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Based on the database of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, the collected seismic records were classified according to the fault distance of the seismic stations, and the amplitude, spectrum and time characteristics of the ground motions under different site conditions were studied and quantitatively analyzed. Taking the Huangdeng gravity dam as the research object, based on the three response quantities of downstream displacement at the upstream dam face, principal tensile stress at the upstream dam face and principal compressive stress at the downstream dam face, the influence of near-fault earthquake pulse characteristics on seismic response of gravity dams was investigated. The results show that the relative displacement of the toe of the top dam of Huangdeng gravity dam under pulse earthquake is 44% larger than that under non-pulse earthquake. The principal tensile stress at the dam heel is 30% larger than that of the non-pulse type. The principal compressive stress at the toe of the dam is 31% greater than the response value of non-pulsed earthquake. The impact of pulse earthquakes on the structure is not negligible compared with non-pulsed earthquakes, and the response values of the structure were significantly larger. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the impulsive action of near-fault earthquakes in seismic fortification.

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基于太平洋地震工程研究中心数据库,依据地震台站的断层距离对所收集的地震记录进行划分,研究不同场地条件下地震动的幅值、频谱和持时特性并进行量化分析;以黄登重力坝为研究对象,从上游坝面顺河向位移、上游坝面主拉应力和下游坝面主压应力3个响应量出发,探究近断层地震的脉冲特性对重力坝地震响应的影响。研究结果表明:脉冲地震下的黄登重力坝坝顶坝趾顺河向相对位移比非脉冲大44%;坝踵处的主拉应力比非脉冲型大30%;坝趾处的主压应力则比非脉冲地震的响应值大31%。相比于非脉冲型地震,脉冲型地震对结构造成的影响不可忽略,结构的各项响应值均明显偏大。因此,在进行抗震设防时需要考虑近断层地震的脉冲作用。

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陈灯红(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事混凝土材料动力特性研究与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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陈灯红(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事混凝土材料动力特性研究与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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陈灯红(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事混凝土材料动力特性研究与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 2023, 149: 150-165., articleTitle=Hydraulic fracture of concrete-rock interface in reservoir-gravity dam-foundation system under seismic conditions, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241802919541015460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, awardId=52079072, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52079072), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241802919809450940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, awardId=2021EJD026, language=CN, fundingSource=土木工程防灾减灾湖北省引智创新示范基地项目(2021EJD026), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241802903929815738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802903946592955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, companyId=1241802903929815738, 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articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Comparison of the mean spectra of horizontal seismic amplification coefficients, figureFileSmall=EESAYeF05btNfAR8THqSGg==, figureFileBig=2cM3mEUPP8NOkyPIFG+bbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802912641384812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=图5, caption=水平向地震放大系数均值谱对比, figureFileSmall=EESAYeF05btNfAR8THqSGg==, figureFileBig=2cM3mEUPP8NOkyPIFG+bbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802912796574073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of the mean spectra of vertical seismic amplification coefficients, figureFileSmall=zyUr/QZdh2hy8Ksb8xpHBQ==, figureFileBig=KaVgE11ZwYUoII0T2XBHLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802912981123470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, 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caption=Principal tensile stress of the upstream dam face, figureFileSmall=zKWshDEOkobDbc0IDvQuEg==, figureFileBig=BqnXGZ10AaXI/ISg8AzDoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802914826617415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=图13, caption=上游坝面主拉应力, figureFileSmall=zKWshDEOkobDbc0IDvQuEg==, figureFileBig=BqnXGZ10AaXI/ISg8AzDoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802914969223770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Principal compressive stress of the downstress dam face, figureFileSmall=pi2AImCQCga+AUNZYneTBQ==, figureFileBig=qiJoTyYwz7uoIUVK2yTiyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802915107635817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=图14, caption=下游坝面主压应力, figureFileSmall=pi2AImCQCga+AUNZYneTBQ==, figureFileBig=qiJoTyYwz7uoIUVK2yTiyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802915212493425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Conversion table of VS30 and site category[22]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VS30/(m/s)场地类别
VS30≥7600
510≤VS30<7601
260≤VS30<510
150≤VS30<260
VS30<150
), ArticleFig(id=1241802915292185213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

VS30与场地类别转化表[22]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VS30/(m/s)场地类别
VS30≥7600
510≤VS30<7601
260≤VS30<510
150≤VS30<260
VS30<150
), ArticleFig(id=1241802915459957383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the characteristics of four types of amplitudes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
幅值参数方向有无断层0类场地1类场地Ⅱ类场地Ⅲ类场地
APG/g水平向近断层0.3180.2110.2070.247
非近断层0.0130.0470.0480.062
竖直向近断层0.2700.1440.1430.243
非近断层0.0060.0250.0300.036
AEP/g水平向近断层0.2450.1530.1620.205
非近断层0.0100.0370.0410.052
竖直向近断层0.1550.0810.0840.113
非近断层0.0050.0190.0240.027
VPG/(m/s)水平向近断层0.3060.1440.1750.300
非近断层0.0130.0410.0490.083
竖直向近断层0.1680.0710.0720.121
非近断层0.0450.0360.0300.045
VEP/(m/s)水平向近断层0.1650.0930.1130.189
非近断层0.0100.0280.0350.060
竖直向近断层0.0960.0430.0440.075
非近断层0.0370.0150.0210.029
), ArticleFig(id=1241802915577397904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

四类幅值特性对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
幅值参数方向有无断层0类场地1类场地Ⅱ类场地Ⅲ类场地
APG/g水平向近断层0.3180.2110.2070.247
非近断层0.0130.0470.0480.062
竖直向近断层0.2700.1440.1430.243
非近断层0.0060.0250.0300.036
AEP/g水平向近断层0.2450.1530.1620.205
非近断层0.0100.0370.0410.052
竖直向近断层0.1550.0810.0840.113
非近断层0.0050.0190.0240.027
VPG/(m/s)水平向近断层0.3060.1440.1750.300
非近断层0.0130.0410.0490.083
竖直向近断层0.1680.0710.0720.121
非近断层0.0450.0360.0300.045
VEP/(m/s)水平向近断层0.1650.0930.1130.189
非近断层0.0100.0280.0350.060
竖直向近断层0.0960.0430.0440.075
非近断层0.0370.0150.0210.029
), ArticleFig(id=1241802917188010658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the characteristics of two types of response spectra

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应谱参数方向有无断层0类场地1类场地Ⅱ类场地Ⅲ类场地
Tg_Sa水平向近断层0.250.210.240.31
非近断层0.280.300.560.46
竖直向近断层0.120.140.130.13
非近断层0.360.300.310.48
Tg_ATC水平向近断层0.360.340.380.38
非近断层0.460.480.560.80
竖直向近断层0.350.320.300.43
非近断层0.490.530.550.79
), ArticleFig(id=1241802917410308797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两类反应谱特征对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应谱参数方向有无断层0类场地1类场地Ⅱ类场地Ⅲ类场地
Tg_Sa水平向近断层0.250.210.240.31
非近断层0.280.300.560.46
竖直向近断层0.120.140.130.13
非近断层0.360.300.310.48
Tg_ATC水平向近断层0.360.340.380.38
非近断层0.460.480.560.80
竖直向近断层0.350.320.300.43
非近断层0.490.530.550.79
), ArticleFig(id=1241802917565498060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of duration characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
持时参数方向有无断层0类场地1类场地Ⅱ类场地Ⅲ类场地
D70水平向近断层10.7513.3210.3413.23
非近断层51.6529.2527.3038.67
竖直向近断层11.2616.8114.0617.32
非近断层42.2531.2830.5939.13
D90水平向近断层15.7219.5719.3222.34
非近断层85.5444.0343.6257.57
竖直向近断层18.4924.6522.2926.28
非近断层82.7546.6546.3258.82
), ArticleFig(id=1241802917708104417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

持时特性对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
持时参数方向有无断层0类场地1类场地Ⅱ类场地Ⅲ类场地
D70水平向近断层10.7513.3210.3413.23
非近断层51.6529.2527.3038.67
竖直向近断层11.2616.8114.0617.32
非近断层42.2531.2830.5939.13
D90水平向近断层15.7219.5719.3222.34
非近断层85.5444.0343.6257.57
竖直向近断层18.4924.6522.2926.28
非近断层82.7546.6546.3258.82
), ArticleFig(id=1241802917854905072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Pulsed/non-pulsed ground motion parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动类型地震记录断层距/kmAPG/gVPG/(cm/s)VPG/APG)/s
序号名称
脉冲型1EMO0.070.3092.620.32
2A-STU10.840.3271.960.23
3CHY10418.020.1556.260.39
4YPT4.830.2369.730.31
5PRI3.310.3590.690.27
非脉冲型6I-ELC6.090.2831.030.11
7A-BAG8.180.1934.710.19
8CHY04119.830.6437.350.06
9DZC15.370.3655.670.16
10NIS7.080.4846.860.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241802917980734207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

脉冲型/非脉冲型地震动参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动类型地震记录断层距/kmAPG/gVPG/(cm/s)VPG/APG)/s
序号名称
脉冲型1EMO0.070.3092.620.32
2A-STU10.840.3271.960.23
3CHY10418.020.1556.260.39
4YPT4.830.2369.730.31
5PRI3.310.3590.690.27
非脉冲型6I-ELC6.090.2831.030.11
7A-BAG8.180.1934.710.19
8CHY04119.830.6437.350.06
9DZC15.370.3655.670.16
10NIS7.080.4846.860.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241802918119146256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Material property parameters of the dam body and foundation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坝体材料属性地基材料属性
静态弹性模量/GPa25弹性模量/GPa15
密度/(kg/m32 400容重/(kg/m3
泊松比0.167泊松比0.24
), ArticleFig(id=1241802918395970353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

坝体-地基材料属性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坝体材料属性地基材料属性
静态弹性模量/GPa25弹性模量/GPa15
密度/(kg/m32 400容重/(kg/m3
泊松比0.167泊松比0.24
), ArticleFig(id=1241802918546965317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Response value at the dam crest

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动类型地震记录坝顶点响应最大值
序号名称顺河向位移/cm顺河向速度/(m/s)顺河向加速度/(m/s2
脉冲型1H-EMO18.20.92410.317
2A-STU14.10.92218.575
3CHY10437.12.45523.890
4YPT26.41.84919.083
5PRI17.30.77310.304
脉冲型地震响应平均值22.61.38516.434
非脉冲型6I-ELC16.10.08418.786
7A-BAG13.70.88312.578
8CHY04118.01.25714.834
9DZC16.00.68710.333
10NIS15.40.94713.503
非脉冲型地震响应平均值15.80.77214.007
), ArticleFig(id=1241802918714737494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

坝顶响应值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动类型地震记录坝顶点响应最大值
序号名称顺河向位移/cm顺河向速度/(m/s)顺河向加速度/(m/s2
脉冲型1H-EMO18.20.92410.317
2A-STU14.10.92218.575
3CHY10437.12.45523.890
4YPT26.41.84919.083
5PRI17.30.77310.304
脉冲型地震响应平均值22.61.38516.434
非脉冲型6I-ELC16.10.08418.786
7A-BAG13.70.88312.578
8CHY04118.01.25714.834
9DZC16.00.68710.333
10NIS15.40.94713.503
非脉冲型地震响应平均值15.80.77214.007
), ArticleFig(id=1241802918920258405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Relative displacement and response values of tensile and compressive stresses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动类型地震记录坝顶坝踵相对位移最大值/cm坝踵主拉应力/MPa坝趾主压应力/MPa
序号名称
脉冲型1H-EMO16.510.21-12.26
2A-STU12.79.62-11.45
3CHY10434.020.15-24.43
4YPT24.314.60-18.06
5PRI15.610.62-11.97
脉冲型地震响应平均值20.613.04-15.63
非脉冲型6I-ELC16.111.41-13.48
7A-BAG14.19.72-12.00
8CHY04112.79.67-10.74
9DZC14.59.85-12.30
10NIS13.99.66-11.02
非脉冲型地震响应平均值14.310.06-11.91
), ArticleFig(id=1241802919159333761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791681717146337, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

相对位移及拉压应力响应值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震动类型地震记录坝顶坝踵相对位移最大值/cm坝踵主拉应力/MPa坝趾主压应力/MPa
序号名称
脉冲型1H-EMO16.510.21-12.26
2A-STU12.79.62-11.45
3CHY10434.020.15-24.43
4YPT24.314.60-18.06
5PRI15.610.62-11.97
脉冲型地震响应平均值20.613.04-15.63
非脉冲型6I-ELC16.111.41-13.48
7A-BAG14.19.72-12.00
8CHY04112.79.67-10.74
9DZC14.59.85-12.30
10NIS13.99.66-11.02
非脉冲型地震响应平均值14.310.06-11.91
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近断层地震动特性对重力坝地震响应影响研究
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陈灯红 1, 2 , 张心瀚 1, 2 , 林天成 1, 2 , 岳梦 1, 2 , 王睿楠 1, 2 , 曾怡阳 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(2): 106-117
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(2): 106-117
近断层地震动特性对重力坝地震响应影响研究
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陈灯红1, 2 , 张心瀚1, 2, 林天成1, 2, 岳梦1, 2, 王睿楠1, 2, 曾怡阳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.防灾减灾湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学),湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2.三峡大学 土木与建筑学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 陈灯红(1983—),男,教授,博士,主要从事混凝土材料动力特性研究与结构抗震研究。E-mail:

Study on the influence of near-fault ground motion characteristics on the seismic response of gravity dams
Denghong CHEN1, 2 , Xinhan ZHANG1, 2, Tiancheng LIN1, 2, Meng YUE1, 2, Ruinan WANG1, 2, Yiyang ZENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
出版时间: 2025-04-24 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0210
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基于太平洋地震工程研究中心数据库,依据地震台站的断层距离对所收集的地震记录进行划分,研究不同场地条件下地震动的幅值、频谱和持时特性并进行量化分析;以黄登重力坝为研究对象,从上游坝面顺河向位移、上游坝面主拉应力和下游坝面主压应力3个响应量出发,探究近断层地震的脉冲特性对重力坝地震响应的影响。研究结果表明:脉冲地震下的黄登重力坝坝顶坝趾顺河向相对位移比非脉冲大44%;坝踵处的主拉应力比非脉冲型大30%;坝趾处的主压应力则比非脉冲地震的响应值大31%。相比于非脉冲型地震,脉冲型地震对结构造成的影响不可忽略,结构的各项响应值均明显偏大。因此,在进行抗震设防时需要考虑近断层地震的脉冲作用。

近断层  /  地震动  /  重力坝  /  脉冲特性  /  地震响应

Based on the database of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, the collected seismic records were classified according to the fault distance of the seismic stations, and the amplitude, spectrum and time characteristics of the ground motions under different site conditions were studied and quantitatively analyzed. Taking the Huangdeng gravity dam as the research object, based on the three response quantities of downstream displacement at the upstream dam face, principal tensile stress at the upstream dam face and principal compressive stress at the downstream dam face, the influence of near-fault earthquake pulse characteristics on seismic response of gravity dams was investigated. The results show that the relative displacement of the toe of the top dam of Huangdeng gravity dam under pulse earthquake is 44% larger than that under non-pulse earthquake. The principal tensile stress at the dam heel is 30% larger than that of the non-pulse type. The principal compressive stress at the toe of the dam is 31% greater than the response value of non-pulsed earthquake. The impact of pulse earthquakes on the structure is not negligible compared with non-pulsed earthquakes, and the response values of the structure were significantly larger. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the impulsive action of near-fault earthquakes in seismic fortification.

near-fault  /  ground motion  /  gravity dam  /  pulse characteristics  /  seismic response
陈灯红, 张心瀚, 林天成, 岳梦, 王睿楠, 曾怡阳. 近断层地震动特性对重力坝地震响应影响研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (2) : 106 -117 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0210
Denghong CHEN, Xinhan ZHANG, Tiancheng LIN, Meng YUE, Ruinan WANG, Yiyang ZENG. Study on the influence of near-fault ground motion characteristics on the seismic response of gravity dams[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (2) : 106 -117 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0210
近断层地震动发生在距断层20 km以内,与远断层不同,近断层地震动具有长周期的速度脉冲和永久的地面位移[1]。MALHOTRA[2]发现,在地震动反应谱中,地面峰值速度/地面峰值加速度值较高的部分,加速度敏感段较宽。近断层地震动的长周期速度脉冲效应显著,对结构的响应影响较大[3]
近年来,许多学者开始研究近断层地震动的特性及其对结构的影响。SAHA等[4]发现脉冲型地震动对层间隔震建筑物具有明显的放大作用,这说明中长周期的结构对脉冲型地震动较为敏感。ZHANG等[5]建立了基于峰值地面速度、峰值地面加速度和临界加速度的回归模型,研究发现速度脉冲型地面运动对斜坡永久位移的影响比非脉冲型地面运动的影响大。LIU等[6]利用间接边界元法分析了在近断层地震作用下沉积谷的地震响应,结果表明沉积谷对近断层引起的地震响应有明显的放大效应。TODOROV等[7]比较了长持时、近断层和远断层3种地震作用下混凝土桥墩的抗震性能,结果表明按现有标准无法准确评价长持时和地震脉冲作用对结构的影响。陈扬等[8]通过考虑近断层地震动的方向性等效应,选取集集地震作为研究对象,探究近断层不同区域地震动工程特性与时域特征。苏鹏等[9]通过对设计的曲线桥缩尺模型进行水平地震激励振动台试验,研究了近断层脉冲地震作用下曲线桥结构响应特点。程浩等[10]基于近断层地震动的脉冲特性,对屈曲约束支撑隔震结构的抗震性能进行分析。李扬等[11]基于近断层地震动输入的特征,分析了铅芯橡胶支座(lead rubber bearing,LRB)隔震储罐的地震响应规律,结果表明结构地震响应主要取决于峰值地面速度与加速度之比,同时也受到脉冲的周期、参与系数的影响。
近断层地震动对水工建筑物的影响主要涉及混凝土坝。AKKÖSE等[12]研究了坝体-库水-沉积物-地基体系在近断层地震下的动力响应,得到了坝顶位移、坝体应力和塑性变形的变化规律。张社荣等[13]研究了近断层地震的方向性效应对混凝土坝损伤影响,结果表明近断层地震方向性效应导致的速度脉冲会对大坝造成较大破坏。XU等[14]基于小波变换方法,通过对柯伊纳大坝在24组近断层地震作用下的动力响应分析,比较了有无脉冲对坝体抗震性能的影响。WU等[15]定量研究了近断层脉冲作用对易受液化损害的土石坝地震性能的影响。唐彧杰等[16]以破裂前方脉冲、滑冲脉冲和无脉冲的近断层地震动为输入波,分析了高混凝土坝的损伤破坏规律、耗能特点和坝顶中点位移响应等动力响应规律。邹德高等[17]对比研究了面板堆石坝在脉冲型地震动和非脉冲型地震动作用下的水平位移、加速度和顺坡应力。马力等[18]以西南某溢流坝为研究对象,通过坝基塑性区分布、接触面状态及关键点滑移量3个响应指标分析研究近断层地震对重力坝抗滑稳定性的影响。吴宇等[19]从损伤区域分布、关键点位移以及损伤耗能三方面对比研究了近断层地震的前方向性效应、滑冲效应和无脉冲效应对重力坝的影响。
综上所述,学者们多从对结构响应方面来研究近断层地震动,从地震动特性方面来探究近断层地震动对结构影响的研究有待深入。考虑到近场与远场地震对结构的影响存在较大不同,近断层与非近断层对结构的作用机理有待进一步研究。本文从地震动特性方面入手,从机理上探究近断层地震的工程特性以及分析近断层地震动脉冲特性对重力坝地震响应的影响。
由9所西海岸大学成立的美国太平洋地震工程研究中心(Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,PEER)建立的下一代地震动衰减关系数据库(next generation attenuation,NGA)提供了两类断层距RjbRrup的数据,两类断层距的定义如图1所示。近断层地震定义为在断层距离小于20 km的位置,当断层破裂面较大时,采用Rjb定义的断层距误差较大,因此本文采用Rrup即台站-断层破裂面的距离来表征断层距。
考虑到近断层地震的近场范围,在小震级时也有产生较大的结构响应。为此,本文从NGA数据库中选取了震级为4~8级的世界范围内共238次地震2898次记录的包含水平和竖向共8626条地震时程,其中近断层地震记录608次,非近断层地震记录2 290次。近断层地震的断层类型与震级和断层距的分布如图2所示。
中国抗震规范[20-21]考虑土层等效剪切波速和场地覆盖层厚度对场地类别进行分类,而美国规范ASCE/SEI7-10根据场地覆盖层厚度30 m处的剪切波速(VS30)、标准贯击数和不排水抗剪强度3个指标确定了A~E这5种场地类别[22-23]。NGA数据库提供了地震记录台站所在场地的VS30,因此,根据文献[22]和[23]的建议通过台站的VS30对所在场地按照中国规范的场地类别进行分类,转化关系如表1所示。对已收集的地震记录按照该转化条件进行分类处理,得到大量的Ⅰ0、Ⅰ1、Ⅱ、Ⅲ四类场地条件地震记录,因Ⅳ类场地条件的地震记录较少,本文暂不做分析。
地震动的幅值一般是指地震动加速度、速度和位移的峰值或有效值。部分学者使用峰值地面加速度(APG)和峰值地面速度(VPG)来表示地震动的幅值大小,分别代表加速度时程和速度时程的最大值。但考虑到在地震时,震源释放出的高频地震波在传播过程中会迅速衰减而消失,同时建筑物的刚性基础也会滤掉极高频的波,导致地震动的峰值被削弱;另一方面当地震动频率与结构物自振频率相差较大时,由该地震动引起的反应与接近结构自振频率时引起的共振效应相比,影响甚小。因此,本文根据ATC[24]的建议提出有效峰值加速度(AEP)和有效峰值速度(VEP)。
将阻尼比为5%的加速度反应谱在周期0.1~0.5 s之间平均为一常数,将阻尼比为5%的速度反应谱在周期1 s(0.8~2.5 s)附近平均为一常数,此时AEPVEP的表达式分别为
四类幅值定义近断层与非近断层地震的水平和竖直向地震记录均值对比如表2所示。
从不同场地类别的4种幅值对比可以看出,对于四类幅值特性,非近断层地震在水平向和竖向上均小于近断层,这表明地震幅值特性与断层距离紧密联系,在对结构进行抗震设计时应考虑到近断层地震的较大峰值的特点。针对APG的统计结果,发现近断层竖向地震在Ⅰ0类和Ⅲ类场地的APG要大于水平向的2/3,这说明经验采用的竖向输入地震APG粗略取为水平向2/3在这两类场地时会低估竖向地震作用,而Ⅰ1类和Ⅱ类场地大致满足2/3的取值;APGVPG等绝对峰值大小在各类场地中的均值均大于有效峰值,这表明按照APG进行抗震设计偏安全。
地震动是振幅和频率都在复杂变化着的运动,但是对于给定的地震动过程at),总是可以把它看作是由许多不同频率的简谐波组合而成。凡是表示一次地震动中振幅与频率关系的曲线,统称为频谱。常用的频谱有3种:傅里叶谱、反应谱和功率谱。
本文采用反应谱来描述地震动的频谱特性,其中谱位移(Sd)、谱速度(Sv)、谱加速度(Sa)的表达式为
对给定的阻尼比ξ和地震动ügτ),由上式可知,结构反应的最大值SdSvSa仅是其自振周期T或圆频率ω的函数。连续变化T,则可计算得到相应的SdT)、SvT)、SaT)曲线,分别称为该结构对应此次地震的位移反应谱、速度反应谱、加速度反应谱。
与GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[21]的四段反应谱不同,水工建筑物抗震设计标准的反应谱只有上升段、平台段和下降段,并且只对周期的前3 s有所要求。考虑到本文的研究对象为重力坝,因此本文在规范谱的放大系数最大值βmax取为2.0的情况下绘制了不同地震分组的放大系数谱,反应谱对应的阻尼比值取为5%,地震分组的不同体现在放大系数谱的特征周期上,其中水平向与竖直向谱形一致。根据不同的场地类别计算并画出了近断层和非近断层地震水平向和竖向均值谱与规范谱对比,如图3图4所示。
对比地震的水平向反应谱发现:Ⅰ0类场地的非近断层地震平台段要滞后于1、2组的反应谱,近断层地震的平台段滞后于1组的反应谱。对比研究四类场地下的反应谱,发现非近断层地震的特征周期更大,这说明远场地震对具有长周期的结构影响更大,地震破坏更剧烈。
对比地震的竖直向反应谱发现:各类场地的近断层竖向地震反应谱上升段均处于规范谱的上方,且各类场地条件的竖向地震反应谱特征周期更小,即规范谱的平台段未能考虑到近断层竖向地震可能会对短周期结构起动力放大作用。针对非近断层竖向地震,除Ⅰ0类场地外均满足规范谱的设防标准,建议在规范中对Ⅰ0类场地充分考虑近断层地震竖向和水平向地震反应谱的不同,将竖向地震反应谱值较原来规定进行增大,并且将衰减段提前。
四类场地下近断层和非近断层地震均值反应谱如图5图6所示。由图可知,非近断层地震的水平向反应谱衰减滞后于近断层,衰减速度接近,而βmax相差不大;竖向地震近断层的反应谱最大值均明显大于非近断层,并且其衰减段也明显早于非近断层,但其衰减段的下降较快。同时可以看出近断层地震的竖向地震效应明显,相较于近断层地震水平向,其βmax更大,特征周期较小,可能对短周期结构的影响更大。
反应谱可以表征具有不同周期的单自由度体系在该地震动下结构的最大响应。除了对近断层地震反应谱形等因素分析外,还需进一步分析地震动会对哪些周期的结构造成最大破坏,此时的周期值称为反应谱的特征周期。工程上常用谱加速度最大值对应的周期表示该地震动的特征周期Tg,记为Tg_Sa。此外,本文还采用ATC定义的特征周期来表征地震动的频谱特性记为Tg_ATC。ATC定义的特征周期公式[24]
式中:VEP为阻尼比5%的速度反应谱在0.1~0.5 s之间的平均值;AEP为阻尼比5%的加速度反应谱在0.1~0.5 s之间的平均值。
根据反应谱特征定义近断层与非近断层地震的水平和竖直向地震记录均值对比如表3所示。
表3可以看出,对于谱加速度最大值定义的特征周期Tg_Sa,在各类场地条件下近断层水平向和竖直向地震均值大致处于规范的平台段,这表明近断层地震的规范谱设计较为合理;同时竖向地震的特征周期较小,而非近断层的水平向和竖向相差不大,说明近断层竖向地震对短周期结构会产生较大的影响。采用ATC定义的特征周期Tg_ATC在各类场地条件下均大于Tg_Sa,表明考虑多种结构自振周期情况下的特征周期会放大规范谱的平台段,结构处于该抗震标准下的地震响应塑性时间增加,破坏可能会加剧;同时该定义下的近断层竖向和水平向的特征周期差距不大,在抗震设防时难以区分。
地震动的持时是一个重要的特征参数,但目前还没有一个统一明确的定义方法。学者们主要采用2种类型的持时:一种是绝对持时,它是根据加速度绝对值阈值确定的地震动时间段;另一种是相对持时,它是反映地震动强度或能量变化趋势的时间指标,比如能量持时(显著持时)、等效平稳持时等。
绝对持时关注的是当地震加速度超过设定阈值后时间段,但对于加速度较小的地震动并不能准确评估其对结构的影响,因此本文考虑基于输入能量的显著持时。用显著持时中D90(5%~95%)、D70(15% ~ 85%)两类来对地震动的主要持续时间进行定义。显著持时通过能量函数确定,表示地震动从开始输入到某时刻时,输入到结构的能量与总能量之比,可以用速度和加速度等平方的积分表示,示意图如图7所示,表达式如式(7)所示:
式中:at)为加速度时程;T0为总持续时间。
两类持时定义下近断层与非近断层地震的水平和竖直向地震记录均值对比如表4所示。
表4可知,近断层竖向和水平向地震的2种显著持时均值差异不明显,除Ⅰ0类场地下的D70差别较大外,其他结果相差均在10%以内。两类显著持时定义下非近断层地震的结果均远大于近断层地震,其显著持时的时长约为近断层地震的2~6倍,在相同的地震强度下其地震能量的输入速度较慢。
近断层地震动的滑冲效应和方向性效应共同作用产生了会对结构造成显著破坏的脉冲作用,脉冲作用表现在地震记录上为大的幅值、明显的脉冲波形和短地震持时[25],这说明地震动脉冲特性与地震动幅值、频谱以及持时特性之间存在一定的联系。长周期的速度脉冲会使结构产生较大的位移,使得近断层结构有更高的强度和延性需求[26],所以需要在研究近断层和非近断层不同场地条件下地震动的幅值、频谱和持时特性,在进行了量化分析的基础上将脉冲特性作为近断层地震的分析指标对近断层地震脉冲作用下的混凝土坝的动力响应进行深入研究分析。
识别是否为脉冲作用关键在于脉冲量化指标的确定,邹德高等[17]、王飞[27]、翟亚飞等[28]采用VPG/APG >0.2 s作为判别是否为脉冲型地震的依据,同时考虑将近断层因素,对APGVPG的大小加以约束提出了以下判别指标:①APG >0.1 g;②VPG >30 cm/s;③VPG/APG >0.2 s。
根据以上选取依据,从前文所建立的近断层数据库中选取典型脉冲和非脉冲型地震,其加速度、速度和位移时程曲线如图8所示。
根据3.1节的脉冲识别指标,从构建的数据库中选取5条典型脉冲型记录和5条非脉冲型的近断层水平向地震记录信息,如表5所示,其中同一次地震选取了脉冲型与非脉冲型地震各1条。
选取的10条脉冲型与非脉冲型地震在阻尼比为0.05下的均值放大系数谱对比如图9所示。
图9可知,近断层非脉冲型地震的放大系数最大值较大,而近断层脉冲型地震平均谱的平台段更长,下降速率更小,这表明近断层脉冲型地震对长周期结构会造成更大的塑性破坏,结构损伤的累积效应更明显。
选取黄登重力坝12#挡水坝段作为分析对象研究近断层地震脉冲特性。黄登水电站位于云南省兰坪县境内,地震输入加速度大小设计为0.251 g。该坝段高度203 m,水位高197 m。地基范围从坝踵往上游方向、坝趾往下游方向、深度方向均分别延伸1.0倍坝高,几何模型如图10所示。
坝体用平面应力单元划分,地基使用平面应变单元,坝体地基有限元模型如图11所示。采用Westergaard附加质量模型考虑动水压力,不考虑地基质量,地基两侧固定法向,底部全约束。坝体采用一种混凝土材料,并假定为线弹性,材料力学参数如表6所示。动弹性模量取为静弹性模量的1.5倍[20],阻尼比取5%。
此外,在动态分析中考虑了坝体结构的瑞利阻尼,以模拟动力分析下小应变下的阻尼,本文使用瑞利阻尼的标准形式来计算瑞利阻尼,瑞利阻尼的两参数模型如式(8)所示:
式中:ω1ω2分别为坝体-地基结构自振状况下的前2阶模态频率;ξ为阻尼比。
对构建的有限元模型进行模态分析,得到的前2阶自振频率分别为1.3208、1.6850。结合式(8)求出结构的瑞利阻尼系数α =0.5624(s-1)、β =0.0037(s)。将所选的10条脉冲型/非脉冲型地震记录根据APG调幅至设计加速度大小后从2个方向输入,文献[29]中指出大坝中高坝坝段(3#~18#)坝基岩体质量类别以Ⅱ类为主,本文的研究对象为黄登重力坝12#挡水坝段,坝址场地类别为Ⅱ类,按照前文研究结果,将竖向输入地震大小考虑为水平向的2/3。在动力分析前设置静力分析步以考虑坝体自重和静水压力的作用。
已有研究表明,混凝土重力坝的上游坝面在库水和地震的双重作用下拉应力在坝踵和上游折坡处积累[30],随后出现受拉破坏,下游坝面则表现为坝趾处的受压损伤。以坝面相对高度为纵坐标、响应值为横坐标,从10个算例中提取出脉冲型/非脉冲型地震作用下的上游坝面顺河向位移最大值、上游坝面主拉应力、下游坝面主压应力及均值的结果如图12~图14所示。
由于坝体上游0.4倍坝高处坝面出现突变,地震引起的地震波在坝体中传播时,引起局部的应力集中,使得上游0.4倍坝高处坝面主拉应力分布突然变大。从对比图可以看出,在同一地震水平时,脉冲型地震作用下黄登坝的相对位移、主拉应力和主压应力响应均值高于非脉冲型。由于上下游折坡处的存在,上游的拉应力和下游的压应力曲线分别也在相应位置出现了拐点,但拉压应力最大值均出在坝体和地基的交界处。
提取了两类地震动作用下黄登坝的坝顶点的位移、速度和加速度、坝顶坝踵顺河向相对位移最大值、上游坝踵主拉应力和坝趾主压应力等的结果如表7表8所示。
表7表8可知,在同一地震强度下,脉冲地震对混凝土坝的地震响应具有明显的放大作用。坝顶处脉冲地震下的各项响应值均大于非脉冲型。其中,脉冲地震下的黄登重力坝坝顶坝趾顺河向相对位移为22.6 cm,比非脉冲的相对位移大44%;脉冲地震下坝踵处的主拉应力为13.04 MPa,主拉应力要比非脉冲型大30%;脉冲地震下坝趾处的主压应力则比非脉冲地震的响应值大31%。在同一设防烈度下脉冲地震导致的黄登坝的各项响应指标均明显大于非脉冲地震,幅度在30%以上。
本文通过对从PEER网站收集的238次地震2898次记录共8626条地震时程进行了统计分析,根据地震记录的水平和竖向的不同进行了分类,从幅值、频谱、持时3个要素和脉冲特性对近断层与非近断层地震进行量化研究分析。以黄登重力坝为研究对象,探究近断层地震的脉冲特性对水工结构地震响应产生的影响,得到如下主要结论:
1)地震幅值特性与断层距离紧密联系,在对结构进行抗震设计时应考虑到近断层地震的较大峰值的特点且按照APG进行抗震设计偏安全。
2)远场地震对具有长周期的结构影响更大,地震破坏更剧烈。针对非近断层竖向地震,除I0类场地外均满足规范谱的设防标准,近断层地震的竖向地震效应明显,相较于近断层地震水平向,可能对短周期结构的影响更大。
3)近断层地震的2种定义的竖向显著持时均大于水平向,地震能量输入速度较慢;两类显著持时定义下非近断层地震均远大于近断层地震,地震能量输入持续时间较长。
4)近断层地震对长周期结构会造成更大的塑性破坏,结构损伤的累积效应更明显。
5)在同一地震强度下,脉冲型地震对混凝土坝的地震响应具有明显的放大作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52079072)
  • 土木工程防灾减灾湖北省引智创新示范基地项目(2021EJD026)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0210
  • 接收时间:2023-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-24
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-08
  • 修回日期:2024-03-10
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52079072)
土木工程防灾减灾湖北省引智创新示范基地项目(2021EJD026)
作者信息
    1.防灾减灾湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学),湖北 宜昌 443002
    2.三峡大学 土木与建筑学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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