车-桥耦合运动学方程为基础,构建基于改进子空间识别法的系统状态方程与输出信号方程,建立了考虑时间差的车辆双轴无量纲响应差值信号方程,从理论上有效地消除了状态方程与输出信号中的路面平整度信息,突破了传统子空间识别法对车辆参数的限制,使该方法适用于任何普通车辆,同时验证了基于单次行驶双轴车辆响应的桥梁频率间接识别方法对简支梁桥频率识别的可行性。然后,通过数值计算探讨了车辆行驶速度、路面平整度等级和随机车辆荷载对桥梁频率间接识别的影响。计算结果表明,充分的荷载激励对桥梁频率的稳定识别非常重要,并且能够激发桥梁高阶模态的振动,更有利于桥梁高阶频率的识别。最后,针对一座实际服役的高墩简支梁桥开展现场行车试验,基于车桥动态接触力作为信号输入,验证子空间识别法获得桥梁频率的可行性和准确性。试验结果表明,短时随机子空间识别方法可以提取测试桥梁前2阶频率,在高阶频率的识别中有着更优于MOESP(multivariable output error state space,MOESP)子空间识别法的效果。

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金楠(1990—),女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事智能监测研究。E-mail:

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金楠(1990—),女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事智能监测研究。E-mail:

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金楠(1990—),女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事智能监测研究。E-mail:

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AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802936586670269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, companyId=1241802936553115830, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.广东省土木工程智能韧性结构重点实验室,广东 深圳 518055)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241802941699527280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Dual-axle multi-degree-of-freedom vehicle model, figureFileSmall=WmhXNqZ2tpFBvF/8nuZV0Q==, figureFileBig=PKcjj7bhKvxjF+Q3KjVcbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802941812773507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图1, caption=双轴多自由度车辆模型, figureFileSmall=WmhXNqZ2tpFBvF/8nuZV0Q==, figureFileBig=PKcjj7bhKvxjF+Q3KjVcbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802942009905806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Stabilization diagrams for ST-SSI to identify bridge frequencies indirectly using the dual-axle vehicle response, figureFileSmall=XJdfH8pdUeGEr31RHdA4mA==, figureFileBig=3axOJCLjDD5+36HsroM5lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802942127346327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于双轴车辆无量纲响应的简支桥频率ST-SSI间接识别稳定图

注:虚线为桥梁频率的理论值;空心圆为改进的子空间法得到的全部频率识别结果;实心圆为其中满足稳定性条件的频率点

, figureFileSmall=XJdfH8pdUeGEr31RHdA4mA==, figureFileBig=3axOJCLjDD5+36HsroM5lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802942244786853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Stabilization diagrams for MOESP to identify bridge frequencies indirectly using the dual-axle vehicle response, figureFileSmall=ihX2ozj7KwTloNCDBDJiew==, figureFileBig=aS14WX78xTzr4GsRxJJVag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802942374810292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于双轴车辆无量纲响应的简支桥频率MOESP间接识别稳定图

注:虚线为桥梁频率的理论值;空心圆为改进的子空间法得到的全部频率识别结果;实心圆为其中满足稳定性条件的频率点

, figureFileSmall=ihX2ozj7KwTloNCDBDJiew==, figureFileBig=aS14WX78xTzr4GsRxJJVag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802942509028034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Stabilization diagrams for ST-SSI considering regular on-going vehicles, figureFileSmall=uo6rdEqTnSggZa4Fs3Xlzg==, figureFileBig=KBw7hAzF9uJqJVTZwaZoVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802944048337618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图4, caption=考虑连续行驶车辆情况下应用ST-SSI的识别稳定图

注:虚线为桥梁频率的理论值;空心圆为改进的子空间法得到的全部频率识别结果;实心圆为其中满足稳定性条件的频率点

, figureFileSmall=uo6rdEqTnSggZa4Fs3Xlzg==, figureFileBig=KBw7hAzF9uJqJVTZwaZoVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802944207721185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Stabilization diagrams for MOESP considering regular on-going vehicles, figureFileSmall=2aEgR191+wus4fH4NC0dXQ==, figureFileBig=8EodRjNZpT9+wAqsZjHkJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802944375493366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图5, caption=考虑连续行驶车辆情况下应用MOESP的识别稳定图

注:虚线为桥梁频率的理论值;空心圆为改进的子空间法得到的全部频率识别结果;实心圆为其中满足稳定性条件的频率点

, figureFileSmall=2aEgR191+wus4fH4NC0dXQ==, figureFileBig=8EodRjNZpT9+wAqsZjHkJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802944526488323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Paths of random vehicles for the simply supported bridge (LB = 30 m), figureFileSmall=VltlWEPMNhEbSfyBLBuwFw==, figureFileBig=IIznorVyrdG9/zMzr49z3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802944660706059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图6, caption=简支梁桥(LB = 30 m)随机车辆行驶路径, figureFileSmall=VltlWEPMNhEbSfyBLBuwFw==, figureFileBig=IIznorVyrdG9/zMzr49z3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802944786535189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Stabilization diagrams of ST-SSI identification considering random vehicles, figureFileSmall=xkGAoJiriHgx4riJ46uvUA==, figureFileBig=l4xuqTzXmMkigyIBoOyHoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802944903975716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图7, caption=考虑随机行驶车辆情况下应用ST-SSI的识别稳定图

注:虚线为桥梁频率的理论值;空心圆为改进的子空间法得到的全部频率识别结果;实心圆为其中满足稳定性条件的频率点

, figureFileSmall=xkGAoJiriHgx4riJ46uvUA==, figureFileBig=l4xuqTzXmMkigyIBoOyHoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802945017221937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Stabilization diagrams of MOESP identification considering random vehicles, figureFileSmall=4Sh7X+aMU9ER9Fyz0adLVg==, figureFileBig=RUwnNxvBzbhtX4uwTJh1Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802945155633983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图8, caption=考虑随机行驶车辆情况下应用MOESP的识别稳定图

注:虚线为桥梁频率的理论值;空心圆为改进的子空间法得到的全部频率识别结果;实心圆为其中满足稳定性条件的频率点

, figureFileSmall=4Sh7X+aMU9ER9Fyz0adLVg==, figureFileBig=RUwnNxvBzbhtX4uwTJh1Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802945310823246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Paths of random vehicles for the 3-span bridge (LB = 80 m), figureFileSmall=dRluOP6fkyiWtk4Nqc2NoA==, figureFileBig=yH7EMfn7YsUKrOTYoqk04w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802945436652383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图9, caption=三跨连续梁桥(LB = 80 m)随机车辆行驶路径, figureFileSmall=dRluOP6fkyiWtk4Nqc2NoA==, figureFileBig=yH7EMfn7YsUKrOTYoqk04w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802945558287214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Stabilization diagrams of ST-SSI identification for the 3-span bridge considering random vehicles, figureFileSmall=PQHq/7lyBPJAaOS/Z9XwyA==, figureFileBig=cX3y1s8s3mE0dxrxXkqX0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802945679922043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图10, caption=考虑随机行驶车辆情况下三跨连续梁桥ST-SSI识别稳定图

注:虚线为桥梁频率的理论值;空心圆为改进的子空间法得到的全部频率识别结果;实心圆为其中满足稳定性条件的频率点

, figureFileSmall=PQHq/7lyBPJAaOS/Z9XwyA==, figureFileBig=cX3y1s8s3mE0dxrxXkqX0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802945818334087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Stabilization diagrams of MOESP identification for the 3-span bridge considering random vehicles, figureFileSmall=wCcbdnvCthDZRUgnifMicw==, figureFileBig=RqgawGHnjiXWuKrKsh1d+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802946279707564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图11, caption=考虑随机行驶车辆情况下三跨连续梁桥MOESP识别稳定图

注:虚线为桥梁频率的理论值;空心圆为改进的子空间法得到的全部频率识别结果;实心圆为其中满足稳定性条件的频率点

, figureFileSmall=wCcbdnvCthDZRUgnifMicw==, figureFileBig=RqgawGHnjiXWuKrKsh1d+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802946418119612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Experimental bridges and vehicles, figureFileSmall=+UD3OAwvuBScJvIpy9al7A==, figureFileBig=nWqldLLSOXze1ZRU7F0MLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802946527171528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图12, caption=试验车桥, figureFileSmall=+UD3OAwvuBScJvIpy9al7A==, figureFileBig=nWqldLLSOXze1ZRU7F0MLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802946644612052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Stabilization diagrams of ST-SSI identification for the test bridge, figureFileSmall=K43zj72ZptupnyFFOZPR5A==, figureFileBig=Vl6+/2MYIEH0kQxlZZSF4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802946803995622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图13, caption=测试桥ST-SSI识别稳定图

注:虚线为桥梁频率的理论值;空心圆为改进的子空间法得到的全部频率识别结果;实心圆为其中满足稳定性条件的频率点

, figureFileSmall=K43zj72ZptupnyFFOZPR5A==, figureFileBig=Vl6+/2MYIEH0kQxlZZSF4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802946934019063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Stabilization diagrams of MOESP identification for the test bridge, figureFileSmall=b7S0KugBqRhEg6gBh2lDxA==, figureFileBig=PKYzyc6+coy6Z/Tx6WeU+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802947043069957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=图14, caption=测试桥MOESP识别稳定图

注:虚线为桥梁频率的理论值;空心圆为改进的子空间法得到的全部频率识别结果;实心圆为其中满足稳定性条件的频率点

, figureFileSmall=b7S0KugBqRhEg6gBh2lDxA==, figureFileBig=PKYzyc6+coy6Z/Tx6WeU+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802948553019406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of a dual-axle vehicle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆质量接触刚度kc1 =kc2/(×105 N/m)接触阻尼cc1 =cc2/(N•s/m)车辆1阶频率
49907.0216001.95
), ArticleFig(id=1241802948691431452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

双轴车辆参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆质量接触刚度kc1 =kc2/(×105 N/m)接触阻尼cc1 =cc2/(N•s/m)车辆1阶频率
49907.0216001.95
), ArticleFig(id=1241802948829843499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of target bridges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥长LB/m抗弯刚度EI/(×108 kN•m2单位质量μ/(×104 kg/m)1阶频率2阶频率
302.053.604.1516.19
20+40+203.649.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241802948947284019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

待测桥梁参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥长LB/m抗弯刚度EI/(×108 kN•m2单位质量μ/(×104 kg/m)1阶频率2阶频率
302.053.604.1516.19
20+40+203.649.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241802949110861889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of the measured vehicles[42]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆参数符号单位车辆参数符号单位
车身质量mc1400kg前轮刚度Kr192727N/m
车身转动惯量Ic3526kg•m2后轮刚度Kr2107592N/m
前悬架簧下质量mw135kg前轴距L11.65m
后悬架簧下质量mw265kg后轴距L21.75m
前悬架刚度Kv121284N/m第1阶模态(车身竖向运动)0.8002Hz
后悬架刚度Kv228835N/m第2阶模态(车身俯仰运动)0.9579Hz
前悬架阻尼Cv12342N•s/m第3阶模态(前轮竖向运动)7.2879Hz
后悬架阻尼Cv23795N•s/m第4阶模态(后轮竖向运动)9.1403Hz
), ArticleFig(id=1241802949211525191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791792853619706, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

测试车辆参数[42]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆参数符号单位车辆参数符号单位
车身质量mc1400kg前轮刚度Kr192727N/m
车身转动惯量Ic3526kg•m2后轮刚度Kr2107592N/m
前悬架簧下质量mw135kg前轴距L11.65m
后悬架簧下质量mw265kg后轴距L21.75m
前悬架刚度Kv121284N/m第1阶模态(车身竖向运动)0.8002Hz
后悬架刚度Kv228835N/m第2阶模态(车身俯仰运动)0.9579Hz
前悬架阻尼Cv12342N•s/m第3阶模态(前轮竖向运动)7.2879Hz
后悬架阻尼Cv23795N•s/m第4阶模态(后轮竖向运动)9.1403Hz
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基于车辆无量纲响应的桥梁频率子空间识别方法
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金楠 1, 2 , 李嘉琪 3 , 全一鑫 3, 4 , 施钟淇 1, 2 , 曾清 3, 4
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(3): 57-73
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(3): 57-73
基于车辆无量纲响应的桥梁频率子空间识别方法
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金楠1, 2 , 李嘉琪3, 全一鑫3, 4, 施钟淇1, 2, 曾清3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.深圳市城市公共安全技术研究院有限公司,广东 深圳 518023
  • 2.深圳市城市灾害数字孪生重点实验室,广东 深圳 518023
  • 3.哈尔滨工业大学(深圳)土木与环境工程学院,广东 深圳 518055
  • 4.广东省土木工程智能韧性结构重点实验室,广东 深圳 518055
  • 金楠(1990—),女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事智能监测研究。E-mail:

Subspace identification method of bridge frequencies based on the dimensionless vehicle response
Nan JIN1, 2 , Jiaqi LI3, Yixin QUAN3, 4, Zhongqi SHI1, 2, Qing ZENG3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.Shenzhen Technology Institute of Urban Public Safety, Shenzhen 518023, China
  • 2.Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Urban Disasters Digital Twin, Shenzhen 518023, China
  • 3.School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
  • 4.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Shenzhen 518055, China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0305
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当前基于车桥耦合系统的桥梁频率间接识别方法普遍对行驶车辆参数和速度有较大约束,难以应用于正常行驶的普通车辆。为了解决这一问题,该文提出了一种考虑车辆无量纲响应的桥梁频率间接识别方法。首先,以无量纲化的车-桥耦合运动学方程为基础,构建基于改进子空间识别法的系统状态方程与输出信号方程,建立了考虑时间差的车辆双轴无量纲响应差值信号方程,从理论上有效地消除了状态方程与输出信号中的路面平整度信息,突破了传统子空间识别法对车辆参数的限制,使该方法适用于任何普通车辆,同时验证了基于单次行驶双轴车辆响应的桥梁频率间接识别方法对简支梁桥频率识别的可行性。然后,通过数值计算探讨了车辆行驶速度、路面平整度等级和随机车辆荷载对桥梁频率间接识别的影响。计算结果表明,充分的荷载激励对桥梁频率的稳定识别非常重要,并且能够激发桥梁高阶模态的振动,更有利于桥梁高阶频率的识别。最后,针对一座实际服役的高墩简支梁桥开展现场行车试验,基于车桥动态接触力作为信号输入,验证子空间识别法获得桥梁频率的可行性和准确性。试验结果表明,短时随机子空间识别方法可以提取测试桥梁前2阶频率,在高阶频率的识别中有着更优于MOESP(multivariable output error state space,MOESP)子空间识别法的效果。

桥梁工程  /  频率间接识别  /  子空间识别法  /  车桥耦合  /  耦合系统解耦方法  /  无量纲参数分析

The indirect identification of bridge frequencies through coupled vehicle-bridge dynamics is a critical area of research that underpins the health monitoring of bridges. Traditional methods in this domain, however, impose significant constraints on the parameters and operational velocities of the vehicles involved. These restrictions significantly hamper the real-world applicability of these indirect methods since they cannot be smoothly integrated into the analysis of standard vehicles in normal driving conditions. To bridge this gap in the literature and practice, the current study presents a pioneering approach that capitalizes on the dimensionless response of vehicles in transit to indirectly identify bridge frequencies. The research commences by formulating a set of dimensionless equations characterizing the motion of the vehicle-bridge system. From this theoretical groundwork, the study derives a system state equation and an output signal equation, both predicated upon an enhanced subspace identification technique. This study introduces an innovative equation that captures the dimensionless residual response signal from the dual axles of a single vehicle, incorporating temporal variances in the process. This methodological framework successfully negates the adverse impact of road surface irregularities, effectively sidestepping limitations linked to vehicle parameters within conventional subspace identification methods. The versatility of this approach allows for its application to any typical vehicle in motion across a bridge. Then, the study validates the practicality of the proposed indirect approach for the frequency identification of simply supported beam bridges using the dimensionless response of a dual-axle vehicle. Through rigorous numerical analyses, this study examines the influence of driving speeds, road surface conditions, and stochastic vehicle loads on the indirect identification of bridge frequencies. The results highlight the necessity of adequate load excitation to dependably identify bridge frequencies, especially for eliciting the higher-order modal vibrations of bridges, which are essential for accurately identifying modes at higher frequencies. Finally, empirical evidence is provided through field tests conducted on a high-pier simply supported beam bridge. By inputting the monitored dynamic contact force between the vehicle and bridge into the proposed enhanced subspace identification model, this study validates the feasibility and accuracy of this novel approach. The experimental results affirm that the short-time stochastic subspace identification(ST-SSI) technique effectively isolates the first two modal frequencies of the bridge, outperforming the multivariable output error state space(MOESP) method in identifying higher-frequency modes. This research substantially broadens the scope of bridge frequency identification to include standard vehicles within regular traffic flows, simultaneously improving the precision of frequency detection, especially for higher-order modes.

bridge engineering  /  indirect identification of frequencies  /  subspace identification  /  vehicle-bridge coupling  /  coupled system decoupling method  /  dimensionless parameter analysis
金楠, 李嘉琪, 全一鑫, 施钟淇, 曾清. 基于车辆无量纲响应的桥梁频率子空间识别方法. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (3) : 57 -73 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0305
Nan JIN, Jiaqi LI, Yixin QUAN, Zhongqi SHI, Qing ZENG. Subspace identification method of bridge frequencies based on the dimensionless vehicle response[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 57 -73 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0305
我国在役桥梁数量巨大,其建设速度与规模均世界领先,然而整体上却存在运维养护不足的问题,桥梁实际使用寿命远小于设计年限。因此,有必要加强重视桥梁的运维安全,及时发现桥梁早期损伤并采取措施,避免重大事故发生[1]。传统桥梁检测和监测方法需要在目标桥梁上安装传感器,通过分析监测数据,提取桥梁的关键特征参数。对桥梁运行状态实行全方位实时监测,是保障桥梁服役安全重要手段之一,但对传感器的需求大、维护成本高,出于运营成本考量,更适用于保障级别较高的大型桥梁工程[2]
YANG等[3]首次提出了以车桥耦合动力学为基础的桥梁频率车辆扫描法,从车辆的频域响应中,间接提取桥梁的模态信息[4]。类似的基于频谱峰值的选取方法还有功率谱法和基于奇异值图的频域分解法等[5-7]。此后,在YANG等[3]的研究基础上,大量研究扩展了以频域分析为主的车辆扫描方法的可行性[8-11]。同时,结合希尔伯特-黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform,HHT)构造瞬时振幅,或采用局部模态振型估算并串联等方法,能够实现对桥梁振型的间接识别[12-17]。由于桥梁频率、振型等动力特性是评价桥梁安全与监测预警的重要参数,一定程度上能够反映桥梁的损伤情况,可以作为桥梁安全状态的初筛依据[18]。而这种基于车辆的识别方法,无需在桥梁上安装任何传感器,大幅度降低桥梁诊断的时间与经济成本,促使了以检测车为载体的“单系统-多桥梁”的桥梁移动诊断装备的研发。国内外大量研究及试验[519]证明了以频率、振型识别为主的车辆扫描法的可行性,并对该方法面临的难题逐一攻克,包括路面平整度对桥梁特征识别的模糊效应[20-25]、桥梁高阶模态识别难[926]、车辆自身特性影响[1027-29]。然而,从现场试验的成果来看,该方法在实际应用中仍存在一定的局限性,如对车辆的参数要求较高、对车辆的行驶速度有较大的限制等[1030]
YANG等[31]首次将随机子空间识别法(stochastic subspace identification,SSI)应用于车-桥耦合系统,实现对简支梁桥频率的间接识别。由于SSI仅适用于线性非时变系统,该方法必须通过限制车速(低于2 m/s)抑制车-桥耦合系统的时变特性对桥梁频率识别的影响。LI等[32]在桥梁上使用一辆行驶与一辆静止车辆,通过数值模拟和实验室试验进行了桥梁的频率和振型的识别。JIN等[33]在2021年提出了一种短时随机子空间识别法(short-time stochastic subspace identification,ST-SSI),通过控制同一行驶车辆2次行驶过桥梁的速度,从车辆自身参数和振动响应的组合信号中提取桥梁的多阶频率。该方法利用无量纲参数,首次从理论上阐述了子空间识别法应用于时变的车-桥耦合系统的可行性。JIN等[34]进一步将另一种基于MOESP(multivariable output error state space,MOESP)的子空间识别方法引入车-桥耦合问题中并实现基于车辆信号的桥梁多阶频率间接识别,通过基于奇异值分解的伪逆矩阵算法,从理论上突破了子空间识别法应用对车辆行驶速度的限制。以车-桥耦合动力学模型为基础的子空间识别法(包括ST-SSI和MOESP)能够通过车辆参数与响应组成的信号,从理论上消除了信号中的车辆自身信息,有效实现对桥梁多阶频率的间接识别。同时,该方法能够应用于正常车速行驶的车辆,通过选择合适的车辆参数且采用相同车辆的2次行驶,有效地消除了路面平整度对识别结果的影响。
然而,子空间识别法的应用也存在着一定的局限性[33-34],该方法需要车辆以相同的路线和行驶速度通过桥梁2次,且通过对车辆参数的约束消除路面平整度对间接识别的不利影响,在实际应用中存在较大难度。为解决上述问题,本文提出了基于单次行驶的双轴车辆无量纲响应信号的桥梁多阶频率间接识别方法,从理论上有效去除未知的路面平整度对应用子空间识别法间接识别的不利影响。本文提出的基于车辆无量纲响应的桥梁多阶频率间接识别方法,以车-桥耦合系统理论模型为基础,从理论层面消除了桥梁频率间接识别的不利因素,且突破了子空间识别法对车辆参数的限制,使该方法适用于任何普通车辆。同时,考虑了实际应用中可能存在的不同行驶车速、不同路面平整度以及随机交通流对该方法的影响,另子空间识别法更适用于普通行驶车辆和行驶环境,为该方法的实际工程应用提供进一步的理论支撑。
本文提出的方法以车-桥耦合运动学方程为基础,建立适用于子空间识别法的系统状态方程和输出信号方程。在理论推导过程中,通过对车辆、桥梁、路面平整度的信息解耦,去除路面平整度和车辆自身参数在桥梁系统识别过程中的影响。同时,桥梁多阶频率识别所需要的输入和输出信号中,仅保留与车辆相关的参数与响应,而不需要依赖桥梁的监测信息,理论上证明基于双轴车辆响应的间接识别方法的可行性。
本文考虑双轴车辆以速度v行驶过桥梁,车辆包含4个自由度,模型见图1
由以下2个车-桥耦合关系的桥梁和车辆的运动学方程组成为
式中:上标“B”和“V”分别为该参数为桥梁(bridge)和车辆(vehicle)的参数;MKC分别为质量矩阵、刚度矩阵和阻尼矩阵;ũBt)为桥梁的位移响应向量;为车辆的位移响应,其中符号T表示向量的转置;包含了车辆的自身重量;为车-桥之间的接触力所在的自由度及其方向,其中,表示车轮(即接触力)距离桥梁一端的长度,由有限元形函数方程组成[3]是由0和1组成的矩阵,如式(3)所示:
车-桥之间的接触力考虑接触刚度kcj和接触阻尼ccj,其表达式为
式中:下标j = 1,2为车辆的前、后轮;为接触力所在位置的路面平整度的幅值。
将式(5)代入式(4),并将式(4)乘以得到无量纲化的接触力方程(6):
式中:LB为桥梁单跨的有效长度,简支梁桥的有效长度为单跨长度,连续梁的有效长度取跨度的0.75;分别为车辆的1阶模态质量和频率;为车辆第j个车轮的无量纲位移响应;uB = ũBt)/LB为桥梁的无量纲位移响应向量;分别为车辆和桥梁无量纲速度响应(位移响应对时间t的导数);定义为车辆第j个车轮的相对刚度比和相对阻尼比;为第j个车轮的无量纲位置参数;Rxj)= rcxj)/LB为第j个车轮所在位置的无量纲路面平整度参数;( )′为变量对无量纲位置参数xj的导数。
由于车辆的前后车轮会先后通过路面平整度相同的位置,2个车轮通过的时间存在的时间差tw = lw/v与两轮轴距lw = l1+l2相关,因此Rx1)= Rx2+lw/LB)。同样地,2个车轮的位置矩阵也存在类似的关系,即。一般认为车辆的2个车轮的刚度系数kcj和阻尼系数ccjj = 1,2)接近,则相应的无量纲参数以及。将2个车轮接触力的无量纲方程(6)与KV相除并作差,可以去除方程(6)中的路面平整度项Rxj)和Rxj)′,并得到差值公式(7):
式中:Δλ = λ1t)-λ2t+tw)为考虑时间差tw = lw/v的前后2个车轮的无量纲接触力差值;分别为考虑时间差的车辆和桥梁的无量纲残余响应。如方程(7)所示,路面平整度的相关参数Rxj)和Rxj)′在差值后被完全消除。
相应地,考虑桥梁的无量纲残余响应的运动方程由方程(1)变为
方程(7)和方程(8)为考虑了车辆双轴残余响应,且不包含路面平整度影响的车辆与桥梁的无量纲化运动学方程。与现有研究相比[33-39],本文提出的方法不需要通过约束车辆参数来抑制路面平整度对应用子空间识别法间接识别桥梁频率的影响。
子空间识别法是通过对系统的输入和输出信号进行处理,识别非时变线性系统模态参数的方法,常用的方法有MOESP、数值算法子空间状态空间系统辨识(numerical algorithms for subspace state space system identification,N4SID)等[35-36]。对于一些特殊的系统,仅有输出信号而没有输入信号的情况,也可以使用SSI方法[35-36]。本文探讨了以SSI为基础改进的ST-SSI方法[33],以及MOESP方法[34]在基于车辆无量纲响应信号的桥梁多阶频率间接识别方法中的应用。
首先,需要将方程(7)和方程(8)分别改写为适用于子空间识别法需要的输出信号方程和系统状态方程[36-37]。将桥梁的运动学方程(8)改写为状态空间方程(9):
式中:为桥梁系统的状态向量;为由桥梁质量、刚度、阻尼矩阵组成的桥梁系统矩阵,如式(10)所示:
式中,0I为零矩阵和对角1矩阵。将方程(9)的等号两边同时乘以并积分[31],可以得到时间离散化的桥梁系统状态方程(11):
式中:下标k为考虑了时间步长dt的离散时间;NBNM为仅包含桥梁信息的考虑离散时间的桥梁系统矩阵,其表达式为
类似的,可以将方程(7)改写为状态空间方程(13):
式中,ΔP为系统的输出信号,仅由车辆参数与响应组成,其表达式为
NVfNWBx)是车辆的系统矩阵,定义为
最后,将输出信号方程(13)用离散化的时间表示为
式中,ΔPk是由车辆参数与响应组成的,离散时间状态下的系统输出信号,如式(17)所示:
综上,方程(11)和方程(16)即为以车-桥耦合运动学方程为基础,构建的适用于子空间识别法的系统状态方程(11)和输出信号方程(16)。通过对方程(11)和方程(16)应用子空间识别法(包括ST-SSI和MOESP)求解系统矩阵的特征值,也就是系统的频率。
当行驶车辆的无量纲速度参数,其中是桥梁的1阶频率,可以对系统的输出信号ΔPk应用ST-SSI方法[33],求解桥梁系统矩阵的特征值,也就是桥梁的多阶频率。其中,用于求解的输出信号ΔPk仅由车辆参数与响应组成,包括车辆的1阶频率、无量纲刚度参数KV、无量纲阻尼参数CV、车辆双轴无量纲残余响应、车辆双轴的无量纲接触力差值Δλk
当行驶车辆的无量纲速度参数Sv1≥0.1,则可以应用MOESP方法[34]并通过假设并改写式(16):
式中:( )为该矩阵的伪逆矩阵[3437]E为一个近似随时间不变的系统矩阵,可以定义为E=diag(1,0,⋯,0)∈ R2N×2N,其中N是桥梁的自由度;Фk由桥梁的假定1阶振型形状函数组成,本文假设该振型由一次线性函数表示[34]。应用MOESP方法需要方程(11)中的输入信号和方程(18)中的输出信号来对桥梁频率进行识别。与ST-SSI方法类似,用于求解桥梁频率的输出信号和输入信号不需要测量任何桥梁的振动响应,除了需要与ST-SSI方法相同的车辆参数和响应之外,只需要与车辆行驶位置相关的位置矩阵和车辆的行驶速度v
以车-桥耦合系统运动学方程为基础,即式(1)和式(2)构造适用于子空间识别法的系统状态方程(11)和输出信号方程(16)的过程中,已经成功分离了车辆与桥梁信息相关的信号,形成了仅有车辆信号组成的输出信号ΔPk(或)与桥梁状态的等效关系如式(16)所示。且系统状态方程(11)中的系统矩阵仅包含桥梁信息,输入信号仅包含车辆相关信息。因此,应用改进的子空间识别法(包括ST-SSI方法和MOESP方法)所需的输入和输出信号仅由车辆相关信息组成,而不需要桥梁的任何信息,而识别的系统矩阵仅包含桥梁信息,其特征值即为桥梁的多阶频率,从而实现了基于车辆响应的桥梁频率的间接识别。
本文采用双轴四自由度车辆(表1)验证考虑车辆无量纲响应的改进子空间识别法间接识别一座简支梁桥和一座三跨连续梁桥(表2)的频率。为了模拟测量车辆的响应,本文在对桥梁进行间接识别之前,通过求解车-桥耦合运动学方程(1)和方程(2)计算车辆响应,其中路面平整度(road roughness condition,RRC)考虑了4个等级:RRC = 1(很好),2(好),3(一般),4(差)。作为理论验证,计算模型中不同等级的路面平整度曲线仅在数量级上存在差异,而在频域范围内包含的成分相同[38]。同时为了获得稳定的计算结果,考虑车辆在不平整路面上行驶10 m后进入桥梁。对于识别所需的输入和输出信号,通过去除平均值滤除了采集信号中的无穷大周期成分。
依据行驶车辆的无量纲车速大小,本文应用ST-SSI(Sv1<0.1)或MOESP(Sv1≥0.1)方法对桥梁频率进行识别。由于桥梁特征长度LB和桥梁的基本频率为未知参数,可以通过预估值大致控制行车速度v的范围,并应用合适的改进子空间识别法。另外,也可以同时应用2种识别方法,并根据识别结果计算车辆的无量纲速度Sv1来选取更加可靠的结果。
本文首先验证了对双轴车辆无量纲响应应用改进的子空间识别法间接识别一座简支梁桥多阶频率的可行性。假设5个工况中,车辆通过桥梁的行驶速度v分别为5 m/s(18 km/h)、10 m/s(36 km/h)、20 m/s(72 km/h)、30 m/s(108 km/h)、40 m/s(144 km/h),相应的无量纲速度参数Sv1分别为0.02、0.04、0.08、0.12、0.16。
本文采用稳定图[33-35]来展示子空间法的识别结果,见图2。稳定识别频率的判据为相邻阶次间的相对偏差小于1%,即εf =|fNo- fNo-1|/fNo<1%[33-3436]。其中No可视为未知的桥梁自由度;fNo表示预估系统阶数为No的识别频率。每幅稳定图上方的标注“”表示稳定识别频率fNo与理论频率的误差
行驶车速相对较低(v为5、10、20 m/s,Sv1为0.02、0.04、0.08)时采用ST-SSI方法对简支梁桥频率间接识别的结果,见图2。行驶车速相对较高(v为20、30、40 m/s,Sv1为0.08、0.12、0.16)时采用MOESP方法的识别结果,见图3。部分识别稳定图中(以及后文图中也有类似情况)在0 Hz附近出现了较小的识别频率,是车-桥耦合计算的数值误差造成的,随着车-桥耦合计算的时间步长减小,0 Hz附近的识别频率会明显减少。另外,也可以根据稳定准则εf <1%判定该频率不稳定,因此可以忽略。整体来看,在考虑不同等级路面平整度和不同行驶速度的情况下,ST-SSI(图2)和MOESP(图3)均能成功识别桥梁的基本频率。当车辆行驶速度相对较低时(采用ST-SSI方法),识别结果更加稳定并且“噪声”更少。一方面,慢车行驶过桥梁需要更长的时间,能够从桥梁上收集更多的信息;另一方面,MOESP方法具有更多的假设和不确定性,包括预估了1阶振型函数,以及引入了针对车桥耦合系统时变问题的伪逆矩阵算法。这一点也充分解释了当车速为20 m/s(72 km/h)时,采用ST-SSI方法(图2)的识别结果比MOESP方法(图3)得到的识别结果更加清晰,“噪声”更少。然而,由于单一车辆不足以激发桥梁的高阶模态振动,因此无论是采用ST-SSI还是MOESP方法,都难以识别桥梁高阶频率。
为了更好地激发桥梁的高阶振动模态,本节考虑了5辆具有相同参数见表1。间距为dv =30 m,行驶速度相同的连续车辆通过桥梁,并假设第5辆车为测量车辆,即对第5辆车参数与响应组成的输入与输出信号应用改进的子空间识别法。ST-SSI和MOESP方法的识别结果见图4图5。由图可知,对于所有情况ST-SSI和MOESP方法均成功识别了桥梁的1阶频率。更为关键的是,当考虑较低路面平整度(RRC = 1)和较小无量纲车速(Sv1<0.1)的情况下,ST-SSI方法能够准确地识别出桥梁第2阶频率。随着无量纲速度变大以及路面状况变差,ST-SSI方法对桥梁2阶频率的识别效果减弱。另外,虽然MOESP方法仍然只能识别桥梁的1阶频率,但连续行驶车辆放大了桥梁振动,减少了识别稳定图中的“噪声”,相比于单一车辆的识别结果(图3),图5的识别结果更加清晰和稳定。由此可得,考虑连续行驶车辆能够较好的放大桥梁的振动,且一定程度上激发桥梁的高阶频率振动,更有利于桥梁频率的间接识别。
为将本方法应用于更接近桥梁实际运行状态的场景,本节使用元胞自动机(cellular automata,CA)模型来模拟桥梁上的随机行驶车辆[39-40],同时考虑桥梁服役状态下的常规车流量[41]。为了更好的与2.2节进行对比,本节考虑5辆随机行驶车辆,同样对第5辆车参数与响应组成的输入与输出信号应用改进的子空间识别法。最后一辆(测量)车辆(图6中黑粗线)具有表1所示的属性,并以匀速v驶过桥梁。其他车辆以近似但非匀速地通过桥梁。测量车辆不同车速情况下随机行驶车辆的行驶路径见图6。此外,本节对前4辆行驶车辆赋予随机参数,其车辆重量为1500~3000 kg中的随机数,1阶频率为1.5~3.5 Hz中的随机数,阻尼比与最后一辆(测量)车辆相近。
应用ST-SSI和MOESP方法的识别结果见图7图8。当无量纲车速较小(Sv1<0.1)时,ST-SSI方法成功识别了所有工况的前2阶桥梁频率。当车速v = 20 m/s时,MOESP方法也能够识别桥梁的前2阶频率,但当车速较高(Sv1≥0.1)时,MOESP方法能够清晰稳定地识别桥梁的1阶频率,但无法识别桥梁的第2阶频率。总体而言,随机车辆荷载能够更好地激发桥梁的高阶振动,有利于桥梁高阶频率的识别,尤其是在无量纲车速较小的情况。然而,随着车速的提高,车辆通过桥梁的时间变短,桥梁的高阶模态可能难以被激励,因此测量车辆无法采集到足够的高阶频率信息。尽管如此,考虑车辆无量纲响应的改进子空间识别法对于简支梁桥的基本频率有较好的识别能力。
本节在前文的基础上,探讨了考虑车辆无量纲响应的改进子空间识别法对三跨连续梁桥频率间接识别的应用。首先通过车-桥耦合运动学方程计算求解车辆响应,考虑车辆速度v为6、12、24 m/s这3种情况,对应的无量纲速度参数分别为:边跨Sv1,side为0.055、0.110、0.220,中跨Sv1,mid为0.028、0.055、0.110。此算例中,测量车辆的参数见表1,测量车辆进入桥梁前,进行了1 min的随机行驶车辆模拟。与2.3节类似,随机行驶车辆模拟了桥梁服役状态下的常规车流,且随机车辆参数同样被随机赋予,其车辆重量为1500~3000 kg中的随机数,1阶频率为1.5~3.5 Hz中的随机数,阻尼比与最后一辆(测量)车辆相近。测量车辆不同车速情况下,随机车辆的行驶路径见图9,其中黑粗线表示测量车辆。
ST-SSI和MOESP方法的识别结果见图10图11。由图可知,ST-SSI方法对于三跨连续梁桥的频率仍然有很好的识别效果,在所有工况下都能成功识别桥梁前2阶频率,包括考虑高路面平整度以及随机行驶车辆的情况。MOESP方法可以识别到桥梁的基本频率,而在车速相对较低(v = 12 m/s)且路面状况很好(RRC=1)的情况下,其对于桥梁的2阶频率有很好的识别效果。且由于周围随机行驶车辆放大了桥梁振动,降低了识别稳定图中的“噪声”(图11)。总之,应用考虑车辆无量纲响应的改进子空间识别法对三跨连续梁桥频率的成功识别,对该方法在实际场景中应用常规行驶速度的普通车辆对桥梁进行大规模快速筛查的应用具有重大意义。
本节将本文提出的改进的子空间识别法(ST-SSI和MOESP方法)用于重庆一座高墩简支梁桥的频率识别。在进入测试跨之前,将选定的测试车辆加速至目标速度,在车辆穿越测试跨的过程中,利用车内的数据采集系统收集车辆前后左右4个车轴处的竖直加速度。同时,为验证子空间方法的识别效果,利用安装在桥面上的加速度传感器测量桥梁在车辆通过后的响应,通过桥梁响应频域分析获取测试跨的前2阶振动频率,并与ST-SSI和MOESP的频率识别结果进行比较。
应当指出的是,车辆行驶过程中的车-桥接触力是耦合桥梁和车辆的关键,包含车辆和桥梁的信息,作为子空间识别法的重要输入信号。由安装在前后车轴处的加速度传感器可直接测量其竖直加速度,通过积分的依次获得轮轴相对于桥梁的速度和位移。如2.2节所述,本方法可以消除路面平整度对间接识别的影响,因此基于式(4),即可计算出前后轮接触力作为ST-SSI和MOESP的信号输入参数之一。依据车辆行驶速度的不同,在获得2种子空间识别方法所需的车辆信号后,可以选择合适的方法进行频率识别。
试验桥为高墩简支梁桥,见图12(a)、(b)。该多跨桥位于重庆,共有5跨,其中每一跨长均为20 m、宽6 m。图12(b)为该桥水泥路面情况,桥面平坦光滑。本次试验选取中间跨进行现场试验。在测试跨的跨中以及1/4跨的边侧各安装一个加速度传感器,通过无线数据采集仪(wireless data acquisition,DAQ)实现与车内信号采集同步授时,以测量车辆通过后桥梁最外侧在跨中和1/4跨位置的加速度,见图12(c)。由桥梁的加速度响应频域得到桥梁的前2阶频率分别为6.836、13.310 Hz [30]
测试改装车为大众迈特威多功能车,见图12(d),其车辆参数见表3。车辆的前后左右车轴上设置4个加速度传感器,型号为B&K 4507-B004,其测量量程为±700 m•s-2,灵敏度为0.01 V/m•s-2,用于测量车辆行驶过程中的前后车轴的竖直加速度,见图12(e)、(f)
本次试验设置了v = 10、15、20、25 km/h共4种车速,来探究不同车速下改进子空间辨识法(ST-SSI和MOESP方法)的识别效果。4种车速所对应的无量纲速度Sv1为0.014、0.020、0.027、0.034均小于0.1,满足ST-SSI方法近似非时变体系的应用假定。因此,ST-SSI和MOESP方法可同时用于以上4种工况的桥频识别,此外也可清晰地比较2种方法的识别效果。
ST-SSI和MOESP方法的识别结果见图13图14。由图可知,ST-SSI方法在所有情况下都成功地识别到桥梁的前2阶频率。同时,MOESP方法也识别桥梁在所有车速下的基本频率,而对桥梁的高阶频率没有识别效果。因此,2种改进的子空间识别法均可以成功辨识到桥梁的基本频率,且通过2种子空间识别法在不同车速下其自身的识别结果对比,可以发现,识别结果均在误差容许的范围之内,车速对于子空间识别法(ST-SSI和MOESP方法)的识别准确度的影响较小。此外,当车速相对较低(Sv1<0.1)时,由于ST-SSI方法相比于MOESP方法,假设条件较少,ST-SSI方法的识别效果优于MOESP方法,特别是在桥梁的高阶频率识别方面,与前文的结论一致。最后,需要指出的是,由于路况条件对于行驶速度有限制,因而本次试验的车速相对较低,使得MOESP方法针对高速行驶车辆的优势并未充分体现。这一点有望在将来的试验中得以弥补。
本文通过对车-桥耦合系统中双轴车辆数据的处理和分析,为桥梁频率的识别提供了一种间接测量方法。本研究建立了以车-桥耦合运动学方程为基础,考虑车辆无量纲响应的改进子空间识别法(包括ST-SSI和MOESP方法)的理论模型。该方法仅依靠车辆的信息和响应,不需要任何桥梁信息,且通过对车辆双轴无量纲残余响应信号进行处理,从理论层面消除了路面平整度对桥梁频率间接识别的不利影响。更为重要的是,该方法在理论模型推导的过程完全去除了对桥梁频率间接识别不利因素,相比于现有方法,消除了对测量车辆参数与行驶速度的限制,使得该方法能够应用于任意以常规速度行驶的普通车辆。这一优势具体体现在ST-SSI方法可用于正常行驶速度(Sv1<0.1)的车辆,而MOESP方法完全突破了车速的限制,可用于高速公路桥梁(Sv1≥0.1)的检测。本文对车辆无量纲响应应用了改进的子空间识别法(包括ST-SSI和MOESP方法),间接识别了简支梁桥和三跨连续梁的多阶频率,提供了充分的理论分析和数值计算证明。同时,验证了考虑不同形式车速、路面不平整度和随机行驶车流情况下改进的子空间识别法对桥梁频率间接识别的可行性。数值试验部分首先应用本文所提的子空间识别方法从一辆移动车辆单次过桥的响应中准确且有效地提取简支梁桥的基频,并通过逐步增强车辆荷载实现了桥梁高阶频率的识别。与此同时,对一座三跨连续梁桥考虑随机车流状况,验证了其对于获取稳定的桥梁多阶频率的作用。对于上述桥梁频率识别的数值计算表明,充分的荷载激励(如连续或随机的车辆荷载)对桥梁频率的稳定识别非常重要,尤其是对于高阶频率的识别。
最后,本文通过对一座高墩简支梁桥的实桥测试,验证了本文所提出的改进子空间识别法在实际桥梁的频率测试中的可行性以及识别结果的准确性。基于车桥动态接触力作为信号输入,2种子空间识别法均可以成功地识别到桥梁的基本频率,且识别结果具有较高的精度。此外,针对有车速限制的场景,ST-SSI方法被证明优于MOESP方法,可以捕获更多的桥梁频率。
  • 深圳市科技计划资助项目(KJZD20230923114310021)
  • 青年人才托举工程项目(2023QNRC001)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金区域联合基金-青年基金项目(2022A1515110587)
  • 深圳市高层次人才项目孔雀团队项目(KQTD20210811090112003)
  • 深圳市高等院校稳定支持计划项目(GXWD20231130174255004)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1100)
  • 广东省2024年度教育科学规划课题(高等教育专项2024GXJK396)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0305
  • 接收时间:2024-02-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-01
  • 修回日期:2024-06-18
基金
深圳市科技计划资助项目(KJZD20230923114310021)
青年人才托举工程项目(2023QNRC001)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金区域联合基金-青年基金项目(2022A1515110587)
深圳市高层次人才项目孔雀团队项目(KQTD20210811090112003)
深圳市高等院校稳定支持计划项目(GXWD20231130174255004)
重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1100)
广东省2024年度教育科学规划课题(高等教育专项2024GXJK396)
作者信息
    1.深圳市城市公共安全技术研究院有限公司,广东 深圳 518023
    2.深圳市城市灾害数字孪生重点实验室,广东 深圳 518023
    3.哈尔滨工业大学(深圳)土木与环境工程学院,广东 深圳 518055
    4.广东省土木工程智能韧性结构重点实验室,广东 深圳 518055
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