Article(id=1241791690185446251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0204, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709136000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-29, revisedDate=1716134400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773995810314, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1745424000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773995810314, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773995810314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773995810314, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241791680479822062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773995807999, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996976041, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796579670163949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796579670163950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241791680479822062, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=33, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241791691988996992, articleId=1241791690185446251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Research review on the seismic performance prediction and degradation law of corroded RC columns, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are exposed to serious seismic disaster risks due to corrosion damage of the internal rebar during the service period caused by environmental corrosion, causing the seismic performance of RC columns to deteriorate and thus be exposed to severe seismic hazard risks. This paper reviews the existing research on the seismic properties of corroded RC columns from four aspects: test methods, degradation law, failure mode prediction and bearing capacity calculation. The corrosion and loading methods used in seismic tests of corroded RC columns are elaborated. The effects of corrosion degree and main design parameters on the deterioration of seismic performance indexes such as ductility, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of corroded RC columns are statistically analyzed. Based on the seismic test dataset of 290 corroded RC columns, the accuracy of three parametric delineation methods including shear span ratio, ductility coefficient, and shear demand ratio and the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) machine learning algorithm for failure mode recognition of corroded RC columns is compared. The influence of the degree of corroded and main design parameters on the failure modes of corroded RC columns is revealed by shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method. The calculation method of residual flexural and shear strength of corroded RC columns are summarized and the prediction effect are discussed. The results show that there are differences in corrosion shape, corrosion rate and corrosion accuracy under different corrosion methods. The bidirectional quasi-static loading mechanism can reflect the degradation law of seismic performance of corroded RC columns better than unidirectional loading. With the increase of the corrosion rate of the rebar, the ductility, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of RC columns deteriorate significantly. The machine learning model combined with SHAP method can effectively balance the accuracy and interpretability of the failure mode prediction of corroded RC columns. This kind of data-driven prediction method provides a new way to solve the performance evaluation problem of corroded RC columns. Corrosion of rebar will degrade the flexural and shear capacity of RC columns, and the accuracy of the calculation model for the capacity of corroded RC columns proposed at this stage still requires further improvement so as to provide a reasonable basis for assessment of corroded components.

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钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)柱在服役期内受环境侵蚀的影响,其内部钢筋将发生锈蚀损伤,导致RC柱抗震性能退化,进而使其暴露于严重的地震灾害风险中。文中从试验方法、劣化规律、破坏模式预测和承载力计算四个方面,对锈蚀RC柱抗震性能既有研究进行综述。阐述了现有锈蚀RC柱试件抗震试验中采用的锈蚀与加载方法,统计分析了锈蚀程度和主要设计参数对锈蚀RC柱延性、刚度和耗能能力等抗震性能指标的劣化影响。基于包含290根锈蚀RC柱的抗震试验数据集,对比了剪跨比、延性系数和抗剪需求比3种参数划分方法和极端梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)机器学习算法识别锈蚀RC柱破坏模式的准确性,并结合沙普利加性解释(shapley additive explanations,SHAP)方法揭示了锈蚀程度与主要设计参数对锈蚀RC柱破坏模式的影响规律。总结了锈蚀RC柱剩余抗弯与抗剪承载力计算方法,并讨论了其预测效果。结果表明:不同锈蚀方法下钢筋的锈蚀形态、锈蚀速率和锈蚀精度均存在差异,双向拟静力加载机制较单向加载更能反映锈蚀RC柱抗震性能劣化规律;随着钢筋锈蚀率的增加,RC柱的延性、刚度和耗能能力均显著降低。结合SHAP法的机器学习模型能够有效兼顾锈蚀RC柱破坏模式预测的准确性与可解释性,此类数据驱动的预测方法为解决锈蚀RC柱性能评估问题提供了新的思路。钢筋锈蚀会降低RC柱抗弯与抗剪承载力,现阶段提出的锈蚀RC柱承载力计算模型精度仍待进一步提高,以为锈蚀构件性能评估提供合理依据。

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邱羿志(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构工程抗震与机器学习研究。E-mail:
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陈柳灼(1992—),女,讲师,博士,主要从事结构工程与工程结构耐久性研究。E-mail:

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陈柳灼(1992—),女,讲师,博士,主要从事结构工程与工程结构耐久性研究。E-mail:

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label=Table 1, caption=

Existing classification methods of failure modes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献方法地震破坏模式
FFSS
[68]λλ≥42<λ<4λ≤2
[69]μμ>62<μ≤6μ≤2
[70]ω0<ω≤0.020.02<ω≤0.3ω>0.3
[71]Vp/Vn(Vp/Vn)≤0.70.7<(Vp/Vn)≤1(Vp/Vn)>1
), ArticleFig(id=1241825945221398803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241791690185446251, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

既有破坏模式分类方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献方法地震破坏模式
FFSS
[68]λλ≥42<λ<4λ≤2
[69]μμ>62<μ≤6μ≤2
[70]ω0<ω≤0.020.02<ω≤0.3ω>0.3
[71]Vp/Vn(Vp/Vn)≤0.70.7<(Vp/Vn)≤1(Vp/Vn)>1
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锈蚀RC柱抗震性能预测与劣化规律研究综述
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陈柳灼 1, 2 , 邱羿志 1, 2 , 周炎 1, 2 , 郑山锁 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2025,45(2): 33-49
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2025, 45(2): 33-49
锈蚀RC柱抗震性能预测与劣化规律研究综述
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陈柳灼1, 2 , 邱羿志1, 2 , 周炎1, 2, 郑山锁3
作者信息
  • 1.防灾减灾湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学),湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2.三峡大学 土木与建筑学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 3.西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 陈柳灼(1992—),女,讲师,博士,主要从事结构工程与工程结构耐久性研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

邱羿志(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构工程抗震与机器学习研究。E-mail:
Research review on the seismic performance prediction and degradation law of corroded RC columns
Liuzhuo CHEN1, 2 , Yizhi QIU1, 2 , Yan ZHOU1, 2, Shansuo ZHENG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (China Three Gorges University), Yichang 443002, China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
出版时间: 2025-04-24 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0204
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钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)柱在服役期内受环境侵蚀的影响,其内部钢筋将发生锈蚀损伤,导致RC柱抗震性能退化,进而使其暴露于严重的地震灾害风险中。文中从试验方法、劣化规律、破坏模式预测和承载力计算四个方面,对锈蚀RC柱抗震性能既有研究进行综述。阐述了现有锈蚀RC柱试件抗震试验中采用的锈蚀与加载方法,统计分析了锈蚀程度和主要设计参数对锈蚀RC柱延性、刚度和耗能能力等抗震性能指标的劣化影响。基于包含290根锈蚀RC柱的抗震试验数据集,对比了剪跨比、延性系数和抗剪需求比3种参数划分方法和极端梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)机器学习算法识别锈蚀RC柱破坏模式的准确性,并结合沙普利加性解释(shapley additive explanations,SHAP)方法揭示了锈蚀程度与主要设计参数对锈蚀RC柱破坏模式的影响规律。总结了锈蚀RC柱剩余抗弯与抗剪承载力计算方法,并讨论了其预测效果。结果表明:不同锈蚀方法下钢筋的锈蚀形态、锈蚀速率和锈蚀精度均存在差异,双向拟静力加载机制较单向加载更能反映锈蚀RC柱抗震性能劣化规律;随着钢筋锈蚀率的增加,RC柱的延性、刚度和耗能能力均显著降低。结合SHAP法的机器学习模型能够有效兼顾锈蚀RC柱破坏模式预测的准确性与可解释性,此类数据驱动的预测方法为解决锈蚀RC柱性能评估问题提供了新的思路。钢筋锈蚀会降低RC柱抗弯与抗剪承载力,现阶段提出的锈蚀RC柱承载力计算模型精度仍待进一步提高,以为锈蚀构件性能评估提供合理依据。

锈蚀RC柱  /  抗震性能  /  机器学习  /  破坏模式  /  剩余承载力

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are exposed to serious seismic disaster risks due to corrosion damage of the internal rebar during the service period caused by environmental corrosion, causing the seismic performance of RC columns to deteriorate and thus be exposed to severe seismic hazard risks. This paper reviews the existing research on the seismic properties of corroded RC columns from four aspects: test methods, degradation law, failure mode prediction and bearing capacity calculation. The corrosion and loading methods used in seismic tests of corroded RC columns are elaborated. The effects of corrosion degree and main design parameters on the deterioration of seismic performance indexes such as ductility, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of corroded RC columns are statistically analyzed. Based on the seismic test dataset of 290 corroded RC columns, the accuracy of three parametric delineation methods including shear span ratio, ductility coefficient, and shear demand ratio and the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) machine learning algorithm for failure mode recognition of corroded RC columns is compared. The influence of the degree of corroded and main design parameters on the failure modes of corroded RC columns is revealed by shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method. The calculation method of residual flexural and shear strength of corroded RC columns are summarized and the prediction effect are discussed. The results show that there are differences in corrosion shape, corrosion rate and corrosion accuracy under different corrosion methods. The bidirectional quasi-static loading mechanism can reflect the degradation law of seismic performance of corroded RC columns better than unidirectional loading. With the increase of the corrosion rate of the rebar, the ductility, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of RC columns deteriorate significantly. The machine learning model combined with SHAP method can effectively balance the accuracy and interpretability of the failure mode prediction of corroded RC columns. This kind of data-driven prediction method provides a new way to solve the performance evaluation problem of corroded RC columns. Corrosion of rebar will degrade the flexural and shear capacity of RC columns, and the accuracy of the calculation model for the capacity of corroded RC columns proposed at this stage still requires further improvement so as to provide a reasonable basis for assessment of corroded components.

corroded RC column  /  seismic performance  /  machine learning  /  failure mode  /  residual bearing capacity
陈柳灼, 邱羿志, 周炎, 郑山锁. 锈蚀RC柱抗震性能预测与劣化规律研究综述. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (2) : 33 -49 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0204
Liuzhuo CHEN, Yizhi QIU, Yan ZHOU, Shansuo ZHENG. Research review on the seismic performance prediction and degradation law of corroded RC columns[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (2) : 33 -49 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0204
钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)构件受酸雨侵蚀、氯盐渗入和冻融循环等恶劣服役环境影响[1],将发生钢筋锈蚀并引发保护层混凝土开裂剥落、黏结失效等问题,致使结构性能退化的同时缩短服役周期[2-4]。统计资料表明:西欧发达国家每年在锈蚀RC结构维修上花费50亿欧元[5];美国每年对发生钢筋锈蚀的桥梁进行修复、重建的费用达1 230亿美元[6];我国2014年的交通基础设施年腐蚀成本已达817亿元[7]。由此可见,RC结构锈蚀后将造成巨大的经济损失。
我国作为地震多发国家,出现耐久性问题的建筑将暴露于严重的地震灾害风险中。1999年我国集集地震中,大量违规修建的“海砂屋”由于柱内钢筋严重锈蚀,导致此类建筑在地震中破坏严重[8]。2016年厄瓜多尔地震中,7000余座建筑物发生倒塌,震后调查发现倒塌建筑物中普遍存在钢筋锈蚀问题[9]。鉴于锈蚀RC结构在地震作用下的损伤破坏严重,有必要开展锈蚀RC构件抗震性能劣化规律研究和抗震性能评估等工作,以期提高建筑抗震韧性,减轻地震灾害损失。
RC柱作为结构重要支撑构件和抗侧力构件,为研究钢筋锈蚀对其抗震性能的影响,国内外学者采用多种锈蚀和加载方法,广泛开展了锈蚀RC柱抗震试验研究,取得了丰富研究成果[10-13]。此外,研究发现钢筋锈蚀将导致RC柱在地震作用下的破坏模式由弯曲延性破坏向剪切脆性破坏转变[314-15],导致剩余承载力计算困难以及承载力评估结果冗余度降低,从而影响针对性加固策略的制定。
为服务于锈蚀结构全寿命周期的性能评估工作,本文详细阐述了锈蚀RC柱各抗震试验方案的优劣及其各项抗震性能指标的劣化规律,对比分析了基于参数划分和机器学习的锈蚀RC柱破坏模式预测方法的准确性,采用可解释机器学习方法揭示了锈蚀程度与各设计参数对锈蚀RC柱破坏模式的影响规律,归纳总结了锈蚀RC柱剩余抗弯与抗剪承载力计算方法,并对该领域发展趋势进行了展望。
试件锈蚀与加载过程是锈蚀RC柱抗震试验中最为重要的2个环节,以下分别从锈蚀和加载方法综述锈蚀RC柱抗震试验方案研究现状。
试验中RC柱的锈蚀方法主要可分为电化学锈蚀(electrochemical chloride erosion,ECE)和人工气候环境模拟(artificial climate environment,ACE)2种。其中,ECE方法通过设计电流回路,将构件浸泡在电解质溶液中通电锈蚀,是一种人为宏电池主导的前处理加速锈蚀方法[16];ACE方法将构件置于模拟气候环境下进行锈蚀,通过强化气候因素[17]、预先破坏钢筋钝化膜[18]和增加锈蚀循环频数[19]等操作加速钢筋的锈蚀。
对于ECE方法,基于已有研究可主要归纳为全浸式、箱浸式、贴面式和预设辅助电极式4种。其中,全浸式锈蚀法[20-22]与箱浸式锈蚀法[23-26]主要区别在于构件侵蚀范围不同,前者是将RC柱整体浸泡在电解质溶液中,进而开展通电加速锈蚀,如图1(a)所示,而后者一般在RC柱塑性铰区域建立溶液浸泡环境,如图1(b)所示,2种方法下试件均会析出大量锈蚀产物。值得注意的是,对于全浸式锈蚀法,柱基与柱根部连接处受蚀后在拟静力试验中可能会产生根部滑移[27],影响RC柱抗震性能评估,部分学者[1928]采用二次浇筑法以避免此类问题的发生。上述方法所提供的溶液浸泡环境稳定维持了钢筋在加速锈蚀过程中的电流密度,根据法拉第定律能够较为容易地把控目标锈蚀钢筋的锈蚀率[20-21],浸泡环境下钢筋锈蚀形态较为均匀。
为更准确模拟钢筋不均匀锈蚀形态并达到加速锈蚀的目的,考虑到降低大型构件锈蚀试验操作的局限性,相关学者提出贴面法[2729],如图1(c)所示。受重力、人为因素等作用,该方法下柱身各部位喷淋溶液浓度不同,钢筋容易出现非均匀点蚀型锈坑,且锈蚀产物氧化水平更高、膨胀率更大、锈胀裂缝发展更宽。贴面法的主要缺点是:①锈蚀过程中受溢出产物与柱身海绵黏结的影响,造成外加电流不稳定;②锈蚀过程需进行人工补水等操作,试验结果受人为因素的影响较大[30]。在贴面法的基础上,金南国等[31]采用预埋不锈钢丝作为辅助电极的非均匀锈蚀模拟方法,使得钢筋靠近钢丝一侧锈蚀较重,背离钢丝一侧锈蚀较轻。该方法锈蚀过程中外加电流更稳定,钢筋不易产生颈缩现象,更接近自然状态下的钢筋锈蚀。
ACE方法主要是模拟近海大气和酸雨侵蚀环境下的干湿循环加速锈蚀过程。如文献[1932-33]等模拟了海洋潮汐区RC柱受蚀过程,将试件进行浸泡、风干的循环操作,从而实现RC柱在海水环境下的干湿循环作用,如图1(d)所示;张钰[1]、郑山锁等[34]在人工气候环境室内,对RC柱进行酸雨喷淋、升温、烘干和降温一系列的周期循环操作,从而实现RC柱在酸雨环境下的加速锈蚀。此类方法的优点是能模拟RC柱在自然侵蚀环境下发生锈胀开裂、钢筋非均匀锈蚀的现象;缺点是所需锈蚀周期相对较长,锈蚀率无法精准把控,钢筋难以达到重度锈蚀水平。值得注意的是,现有的锈蚀RC柱抗震性能试验中钢筋多是在未负荷状态下进行锈蚀,而在实际工程中服役RC柱是在荷载-环境的耦合作用下发生钢筋锈蚀。学者[3035-36]研究发现,承载会改变构件材料的细观特征,加剧环境因子对构件的侵蚀作用,故试验中应注意考虑试件在锈蚀过程中的承载状态。
为评估在ECE方法下实际锈蚀率是否能达到预期的理论锈蚀率,本文收集相关试验数据[20272937-41],比较分析了ECE方法下通过法拉第定律计算的理论锈蚀率与实际锈蚀率的关系,结果如图2所示。由图可知,不同ECE方法下实际与理论锈蚀率存在一定误差,实际锈蚀率普遍未达预期锈蚀效果[31],但误差基本上能控制在25%以内,其中全浸式锈蚀法达到预期的锈蚀效果最佳。为获取能够准确反映钢筋实际锈蚀率的锈蚀计算指标,YALCINER等[42]通过回归分析建立了全浸式锈蚀试件的理论与实际锈蚀率之间的关系,可用于辅助计算钢筋的实际锈蚀程度。然而,钢筋实际锈蚀情况受锈蚀方法、材料性能、构件设计参数和裂缝发展等多维因素的影响,提出准确性和适用性相兼顾的计算方法仍较为困难。
截至目前,已有抗震试验研究中针对锈蚀RC柱的拟动力、振动台试验研究[43-44]较为有限,大多采用拟静力加载方法[2245-46]。拟静力加载根据加载方向的数量,可大致分为单向加载与双向加载。锈蚀RC柱抗震性能试验中进行单、双向拟静力加载的试验装置如图3所示。
由于单向拟静力加载试验中加载步控制相对容易,且单向加载工况下的抗震性能评估体系较为成熟,因而既有锈蚀RC柱拟静力试验多采用单向加载。如YUAN等[48]对锈蚀RC柱分别采用位移控制与力-位移控制的单向拟静力加载方案开展试验研究,试验结果均能反映出锈蚀RC柱的抗震性能劣化规律。然而,单向加载并不能模拟结构在真实地震作用下的多维荷载激励。张昊宇等[49]进行了RC柱单、双向拟静力加载试验,将得到的极限位移角数据与GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[50]规定的极限位移角进行对比分析,结果表明:双向加载下试件极限位移角的安全冗余度较单向加载试件明显不足。对于锈蚀RC柱而言,进行单向加载时,还存在无法准确反映钢筋非均匀锈蚀对RC柱抗震性能劣化影响的问题。如杨光[20]对锈蚀RC柱分别进行了与箍筋锈蚀面垂直、平行方向的单向加载,结果显示垂直于箍筋锈蚀面方向加载的试件承载与变形能力较平行加载方向的显著降低。
既有文献[414751-52]所开展的锈蚀RC柱双向拟静力加载试验中,所采用的加载规则大致有十字、矩形和椭圆等。基于此,为研究不同加载规则下的试验方法评估试件抗震性能的可靠性,本文搜集了加载路径为椭圆、矩形及十字的双向拟静力加载试件[4751-52]XY方向上的锈蚀RC柱的承载力、极限位移角,并对应与单向加载条件下的试验结果进行比较分析。其中,XY方向由图3(b)所示进行定义,ηs为钢筋锈蚀率。比较结果如图4(a)、(b)所示。
图4可知:①锈蚀RC柱单向加载所呈现的抗弯承载力和极限变形能力高于矩形、十字双向加载,椭圆加载未见显著差异;②双向加载规则下,锈蚀试件较未锈蚀试件在X方向、Y方向上的承载能力呈现明显差异。锈蚀RC柱在双向加载下的抗震性能表现不及单向加载的原因可能是:锈蚀RC柱在双向加载的耦合作用下,塑性铰区域截面产生应力集中导致应力分布不均匀,应力集中处混凝土开裂发生内力重分布,钢筋锈蚀产生的锈胀力进一步加剧此现象,加重了钢筋和混凝土在拟静力加载过程中的损伤。
综上所述,采用双向拟静力加载能够更真实地反映RC柱发生钢筋锈蚀后的劣化抗震性能。由于相关试验开展较少,且受限于双向加载规则的复杂性及其损伤程度评估方法的匮乏,双向拟静力加载规则在锈蚀RC柱抗震性能试验中还没有得到广泛应用,故亟待开展锈蚀RC柱双向拟静力系列试验,以进一步完善锈蚀RC结构抗震评估体系。
本节综述了锈蚀RC柱的主要抗震性能指标计算评估方法,在此基础上,讨论分析了锈蚀率、轴压比等因素对锈蚀RC柱的主要抗震性能指标的影响,从而揭示锈蚀RC柱的抗震性能劣化规律。
锈蚀将削弱钢筋截面面积,造成其力学性能退化[53],且伴随着混凝土开裂剥落[54],导致锈蚀RC柱在地震作用下变形能力降低。锈蚀RC柱不同部位的钢筋锈蚀程度存在差异,在拟静力加载试验中正向和反向两侧将表现出不同的滞回行为,锈蚀更严重的一侧将提前失效。我国JGJ/T 101—2015《建筑抗震试验规程》[55]给出了基于双侧平均准则的延性系数计算方法,但用于锈蚀RC柱变形能力计算时,将一定程度高估试件的延性。LI等[29]建议单独选用率先失效一侧的极限位移和屈服位移来计算延性系数,即μ = Δeu/ΔeyΔeyΔeu分别为率先失效一侧的屈服位移、极限位移),该计算准则能够更显著的反映钢筋不均匀锈蚀下RC柱变形能力的退化情况。
为分析纵筋锈蚀RC柱不同加载阶段变形能力的影响,李磊等[56]将延性系数细分为峰值延性系数μp =Δp/Δy和极限延性系数μu =Δu/ΔyΔpΔyΔu分别为峰值位移、屈服位移和极限位移)。研究结果表明:2种延性系数均随纵筋锈蚀率的增加而降低,其中,极限延性系数的降幅大于峰值延性系数。
本文搜集文献[20-21232937]中锈蚀RC柱的抗震试验数据,以揭示锈蚀作用对RC柱延性的劣化规律,如图5所示。图中,μ/μ0为相对延性系数,即锈蚀试件的延性系数μ与未锈蚀试件的延性系数μ0的比值。由图可知,随着钢筋锈蚀率增大,锈蚀RC柱的相对延性系数大致呈下降趋势。在轻度锈蚀、中度锈蚀和重度锈蚀情况下延性系数平均下降了8.1%、10.7%、23.7%。需要注意的是,当锈蚀率小于10%时(未达到重度锈蚀),部分锈蚀试件的延性系数大于未锈蚀试件,这缘于:①钢筋锈胀使得钢筋骨架对受压区混凝土的约束力提高,且尚未出现滑移现象,从而提升了试件的变形能力;②延性系数增大并不能完全表征试件的变形能力提升,当极限变形能力的退化幅度大于屈服点的变形能力时,仍会出现延性系数提高的情况。
此外,应考虑实际工况中轴压比对锈蚀RC柱变形能力产生的耦合影响。LI等[23]设计了锈蚀率均为10%,轴压比分别为0.10、0.15、0.20的一批锈蚀RC柱试件,轴压比为0.10的试件较轴压比为0.15和0.20的试件延性系数分别提高了约17.3%、25.6%;文献[57]开展了设计轴压比为0.10和0.45的2组锈蚀RC柱试件的拟静力试验,在相同加载条件下,高轴压比与钢筋锈蚀表现出对试件变形能力的不利组合效应。由此可见,在实际工程中,对于处在恶劣服役环境下易发生锈蚀的RC柱更应该严格把控其轴向荷载工况,防止构件过早丧失变形能力而失效。
地震作用下,锈蚀RC柱的刚度会发生急剧退化,导致构件产生较大挠度、结构发生大幅振动,甚至还会发生失稳破坏。揭示刚度退化规律通常采用割线刚度Ki[55]或归一化割线刚度退化系数Ki/K0K0为初始刚度)进行量化研究。
钢筋锈蚀会改变RC构件的初始刚度大小,且不同的锈蚀方法还会导致构件初始刚度的变化规律存在一定差异。图6比较分析了在ECE、ACE方法下,不同钢筋锈蚀率的RC柱初始刚度变化规律。由图可知,ECE方法下RC柱的初始刚度随锈蚀率的增大,初始刚度大体呈下降趋势;对于ACE方法,随锈蚀率的增大,RC柱的初始刚度基本不受影响。由于ECE方法的锈蚀过程是将RC柱内部纵筋连接直流电源进行锈蚀,纵筋与箍筋产生的锈蚀产物沿锈胀裂缝不断溢出,导致初始刚度降低;ACE方法锈蚀产物少有累积足够的锈蚀产物而发生溢锈现象。值得注意的是,对于锈蚀率较小的试件,锈蚀产物析出使得粗糙钢筋与混凝土之间接触更加紧密,黏结应力有所提高[58-59],从而会出现初始刚度增大的情况;锈蚀率较大时,锈胀物堆积导致混凝土膨胀开裂,导致试件黏结强度大幅下降[60],初始刚度随之降低。轴压比亦能显著改变锈蚀RC柱的初始刚度。SHANG等[19]比较分析了不同轴压比下锈蚀RC柱初始刚度的变化规律,发现轴压比为0.20的试件将设计轴压比提高到0.40和0.60时,初始刚度分别增加23.3%、39.3%。施加轴向荷载能够阻滞裂缝发展,增强骨料间的咬合作用,从而提高构件的初始刚度。
在拟静力加载试验中,锈蚀RC柱刚度退化规律与未锈蚀RC柱相似。加载前期由于混凝土开裂损伤不断发展,使得截面剪力开始由钢筋销栓作用和削弱后的骨料咬合作用承担,导致构件刚度发生急剧退化[37];加载后期由于构件损伤发展充分,刚度退化幅度逐渐趋于平缓[21]。锈蚀较为严重的试件在加载过程中,塑性铰区域会观察到数条斜向剪切裂缝的发展,剪切变形不断增加,使得试件刚度在加载循环中进一步降低[37]。在相同加载位移水平下,锈蚀率较高的试件刚度往往更小[61]。需要注意的是,大轴压比工况下的锈蚀RC柱在加载后期的刚度会发生急剧退化现象[18-19],分析其原因是:大轴压比工况会加剧锈蚀RC柱的挠曲二阶效应,加之箍筋发生锈蚀其力学性能显著退化,当试件加载至后期,箍筋承受较大剪力而迅速发生屈服。
为考虑试验中锈蚀方法和加载方式对锈蚀RC柱刚度退化规律的影响,DAI等[57]比较分析在ECE、ACE方法下,设计锈蚀率相同的RC柱刚度退化规律。结果表明,不同的锈蚀方法对试件在拟静力加载过程中的刚度退化规律的影响并不显著。袁文厅[47]研究了在单、双向加载以及不同双向加载规则下的锈蚀RC柱刚度退化规律,双向加载的耦合作用会导致每一级加载循环的峰值荷载减小,导致双向加载试件的刚度退化幅度大于单向加载试件。
滞回环的饱满程度反映锈蚀RC柱在地震作用下的耗能能力,滞回环愈饱满、面积越大,构件的耗能能力越强,反之则越差。李磊等[56]拟合了锈蚀RC柱抗震试验数据,揭示了锈蚀RC柱纵筋锈蚀率对能量耗散系数大小产生的影响。峰值耗能系数随纵筋锈蚀率的增大而缓慢增加;极限耗能系数随纵筋锈蚀率的增大而显著降低,当锈蚀率超过20%时,试件极限耗能系数降低至未锈蚀试件的50%左右。除此之外,箍筋锈蚀会产生比纵筋锈蚀更为严重的耗能削弱影响[37]。经分析,箍筋锈蚀导致约束核心区混凝土能力衰退是耗能能力骤降的主导因素。箍筋间距对锈蚀RC柱耗能能力的影响同样值得关注,杨光[20]比较了不同箍筋间距的锈蚀RC柱耗散能量的水平,研究表明,箍筋间距愈小,箍筋锈蚀对构件耗能能力的削弱影响愈大。
LI等[23]使用黏滞阻尼系数he评估不同锈蚀率下(0%、10%、20%)RC柱的耗能能力,试件加载至屈服状态时he大小分别为0.04、0.05、0.04,当加载至极限状态时的he大小分别为0.23、0.16、0.12。随着锈蚀率的增大,试件在加载后期滞回响应的捏缩现象加剧,锈蚀作用对试件耗能能力的削弱主要表现在试件屈服之后。
累积耗能为RC柱在各级加载循环下所耗散能量累计值,即E =Ei为第i个加载循环下滞回环包围的面积)。为揭示不同锈蚀率下RC柱的累积耗能退化程度及劣化速率,本文搜集锈蚀RC柱累积耗能试验数据[18-2026-2734374662-63],建立相对累积耗能系数Esum,c/Esum,0Esum,cEsum,0分别为锈蚀与未锈蚀RC柱的累积耗能)与钢筋锈蚀率的关系,结果如图7所示。由图可知,随着锈蚀率的增大,试件的累积耗能能力呈显著退化趋势,在轻度锈蚀、中度锈蚀和重度锈蚀情况下相对累积耗能系数平均下降了12.8%、16.6%、21.1%。
为深入研究钢筋锈蚀和轴压比对锈蚀RC柱各加载阶段耗能水平的影响,LI等[23]全面考虑了不同锈蚀率、轴压比对锈蚀RC柱累积耗能的影响。通过对试件各加载阶段累积耗能的比较发现,锈蚀率为10%、20%的RC柱,试件由屈服加载至极限阶段的耗能水平下降最大,较未锈蚀柱而言分别降低了76.3%、89.7%,占总耗能的比例显著降低;在相同锈蚀水平下,轴压比为0.10的试件相较于轴压比为0.15、0.20的试件其累积耗能分别降低了71.4%、68.9%,可见轴压比亦是影响锈蚀RC柱耗能水平的主要因素,轴压比过大将不利于构件耗散能量以抵抗地震作用。
钢筋锈蚀是造成RC柱地震破坏模式改变的主要因素,准确预测锈蚀RC柱的地震破坏模式能够为其剩余承载力计算模型的选取提供重要依据。本节讨论了基于参数划分的破坏模式预测分类方法对锈蚀RC柱的适用性,并介绍了实现锈蚀RC柱破坏模式高精度预测分类的机器学习方法。
RC柱的地震破坏模式可分为三类:弯曲破坏(F)、弯剪破坏(FS)及剪切破坏(S)。研究表明[144864],处于侵蚀环境下的RC柱,箍筋起始锈蚀时间较纵筋更早,且箍筋锈蚀程度更为严重[65],从而导致弯曲延性设计的RC柱在长期服役后的破坏模式转变为弯剪或剪切破坏。OPABOLA[66]在KOWALSKY等[67]抗剪承载力模型基础上考虑钢筋锈蚀对构件承载力的削弱,用以描述锈蚀所激发的RC柱弯曲-剪切相互作用破坏机制,如图8所示。
图8可知,抗剪承载力随箍筋锈蚀加剧而降低,即未锈蚀构件抗剪承载力Vs,0退化至锈蚀构件抗剪承载力Vs,corr;纵筋锈蚀将导致构件由未锈蚀构件抗弯承载力VF,0退化至锈蚀构件抗弯承载力VF,corr。构件加载至极限状态时,若剪切包络线始终未与骨架曲线相交,则发生弯曲破坏;当加载至纵筋发生屈服后,骨架曲线与剪切包络线开始相交,则发生弯剪破坏。
锈蚀RC柱在拟静力加载试验中测得的变形由弯曲变形、剪切变形和根部滑移三部分组成。研究表明[2327],不同锈蚀率的RC柱其变形比例分配存在差异,随着锈蚀率的增大,弯曲变形所占比例逐渐减小,剪切变形所占比例逐渐增大,该结论与前述锈蚀RC柱弯曲-剪切相互作用破坏机制相符。
传统的RC柱破坏模式预测分类方法是基于某一特征参数所处的参数取值范围进行。如剪跨比(λ)、延性系数(μ)、破坏模式指数(ω)及抗剪需求Vp与抗剪承载力Vn的比值,即抗剪需求比(Vp/Vn)。关于RC柱破坏模式识别分类的参数取值范围如表1所示。
为了分析锈蚀作用对RC柱的特征参数值的影响规律,并讨论表1参数取值范围适用性。本文选取文献[18-2023273739485772-74]试验数据绘制了不同破坏模式下剪跨比、延性系数分布的半小提琴图,如图9所示。
图9(a)可知,弯曲破坏试件的剪跨比基本集中在4.5~5.5范围内;弯剪破坏试件在λ<2处仍存在较大的密度分布的样本;剪切破坏试件的样本均值为2.8。由此可见,采用剪跨比进行锈蚀RC柱破坏模式预测分类在弯曲破坏模式下仍能保持较高精度,但进行弯剪和剪切破坏预测误差较大。由图9(b)可知,各类破坏模式下的样本分布情况,基于延性系数并不能实现对锈蚀RC破坏模式的准确划分,此划分标准针对锈蚀构件破坏模式识别的适用性较差。
抗剪需求比用以预测判别RC柱的破坏模式被学者们广泛接受,但受制于抗剪承载力理论计算方法在计算锈蚀构件时的离散程度较大,导致该方法在识别锈蚀构件破坏模式时具有局限性。ZHU等[75]指出,通过抗剪需求比进行弯曲破坏分类准确率达到91.0%,但弯剪和剪切破坏的预测分类准确率仅有30.0%左右。此外,为解决单一参数预测破坏模式方法的局限性,MA等[70]综合考虑了RC柱的几何参数和基本力学性能参数,提出了RC柱破坏模式指数,一定程度上解决了特征参数分类方法的单一局限性问题。
机器学习方法是将海量数据和各类机器学习算法相结合,从而构建出输入参数与输出结果之间的多维映射关系的一种有效数据驱动策略。目前,锈蚀RC柱抗震试验的广泛开展为其破坏模式预测分类奠定了数据基础,使得机器学习方法成为实现锈蚀RC柱破坏模式精确预测的有效途径。相较于前述通过参数预测的经验方法而言,机器学习方法可以挖掘数据间的复杂映射规律,且具有更高的预测精度和计算效率。
基于机器学习方法的锈蚀RC柱破坏模式预测模型的建模流程:①建立锈蚀RC抗震试验数据集,为避免数值之间的尺度效应,建议进行无量纲处理;②将数据集按一定比例划分为训练集和测试集,训练集用于模型预测训练,测试集用于评估模型预测性能;③选择合适的机器学习分类算法进行训练学习,通过交叉验证法和网格搜索法等确定最优超参数;④通过准确率、精度和召回率等指标评价分类模型,从而进行模型的验证和选取,如图10所示。
需要注意的是,试验中设计的锈蚀RC柱破坏模式多为弯曲破坏,既有试验中发生弯剪或剪切破坏的试件数量明显少于弯曲破坏试件,导致数据集发生失衡,机器学习预测结果容易偏向弯曲破坏。NADERPOUR等[76]指出,可通过复制增加训练集中弯剪和剪切破坏样本的比例权重,从而解决模型的预测倾向性问题。此外,谢龙隆等[77]采用合成少数类过采样算法生成初始平衡数据集,使得机器学习算法的分类效果显著提升。
锈蚀RC柱破坏模式预测需考虑几何参数、力学性能参数、荷载参数、配筋参数和锈蚀指标等影响。进一步开展输入参数的优选工作决定了锈蚀RC柱破坏模式预测精度的高低,应当从特征参数的无量纲化处理[78]、重要性分析[79]和相关性分析[15]三个方面综合选取最优输入特征。XU等[15]对剪跨比(λ)、箍筋锈蚀率(Xt)、纵筋锈蚀率(Xl)、轴压比(n)、纵筋指数(ρl fyl/fc)、箍筋指数(ρv fyt/fc)和箍筋间距与有效宽度之比(s/d)7个参数进行重要性分析。结果表明,XtXl均对预测结果产生显著影响。
本文搜集了国内外既有文献中290根锈蚀RC柱抗震试验数据[18-213479-82],建立了锈蚀RC柱破坏模式判别数据库。基于现有的RC柱的破坏模式影响因素分析并开展特征工程选取了弯剪比(m)、剪压比(V/fcbh0)、柱高(H)、XlXtρv fyt/fcs/dλρl fyl/fcn作为输入特征。将数据集按7∶3划分并采用剪跨比、延性系数和抗剪需求比3种参数划分方法与极端梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)算法进行锈蚀RC柱破坏模式的识别。测试集预测结果评估混淆矩阵如图11所示。由图可知,剪跨比、延性系数和抗剪需求比3种参数划分方法识别的准确率分别为60%、40%、74%;极端梯度提升(XGBoost)算法识别的准确率为91%。由此可知,机器学习方法较既有的参数划分方法而言,预测锈蚀RC柱破坏模式的准确率有较大提升。
机器学习模型的预测精度一定程度上取决于算法的选择,对于复杂工程问题应根据其不同的应用场景选取合适的算法。文献[7783]对RC柱破坏模式的预测结果均表明:XGBoost、随机森林(random forest,RF)等集成类学习模型预测精度明显优于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)、人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)等单一类学习模型。由于单一类学习模型难以实现破坏样本的深度学习,从而导致其预测精度较低,集成类学习模型的多学习器训练方法是进行锈蚀RC柱破坏模式判别的更好选择。在预测过程中,弯剪和剪切破坏模式最容易预测错误,原因是:①弯剪破坏介于弯曲和剪切破坏之间,其破坏机理复杂、失效边界模糊。②弯曲和剪切破坏所能收集的试验数据集较小,模型学习强度较弱。
机器学习模型应用于锈蚀RC柱的破坏模式预测能够大幅提高其预测精度,但训练模型中输入参数与输出结果之间建立的关系较为模糊不清。机器学习模型受限于无法给出输入参数对输出结果影响的合理解释,从而导致机器学习模型的可信度和适用性降低。近年来,基于博弈论的沙普利加性解释(shapely additive explanation,SHAP)方法实现了“黑盒”训练模型的可解释性。机器学习模型与SHAP方法相结合能够同时实现对整体数据集的全局解释以及个体样本对输出结果影响规律的局部解释,从而明确了多维输入参数与输出结果之间的决策关系。
本文将SHAP方法与3.3节训练好的XGBoost模型相结合实现模型的可解释性并进行锈蚀RC柱破坏模式的特征影响分析。累计锈蚀RC柱3种破坏模式的特征贡献值(绝对SHAP平均值)得到了破坏模式判别的特征重要度排序,如图12所示。图中绝对SHAP平均值越大,表明输入特征对破坏模式识别的影响越显著。
图13从全局层面分析了各输入特征对样本破坏模式的影响趋势,图中横轴代表预测样本各参数的SHAP值分布,正值代表与目标预测结果呈正相关,反之则呈负相关,纵轴左端由上至下为特征对输出结果影响从大到小的重要性排序,右端的色谱柱则代表特征值的大小。例如,随着箍筋锈蚀率的增大,RC柱发生弯曲破坏的趋势逐渐降低,而发生弯剪和剪切破坏趋势愈加显著,表明箍筋锈蚀容易导致RC柱破坏模式由弯曲向弯剪或剪切转变。
此外,SHAP方法还可以从局部层面出发详细解释模型对个体样本预测结果的决策。本文选取文献[20]试件XRC-3作为典型样本展示了模型对单个样本在3种潜在的破坏模式下的决策结果进行解释如图14所示。朝向右的箭头表明输入特征对目标分类结果的正向影响,朝向左的箭头表示负向影响,且箭头长短表明影响程度。试件在弯曲、弯剪和剪切破坏下的SHAP输出值分别为-2.42、2.61、-2.22,即预测结果为弯剪破坏,与试验实际结果相符,验证了XGBoost模型和SHAP方法的有效性。
综上所述,机器学习方法可将全寿命服役周期内锈蚀RC柱在地震作用下的破坏模式进行高精度预测,无需复杂的数值模拟与繁琐的理论计算。机器学习方法对锈蚀RC构件的抗震性能评估具有很好的应用前景,应当进行深入研究以提高其在实际工程中运用的可行性。
服役RC柱由于钢筋的锈蚀作用将导致承载能力降低,致使结构存在严重的安全隐患。为保证RC柱在服役年限内的可靠性,准确计算RC柱剩余承载力是后续检测加固工作开展的重要前提。本节归纳总结了通过参数修正、数据拟合提出的各类锈蚀RC柱承载力计算方法,并对其进行比较分析。
纵筋锈蚀将导致RC柱抗弯承载能力显著下降,本文基于文献[1184]的拟静力试验数据,揭示锈蚀RC柱抗弯承载力Mmax,c与未锈蚀RC柱抗弯承载力Mmax,0的抗弯承载力比(Mmax,c/Mmax,0)与纵筋锈蚀率(Xl)的关系,结果如图15所示。由图可知,随着纵筋锈蚀率的增大,RC柱的抗弯承载力退化愈严重。锈蚀率达5%、10%、15%、20%时,试件的抗弯承载力约下降了9.7%、14.4%、18.7%、21.6%。
为对锈蚀RC柱抗弯承载力进行合理预测,现有方法大多是基于既有抗弯承载力计算公式进行考虑锈蚀影响的修正[1985]。钢筋锈蚀将造成有效截面面积损失,从而导致钢筋屈服强度、弹性模量等力学性能降低。此外,钢筋锈蚀析出的锈蚀产物堆积膨胀产生了锈胀力,造成保护层混凝土开裂及混凝土强度降低,计算锈蚀RC柱抗弯承载力时需予以考虑。文献[86]试验研究表明,钢筋局部点蚀和应力集中现象会造成钢筋屈服强度的削减速率快于截面面积的损失速率,继而提出了锈蚀钢筋屈服强度的经验计算方法。发生锈胀开裂的非约束混凝土强度可引入混凝土强度软化系数ζ进行修正[87],该系数的大小取决于开裂混凝土中沿裂缝宽度方向的平均拉应变。
为验证上述方法的准确性,本文选取了既有文献中的46根锈蚀RC柱构件[18-192629343788],结合GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》[89]中的抗弯承载力计算公式和上述材料力学性能折减方法,对其进行剩余抗弯承载力计算,并将理论计算值(Mcal)与试验值(Mexp)进行了比较分析,如图16所示。由图可知,样本点大致落在±25.0%误差线以内,且基本上分布在等值线附近,Mcal/Mexp的均值和变异系数分别为0.96、0.16。由此可见,该修正模型可用于锈蚀RC柱的剩余抗弯承载力评估。
现有研究中提出的抗弯承载力计算模型多为确定性模型,并不能考虑有限试验数据、不同模型假定和钢筋非均匀锈蚀等误差因素造成的不确定影响。对此,丁自豪等[90]考虑锈蚀对钢筋、混凝土力学性能及二者黏结性能的影响建立了锈蚀RC柱在大、小偏心受压条件下的概率抗弯承载力模型及概率校准方法,具有较高的计算精度且能合理描述锈蚀RC柱抗弯承载力的随机性,其概率计算公式如式(1)、式(2)所示:
式中:MLMS分别为大、小偏心受压下锈蚀RC柱的概率抗弯承载力;φ1φ2为关于偏心受压情况的待定量;fc为混凝土轴心抗压强度;bc为锈蚀柱有效截面宽度;分别为大、小偏心受压下的受压区高度;h0c为锈蚀柱有效截面高度;为锈蚀受压钢筋有效屈服强度;为锈蚀受压钢筋截面面积;hh0分别为柱原截面高度和有效高度;as)为受拉(压)钢筋合力点至截面受拉(压)边缘的距离;P为轴压力;ε1σ1ε2σ2为模型误差。
箍筋锈蚀是RC柱抗剪承载力显著降低的最主要因素。试验研究[667491]表明,箍筋锈蚀严重的RC柱在拟静力加载过程中可观察到塑性铰区域产生严重剪切破坏面,损伤特征点提前出现。本文基于文献[6674]试验数据,建立了锈蚀RC柱抗剪承载力Vmax,c与未锈蚀RC柱抗剪承载力Vmax,0的抗剪承载力比(Vmax,c/Vmax,0)与箍筋锈蚀率(Xt)影响的退化规律,如图17所示。由图可知,箍筋锈蚀率小于5%时,RC柱抗剪承载力略有提升,当锈蚀率达10%、15%、20%、25%时,锈蚀RC柱抗剪承载力下降了6.9%、14.1%、21.1%、28.6%。
为准确计算箍筋发生锈蚀后RC柱的剩余抗剪承载力,VU等[74]考虑非约束区腐蚀开裂混凝土和锈蚀箍筋对构件抗剪承载力贡献的影响,修正了ASCE/SEI 41—17[71]模型并提出了锈蚀RC柱剩余抗剪承载力计算公式,如式(3)所示:
式中:Acore为核心区混凝土截面面积;Acover为非约束区混凝土截面面积;ζ为软化系数;为混凝土抗压强度;fyt,corr为锈蚀箍筋残余屈服强度;dcorr为钢筋残余直径;Av,corr为锈蚀箍筋剩余面积;M/Vd为柱在设计荷载下计算所得剪跨比(2<M/Vd<4);S为截面弹性模量。
LI等[23]选取箍筋锈蚀率Xt和轴压比n作为组合参数进行多参数非线性回归分析得到修正函数fXtn)用以修正CAI[92]抗剪承载力模型。该计算方法得到结果与试验值吻合较好,能较为准确地反映锈蚀RC柱的抗剪承载力,如式(4)、式(5)所示:
式中:abc为拟合参数。
为验证上述所提锈蚀RC柱抗剪承载力计算公式的适用性,本文搜集文献[296274]的抗剪承载力计算值(Vcal)与试验值(Vexp)数据进行比较,结果如图18所示。
图18可知,修正的ASCE/SEI 41-17模型和LI模型的计算结果普遍高估了锈蚀RC柱的抗剪承载力,VU等[93]针对此问题比较了钢筋的质量损失率、平均残余截面面积和最小残余面积的3种锈蚀水平评估方法下的抗剪承载力计算结果。结果表明,基于钢筋质量损失率和平均残余截面面积计算的抗剪承载力并不保守,而采用最小残余截面面积计算的抗剪承载力更具可靠性,宜选用最小残余截面面积指标以评估构件的剩余抗剪承载力。采用修正的GB 50010—2010模型计算的抗剪承载力有较大的安全保证率,可以用于实际工程中锈蚀构件的承载力评估工作。
开展锈蚀构件的抗震性能研究与结构全寿命周期性能评估紧密相关,本文归纳总结了RC柱在不同试验方法下锈蚀率、轴压比等主要设计参数对锈蚀RC柱抗震性能指标的影响规律,并进一步综述了锈蚀RC柱破坏模式预测和剩余承载力计算方法。主要结论如下:
1)ECE方法可把控试件锈蚀过程的锈蚀率与锈蚀位置,但与自然环境下的不均匀锈蚀存在一定差异;ACE方法可模拟自然环境下的锈蚀,但锈蚀率较难控制且锈蚀速度缓慢。双向拟静力加载较单向加载更能准确地反映钢筋不均匀锈蚀对RC柱抗震性能的劣化影响,在轻度、中度和重度锈蚀情况下,RC柱延性系数平均下降了8.1%、10.7%、23.7%,累积耗能平均下降了12.8%、16.6%、21.1%。ECE方法下锈蚀RC柱初始刚度随锈蚀率增大呈下降趋势,而ACE方法其初始刚度基本不受影响。
2)由于不同破坏模式下锈蚀RC柱的剪跨比与延性系数分布范围存在较大的交集,基于参数划分的方法对锈蚀构件破坏模式的判别适用性较差,剪跨比、延性系数和抗剪需求比识别的准确率为60.0%、40.0%、74.0%,基于机器学习的XGBoost分类算法对锈蚀构件破坏模式预测准确率为91.0%。机器学习方法相较于既有的参数划分方法预测锈蚀RC柱破坏模式的准确率有较大提升。结合可解释的SHAP方法,揭示了锈蚀率和主要设计参数对锈蚀RC柱各类破坏模式的影响规律,并进行了特征重要性排序,从大到小依次为λρv fyt/fcmXts/dV/fcbh0ρl fyl/fcHnXl
3)统计试验数据中,纵筋锈蚀率达5%、10%、15%、20%时,锈蚀RC柱的抗弯承载力下降了9.7%、14.4%、18.7%、21.6%;箍筋锈蚀率达10%、15%、20%、25%时,锈蚀RC柱的抗剪承载力下降了6.9%、14.1%、21.1%、28.6%。基于GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》公式,采用考虑锈蚀折减后的材料力学性能计算锈蚀RC柱的抗弯承载力具有一定的准确性,Mcal/Mexp的均值和变异系数分别为0.96、0.16。对于锈蚀RC柱的抗剪承载力,LI模型和修正的ASCE/SEI 41-17模型的计算误差较小,但略高估了锈蚀构件的抗剪承载力,而修正的GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》模型计算结果偏保守,在实际工程鉴定中具有较高的安全冗余度。
  • 湖北省自然科学基金青年项目(2024AFB302)
  • 国家重点研发计划课题(2019YFC1509302)
  • 防灾减灾湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学)开放基金项目(2022KJZ14; 2022KJZ16)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0204
  • 接收时间:2024-02-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-04-24
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-29
  • 修回日期:2024-05-20
基金
湖北省自然科学基金青年项目(2024AFB302)
国家重点研发计划课题(2019YFC1509302)
防灾减灾湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学)开放基金项目(2022KJZ14; 2022KJZ16)
作者信息
    1.防灾减灾湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学),湖北 宜昌 443002
    2.三峡大学 土木与建筑学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
    3.西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055

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邱羿志(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构工程抗震与机器学习研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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