Article(id=1241791687488504167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0221, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712419200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-07, revisedDate=1716307200000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995809670, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1745424000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995809670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995809670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995809670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791680479822062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995807999, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996976041, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796579670163949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796579670163950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=213, endPage=226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791687832437115, articleId=1241791687488504167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Seismic response analysis of isolated structures considering the constraint effect of infill walls, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The isolation structure is equipped with isolation devices to extend the natural vibration period and reduce the seismic response. However, improper construction causes the infill wall to be built around the isolation device, which restricted the free movement of the superstructure, thus affecting the actual isolation performance of the structure. In order to quantify the impact of the above unfavorable factors on the seismic isolation performance of the structure, this paper takes a certain reinforced concrete(RC) frame as the research object, uses a method of combining in-situ testing and numerical simulation, and compares and analyzes in the OpenSees considering whether the constraint effect of the infill wall is taken into account. Seismic response of isolation structures under different types of earthquake motions. The research results show that compared with unconstrained seismic isolation structure, the maximum acceleration of the upper floors, the maximum inter-story drift and the maximum base shear force of structures with seismic isolation layers constrained by peripheral infill walls increase by 20.4%, 38.7%, 35.7% under frequent earthquakes. The displacement of the isolation layer is reduced by 79.4%. Under the action of seismic precautionary earthquakes, they increase by 21.6%, 59.8%, 86.5%, respectively, and the displacement of the isolation layer is reduced by 37.8%. Under the action of rare earthquakes they increased by 17.7%, 19.4%, and 14.9% respectively, and the displacement of the isolation layer decreased by 10.3%. As the peak acceleration of the input ground motion increases, the lead rubber bearing will play a greater role only after the infill wall is damaged. Under rarely occurred earthquake, the seismic isolation layer breaks through the constraints of the surrounding filling walls and can basically achieve the seismic isolation effect.

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隔震结构通过设置隔震装置,以达到延长自振周期,降低地震响应的目的。然而,实际施工不当造成隔震装置周围砌筑填充墙,导致上部结构自由运动受限,进而影响了结构的实际隔震性能。为了量化上述不利因素对结构隔震性能的影响,文中以某一混凝土框架结构为研究对象,采用原位测试与数值模拟相结合的方法,在OpenSees软件中对比分析了是否考虑填充墙约束效应的隔震结构在不同类别地震动作用下的地震响应。研究结果表明:相较于无约束的隔震结构,隔震层有外围填充墙约束的结构,其上部楼层最大加速度、层间最大位移角和最大基底剪力在多遇地震作用下分别增大20.4%、38.7%、35.7%,隔震层位移减小79.4%;在设防地震作用下分别增大21.6%、88.4%、59.8%,隔震层位移减小37.8%;在罕遇地震作用下分别增大17.7%、19.4%、14.9%,隔震层位移减小10.3%。随着输入地震动峰值加速度的增大,当填充墙破坏后,铅芯橡胶支座才会发挥较大的作用。在罕遇地震作用下隔震层突破周围填充墙约束,能基本实现隔震效果。

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白玉钢(1972—),男,高级工程师,主要从事结构抗震及安全鉴定评估研究。E-mail:
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梁佳康(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构减振与隔震等研究。E-mail:

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梁佳康(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构减振与隔震等研究。E-mail:

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注:红框内为隔震支座。

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journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Hysteresis curves of the equivalent compression truss, figureFileSmall=ksvUVszUOFE6DM7AIZuB2A==, figureFileBig=i5txbDegw3RjkeB/yePqog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802950801166568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=图11, caption=等效压杆的滞回曲线, figureFileSmall=ksvUVszUOFE6DM7AIZuB2A==, figureFileBig=i5txbDegw3RjkeB/yePqog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802950914412783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Spectrum comparison diagram of selected seismic waves, figureFileSmall=qc4MwAqR2ldHvZ2vldnHOw==, figureFileBig=yrypanabhjvSbWaSLquShg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802951057019137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=图12, caption=选波频谱对比图, figureFileSmall=qc4MwAqR2ldHvZ2vldnHOw==, figureFileBig=yrypanabhjvSbWaSLquShg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802951166071051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Analysis results of response under frequent earthquakes, figureFileSmall=NZjHEodEvKD76E6ihkFSsA==, figureFileBig=SXYROeB0L07LcioQo8cx2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802951287705878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=图13, caption=多遇地震下响应分析结果, figureFileSmall=NZjHEodEvKD76E6ihkFSsA==, figureFileBig=SXYROeB0L07LcioQo8cx2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802951455478055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Analysis results of responses under fortification earthquakes, figureFileSmall=JRNtAdEyMbeh4vku3viMbA==, figureFileBig=xQx/7qALsJKPEbkN0o2mbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802952541802805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=图14, caption=设防地震下响应分析结果, figureFileSmall=JRNtAdEyMbeh4vku3viMbA==, figureFileBig=xQx/7qALsJKPEbkN0o2mbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802952701186376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Analysis results of respenses under rare earthquakes, figureFileSmall=w33bADokiK0l+Wmfoy3s7A==, figureFileBig=B2DJM+qPW5r/Mhl96uUJaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802952847987031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=图15, caption=罕遇地震下响应分析结果, figureFileSmall=w33bADokiK0l+Wmfoy3s7A==, figureFileBig=B2DJM+qPW5r/Mhl96uUJaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802952986399071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of isolation bearings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
型号d1/mmd2/mmkv/(kN/mm)ks/(kN/mm)D/%k2/(kN/mm)f/kNT/mmh/mmα
LRB50050011025441.740231.15079921680.077
LRB60060013030002.115231.4001111101880.077
LRB70070014037502.458231.6001281302260.077
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953145782638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

隔震支座参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
型号d1/mmd2/mmkv/(kN/mm)ks/(kN/mm)D/%k2/(kN/mm)f/kNT/mmh/mmα
LRB50050011025441.740231.15079921680.077
LRB60060013030002.115231.4001111101880.077
LRB70070014037502.458231.6001281302260.077
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953292583292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the periods of the YJK model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型1阶周期2阶周期3阶周期4阶周期5阶周期6阶周期
模型12.2032.1931.9990.5140.5020.450
模型21.4071.3091.2370.4320.4020.378
模型31.1661.1251.0080.3730.3630.321
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953410023816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

YJK模型周期对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型1阶周期2阶周期3阶周期4阶周期5阶周期6阶周期
模型12.2032.1931.9990.5140.5020.450
模型21.4071.3091.2370.4320.4020.378
模型31.1661.1251.0080.3730.3630.321
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953531658643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the period using the initial stiffness and the measurement results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
周期支座采用初始刚度的隔震模型/s测量结果/s误差值/%
1阶1.4071.08829.32
2阶1.3091.03226.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953636516253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

采用初始刚度和测量结果周期对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
周期支座采用初始刚度的隔震模型/s测量结果/s误差值/%
1阶1.4071.08829.32
2阶1.3091.03226.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953758151081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Modeling parameters of the bearing in OpenSees

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类别LRB500LRB600LRB700
单层钢板厚度/mm5.0605.2006.400
单层橡胶厚度/mm5.7506.8758.125
橡胶层数161616
剪切模量/MPa0.5660.5710.563
屈服力/kN79111128
屈服后刚度/(kN/m)115014001600
屈服后刚度比0.0770.0770.077
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953863008691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

OpenSees支座建模参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类别LRB500LRB600LRB700
单层钢板厚度/mm5.0605.2006.400
单层橡胶厚度/mm5.7506.8758.125
橡胶层数161616
剪切模量/MPa0.5660.5710.563
屈服力/kN79111128
屈服后刚度/(kN/m)115014001600
屈服后刚度比0.0770.0770.077
), ArticleFig(id=1241802953993032128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Calculation results of the equivalent compression truss

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
墙长/mm27003200360063008400
修正系数λ10.000860.000840.000830.000740.00070
杆宽度α/mm479.7549.4607.91040.11401.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954144027084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

等效压杆的计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
墙长/mm27003200360063008400
修正系数λ10.000860.000840.000830.000740.00070
杆宽度α/mm479.7549.4607.91040.11401.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954248884698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Constitutive value of equivalent compression truss

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
最大应力σmax/MPa最大应变εpeak极限应力0.25σmax/MPa极限应变ε0.25peak
1.690.0006250.42250.0053125
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954366325223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

等效压杆本构取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
最大应力σmax/MPa最大应变εpeak极限应力0.25σmax/MPa极限应变ε0.25peak
1.690.0006250.42250.0053125
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954475377136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Period comparison between the constrained model of the seismic isolation layer and the measurement results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
周期隔震层受约束模型/s测量结果/s误差/%
1阶1.1161.0882.57
2阶1.0411.0320.87
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954571846137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

隔震层受约束模型和测量结果周期对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
周期隔震层受约束模型/s测量结果/s误差/%
1阶1.1161.0882.57
2阶1.0411.0320.87
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954676703747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Comparison values of spectral values for selected waves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
周期/s规范谱谱值/g平均值/g误差/%
2.2030.107880.1218812.98
2.1930.108320.1216912.34
1.9990.117540.1294210.11
1.1660.191910.206857.78
1.0410.198870.213287.25
1.0080.217380.2405410.65
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954760589838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

选波谱值对比值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
周期/s规范谱谱值/g平均值/g误差/%
2.2030.107880.1218812.98
2.1930.108320.1216912.34
1.9990.117540.1294210.11
1.1660.191910.206857.78
1.0410.198870.213287.25
1.0080.217380.2405410.65
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954878030358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Percentage of base shear for selected waves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波基底剪力/kN占比/%
长轴向短轴向长轴向短轴向
R-110719.412314.091.80106.50
R-210943.09194.093.7179.52
T-112826.113175.3109.84113.95
T-212845.79187.3110.0179.46
T-311952.311482.2102.3699.31
T-49694.612980.683.02112.27
T-59659.612398.282.72107.23
平均值11234.011533.096.2199.75
), ArticleFig(id=1241802955029025319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

选波基底剪力占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波基底剪力/kN占比/%
长轴向短轴向长轴向短轴向
R-110719.412314.091.80106.50
R-210943.09194.093.7179.52
T-112826.113175.3109.84113.95
T-212845.79187.3110.0179.46
T-311952.311482.2102.3699.31
T-49694.612980.683.02112.27
T-59659.612398.282.72107.23
平均值11234.011533.096.2199.75
), ArticleFig(id=1241802955180020273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Comparison of base shear force of fortification earthquake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向基底剪力/kN减震率/%
模型1模型2模型3模型1模型2
长轴向6792108521266446.414.3
短轴向581180071113347.828.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241802955310043705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791687488504167, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

设防地震基底剪力对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向基底剪力/kN减震率/%
模型1模型2模型3模型1模型2
长轴向6792108521266446.414.3
短轴向581180071113347.828.1
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考虑填充墙约束效应的隔震结构地震响应分析
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梁佳康 1, 2 , 白玉钢 3 , 姜涛 1, 2 , 戴君武 1, 2 , 庞辉 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(2): 213-226
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(2): 213-226
考虑填充墙约束效应的隔震结构地震响应分析
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梁佳康1, 2 , 白玉钢3 , 姜涛1, 2, 戴君武1, 2, 庞辉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 3.赤峰市防灾救灾中心,内蒙古 赤峰 024000
  • 梁佳康(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构减振与隔震等研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

白玉钢(1972—),男,高级工程师,主要从事结构抗震及安全鉴定评估研究。E-mail:
Seismic response analysis of isolated structures considering the constraint effect of infill walls
Jiakang LIANG1, 2 , Yugang BAI3 , Tao JIANG1, 2, Junwu DAI1, 2, Hui Pang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
  • 3.Chifeng Disaster Prevention and Relief Center, Chifeng 024000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-24 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0221
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隔震结构通过设置隔震装置,以达到延长自振周期,降低地震响应的目的。然而,实际施工不当造成隔震装置周围砌筑填充墙,导致上部结构自由运动受限,进而影响了结构的实际隔震性能。为了量化上述不利因素对结构隔震性能的影响,文中以某一混凝土框架结构为研究对象,采用原位测试与数值模拟相结合的方法,在OpenSees软件中对比分析了是否考虑填充墙约束效应的隔震结构在不同类别地震动作用下的地震响应。研究结果表明:相较于无约束的隔震结构,隔震层有外围填充墙约束的结构,其上部楼层最大加速度、层间最大位移角和最大基底剪力在多遇地震作用下分别增大20.4%、38.7%、35.7%,隔震层位移减小79.4%;在设防地震作用下分别增大21.6%、88.4%、59.8%,隔震层位移减小37.8%;在罕遇地震作用下分别增大17.7%、19.4%、14.9%,隔震层位移减小10.3%。随着输入地震动峰值加速度的增大,当填充墙破坏后,铅芯橡胶支座才会发挥较大的作用。在罕遇地震作用下隔震层突破周围填充墙约束,能基本实现隔震效果。

隔震结构  /  钢筋混凝土框架结构  /  地震响应  /  填充墙  /  时程分析

The isolation structure is equipped with isolation devices to extend the natural vibration period and reduce the seismic response. However, improper construction causes the infill wall to be built around the isolation device, which restricted the free movement of the superstructure, thus affecting the actual isolation performance of the structure. In order to quantify the impact of the above unfavorable factors on the seismic isolation performance of the structure, this paper takes a certain reinforced concrete(RC) frame as the research object, uses a method of combining in-situ testing and numerical simulation, and compares and analyzes in the OpenSees considering whether the constraint effect of the infill wall is taken into account. Seismic response of isolation structures under different types of earthquake motions. The research results show that compared with unconstrained seismic isolation structure, the maximum acceleration of the upper floors, the maximum inter-story drift and the maximum base shear force of structures with seismic isolation layers constrained by peripheral infill walls increase by 20.4%, 38.7%, 35.7% under frequent earthquakes. The displacement of the isolation layer is reduced by 79.4%. Under the action of seismic precautionary earthquakes, they increase by 21.6%, 59.8%, 86.5%, respectively, and the displacement of the isolation layer is reduced by 37.8%. Under the action of rare earthquakes they increased by 17.7%, 19.4%, and 14.9% respectively, and the displacement of the isolation layer decreased by 10.3%. As the peak acceleration of the input ground motion increases, the lead rubber bearing will play a greater role only after the infill wall is damaged. Under rarely occurred earthquake, the seismic isolation layer breaks through the constraints of the surrounding filling walls and can basically achieve the seismic isolation effect.

isolation structure  /  RC frame  /  seismic response  /  infill walls  /  time history analysis
梁佳康, 白玉钢, 姜涛, 戴君武, 庞辉. 考虑填充墙约束效应的隔震结构地震响应分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (2) : 213 -226 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0221
Jiakang LIANG, Yugang BAI, Tao JIANG, Junwu DAI, Hui Pang. Seismic response analysis of isolated structures considering the constraint effect of infill walls[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (2) : 213 -226 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0221
地震作为最具破坏性的自然灾害之一,造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失屡见不鲜。隔震技术作为一种有效的地震减灾手段,通过设置隔震支座,延长结构周期,使结构降低上部响应来实现。隔震结构的核心理念是在建筑结构的基础或其他必须进行隔震的区域,引入建筑隔震橡胶支座和黏滞阻尼器等元件,构建隔震系统,形成一层柔性软连接。这样一来,结构各层之间的位移变形将主要集中在隔震层,从而有效减小了上部结构在地震作用下的层间位移[1]。通过建立柔性软连接层,有效地将上部结构与下部基础隔离,从而耗散地震能量,避免或减少其向上传递,确保上部结构的安全性。在隔震建筑中,一般将橡胶隔震垫设置在地基的上部或地下室的顶板下。因此,在隔震结构的施工过程中,关于隔震层的施工技术,包括隔震支座、隔震层、隔震缝以及隔震构件的构造,显得尤为关键[2]。为确保隔震层具备充分的变形能力,通常在工程设计中会预留足够的隔震沟。这可以确保在地震作用下,隔震支座有足够的空间进行水平变形。如果在施工过程中未能充分预留空间,或对隔震层的位移施加了限制,可能导致上部结构在地震响应中出现难以预料的损伤和破坏。
在相关研究者考察隔震结构在地震灾害下的实际表现中发现,隔震构造措施设置不当影响隔震功能正常发挥的情况大量存在。陶思宇等[3]在对泸定地震后某隔震结构地震反应分析时指出,在低于该地设防地震作用水平下,隔震建筑出现了橡胶支座断裂等非结构构件破坏的震害。戴君武等[4]在对泸定地震灾区使用减隔震技术的建筑结构现场实地勘查时发现,受损的隔震建筑均存在不同程度影响隔震层功能正常发挥的隔震层施工不当问题,其中包括隔震层内墙或外墙沿隔震支座所在的柱边砌筑至梁底或板底、以致完全挡死隔震支座的自由活动空间。这些施工不当的因素导致了在地震发生时隔震装置无法有效启动,从而使隔震功能难以完全发挥。当地震作用引发上部结构对其产生明显反应时,隔震支座首先要克服周围不当的构造约束,但由于隔震构造方面存在不当之处,隔震建筑难以实现设防地震条件下的正常使用功能。
隔震支座的设置可以减小结构的固有振动频率,使得结构在地震作用下进入长周期振动阶段,从而实现隔震的效果。然而,施工过程中的不当操作可能会影响隔震支座功能的正常发挥,导致结构的固有振动频率未能达到所设计要求的隔震水平。本文以某一隔震教学楼为研究对象,通过现场排查发现:该建筑存在隔震层构造措施不当的情况,即隔震层周围设置有一圈砌体填充墙。而现场振动监测结果也表明这些填充墙的设置导致隔震层刚度增加,进而造成该结构楼层自振频率的实测结果偏大。为了量化上述不利因素对该结构隔震性能的影响,本文采用原位测试与数值模拟相结合的方法,基于现有框架结构填充墙的研究成果,采用等效双压杆模型模拟隔震层填充墙的约束效应,并基于OpenSees有限元分析平台,分别建立是否考虑隔震层填充墙约束效应的有限元模型。通过非线性时程分析方法,对比分析上述模型在不同地震动幅值作用下的楼层最大加速度、层间位移角、基底剪力以及隔震层位移等地震响应,着重分析填充墙约束效应的变化规律,为后续评估隔震结构考虑施工不当的地震安全性提供依据。
该教学楼采用钢筋混凝土框架结构体系,建筑抗震设防烈度为8度(0.20 g),因采用叠层铅芯橡胶支座隔震,地上结构计算地震作用按7度(0.10 g)采取抗震措施。设计地震分组为第2组,建筑场地类别为Ⅲ类,设计特征周期值为0.45 s,建筑类别为乙类,设计使用年限50 a。其YJK(盈建科)三维结构有限元模型如图1所示,本结构共5层,第1层层高4.9 m,第2~4层层高3.9 m,第5层层高4.25 m。隔震层设置在地下室位置,结构总体长55.6 m,宽20.6 m。结构阻尼比取0.05。
本结构隔震支座布置如图2所示,分别采用直径为500、600、700 mm的铅芯橡胶支座,其中LRB500共11套,LRB600共28套,LRB700共4套,总共43套,支座的力学性能参数如表1所示。
对结构进行水平向自振频率的监测并对监测数据进行处理分析。现场原位监测如图3所示。以结构顶层中心承重构件处作为测点,对该结构进行原位自然脉动监测。本次监测采用低频拾振器作为振动监测传感器,振动监测对象为自然激励状态下的测点速度响应,其中采样频率为100 Hz,监测时长为10 min。为取得上部结构沿短轴和长轴的自振频率,本文采取的方法是:从上部测点振动监测时程图中截取波段较平稳的100 s原始数据,并依据所截取的数据,采用巴特沃斯滤波法[5](其滤波阶数为4,滤波低频截止频率取0.1 Hz,高频截止频率取10 Hz),最终由图4图5傅里叶频谱获得上部结构沿短轴和长轴方向的自振频率分别是0.919、0.969 Hz。
在YJK中建立的非隔震模型,可知该模型1阶自振周期为1.116 s。当采用隔震技术后,该结构的自振周期会延长至非隔震结构周期的2~5倍,使得隔震结构的1阶频率处于0.18~0.45 Hz之间。然而针对本次监测结果显示,该结构上部整体自由振动频率约为0.9 Hz,高于合理范围值。为此,对所监测自振频率较大的结果进行如下分析。
首先考虑隔震支座初始刚度对结构自振频率的影响,在结构处于自由振动状态时,仅受到微小的外力作用,因此支座尚未达到屈服状态,而是受到其初始刚度的影响。如图6k1所示,隔震支座在此阶段具有较高的刚度,这导致了结构整体刚度的增加,进而使得结构的自由振动频率增大。隔震支座屈服后刚度比取0.077,一旦支座发生屈服,其刚度将迅速下降,而较小的屈服后刚度k2使得结构进入长周期振动阶段。初始刚度会影响结构监测数据,使结构在自然状态下的自振频率增大。
为了探究支座初始刚度对结构自振频率的影响,在YJK里建立隔震模型,此时隔震模型的周期分别是采用铅芯橡胶支座的初始刚度和屈服后刚度计算得到的。表2为隔震模型以及非隔震模型的前6阶周期对比,其中模型①为隔震层不受约束的隔震结构模型,采用支座屈服后刚度计算,模型②为支座采用初始刚度的隔震模型,模型③为未设置隔震支座的非隔震模型。
模态分析中可知该结构前2阶周期属于平动周期,第3阶周期属于扭转周期,影响隔震结构效果的主要为前3阶周期。从表2中模型1与模型3前3阶周期对比可知,隔震结构能延长结构自振周期到2倍左右,模型1与模型3的4~6阶周期差距不大,并不作为隔震结构的主要指标。从表2中模型1与模型2周期对比分析可知,隔震结构采用铅芯橡胶支座初始刚度与屈服后刚度计算所得1阶周期分别为2.203、1.407 s,相差约36%,两者2阶周期和3阶周期相差在40%左右,可以看出铅芯橡胶支座初始刚度对结构的自振频率影响很大,但此时仍与该结构的测量结果不一致。表3为该结构采用铅芯橡胶屈服后刚度的计算周期与测量结果对比,两阶周期的误差在26%~30%,由此可见,隔震结构采用铅芯橡胶支座初始刚度计算的周期与实测结果相比,仍存在工程上不可忽略的误差,说明存在导致该结构频率较高的其他原因。
为进一步查找原因,本文作者在实地观察隔震层施工情况后,发现该结构的隔震层四周设置了填充墙,如图7所示,其示意简图如图8所示,可以看出填充墙对隔震层有明显的限制作用。除了铅芯橡胶支座初始刚度对隔震结构的自由振动频率产生影响外,铅芯橡胶支座周围的填充墙约束也可能导致结构的自振频率增加。下文将基于OpenSees平台建立数值分析模型,目的是验证隔震层周围填充墙约束对隔震结构自由振动频率的影响。
本文采用OpenSees软件建立隔震层受填充墙约束的三维有限元模型[6],上部是钢筋混凝土框架结构,采用concrete02和steel02模拟。下部隔震层采用LeadRubberX单元模拟铅芯橡胶支座,铅芯橡胶支座的力学性能参数如表4所示。该结构隔震层采用C40混凝土,隔震层墙高为1700 mm,墙厚为300 mm,短轴向墙长主要尺寸为8 400 mm,长轴向墙长主要尺寸为6300 mm,其他少许填充墙的长度分别为3 600、3 200、2700 mm。其中隔震层框架采用C40混凝土,弹性模量为32500 MPa[7]。砌块强度等级为MU10,砂浆强度等级为M7.5。根据GB 50003—2011《砌体结构设计规范》[8]可知砌体抗压强度设计值f为1.69 MPa,同时根据该规范砌体的弹性模量为1600f,即2704 MPa。该工程上部结构的填充墙数量较少,且有一定数量的轻质隔板,墙上门窗洞口较大且数量较多,因此上部填充墙所产生的附加刚度对隔震结构整体刚度的影响较为有限[9]。隔震层刚度较小,对整体结构的刚度起着控制作用,因此本文只探究隔震层内填充墙约束效应对整体结构隔震特性的影响。
为考虑填充墙对支座的约束作用,结合已有研究[10]将隔震层填充墙简化为只受压力的等效双支撑斜杆。在现有关于框架填充墙的研究中,对于填充墙的处理,将其等效为杆进行分析是目前普遍认为较为合理可靠的,这种方式既能充分考虑到填充墙自身的属性,又能体现填充墙对柱的约束作用[11-12]。在OpenSees中采用Hysteretic材料Truss单元模拟[13-17]。考虑结构实际情况,将隔震层外围一圈填充墙布置成等效双支撑斜压杆,填充墙的布置情况如图9所示。杆厚度tinf取墙体实际厚度,杆宽度α按文献[1317-18]中式(1)进行计算:
式中:λ1为杆等效宽度的修正系数;hcol为填充墙外围柱的高度;Ldiag为填充墙对角长度。
对于修正系数λ1,依据式(2)[1317-18]计算:
式中:EinfEf分别为框架材料和填充墙材料的弹性模量;Icol为外围柱的截面惯性矩;hinf为填充墙高度;θ为对角线与水平线的夹角。
等效压杆的计算结果如表5所示。
等效杆本构采用双折线模型[1317],考虑实际情况和模型计算效率将受拉段应力取约为0的极小值。等效支撑斜压杆材料的本构模型如图10所示,其中最大应力σmax取墙体抗压强度设计值,弹性段模量取填充墙材料模量Einf,对于下降段,水平点应力取0.25倍σmax[13],由于隔震层填充墙较低,极限位移可取墙高的1/25~1/50[19],因此下降段模量取0.1倍Einf。填充墙只考虑平面内刚度,对于OpenSees中Hysteretic材料需考虑重加载时应变和应力的捏缩系数,基于文献[13-14]的研究结果,本文针对pinchx、pinchy、beta分别取1.0、0.1、0.5,并且不考虑损伤系数damage1、damage2。等效压杆的本构取值如表6所示。
对于长6300 mm填充墙等效压杆滞回曲线如图11所示,在图11(a)中,对杆轴向施加递增的位移控制,得出其滞回模型如图11(b)所示,滞回曲线进入水平段即材料破坏。骨架曲线的加载路径如图11(c)所示,沿路径1逐渐加载到屈服位移,路径2沿着屈服段进入下降段,路径3按照卸载规则卸载到零点,沿路径4反向加载到受拉段上,路径5沿着受拉段加载、屈服,然后卸载再反向加载。
在OpenSees中计算结构自振周期时采用铅芯橡胶支座的初始刚度,隔震层加上填充墙约束后周期与测量对比如表7所示。两者周期的差距从29%降低到2%左右,此时的计算周期接近测量周期,说明所建有限元模型比较准确。同时也表明结构实测频率过大不仅是受到隔震支座初始刚度的影响,隔震层四周填充墙的约束作用,应当予以重点关注,不可忽略。
为了探究隔震层填充墙约束作用对结构隔震性能的影响,本文分别建立了是否考虑填充墙约束效应的2个隔震模型。依据实测结果进行对比,验证了模型的准确性,采用非线性时程分析方法对2类隔震结构进行地震响应分析。
针对非隔震结构与隔震结构的主要周期点(表8),共选取了5条强震记录(T-1、T-2、T-3、T-4、T-5)和2条人工模拟的加速度时程(R-1、R-2),并对各条时程曲线的加速度峰值加以调整,其中多遇地震下为70 cm/s2,设防地震为200 cm/s2,罕遇地震为400 cm/s2。地震波采用三向输入,且XYZ三向输入比例为1∶0.85∶0.65[20]。在设防地震下,7条波的时程反应谱与规范反应谱曲线的对比如图12所示,这7条时程曲线在结构主要周期点上的平均地震影响系数与规范谱地震影响系数相比[21],均未超过20%,满足GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》(2016年版)[22]中选波的要求。
对该结构进行罕遇地震作用下的基底剪力计算,其结果如表9所示。通过振型分解反应谱法分析可得长轴与短轴向的基底剪力分别为11677、11562 kN,每条波计算的剪力超过65%,平均值超过80%,结构的基底剪力均满足GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》(2016年版)[22]中单条波时程分析以及7条波平均值的选波要求,故隔震结构在进行时程分析时所选的地震波是合理的。
本文对有无填充墙约束的隔震模型在多遇、设防和罕遇地震作用下进行非线性时程分析,并提取性能指标为楼层最大加速度、层间位移角、基底剪力以及隔震层支座水平位移进行对比分析。此外,选取T-5波计算的结构水平两向各一处所布置的等效压杆的滞回曲线,以及结构中心处支座单元的长轴向水平滞回曲线,以进一步评估2种模型在地震动作用下等效压杆的受损情况以及支座的耗能能力。图13图14图15为各性能指标结果,后文中模型1统一指隔震层无填充墙约束的结构模型,模型2指隔震层受填充墙约束的结构模型,楼层最大加速度和层间位移角图中灰色实线是每条波计算的结果。
在多遇地震作用下,7条波所计算模型1长轴和短轴方向楼层最大加速度的平均值分别是1.173、0.975 m/s2,模型2在长轴和短轴方向楼层最大加速度的平均值分别是1.412、1.187 m/s2,2个方向分别增大了20.4%、21.7%;模型1在长轴和短轴方向最大层间位移角的平均值分别是1/806、1/975,模型2在长轴和短轴方向最大层间位移角的平均值分别是1/581、1/725,2个方向分别增大了38.7%、34.5%。同时在多遇地震作用下,模型1隔震层水平位移为12.6 mm,模型2隔震层水平位移为2.6 mm,减小了79.4%;模型1在长轴和短轴方向最大基底剪力的平均值分别是4296、3270 kN,模型2在长轴和短轴方向最大基底剪力的平均值分别是5829、4662 kN,2个方向分别增大了35.7%、42.6%。
根据上述的分析结果可知,隔震层受填充墙约束的隔震结构与无约束的隔震结构在多遇地震下存在明显差距,在隔震层周围填充墙的约束下,隔震结构楼层响应加速度和层间位移角以及基底剪力均有不同幅度的增大。由图13(g)~(h)可知,结构长短轴2个方向等效约束杆的轴向位移均未达到极限位移,说明此时等效压杆未损坏,导致隔震层受填充墙约束结构的楼层上部地震响应比无约束结构的上部响应大。由于填充墙会增大隔震结构的刚度,且长轴向和短轴向填充墙数量有差别,会导致隔震层水平两向的刚度分布不均匀,导致上部结构在三向地震动作用时,由图13(a)~(d)可知,两者在长轴方向地震响应的差异比在短轴方向的差异明显。在多遇地震下,填充墙未损坏前具有较大的刚度,隔震支座受周围填充墙约束作用,位移大幅减小。由图13(i)~(j)可知,由于隔震支座在周围填充墙的约束下位移受限,2个结构铅芯橡胶支座的滞回曲线并不饱满。
在设防地震作用下,7条波所计算模型1在长轴和短轴方向楼层最大加速度的平均值分别是2.800、2.500 m/s2,模型2在长轴和短轴方向楼层最大加速度的平均值分别是3.404、2.952 m/s2,2个方向分别增大了21.6%、18.1%;模型1在长轴和短轴方向最大层间位移角的平均值分别是1/473、1/519,模型2在长轴和短轴方向最大层间位移角的平均值分别是1/251、1/349,2个方向分别增大了88.4%、48.7%。同时在设防地震作用下,模型1隔震层水平位移为56.3 mm,模型2隔震层水平位移为35.0 mm,减小了37.8%;模型1在长轴和短轴方向最大基底剪力的平均值分别是6792、5811 kN,模型2在长轴和短轴方向最大基底剪力的平均值分别是10852、8007 kN,2个方向分别增大了59.8%、37.8%。在设防地震作用下,表10比较了2个模型与非隔震模型的基底剪力,模型2的减震率相较于模型1的减震率偏小。
通过上述分析可知,隔震层受填充墙约束的隔震结构与无约束的隔震结构在设防地震下地震响应结果存在很大的差距,较之多遇地震进一步增大。由图14(g)~(h)可知,结构长轴方向等效约束杆的轴向位移和结构短轴方向等效约束杆的位移均未超过极限位移,填充墙等压杆出现较大的屈服段,但未破坏。因其上部结构按照7度(0.10 g)采取抗震措施,在8度(0.20 g)设防地震下,上部结构层间位移角大多超过弹性层间位移角限值,尤其长轴方向上部结构层间位移角大幅超限,最大达到59.4%。此时有约束的模型在隔震支座发挥效果后仍受到填充墙较强的约束作用,位移大幅减小。通过图14(i)~(j)支座的滞回曲线可以看出,支座已经处于较大的屈服阶段,受约束结构铅芯橡胶支座的滞回曲线不及无约束结构饱满,无约束结构隔震支座的耗能能力更强。
在罕遇地震作用下,7条波所计算模型1在长轴和短轴方向楼层最大加速度的平均值分别是5.035、4.400 m/s2,模型2在长轴和短轴方向楼层最大加速度的平均值分别是5.925、4.716 m/s2,2个方向分别增大了17.7%、7.2%;模型1在长轴和短轴方向最大层间位移角的平均值分别是1/246、1/288,模型2在长轴和短轴方向最大层间位移角的平均值分别是1/206、1/252,2个方向分别增大了19.4%、14.3%。同时在罕遇地震作用下,模型1隔震层水平位移为156.5 mm,模型2隔震层水平位移为133.2 mm,减小了14.9%;模型1在长轴和短轴方向最大基底剪力的平均值分别是11277、10139 kN,模型2在长轴和短轴方向最大基底剪力的平均值分别是12437、10682 kN,2个方向分别减少了10.3%、5.4%。
由上述分析结果可知,随着地震动强度的增加,在罕遇地震作用下,隔震层受填充墙约束的地震响应增大的趋势变小,隔震层受填充墙约束的隔震结构与无约束的隔震结构上部楼层响应结果较之设防地震下差距大幅度减小。由图15(c)、(d)可知,2个结构的层间位移角远小于此时弹塑性层间位移角限值,能达到隔震效果。由图15(g)、(h)可知,结构长轴方向等效约束杆的轴向位移和结构短轴方向等效约束杆的位移大幅度超过极限位移,在罕遇地震作用下杆轴向滞回出现较长的平直段,等效压杆失效,隔震层已经突破填充墙的约束,铅芯橡胶支座此时在发挥较大的作用。由图15(i)、(j)可知,2个模型支座的滞回曲线都比较饱满,有较大的耗能能力。在罕遇地震作用下,由于填充墙破坏后极限应力并非极小值,对隔震层仍存在一定的影响,导致地震响应结果仍存在差距,此时隔震层水平位移仍有所减小,但其减小幅度较小。2个结构的地震响应较之设防地震作用下大幅度减小,尤其是填充墙布置较小的短轴方向,其楼层加速度、基底剪力基本趋于一致。
本文采用原位测试与数值模拟相结合的方法,对比分析了是否考虑填充墙约束效应的隔震结构在不同类别地震动作用下的地震响应,对于该结构而言,隔震层受填充墙约束后会在应有的设防地震作用下造成较大的震害。通过分析2个结构的时程反应得到以下结论:
1)通过实测数据与有限元模拟对比发现,隔震层四周因施工不当布置的填充墙会使结构自振周期降低20%左右,相较于无填充墙约束的结构,填充墙的约束会使支座完全发挥性能所需的地震作用更大。
2)将填充墙模拟为等效双压杆的方法理论清晰并且建模简单。该方法既能充分考虑到填充墙自身的属性,又能体现填充墙对隔震支座的约束作用,同时使得分析隔震层填充墙影响隔震结构整体性能的结果比较合理可靠。
3)通过不同地震动作用下的时程分析结果可知,随着输入地震动峰值加速度的增大,当填充墙破坏后,铅芯橡胶支座才会发挥较大的作用。在该结构对应的多遇地震和设防地震作用下填充墙只屈服不破坏,仍具有较大的刚度,而在罕遇地震作用下,进入破坏段填充墙较多,隔震层受填充墙的约束作用最弱,在填充墙极限应力仍有0.25倍σmax的情况下,此时有无约束的2个结构楼层响应对比差距低于20%,能基本实现隔震效果。
4)隔震层受填充墙约束的结构在设防地震作用下产生了极不利的影响。因其上部结构按照“减一度”采取抗震措施,在原有的8度(0.20 g)设防地震下,上部结构出现较大层间位移角,远超规范限值,最大超过弹性层间位移角限值的59.4%。
基于多遇地震、设防地震以及罕遇地震作用下隔震层是否考虑填充墙约束效应的地震响应对比分析结果,可以发现,隔震结构在小震以及中震下的实有隔震性能受填充墙约束效应影响较为明显,在实际施工中应该尽量避免上述施工不当问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(52208509)
  • 内蒙古自治区地震局局长基金项目(2023MS10)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(H2022E121)
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项(2022C04)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52078471)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0221
  • 接收时间:2024-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-24
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-07
  • 修回日期:2024-05-22
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(52208509)
内蒙古自治区地震局局长基金项目(2023MS10)
黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(H2022E121)
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项(2022C04)
国家自然科学基金项目(52078471)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    3.赤峰市防灾救灾中心,内蒙古 赤峰 024000

通讯作者:

白玉钢(1972—),男,高级工程师,主要从事结构抗震及安全鉴定评估研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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