Article(id=1241791790961988577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0302, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=1745251200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995834340, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995834340, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995834340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995834340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791788986471392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995833869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996997624, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796670220993007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791788986471392, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=15, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791791180092387, articleId=1241791790961988577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Review on research methods for establishing ground motion models in areas lacking strong ground motion data, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Strong ground motion data serve as the basis for establishing ground motion models. It is difficult to establish ground motion models in areas lacking sufficient strong motion data. This paper reviews several methods for establishing ground motion models in areas lacking strong motion data, including the numerical simulation method, the hybrid empirical method, and the referenced empirical approach. The numerical simulation method employs high-frequency and low-frequency ground motions simulated by stochastic and deterministic methods, respectively, to develop ground motion models. The hybrid empirical method can effectively solve the problem of lack of data by combining numerical simulation and actual observation data and applying the empirical ground motion model of the reference area to the target area by using the adjustment factor. The referenced empirical approach is based on the small earthquake records in the study area and adapts the existing empirical ground motion model to suit the specific regional situation with simplicity and effectiveness. Each of these three types of methods has its own characteristics, numerical simulation methods can take into account the characteristics of the seismic source, complex geological and site conditions, and the calculation results depend on the accuracy and precision of the source model and the subsurface velocity structure. The hybrid empirical method combines the flexibility of numerical simulation methods and the statistical characteristics of observed data, and can establish a relatively reliable model. The referenced empirical approach is quicker and simpler but is dependent on the data of the small earthquakes. Finally, this paper suggests that artificial intelligence and multi-source data fusion can be used to improve the accuracy and reliability of ground motion model in areas lacking strong motion data.

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强震动数据是建立地震动模型的基础,对于缺乏足够强震动数据的地区,建立地震动模型存在困难。该文综述了缺乏强震动数据地区建立地震动模型的几种方法:数值模拟方法、混合经验方法和参考经验方法。数值模拟的方法利用基于随机方法和确定性方法分别模拟高、低频地震动建立地震动模型;混合经验方法通过将数值模拟与实际观测数据结合,利用调整因子将参考地区的经验地震动模型应用于目标地区,可有效解决数据缺乏问题;参考经验方法基于研究区域的小震记录,调整经验地震动模型,以适应特定地区情况,具有简约性和有效性。这三类方法各有特点,基于数值模拟的方法可以考虑震源特性、复杂的地质和场地条件,计算结果依赖于震源模型和地下速度结构的精度和准确度;混合经验方法结合了数值模拟方法的灵活性和实测数据的统计特征,能在数据不足时建立相对可靠的模型;参考经验方法则更为快速简单,但对小震数据具有依赖性。最后,该文建议可通过人工智能和多源数据融合等方法,以提升缺乏强震动数据地区建立地震动模型的精度和可靠性。

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胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动模型与强度指标研究。E-mail:

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胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动模型与强度指标研究。E-mail:

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胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动模型与强度指标研究。E-mail:

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缺乏强震动数据地区的地震动模型建立方法研究综述
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胡进军 1, 2 , 夏逸凡 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(3): 15-27
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(3): 15-27
缺乏强震动数据地区的地震动模型建立方法研究综述
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胡进军1, 2 , 夏逸凡1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 胡进军(1978—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震动模型与强度指标研究。E-mail:

Review on research methods for establishing ground motion models in areas lacking strong ground motion data
Jinjun HU1, 2 , Yifan XIA1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0302
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强震动数据是建立地震动模型的基础,对于缺乏足够强震动数据的地区,建立地震动模型存在困难。该文综述了缺乏强震动数据地区建立地震动模型的几种方法:数值模拟方法、混合经验方法和参考经验方法。数值模拟的方法利用基于随机方法和确定性方法分别模拟高、低频地震动建立地震动模型;混合经验方法通过将数值模拟与实际观测数据结合,利用调整因子将参考地区的经验地震动模型应用于目标地区,可有效解决数据缺乏问题;参考经验方法基于研究区域的小震记录,调整经验地震动模型,以适应特定地区情况,具有简约性和有效性。这三类方法各有特点,基于数值模拟的方法可以考虑震源特性、复杂的地质和场地条件,计算结果依赖于震源模型和地下速度结构的精度和准确度;混合经验方法结合了数值模拟方法的灵活性和实测数据的统计特征,能在数据不足时建立相对可靠的模型;参考经验方法则更为快速简单,但对小震数据具有依赖性。最后,该文建议可通过人工智能和多源数据融合等方法,以提升缺乏强震动数据地区建立地震动模型的精度和可靠性。

强震动数据缺乏  /  地震动模型  /  数值模拟  /  混合经验法  /  参考经验法

Strong ground motion data serve as the basis for establishing ground motion models. It is difficult to establish ground motion models in areas lacking sufficient strong motion data. This paper reviews several methods for establishing ground motion models in areas lacking strong motion data, including the numerical simulation method, the hybrid empirical method, and the referenced empirical approach. The numerical simulation method employs high-frequency and low-frequency ground motions simulated by stochastic and deterministic methods, respectively, to develop ground motion models. The hybrid empirical method can effectively solve the problem of lack of data by combining numerical simulation and actual observation data and applying the empirical ground motion model of the reference area to the target area by using the adjustment factor. The referenced empirical approach is based on the small earthquake records in the study area and adapts the existing empirical ground motion model to suit the specific regional situation with simplicity and effectiveness. Each of these three types of methods has its own characteristics, numerical simulation methods can take into account the characteristics of the seismic source, complex geological and site conditions, and the calculation results depend on the accuracy and precision of the source model and the subsurface velocity structure. The hybrid empirical method combines the flexibility of numerical simulation methods and the statistical characteristics of observed data, and can establish a relatively reliable model. The referenced empirical approach is quicker and simpler but is dependent on the data of the small earthquakes. Finally, this paper suggests that artificial intelligence and multi-source data fusion can be used to improve the accuracy and reliability of ground motion model in areas lacking strong motion data.

lack of strong ground motion data  /  ground motion models  /  numerical simulation  /  hybrid empirical method  /  referenced empirical approach
胡进军, 夏逸凡. 缺乏强震动数据地区的地震动模型建立方法研究综述. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (3) : 15 -27 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0302
Jinjun HU, Yifan XIA. Review on research methods for establishing ground motion models in areas lacking strong ground motion data[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 15 -27 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0302
地震动模型、地震动衰减关系或地震动预测方程,可用于估计给定地震下场点的地震动参数值,如峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)、峰值速度(peak ground velocity,PGV)和加速度反应谱(Sa)等。一般是以数学公式的形式给出,将地震动参数与多个相关的解释变量关联,如地震的震级、震源到场点的距离及场地条件等[1]。地震动模型为地震危险性分析提供了关键输入,能够估计地震动的峰值和反应谱参数,从而帮助预测未来地震的平均地震动效应[2]。因此,地震动模型是概率地震危险性分析的核心组成部分,也是影响分析结果的重要不确定性因素[3]。所以,建立合理的地震动模型对于地震危险性分析、地震风险评估、建筑物抗震设计以及地震应急响应计划等至关重要。
过去几十年中,在地震动模型的研究方面取得了显著进展,特别是在数据充足的地区,基于观测数据的统计模型已相对完善。如北美西部、南欧、中东、日本等地震活动性强且强震台网布设密集的地区,已经积累了大量基于强震动数据的地震动模型,我国西部近年来也获得了大量的强震动数据,并基于此广泛开展了地震动模型的研究。然而,许多地区由于缺乏足够的强震动数据,难以建立可靠的经验地震动模型[4]。在地震活动较少或地震监测网络不够完善的地区,缺乏足够的强震动数据使得地震动模型的建立面临困难。北美东部地区(Eastern North America,ENA)作为缺乏强震动数据的地区之一,NGA-EAST项目针对这一地区的地震动模型开展了大量研究,对其他缺乏地震动记录的地区具有参考意义[5]。本文将重点总结北美东部建立地震动模型的方法,并结合其他地区的实例,将缺乏强震动数据的区域建立地震动模型的方法归纳为以下三大类:基于数值模拟的方法建立地震动模型,结合实际经验地震动模型的混合经验方法建立地震动模型,以及采用经验地震动模型和实际小震数据的参考经验方法建立地震动模型。
在强震动数据缺乏地区,通过数值模拟地震动是建立其模型的有效手段之一。目前,在建立地震动模型时采用的数值模拟方法主要分为三类:以随机方法和基于小震的经验格林函数方法为代表的随机性方法,以有限差分法、有限元法、谱元法和全波形反演等为代表的确定性方法,以及将确定性方法和随机性方法结合起来利用各自的优势,在高频段采用随机性方法,在低频段用确定性方法的混合方法[6]。作为数值模拟建立地震动模型的代表地区之一,北美东部地区主要采用了随机方法、全波形反演技术以及混合方法建立地震动模型[7-12]
随机方法主要用于应对震源参数及传播路径的不确定性,其通过将基于地震矩、应力降等参数的震源谱模型与随机相位谱相结合,并借助傅里叶反变换生成时程,同时通过大尺度断层的子断层离散化建模和时延叠加合成,实现地震动在震级相关持续时间内分布的一种宽频带模拟方法[7]。这种方法被称为随机方法,是因为其对震源和路径的描述具有部分随机性,并非完全确定。随机方法提供了一个框架,通过将地震动时间序列表征为带限白噪声,从基本的地震学定律出发来估计地震动,其可以通过使用模拟的序列在时间域中,或者使用随机过程或振动理论在频率域中来估计一个或多个地震动参数[4]。随机方法最初采用的是BRUNE[13]的单拐角频率震源谱,随后MCGUIRE和HANKS[14-15]在单拐角频率震源谱的基础上将地震动频谱振幅的地震学模型与随机高频运动的工程概念相结合,表明观测到的高频地震动可以被表征为有限持续时间的带限高斯噪声,并由简单的地震学模型指定其底层振幅谱由震源和传播过程。因此,通过这种单拐角频率随机方法模拟地震动又被称为随机点源模拟方法,这种方法通过提供一个简单的物理框架来解释经验观察,改变了地震动模型的发展方式[7]。之后的研究中,TORO等[16]基于随机点源模拟方法模拟出的地震动数据,提出了一套北美中东部(Central Eastern North America,CENA)的加速度谱和峰值加速度的衰减方程,如式(1)和式(2)所示:
式中:Y为加速度谱或峰值加速度;c1~c7为模型系数;M为矩震级;R为距离断层最近的水平距离;地震动的不确定性用选择性εa和认知性εe表示。
由于上述方程并不能有效考虑近源的震级饱和效应,所以TORO[17]在之后对上述方程进行了2种方法的修改,加入了场点到断层破裂面的最短距离Rf,具体如式(3)和式(4)所示:
之所以需要考虑近源的震级饱和效应,是因为随机点源模拟方法假设地震总能量从地壳内的一个点释放,这可能无法准确反映真实的近源地震动特征。这种近源的震级饱和效应可以通过采用双拐角频率震源谱、随机有限断层模拟方法和混合经验法等来改进[18]
BOATWRIGHT等[19]在研究中指出随机点源模拟方法不能很好地预测某些地震,例如1988年魁北克萨格奈地震,其结果与BOORE等[20]的随机点源模拟方法的预测有很大不同。同时他们的研究表明大型板块内地震事件的远震频谱通常偏离利用单拐角频率随机方法建立的随机点源模型,大多数板内地震似乎有2个拐角频率。之后,ATKINSON等[21]利用双拐角频率随机方法得出了北美东部的地震动衰减关系,其很好地描述了ENA小到中震级地震的峰值加速度和反应谱特征,并且与其1992年的研究[20]相比,得出的结果更符合魁北克萨格奈地震的实际特征。
随机有限断层方法通过将断层离散为子源并叠加其辐射效应,有效模拟了扩展震源的高频地震动特征[22]。这一方法的核心优势在于其物理约束性:即使缺乏本地强震动记录,仍可通过地震矩、断层几何等有限参数构建合理的地震动模型。例如,ATKINSON等[8]基于动力学拐角频率改进的有限断层方法,通过对矩震级M和离断层最近距离Rcd方程的标准回归分析,结合地震动衰减关系系数c1~c10,建立了北美东部硬岩地区的地震动预测方程,如式(5)所示:
其预测结果与少量历史记录的一致性验证了该方法在数据稀缺场景下的可靠性。然而,该方法对断层划分规则和局部衰减关系的依赖性较强[23],在缺乏断层精细勘测数据的地区可能引入偏差。近期研究尝试通过引入滑移相关拐角频率[24]或相位谱传播模型[25]以降低对子断层参数的敏感度,进一步提升了方法的鲁棒性。
随机方法因其物理机制明确、参数需求精简的特点,成为许多强震记录缺乏地区构建地震动模型的主要方法。EDWARDS等[26]针对瑞士地震数据稀缺性(本地仪器记录的地震的最大矩震级为5.0),采用随机有限断层法整合区域衰减特性和应力参数标定,构建了可预测矩震级7.5的地震动预测模型。RIETBROCK等[27]在北海区域强震台站数量较低的条件下,使用随机点源法融合海洋地质勘探数据,建立了包含海床场地效应的地震动衰减关系。针对喜马拉雅西北部强震记录匮乏的问题,MIR等[28]利用随机有限断层法,结合跨越1800 a的地震目录,模拟了2 346个站点的基岩地震动参数,生成高分辨率PGA图。在西伯利亚地区,PAVLENKO等[29]在贝加尔裂谷带研发了火山震颤数据补偿技术,结合随机点源模型突破了该区域地震目录完整度不足的限制,新建模型可有效预测矩震级6.5级以上地震的地震动加速度。
全波形反演(full waveform inversion,FWI)[30]通过耦合三维介质模型与动态破裂过程,实现了从震源到地表的完整波场重建[31]。相较于传统基于简化波动理论的预测方法,FWI摆脱了对震源谱参数的先验假设,支持复杂构造的波导效应建模,可生成0.1~10 Hz宽频带时程[32]。因此,SOMERVILLE等[9]指出FWI无需像在随机方法中那样依赖于对震源谱形状的先验假设,从而使得基于FWI建立的地震动模型可以更多地考虑符合地区实际的情况。例如,通过对北美3次典型地震(1983年米拉米奇地震、1988年萨格奈地震和1989年昂加瓦地震)的分析,SOMERVILLE等[9]得出了北美东部地震的震源尺度关系,从而应用到他们的地震动模型中,如式(6)、式(7)所示:
对于r < r1
对于rr1
这是一个相对简单的地震动模型,r为距离断层地表投影最近的水平距离,矩震级M是唯一的震源参数,Joyner-Boore距离R是唯一的台站位置参数,非裂谷区与裂谷区在地震动模型的不同主要在地震动衰减关系系数c1c7中体现。
FWI发展方面,由于早期研究受计算资源限制,多采用等效点源近似,如针对美国中东部地震动模型构建,研究者通过简化断层几何参数建立了区域性地震动预测系统[33]。随着GPU异构计算技术的发展,GRAVES等[34]完成了北美圣安德烈亚斯断层的三维动态破裂模拟,其0.5~5 Hz频段的模拟结果与观测记录的相关性系数为0.83,验证了该方法在数据稀疏区的适用性。TAN等[35]提出的基于动态时间规整的三维全波形反演方法通过灵活比较波形的时间差异,显著减少了周期跳跃现象,与云南西部地区实际地震动数据对比后,发现能够精准匹配高频波形的形态和振幅,表明全波形反演对高频地震动的预测精度有不错的提升。
目前,FWI应用于地震动模型构建方面的挑战主要集中于计算效率与参数敏感性。计算效率方面,10 Hz高频模拟需消耗百万核时量级计算资源,制约该方法的工程实用性;参数敏感性方面主要在于低频段对速度结构误差敏感以及高频段受介质散射参数主导[36-37]
数值模拟中的确定性方法在长周期地震动模拟中通常表现出较高的精度。然而,在计算短周期地震动时,由于地壳结构和震源过程的非均质性,导致高频模拟的计算成本显著增加,相比之下,随机方法通过简化震源和波速模型,能够更有效地模拟高频地震动,但这也导致了高频成分与低频成分之间的不兼容问题[38]。因此,确定性方法与随机方法在地震动的数值模拟中各有其优势,混合方法则结合了两者的优点:在高频部分采用随机方法,在低频部分使用确定性方法,并将二者结合形成一个单一的时间序列[39-40]。利用混合方法模拟的地震动可用于建立地震动模型[1012]
早期研究以GRAVES等[39-40]为代表,建立了固定分界频率(1 Hz)的混合方法框架。研究发现,低于1 Hz的地震动主要受断层破裂细节和三维地质结构控制,适合采用谱元法等确定性方法模拟;而高于1 Hz的地震动更多表现为随机散射特征,适合采用基于随机振动理论的简化模型。这一划分标准在北美西部地区的工程实践中得到初步验证,但在地质条件复杂的东部地区显示出适应性不足。针对这一问题,FRANKEL[10]在NGA-EAST项目中提出了动态分界频率。突破性地建立了分界频率与地震震级的定量关系,发现较大地震(如M8.0)需要更低的分界频率(0.8 Hz)以准确体现长周期能量累积效应,而较小地震(如M5.5)可采用更高分界频率(3.0 Hz)。这种动态调整机制通过引入震源破裂持续时间参数,显著提升了模拟结果与实际观测记录的谱形匹配度。Frankel创新性地构建了适用于北美东部稳定大陆区域的参数体系,包括HARTZELL等[41]基于区域特征标定的地壳衰减模型(Q = 680 f0.36)和硬岩场地修正系数,使其成为NGA-EAST项目的20个候选模型中唯一采用混合方法的技术方案。
近年来,SHAHJOUEI等[42]在混合方法中引入运动学震源建模技术,推动了该方法进入新的发展阶段。研究者发现传统随机点源模型在再现近场长周期地震动特征方面存在本质局限,因此将确定性方法的适用范围扩展至震源破裂动力学模拟,结合改进的有限断层随机模型,构建了新一代北美中东部地区的地震动模型[12],如式(8)、式(9)所示:
式中:RJB为Joyner-Boore距离;M为矩震级;c1~c11为系数。
该模型通过引入与震源距相关的几何衰减分段函数,显著提升了中远场地震动的模拟精度。该研究还系统验证了混合方法在不同场地条件下的适用性,特别是建立了硬岩场地标准化处理流程,为核电设施等重大工程的地震安全性评价提供了技术。
在强震动数据缺乏地区,基于数值模拟地震动方法已成为建立地震动模型的重要手段。在强震数据不够充足的北美东部地区,作为建立地震动模型的主要方法之一,随机方法通过结合地震动振幅谱与随机相位谱,有效处理了震源参数和地质条件中的不确定性,适用于高频地震动的模拟,但也存在着模拟的波形与记录符合得不够理想的问题。作为随机性方法的重要补充,HARTZELL[43]提出的用大地震的前震或余震作为经验格林函数合成大地震的经验格林函数方法同样被广泛应用于模拟高频地震动。该方法经多位学者系统总结并引入断层面相似性条件后,逐步发展出具有严密理论框架的合成技术[44]。相较于随机方法,经验格林函数方法在反应谱匹配度和波形相位一致性方面展现出显著优势,但存在着计算过程复杂,小震记录缺乏等问题[44]。目前,经验格林函数方法在对震源模型重构和对强地震动模拟方面应用较为广泛,如土耳其地震宽带震源模型的重构[45]。我国汶川地震强地震动的模拟[46]以及我国美浓地震强地震动的模拟[47]等。同时,在区域地震动模型构建方面,学者们尝试突破传统应用边界,利用经验格林函数方法建立缺乏强震动记录地区的地震动模型,如CHOUDHURY等[48]利用经验格林函数方法对印度西部古吉拉特邦地区进行了地震动模型的建立;BRAX等[49]利用经验格林函数方法建立了贝鲁特地区的地震动模型等。然而,此类研究仍需依赖经验性断层面划分准则和区域衰减关系假设,其物理机制阐释仍需深化,因此利用经验格林函数方法在缺乏地震动记录地区建立地震动模型并未得到大规模应用[50]。确定性方法方面,作为北美东部地区建立地震动模型的代表方法,FWI以其高精度在低频地震动模拟中展现出优势,此外有限差分法、谱元法等方法在低频地震动模拟方面依旧应用广泛,如李春果等[51]利用三维有限差分方法对2022年3月16日日本近海7.4级地震进行地震动模拟;KIM等[52]利用有限差分法模拟出有限地区地震动的次声波;赵靖轩等[53]利用谱元法模拟了2022年9月5日我国泸定6.8级地震宽频带地震动等,因此这些方法在缺乏强震动数据地区建立地震动模型时也是可取方法。混合方法则巧妙结合了随机方法与确定性方法,在高频段采用随机方法,低频段采用确定性方法,兼顾了两者的优点,提高了模拟的准确性和效率。
尽管数值模拟方法突破了传统经验模型的区域局限性,其发展仍面临三重瓶颈:首先,三维地质建模所需的超算资源限制了大规模工程应用[54-55];其次,震源参数化过程对专家经验的依赖导致结果可复现性不足[56];更重要的是,在沉积盆地边缘等复杂场地条件下,现有方法对高频地震动的幅值估计存在系统性偏差[57]
基于数值模拟方法的局限性催生了新的地震动建模范式———混合经验方法(hybrid empirical method,HEM)。该方法通过建立数据-物理双驱动框架,在保留数值模拟机理优势的同时,引入区域地震动观测数据标定关键参数,显著提升了模型在数据稀疏地区的泛化能力。这种“物理约束+数据校正”的路径,为地震动建模从单一方法向多源融合方法的转变提供了新思路。
HEM最早由CAMPBELL[58]提出,该方法通过调整北美西部地区的经验地震动关系,应用于北美东部地区,从而建立地震动PGA的地震动衰减关系。随机方法的广泛应用使得大多数基于数值模拟的地震动模型都是依赖随机方法建立的,但是由于随机方法的特性,依赖于其建立的地震动模型都强烈地依赖于潜在的震源模型[4]。但是简单的震源模型中可能会缺失复杂的震源和距离缩放效应,这些效应可以在通过对大量数据进行拟合得出的经验模型中体现[2]。这正是HEM的基本假定所在,即假设目标地区地震动的震级尺度与参考地区的震级尺度是相同的,并且随着距离的改变,整体近源地震动特征也是相同的[1]。HEM利用调整因子来调整一个地区的经验地震动模型,使其适用于具有不同地震和构造条件的另一个地区,其中调整因子的定义为目标地区的模拟地震动幅值与参考地区的模拟地震动幅值之比。同时,由于调整因子考虑了参考地区和目标地区震源、路径和场地特征的差异,从而无需确定地知道地震动参数的绝对值,因此,HEM优势之一便是不像随机方法那样强烈地依赖于震源模型[1]。ATKINSON[59]在研究北美东部地区随机地震动关系的替代方法时,讨论了HEM在建立缺乏地震动地区的地震动模型时的可行性,基于CAMPBELL[1]为HEM提供的一个框架,该方法得以应用。
CAMPBELL[1]提出了HEM的5个步骤:①选择参考地区和目标地区;②计算加权后的参考地区经验地震动;③计算参考地区和目标地区的调整因子;④计算目标地区混合经验地震动;⑤建立地震模型。
在CAMPBELL[1]提出的框架中,目标地区的中值混合经验地震动模型的公式如式(10)、式(11)所示:
式中:“t”和“h”分别为目标地区和参考地区;n为所用经验地震动模型总数;βjk为第j个地震参数的第k个值,k代表认知不确定性;为参考地区第i次经验地震动估计值;为建模后参考地区与目标地区调整因子的中值;wiβjk)为所用经验地震动模型的加权值,对i求和为1。
调整因子作为HEM中重要的一个参数,直接影响地震动模型的构建,其中值如式(12)、式(13)所示[1]
式中:为建模后目标地区模拟地震动估计值;为建模后参考地区模拟地震动估计值;为目标地区第l个模型参数的第m个值,m为认知不确定性的量化;的加权值,对m求和为1;为参考地区第o个模型参数的第p个值;的加权值,对p求和为1;n1~n4为模型参数的个数;包括了估算所需的地震参数,但这些参数没有被明确地包含在参数集βjk中。
对任何一种方法的依赖,无论该方法多么流行,或者有多少不同的研究者可能应用它,都会导致对认知不确定性的低估,对不确定性的完整描述是地震危险性分析的一个重要方面[4]。作为HEM另外的优势,该方法能够很容易地提供预测地震动的随机变异性和认知不确定性的估计[1]
的平均随机标准差由式(14)、式(15)给出[1]
式中:的随机标准差;为在评估经验地震动关系时排除一个或多个地震学参数所带来的额外随机标准差,例如那些模拟断层和上盘效应的这类不适用于评估目标区域地震动的地震参数。
同时,的认知标准差如式(16)、式(17)所示:
式中:τFβjk)为的认知标准差,即考虑到了模型中调整因子的不确定性。
CAMPBELL[1]根据上述框架结合随机点源模拟方法,以北美东部地区为目标地区,北美西部地区为参考地区,建立的北美东部地区的地震动模型方程如式(18)~式(22)所示:
式中:Y为PGA或5%阻尼伪加速度谱(APS)的2个水平分量的几何平均值;MW为矩震级;rrup为离断层破裂最近的距离;r1 = 70 km,r2 = 130 km。
之后,CAMPBELL[4]采用此数学框架为北美东部地区建立了新的混合经验地震动模型,新模型在公式形式、震源参数、参考地区经验地震动衰减关系等诸多方面进行了改进,此外,CAMPBELL[4]还为断层机制、上盘几何形状、浅地层响应、盆地响应以及中远场几何和非弹性衰减的影响提供了拓展模型的参考。在此基础上,CAMPBELL[60-61]将混合经验地震动模型拓展到美国中东部硬岩场地条件中。
与HEM类似,胡进军等[62]提出了一种数值模拟结合经验关系的方法建立了中国南海海域的地震动模型。文中采用随机有限断层法分别对中国南海俯冲带和日本东北部俯冲带板内地震动进行模拟,以数值模拟的地震动为基础,回归出日本俯冲带与中国南海俯冲带地震动衰减关系,之后推导二者的定量关系,以此为基础建立了中国南海俯冲带板内地震动的衰减关系[62]。与HEM不同之处在于,联系目标地区与参考地区地震动模型的并不是类似于调整因子的参数,而是两者的定量关系,相较于复杂的调整因子计算,这种定量关系在建立地震动模型中显得更为简洁。具体定量关系如式(23)所示:
式中:EN为中国南海俯冲带板内地震动衰减关系;EJ为日本东北部俯冲带板内地震动经验衰减关系;MN为中国南海俯冲带板内地震动数值模拟衰减关系;MJ为日本东北部俯冲带板内地震动数值模拟衰减关系。之后,根据此定量关系,可以得出中国南海俯冲带板内地震动模型如式(24)所示:
式中:abfSsSslSk为模拟地震动衰减关系系数;c′、d′、e′为震级、距离的综合项系数;MW为矩震级。由于缺乏后续文章对于方法的改进,这种数值模拟结合经验关系的方法并未广泛应用。
随着HEM的提出,其存在的问题与对其的改进也逐步出现,使得HEM得以广泛应用在缺乏强震动数据地区建立地震动模型。CAMPBELL[63]提出HEM在北美东部地区应用存在5个需要解决的问题:第一,BRUNE[13]的单拐角频率震源谱是否适用于估计大震级地震的区域调整因子;第二,北美东部地区的地震应使用多大的应力降值,并且该应力降是否依赖于模型;第三,北美东部地区和北美西部地区的地震动应使用多大的近源几何衰减率;第四,经验地震动模型对于小震级是否有效;第五,经验地震动模型预测的大震级地震动近源的震级饱和效应是否可转移到北美东部地区。同样,这些问题对于在其他强震动数据缺乏地区采用HEM建立地震动模型也是通用的[64]
在对混合经验方法的改进方面,TAVAKOLI等[65]尝试使用双拐角频率震源谱对HEM进行改进,他们针对北美东部和北美西部这2个地区在震源类型、应力降和震源深度三方面的差异,指出CAMPBELL[1]低估了大震级的近震源地震动,并提出改进。但TAVAKOLI等[65]在参数化他们的北美西部地区和北美东部地区地震模型时,使用了ATKINSON[66]双拐角频率震源谱中与震级相关的应力降和ATKINSON[21]中双拐角频率震源谱的恒定应力降。由于2个模型都包含了应力降,从而导致HEM对目标地区地震动参数的预测结果出现较大的偏差[63]。CAMPBELL[1]还指出HEM通过使用相对而不是绝对地震动振幅,并使用参考地区的经验地震动模型来纳入有限震源效应,从而避免近源的震级饱和效应[63]。之后,PEZESHK等[64]采用新的经验地震动模型,并在模拟地震动方面采用了随机点源模拟方法来对TAVAKOLI等[65]的研究进行了改进。由于采用了单拐角频率震源谱,并且使用了更新后的经验地震动模型和参数,类似于CAMPBELL[4]提出和讨论的模型和参数,因此PEZESHK等[64]的改进更接近于对CAMPBELL[1]的更新。PEZESHK等[64]最后得出的地震动模型如式(25)、式(26)所示:
式中:Ȳ为PSA或者PGA的中值;MW为矩震级;Rrup为距离断层破裂最近的距离;c1 ~ c11为模型系数。值得注意的是,PEZESHK等[18]在随机点源模拟方法模拟地震动中采用了ATKINSON等[66]定义的一个有效的点源距离指标来模拟有限断层效应,这一方面是CAMPBELL[4]模型中未提及的,并且在后来的研究中进行了进一步的改进。
与上述方法对比,PEZESHK等[18]对HEM的改进更加全面,使得HEM在强震动数据缺乏地区建立地震动模型的应用更加完善,其改进方面主要有以下两个部分[18]
第一,在模拟地震动方面,定义了一个有效的点源距离度量,如式(27)、式(28)所示:
式中:hM)为伪震源深度;BOORE等[67]将其称为有限断层因子;M为矩震级;Rrup为距离断层破裂最近的距离。
第二,在对于大震级的地震动预测方面,PEZESHK等[18]提出了2种方法,第1种方法称为随机缩放方法,指虽然调整因子是由目标地区与参考地区通过随机模拟得出的,并且目标地区北美中东部地区地震学模型仅受到震级小于6级的地震约束,无法了解其在大震级下的情况,仍然采用基于HEM得出的地震动参数预测值应用于所有震级。第2种方法称为经验缩放方法,采用基于HEM得出的地震动参数预测值应用于震级小于或等于6级的情况;采用NGA-West2的经验地震动模型应用于震级大于6级的情况。这2种方法建立地震动模型的形式是一致的,如式(29)、式(30)所示:
式中:Ȳ为PSA或者PGA的中值;M为矩震级;c1 ~ c11为模型系数,随机缩放方法与经验缩放方法的不同在公式上仅表现为模型系数之间的差异。
在对北美中东部地区建立地震动模型时,大多数研究是将墨西哥湾沿岸地区排除在外,墨西哥湾沿岸地区包括密西西比海湾内的新马德里地震带[68]。但是,由于密西西比海湾是由未固结的海岸平原沉积物组成,最深处约有1 km厚,众所周知,存在厚而松散的沉积物时会放大地震动,从而增加地震动强度,这使得其场地条件与北美中东部其他地区存在较大差异[69]。因此,为墨西哥湾沿岸地区建立地震动模型要更为复杂。但是,由于HEM主要在于通过随机模拟的地震动强度值的比率对参考地区的经验地震动强度值进行调整,该比率主要考虑目标地区和参考地区之间震源、路径和场地响应的差异,因此利用HEM建立诸如墨西哥湾沿岸这类海湾地区的地震动模型时较为有效。鉴于此,PEZESHK等[69]利用HEM建立了墨西哥湾沿岸地区的地震动模型,作为对先前建立的北美东部地震动模型[17]的补充。在之后的研究中,FARAJPOUR等[70]在对北美中东部中小型诱发性地震建立地震动模型时使用了HEM。这些研究扩大了HEM在建立地震动模型时的应用,为利用HEM在强震动数据缺乏地区建立地震动模型提供了更加完善的例子。
虽然HEM最初应用在北美中东部地区来建立地震动模型,但是作为一种有效的在强震动数据缺乏地区建立地震动模型的方法,HEM也在世界许多强震动数据缺乏地区开始被应用。SCHERBAUM等[71]利用HEM建立了西欧中部的地震动模型;DOUGLAS等[72]在西班牙南部和挪威南部的地震动模型建立中使用了HEM;CAMPBELL[73]利用HEM建立了欧洲低震区的地震动模型;TSERETELI等[74]利用HEM为格鲁吉亚获得了初步的包括选定周期的峰值加速度和谱加速度的混合经验地震动参数估计值;臧阳[75]利用HEM建立了我国川滇地区和华东南地区的地震动模型;DOUGLAS等[76]将HEM与主干方法[77]相结合建立了英国地区的地震动模型。
ATKINSON[2]利用混合经验方法的概念提出了一种基于残差分析,与HEM相比更基于经验的方法来调整参考地区的地震动模型,并称之为参考经验方法(referenced empirical approach,REA)。与HEM相同之处在于,REA也是基于这样一个基本假设:目标地区地震动的震级尺度与参考地区的震级尺度是相同的,随着距离的远近,整体近源地震动特征也是相同的。与HEM的不同之处在于,REA是利用目标地区小震级地震动来对参考地区的经验地震动模型进行区域修正,而不是像HEM那样对参考地区和目标地区进行地震动模拟,然后得出调整因子,用以调整参考地区的经验地震动模型[66]。REA的一个显著优点是,它是一种简单的方法,涉及对现有的有着良好约束的经验地震动模型进行适度修改,并且由于地震动的区域性差异可能并非过大[78-79],所以REA提供了一种建立强震动数据缺乏地区地震动模型的途径:从可能适用的并受到良好约束的地区选择合适的经验地震动模型对特定地区进行更改以得出强震动数据缺乏地区的地震动模型[80]。REA的提出,最开始是作为ATKINSON等[8]利用随机方法模拟地震动得出的地震动模型的替代,用以研究如何充分地利用北美东部地区地震动数据评估已有地震动模型的认知不确定性,因为用不同的技术推导出的替代地震动模型比用同一种技术推导出的替代地震动模型更能真实地表示认知不确定性[2]。REA利用目标地区的经验数据对参考地区的经验地震动模型进行修改,通过对参考地区经验地震动模型方程推导适当的调整因子来修改曲线的整体水平,并可能根据距离调整其形状,对整体水平的调整可以考虑区域应力降和事件类型的变化,包括震源深度的影响,对距离系数的调整则考虑区域衰减[80]
ATKINSON[280]先后使用这种方法建立了北美东部的地震动模型和夏威夷地区的地震动模型。其中,建立北美东部的地震动模型时采用了BOORE等[81]的北美西部地区浅地壳地震的经验模型作为其参考地区的经验地震动模型,简称为BA08方程。之后,将BA08方程的地震动预测值与北美东部地区实际观测的地震动数据一起使用以得出残差,并将这个残差定义为目标地区实际观测的地震动与参考地区预测的地震动之比,利用给定频率残差的对数来作为离断层地表投影最近的距离的函数,可以定义出一条与距离有关的二次曲线,用于拟合并定义参考地区的经验地震动模型的调整因子F[2]。最后,北美东部地区(目标地区)的地震动预测值(YENA)可以如式(31)所示:
式中,YBA07为北美西部地区(参考地区)的经验地震动模型对应震级、距离和地震动参数下的地震动预测值。根据BA08方程可知YBA07,如式(32)、式(33)所示:
在利用REA对夏威夷地区建立地震动模型时,ATKINSON[80]所用的整体方法与其通过REA建立北美东部地震动模型时一致,但是有两处改进。第一,在对残差的定义上,将残差定义为目标地区实际观测的地震动与参考地区预测的地震动之比的对数。其次,删除了之前公式中所有的二次方项,这是因为通过对BA08的地震动预测值以及夏威夷地区实际地震动观测值分析,发现在低频时,残差与对数距离呈线性趋势,在高频时,残差与距离近似无关,并且残差对震级似乎没有显著的依赖性,但似乎存在震源深度效应,越深的事件在高频处的残差越大。
尽管REA对目标地区的实际地震动数据的需求不高,但对一些地区来说可能仅仅存在数条或没有地震动加速度数据,这时REA的局限性便显现出来了。但对于这些缺乏地震动加速度记录的地区,它们可能拥有一些地震烈度资料,因此,如何合理利用这些烈度资料来估计地震动参数,成为研究这些地区地震动模型的一个研究手段。
目前,在数据稀缺地区完全利用经验数据估计地震动参数的解决方案可分为两类:基于参考地区经验关系的外推法和利用历史烈度数据的转换法。当目标区域地震动记录不足时,外推法(如REA)的可靠性显著降低,此时,胡聿贤等[82]提出的烈度映射法是一个很好的解决方法。其基本假定包括:烈度衰减关系相同则地震动衰减关系相同,以及当2个地区的地震烈度衰减关系不同时,对于参考地区内的任一地震(MARA),在目标地区存在一个与之对应的地震(MBRB),使得这一对地震在各自区域内引起的地震烈度I和地震动参数Y相等[82]。烈度映射法的4个映射原则分别是:等M或IR映射原则、等R或IM映射原则、最小扭曲映射原则和最小扭曲可逆映射原则。这些原则用于在参考地区和目标地区的地震烈度衰减关系内寻求映射地震对。之后,通过联立求解参考地区和目标地区的地震烈度衰减关系及选定的映射原则,求得映射地震对。最后,将求得的映射地震对代入参考地区的地震动衰减关系,即可得到适用于目标地区的地震动衰减关系。
例如,俞言祥[83]利用烈度映射法得出了我国东部和西部的地震动参数衰减模型,即
烈度映射法通过充分利用2个地区的地震烈度数据,并结合地震烈度衰减关系来寻求映射地震对,不仅考虑了地震地质背景对衰减关系的影响,还避免了直接求解地震动参数与地震烈度之间复杂函数关系的困难[82]。REA和烈度映射法的相同之处在于都采用了实际数据进行对强震动数据缺乏地区地震动模型的构建,不同之处在于烈度映射法通过历史烈度-现代参数转换,有效解决了无强震动记录地区的地震动模型构建难题,但其精度受制于烈度衰减关系的空间均匀性假设以及烈度量化偏差;而REA在目标区具备真实发生的小震记录时,能提供更可靠的预测,但是参考经验法在跨构造单元应用时易产生场地效应误匹配。同时,两者由于各自方法上存在互补性,可以通过结合2种方法实现宏观烈度与观测数据有效融合,从而为缺乏强震动记录地区建立地震动模型提供路径。
本文总结了在强震动数据缺乏地区建立地震动模型的三类主要方法。基于数值模拟的方法通过随机方法和确定性方法模拟地震动以及两者相结合的混合方法模拟地震动,为缺乏强震动数据地区建立地震动模型提供了有效的方法。随机方法在处理震源参数和地质条件中的不确定性方面表现出色,适用于高频地震动的模拟;确定性方法则利用全波形反演、有限差分法或有限元法等,提供了更为精确的低频地震动模拟;混合方法在低频部分采用确定性方法,高频部分采用随机性方法,兼顾两者的优点来更有效地模拟地震动。HEM结合了数值模拟与实际观测数据,通过调整因子将参考地区的经验地震动模型应用于目标地区,有效解决了强震动数据缺乏地区的地震动模型建立问题。REA则通过对目标地区小震记录进行分析,调整已有的经验地震动模型,以适应特定地区的实际情况,具有简约性和有效性。这三类方法各有优缺点,适用于不同的场景。基于数值模拟的方法能够灵活处理复杂的地质条件和震源特性,但需要较高的计算资源和专业知识。HEM结合了数值模拟和实际数据的优势,能够在强震动数据缺乏的情况下建立较为可靠的地震动模型,但调整因子的确定需要一定的经验。REA则更加简约,能够快速提供地震动估计,但对目标地区的小震数据有一定依赖。通过比较分析,可以看到这三类方法在缺乏地震动数据的地区建立地震动模型中都发挥了重要作用。在实际应用中,可以根据具体地区的数据情况和研究需求选择合适的方法,或者结合多种方法以提高模型的精度和可靠性。
随着地震工程研究的发展,未来在强震动数据缺乏地区建立地震动模型的研究将呈现以下趋势:第一,新兴技术,如机器学习、深度学习、大数据、人工智能等新兴技术将在地震动模型建立中发挥越来越重要的作用。这些技术能够处理大量复杂数据,发现隐藏的模式和规律,为地震动模型的建立提供新的思路和方法。第二,多源数据融合,未来研究将更加注重多源数据的融合,包括地震观测数据、地质勘查数据、遥感数据等。通过多源数据的综合分析和利用,可以提高地震动模型的精度和可靠性。第三,区域化模型建立,针对不同地区的地质条件和地震活动特点,建立更加精细化的区域化地震动模型将是未来的发展方向。这些模型能够更好地反映地区差异,为地震风险评估和抗震设计提供更加科学的依据。第四,实时动态更新,随着地震监测网络的不断完善和数据处理技术的提高,未来地震动模型将能够实现实时动态更新。这将有助于及时反映地震活动的变化,提高地震应急响应的效率。
综上所述,未来在缺乏强震动数据地区建立地震动模型的研究将更加注重技术创新、数据融合、区域化建模以及实时动态更新等方面。通过不断探索和实践,有望建立更加精确、可靠和实用的地震动模型,为地震灾害的预防和应对提供更加有力的支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52478568)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0302
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
  • 修回日期:2025-04-22
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    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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