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Article(id=1241786735223439684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699804800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-13, revisedDate=1709049600000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773994628959, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773994628959, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773994628959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994628959, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241786727631754095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773994627149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996954801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=166, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241786736565617014, articleId=1241786735223439684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Experimenal study on the mechanical properties of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy after elevated temperature under unidirectional cyclic tensile load, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the degradation law of the mechanical property of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy after elevated temperatures as recommended by the GB 50429—2007 code for design of aluminium structures, a total of thirty-eight 6061-T4 aluminum alloy specimens were designed, and the unidirectional loading tests and cyclic tensile loading tests at room temperature and elevated temperature were performed. The effects of cooling type and loading protocol on the failure characteristics, initial elastic modulus, strength, stress degradation, and energy dissipation were evaluated. The experimental results show that the yield platform and strain hardening behavior in the unidirectional cyclic tensile stress-strain curve of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy were not observed. When the heating temperature was in the range of 100~300 ℃, the surface of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy specimens became slightly darker but not significantly. The surface condition of the 6061-T4 aluminum alloy can not be used as an indicator to evaluate the damage degree after fire. The temperature had a slight effect on the initial modulus of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy, and the cooling method also slightly affected the mechanical property of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy. When the temperature was below 200 ℃, the temperature did not have a significant effect on the strength of the aluminum alloy. When the temperature was above 200 ℃, the strength of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy exhibited a significant decreasing trend with the increase in temperature. During unidirectional cyclic tensile tests at room temperature, the yield strain of aluminum alloy specimens was slightly lower than that of unidirectional loaded specimens. Due to the plastic accumulation damage during the cyclic tensile process, the ductility of the specimens deteriorated under unidirectional cyclic loading. With the continuous increase in temperature, the yield of the specimens tended to occur earlier, and the deformation capacity changed from worse to better. The energy dissipation capacity of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy gradually decreased with the increase of temperature, and the cumulative energy was positively correlated to aluminum alloy strength and cycle number.

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为明晰GB 50429—2007《铝合金结构设计规范》推荐的6061-T4系铝合金板材在火灾后力学性能的退化规律，设计完成了38个6061-T4铝合金试件在室温及高温后的单向循环拉伸试验，重点评估了铝合金板材在不同冷却方式及单向循环荷载作用下的破坏特征、初始弹性模量、强度、应变退化和耗能等。研究结果表明：6061-T4铝合金板材的单向循环拉伸应力-应变曲线无明显屈服平台，显著屈服后并未呈现明显的强化特征；在加热温度为100~300 ℃区间时，铝合金试件表面银白色光泽变暗但不明显，表面状况不宜作为评估6061-T4铝合金试件火灾损伤程度的评价依据；温度对6061-T4铝合金初始弹性模量影响较小，冷却方式对6061-T4铝合金试件高温后力学性能影响不大。当温度低于200 ℃时，温度对铝合金板材强度影响不明显；当温度高于200 ℃时，随着温度升高，铝合金板材强度呈显著降低趋势；常温下单向循环拉伸试验过程中铝合金试件屈服应变略低于单向加载试件，由于循环受拉过程的塑性累积损伤，导致试件在单向循环荷载作用下的延性劣化；随着温度的不断升高，试件屈服会趋于更早，其变形能力呈现先变差后变好的规律；6061-T4铝合金试件累积耗能随着温度升高逐渐降低，且耗能大小与铝合金材料强度及单向循环拉伸圈数正相关。

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孙国华（1978—），男，教授，博士，主要从事钢结构及钢-混凝土组合结构抗震研究。E-mail：
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赵子雁（1999—），女，硕士研究生，主要从事钢结构抗震研究。E-mail：

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赵子雁（1999—），女，硕士研究生，主要从事钢结构抗震研究。E-mail：

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赵子雁（1999—），女，硕士研究生，主要从事钢结构抗震研究。E-mail：

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unidirectional tensile load and unidirectional cyclic tensile load after elevated temperatures, figureFileSmall=Ber1wFSIs3I0KWSAA0MJ0w==, figureFileBig=/PBsm28f/lFo9D3dse63AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802958162170637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735223439684, language=CN, label=图11, caption=试件高温后单向拉伸与单向循环荷载下应变比退化对比, figureFileSmall=Ber1wFSIs3I0KWSAA0MJ0w==, figureFileBig=/PBsm28f/lFo9D3dse63AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802958271222553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735223439684, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Specimen parameters information

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编号温度/℃加载方式编号温度/℃加载方式编号温度/℃加载方式
ST-1~7室温单向加载TC-A-150-1150单向循环TC-W-250-3250单向循环
TC-0室温单向循环TC-A-150-2150单向循环TC-A-250-1250单向循环
TC-W-100-1100单向循环TC-A-150-3150单向循环TC-A-250-2250单向循环
TC-W-100-2100单向循环TC-W-200-1200单向循环TC-A-250-3250单向循环
TC-W-100-3100单向循环TC-W-200-2200单向循环TC-W-300-1300单向循环
TC-A-100-1100单向循环TC-W-200-3200单向循环TC-W-300-2300单向循环
TC-A-100-2100单向循环TC-A-200-1200单向循环TC-W-300-3300单向循环
TC-A-100-3100单向循环TC-A-200-2200单向循环TC-A-300-1300单向循环
TC-W-150-1150单向循环TC-A-200-3200单向循环TC-A-300-2300单向循环
TC-W-150-2150单向循环TC-W-250-1250单向循环TC-A-300-3300单向循环
TC-W-150-3150单向循环TC-W-250-2250单向循环
), ArticleFig(id=1241802958388663072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735223439684, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试件参数汇总

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编号温度/℃加载方式编号温度/℃加载方式编号温度/℃加载方式
ST-1~7室温单向加载TC-A-150-1150单向循环TC-W-250-3250单向循环
TC-0室温单向循环TC-A-150-2150单向循环TC-A-250-1250单向循环
TC-W-100-1100单向循环TC-A-150-3150单向循环TC-A-250-2250单向循环
TC-W-100-2100单向循环TC-W-200-1200单向循环TC-A-250-3250单向循环
TC-W-100-3100单向循环TC-W-200-2200单向循环TC-W-300-1300单向循环
TC-A-100-1100单向循环TC-W-200-3200单向循环TC-W-300-2300单向循环
TC-A-100-2100单向循环TC-A-200-1200单向循环TC-W-300-3300单向循环
TC-A-100-3100单向循环TC-A-200-2200单向循环TC-A-300-1300单向循环
TC-W-150-1150单向循环TC-A-200-3200单向循环TC-A-300-2300单向循环
TC-W-150-2150单向循环TC-W-250-1250单向循环TC-A-300-3300单向循环
TC-W-150-3150单向循环TC-W-250-2250单向循环
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Experimental results of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy specimens under unidirectional tensile load

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试件编号σy/MPaσu/MPaE/MPaεyεuδA/%ξ/%E1/J
ST-1242.1267.168519.70.00610.0740.9115.335.1709.2
ST-2268.5294.467289.80.00610.0740.9115.637.1738.1
ST-3247.1270.969329.30.00630.0820.9115.636.4659.0
ST-4202.9229.770306.80.00510.0800.8814.435.7571.6
ST-5224.0251.271454.40.00550.0770.8915.334.4607.9
ST-6265.1293.172547.70.00590.0730.9014.533.1702.9
ST-7237.2262.168579.30.00520.0780.8814.835.4620.3
平均241.0266.969718.10.00570.0770.9015.135.3658.4
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6061-T4铝合金试件的单向拉伸试验结果

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试件编号σy/MPaσu/MPaE/MPaεyεuδA/%ξ/%E1/J
ST-1242.1267.168519.70.00610.0740.9115.335.1709.2
ST-2268.5294.467289.80.00610.0740.9115.637.1738.1
ST-3247.1270.969329.30.00630.0820.9115.636.4659.0
ST-4202.9229.770306.80.00510.0800.8814.435.7571.6
ST-5224.0251.271454.40.00550.0770.8915.334.4607.9
ST-6265.1293.172547.70.00590.0730.9014.533.1702.9
ST-7237.2262.168579.30.00520.0780.8814.835.4620.3
平均241.0266.969718.10.00570.0770.9015.135.3658.4
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Experimental results of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy specimens under unidirectional cyclic tensile load

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试件编号σy/MPaσu/MPaE/MPaεyεuδA/%n/圈ξ/%E2/J
TC-0243.42307.1473776.460.00530.0730.7913.1352.535.17836.90
TC-W-100-1257.68334.9069881.200.00570.0740.7715.0061.538.501040.37
TC-W-100-2259.66319.4870772.670.00570.0830.8115.2564.535.361099.36
TC-W-100-3292.29342.3666240.190.00650.0850.8513.2558.538.11994.41
TC-A-100-1296.33344.8266979.030.00650.0990.8615.6361.537.28987.03
TC-A-100-2277.15310.7067948.880.00610.0980.8915.2564.541.911062.81
TC-A-100-3286.28329.5067388.140.00620.0700.8713.3852.537.46867.75
TC-W-150-1282.49333.3972451.860.00590.0710.8515.0061.539.901015.65
TC-W-150-2282.58337.4668666.670.00610.0690.8414.7561.538.631081.04
TC-W-150-3303.51346.5070378.380.00630.0860.8814.0058.531.821051.65
TC-A-150-1247.35329.6272311.570.00550.0840.7514.7558.538.79916.09
TC-A-150-2263.02328.5169250.670.00580.0690.8015.1364.538.151137.72
TC-A-150-3263.35327.8466110.110.00590.0710.8014.1361.539.601110.69
TC-W-200-1275.64320.7868261.170.00610.0720.8614.3858.536.30895.41
TC-W-200-2287.45322.0672113.280.00600.0820.8914.7561.540.261034.37
TC-W-200-3264.20315.0567209.880.00600.0690.8414.7558.537.00974.71
TC-A-200-1252.65327.0869223.650.00570.0660.7712.5046.533.92667.56
TC-A-200-2251.95301.9573438.620.00550.0720.8312.8852.541.57842.19
TC-A-200-3271.14304.7968449.290.00600.0710.8912.5052.538.17852.49
TC-W-250-1219.64266.8768958.950.00520.0600.8212.3846.541.03598.85
TC-W-250-2203.56251.5867352.700.00500.0650.8113.5052.545.53704.91
TC-W-250-3205.97259.4169352.240.00500.0720.7913.7555.544.36705.72
TC-A-250-1196.88249.0669722.960.00480.0630.7913.8849.546.25620.44
TC-A-250-2203.65260.5170352.320.00490.0750.7814.3855.543.05743.06
TC-A-250-3182.06234.5671588.570.00460.0670.7814.0052.547.00607.19
TC-W-300-1108.62184.5666034.710.00360.0790.5916.2561.551.25590.84
TC-W-300-2111.76191.4270056.300.00360.0880.5816.8861.551.92624.60
TC-W-300-3104.38179.4166802.120.00360.0750.5816.2561.552.53557.87
TC-A-300-192.36170.8964158.900.00340.0840.5417.1361.554.17491.02
TC-A-300-2110.88185.0463530.470.00370.0730.6016.5064.553.06630.28
TC-A-300-3106.24184.6069108.430.00360.0920.5816.8864.551.83614.08
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6061-T4铝合金单向循环拉伸试验结果

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试件编号σy/MPaσu/MPaE/MPaεyεuδA/%n/圈ξ/%E2/J
TC-0243.42307.1473776.460.00530.0730.7913.1352.535.17836.90
TC-W-100-1257.68334.9069881.200.00570.0740.7715.0061.538.501040.37
TC-W-100-2259.66319.4870772.670.00570.0830.8115.2564.535.361099.36
TC-W-100-3292.29342.3666240.190.00650.0850.8513.2558.538.11994.41
TC-A-100-1296.33344.8266979.030.00650.0990.8615.6361.537.28987.03
TC-A-100-2277.15310.7067948.880.00610.0980.8915.2564.541.911062.81
TC-A-100-3286.28329.5067388.140.00620.0700.8713.3852.537.46867.75
TC-W-150-1282.49333.3972451.860.00590.0710.8515.0061.539.901015.65
TC-W-150-2282.58337.4668666.670.00610.0690.8414.7561.538.631081.04
TC-W-150-3303.51346.5070378.380.00630.0860.8814.0058.531.821051.65
TC-A-150-1247.35329.6272311.570.00550.0840.7514.7558.538.79916.09
TC-A-150-2263.02328.5169250.670.00580.0690.8015.1364.538.151137.72
TC-A-150-3263.35327.8466110.110.00590.0710.8014.1361.539.601110.69
TC-W-200-1275.64320.7868261.170.00610.0720.8614.3858.536.30895.41
TC-W-200-2287.45322.0672113.280.00600.0820.8914.7561.540.261034.37
TC-W-200-3264.20315.0567209.880.00600.0690.8414.7558.537.00974.71
TC-A-200-1252.65327.0869223.650.00570.0660.7712.5046.533.92667.56
TC-A-200-2251.95301.9573438.620.00550.0720.8312.8852.541.57842.19
TC-A-200-3271.14304.7968449.290.00600.0710.8912.5052.538.17852.49
TC-W-250-1219.64266.8768958.950.00520.0600.8212.3846.541.03598.85
TC-W-250-2203.56251.5867352.700.00500.0650.8113.5052.545.53704.91
TC-W-250-3205.97259.4169352.240.00500.0720.7913.7555.544.36705.72
TC-A-250-1196.88249.0669722.960.00480.0630.7913.8849.546.25620.44
TC-A-250-2203.65260.5170352.320.00490.0750.7814.3855.543.05743.06
TC-A-250-3182.06234.5671588.570.00460.0670.7814.0052.547.00607.19
TC-W-300-1108.62184.5666034.710.00360.0790.5916.2561.551.25590.84
TC-W-300-2111.76191.4270056.300.00360.0880.5816.8861.551.92624.60
TC-W-300-3104.38179.4166802.120.00360.0750.5816.2561.552.53557.87
TC-A-300-192.36170.8964158.900.00340.0840.5417.1361.554.17491.02
TC-A-300-2110.88185.0463530.470.00370.0730.6016.5064.553.06630.28
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高温后6061-T4系铝合金板材单向循环拉伸力学性能试验研究
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赵子雁 , 孙国华 , 陈慧娴 , 黎明
地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025,45(1): 166-176
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地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025, 45(1): 166-176
高温后6061-T4系铝合金板材单向循环拉伸力学性能试验研究
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赵子雁 , 孙国华 , 陈慧娴, 黎明
作者信息
  • 苏州科技大学 土木工程学院，江苏 苏州 215011

    • 赵子雁（1999—），女，硕士研究生，主要从事钢结构抗震研究。E-mail：

通讯作者:

孙国华（1978—），男，教授，博士，主要从事钢结构及钢-混凝土组合结构抗震研究。E-mail：
Experimenal study on the mechanical properties of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy after elevated temperature under unidirectional cyclic tensile load
Ziyan ZHAO , Guohua SUN , Huixian CHEN, Ming LI
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215011, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0117
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摘要
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为明晰GB 50429—2007《铝合金结构设计规范》推荐的6061-T4系铝合金板材在火灾后力学性能的退化规律，设计完成了38个6061-T4铝合金试件在室温及高温后的单向循环拉伸试验，重点评估了铝合金板材在不同冷却方式及单向循环荷载作用下的破坏特征、初始弹性模量、强度、应变退化和耗能等。研究结果表明：6061-T4铝合金板材的单向循环拉伸应力-应变曲线无明显屈服平台，显著屈服后并未呈现明显的强化特征；在加热温度为100~300 ℃区间时，铝合金试件表面银白色光泽变暗但不明显，表面状况不宜作为评估6061-T4铝合金试件火灾损伤程度的评价依据；温度对6061-T4铝合金初始弹性模量影响较小，冷却方式对6061-T4铝合金试件高温后力学性能影响不大。当温度低于200 ℃时，温度对铝合金板材强度影响不明显；当温度高于200 ℃时，随着温度升高，铝合金板材强度呈显著降低趋势；常温下单向循环拉伸试验过程中铝合金试件屈服应变略低于单向加载试件，由于循环受拉过程的塑性累积损伤，导致试件在单向循环荷载作用下的延性劣化；随着温度的不断升高，试件屈服会趋于更早，其变形能力呈现先变差后变好的规律；6061-T4铝合金试件累积耗能随着温度升高逐渐降低，且耗能大小与铝合金材料强度及单向循环拉伸圈数正相关。

6061-T4铝合金  /  单向循环拉伸试验  /  高温  /  耗能  /  冷却方式

To clarify the degradation law of the mechanical property of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy after elevated temperatures as recommended by the GB 50429—2007 code for design of aluminium structures, a total of thirty-eight 6061-T4 aluminum alloy specimens were designed, and the unidirectional loading tests and cyclic tensile loading tests at room temperature and elevated temperature were performed. The effects of cooling type and loading protocol on the failure characteristics, initial elastic modulus, strength, stress degradation, and energy dissipation were evaluated. The experimental results show that the yield platform and strain hardening behavior in the unidirectional cyclic tensile stress-strain curve of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy were not observed. When the heating temperature was in the range of 100~300 ℃, the surface of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy specimens became slightly darker but not significantly. The surface condition of the 6061-T4 aluminum alloy can not be used as an indicator to evaluate the damage degree after fire. The temperature had a slight effect on the initial modulus of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy, and the cooling method also slightly affected the mechanical property of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy. When the temperature was below 200 ℃, the temperature did not have a significant effect on the strength of the aluminum alloy. When the temperature was above 200 ℃, the strength of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy exhibited a significant decreasing trend with the increase in temperature. During unidirectional cyclic tensile tests at room temperature, the yield strain of aluminum alloy specimens was slightly lower than that of unidirectional loaded specimens. Due to the plastic accumulation damage during the cyclic tensile process, the ductility of the specimens deteriorated under unidirectional cyclic loading. With the continuous increase in temperature, the yield of the specimens tended to occur earlier, and the deformation capacity changed from worse to better. The energy dissipation capacity of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy gradually decreased with the increase of temperature, and the cumulative energy was positively correlated to aluminum alloy strength and cycle number.

6061-T4 aluminum alloy  /  unidirectional cyclic tensile loading test  /  elevated temperature  /  energy dissipation  /  cooling method
赵子雁, 孙国华, 陈慧娴, 黎明. 高温后6061-T4系铝合金板材单向循环拉伸力学性能试验研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (1) : 166 -176 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0117
Ziyan ZHAO, Guohua SUN, Huixian CHEN, Ming LI. Experimenal study on the mechanical properties of 6061-T4 aluminum alloy after elevated temperature under unidirectional cyclic tensile load[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 166 -176 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0117
正文
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0　引言
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铝合金材料具有轻质高强、耐腐蚀、可循环利用等优点，在航空领域得到广泛应用，现已逐渐拓展至土木工程领域[1]。2008年Kieran Timberlake建筑设计公司在美国纽约建成了一座5层铝合金框架住宅[2]，南京牛首山文化旅游区佛顶宫大穹顶就已采用铝合金网壳结构[3]。但铝合金材料在火灾中，由于受到高温影响，材料力学性能会显著降低[4]。考虑火灾后建筑结构完整性和结构构件的更换需求，铝合金材料灾后残余力学性能评估成为当前领域的重点研究内容。WANG等[4]对7A04-T6高强铝合金试样进行了单向拉伸试验，研究了火灾中、火灾后2种不同环境下7A04-T6高强铝力学性能的变化规律，试验发现高强铝合金材料在高温下力学性能显著降低，当温度超过400 ℃时，材料强度仅有室温时的5%，但其大部分力学性能可在高温冷却后恢复。CHEN等[5]通过对火灾后6061-T6和7075-T73这2种型号铝合金材料的单向拉伸试验研究了其火灾后残余力学性能，试验评估了温度、冷却方式对2种铝合金材料力学性能的影响规律，基于试验结果提出了可准确评估2种型号铝合金的火灾后力学性能的预测方程。LIU等[6]完成了50个6082-T6系铝合金的标准拉伸试验，评估了不同热处理温度和冷却方式对其火灾后残余力学性能的影响，建立了上述型号铝合金材料火灾后力学的简化预测方程。SUMMERS等[7]对AA5083-H116和AA6061-T651这2种型号铝合金材料进行了一系列单向拉伸试验，揭示了残余力学性能取决于加热温度和升温速率，基于数据结果建立的经验模型可用于评估真实火灾中的残余屈服强度。RIPPE等[8]对6061-T651铝合金材料性能进行了试验研究，所获得的结果与SUMMERS等[7]研究一致。WANG等[9]系统梳理了近年来铝合金在火灾中、火灾后的力学特性以及铝合金结构在火灾下的整体性能，具体包括铝合金构件、连接以及整体结构等。SU等[10]研究了6063-T5、6061-T6系列铝合金在高温下的力学性能，并与美国规范、欧洲规范相关规定进行对比，提出了上述系列铝合金的力学性能预测方程。贾斌等[11]对铝合金材料进行单向拉伸和循环加载试验，结果证实铝合金材料在循环荷载下的力学性能与单向拉伸结果区别较大，表现出了应变强化特征。GUO等[12]对6082-T6、7020-T6铝合金进行了3种循环加载方式的试验研究，评估了单向加载和循环加载下2种铝合金的破坏模式和力学性能，研究发现循环荷载作用下的应力-应变关系与单向荷载作用下的试验结果差异不明显。PISAPIA等[13]对5系、6系和7系铝合金材料进行了单向和循环加载试验，获得了相关铝合金材料的应力-应变曲线、循环硬化、耗能能力和塑性断裂等性能指标，并对欧洲规范推荐的结构用铝提出了设计建议。杨舒涵[14]对6061-T6铝合金材料进行单向拉伸和循环加载试验，再现了铝合金材料的包辛格效应、循环硬化及累积损伤等特性，但并未发现明显的循环软化特性。
由前述研究可知，大部分关于铝合金材料力学性能的相关研究主要集中在温度、加载模式、冷却方式以及加热速率方面，对于我国GB 50429—2007《铝合金结构设计规范》[15]所推荐采用的具有良好变形能力的6061-T4系铝合金在不同温度及单向循环荷载作用下的力学性能研究较少，绝大部分研究仍聚焦于钢材[16-19]。基于此，本文以6061-T4系铝合金板材为研究对象，进行了38个材性试样的单向及单向循环拉伸试验，重点考虑了温度、冷却方式和加载方式等因素，获得了相关因素对其屈服强度、极限抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、断面收缩率和耗能的影响规律，相关成果可为6061-T4铝合金结构火灾后结构或构件的损伤评估提供试验依据。
1　试验概况
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1.1　试验设计
图1给出了6061-T4铝合金材性试件的基本尺寸。材性试件厚度为10 mm，两段夹持端长度为60 mm，宽度为80 mm，另各设置4个M5的螺栓孔，过渡弧半径为15 mm。材性试样中部区域的平行段长度为105 mm，宽度为20 mm。材性试件几何尺寸根据GB/T 228.1—2021《金属材料拉伸试验第1部分：室温试验方法》[20]进行设计，所有试件均为板状试件。表1给出了材性试样的基本信息。其中，单向拉伸试件编号规则为ST-1~ST-7，单向循环加载试件编号规则为TC-W/A-100/150/200/250/300-1/2/3。TC为拉伸循环试验；W为高温后浸水冷却；A为高温后自然冷却。考虑到铝合金材性的离散性，共进行了7个常温状态下6061-T4铝合金试样的单向拉伸试验，并将其平均结果作为高温单向循环拉伸结果的对比标准。在高温加热过程中，需将高温炉加热到预定的目标温度，加热速率为10 ℃/min[21]，试件在达到预设温度后保持恒温30 min[20]，确保整个铝合金材料试件达到稳态条件，结束后将试件采用浸水冷却、自然冷却2种方式冷却至室温，然后在室温条件下进行加载试验。考虑到铝合金熔点及实际工程中铝合金材料实际情况，本批试验考虑100、150、200、250、300 ℃这5种目标温度。
1.2　试验装置
试验在苏州科技大学材料力学实验室的2000 kN电液伺服万能拉伸试验机上进行。为方便试件安装，设计了一套自制夹具，装配于试验机上配合使用。在试件平行段安装引伸计测量拉伸应变，引伸计标距为50 mm，量程为10 mm。使用量程为1000 kN的力传感器实时输出试验施加的轴力。通过8颗M22螺栓将试验机上部工作台、力传感器与夹具上端板连接，同样通过4颗M22螺栓将夹具下部端板与试验机底部工作台连接。随后，将6061-T4铝合金试件放置于夹持装置的凹槽内，通过8颗M8螺栓将试件固定于凹槽避免其产生滑移。图2给出了试验加载装置。
1.3　加载制度
本次试验考虑2种加载制度：①单向拉伸加载方式；②单向循环拉伸加载方式。单向拉伸试验全程采用位移控制加载，加载速率为0.5 mm/min[20]。根据ECCS规范[22]建立了单向循环拉伸加载制度，全程采用位移和力协同控制加载；加载时采用位移控制，加载速率为3 mm/min，加载至每级目标位移后，转为力控制，并卸载至0。图3给出了具体加载方案。其中，ey为屈服位移，根据已完成的单向拉伸试验的荷载位移曲线确定。初始弹性阶段加载时，力卸载至0后试件变形完全恢复；试件屈服后发生塑性变形，力卸载至0后试件出现残余变形。
2　结果与分析
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2.1　试验现象
1）单向拉伸试验试件破坏现象
6061-T4铝合金试件在单向拉伸作用下的试验破坏现象如图4所示。由图可知，6061-T4铝合金试件表面光滑且具有明显的银白色金属光泽。在单向拉伸过程中，试件在破坏前有明显的颈缩现象。随后，铝合金试件的抗拉承载力持续下降直至断裂，并伴随着巨大声响。试验结束后，观察到6061-T4铝合金试件断裂面位于中部偏上位置，大部分断裂面与试件轴线呈45°方向，少部分断裂面形状不规则且凹凸不平，断裂面呈现颗粒状。
2）单向循环拉伸试验试件破坏现象
6061-T4铝合金试件高温冷却后在单向循环拉伸作用下的破坏现象如图5所示。由图可知，6061-T4铝合金试件暴露于不超过300 ℃的高温且冷却后，铝合金试件表面仍呈现银白色的金属光泽；随着加热温度的升高，铝合金表面的金属光泽逐渐减弱，其表面颜色的变化是由于在加热过程中铝合金表面会形成不同厚度的致密氧化物，这与文献[23]结论一致。在单向拉伸循环试验过程中，铝合金试件在破坏前均具有明显的颈缩现象，且加热温度越高，试件颈缩现象越明显；随后，铝合金试件受拉承载力下降，直至试件突然断裂并伴随巨大声响，但经历300 ℃高温热处理试件断裂时无响声，其颈缩现象明显，且持续时间长。6061-T4铝合金试件断裂处截面发生较大的横向收缩，断面边缘塑性变形明显，表明经历300 ℃温度处理后的铝合金试件变形能力显著增加。试验后观察到6061-T4铝合金试件断裂面位置在截面中心偏上位置，在温度为100~200 ℃时断裂面与试件轴线呈45°斜交，在温度为250~300 ℃时断裂面不规则且凸凹不平，所有断裂面颜色发白且呈颗粒状。
2.2　应力-应变关系曲线
1）单向拉伸试验试件的应力-应变关系曲线
6061-T4铝合金试件单向拉伸的试验结果如表2所示。表中，σy为铝合金的屈服应力；σu为铝合金的极限抗拉应力；εy为屈服应变；εu为极限应变；E为弹性模量；δ为屈强比，δ=fy/fu；A为断裂伸长率；ξ为断面收缩率；E1为单向拉伸试验的耗能。
6061-T4铝合金单向拉伸试验的应力-应变关系曲线如图6所示。由图可知，与传统钢材的应力-应变曲线不同，6061-T4铝合金试件在室温下的应力-应变关系曲线无明显屈服平台，在铝合金材料显著屈服后并未呈现明显的强化特征，试件的屈强比接近1.0，试件屈服后的强度储备比较小。铝合金试件的断裂伸长率平均为15.1%，在试验过程中有较为明显的颈缩现象，试件破坏模式呈一定的延性破坏，且应力-应变全曲线形状基本一致。虽然上述铝合金试件均取至同一块铝板，但铝合金材料力学性能仍呈现一定的离散性。
2）单向循环拉伸试验试件的应力-应变关系曲线
表3给出了室温及不同冷却方式下6061-T4铝合金试件单向循环拉伸的力学特征值。表中E2为单向循环拉伸试验的滞回耗能，其他符号含义同表1。6061-T4铝合金单向循环拉伸试验的应力-应变关系曲线如图7所示。
由表3及图7可知，6061-T4铝合金在经历100~300 ℃热处理且冷却后，其屈服强度、极限强度、断裂伸长率、屈强比、断面收缩率以及耗能能力相比于常温状态均有显著变化，但对其初始弹性模量影响不明显。室温下，6061-T4铝合金试件经历单向循环拉伸后，断裂伸长率低于单向拉伸试件，表明其在单向循环拉伸荷载作用下出现了一定的累积塑性损伤。浸水冷却条件下，6061-T4铝合金试件的屈服强度在加热温度为100~200 ℃区间时，与常温下相比增加约10%~20%；加热温度达到250、300 ℃时，6061-T4铝合金试件的屈服强度为常温性能的86.16%、44.47%，随着温度的升高，铝合金材料的屈服强度呈现先增大后减小的变化规律，当达到150 ℃附近时，屈服强度达到最大。极限抗拉强度在加热温度为100~200 ℃区间时，与常温下相比增加约4%~11%；加热温度达到250、300 ℃时，极限抗拉强度为常温性能的84.42%、60.28%。可得随着温度的升高，铝合金材料的极限抗拉强度呈现先增大后减小的变化规律，当达到150 ℃附近时，极限抗拉强度达到最大。断裂伸长率在加热温度为100~200 ℃区间时，与常温下相比增加约10%~12%；加热温度达到250 ℃时，断裂伸长率与常温性能较为接近，但加热温度达到300 ℃时，与常温下相比增加约25.36%。随着温度的升高，试件的断裂伸长率呈现先减小后增大的变化规律。断面收缩率在加热温度为100~200 ℃区间时，比常温结果增加约4% ~8%；加热温度达到250、300 ℃时，断面收缩率与常温下相比增加24.08%、47.57%。可以看出，随着温度的升高，试件的断面收缩率逐渐增大。自然冷却条件下，6061-T4铝合金试件的屈服强度在加热温度为100~200 ℃区间时，与常温下相比增加约5%~20%；加热温度达到250、300 ℃时，6061-T4铝合金试件的屈服强度为常温性能的79.78%、42.38%。其极限抗拉强度在加热温度为100~200 ℃区间时，与常温下相比增加约1%~10%；加热温度达到250、300 ℃时，极限抗拉强度为常温性能的80.76%、58.66%。断裂伸长率在加热温度为100~150 ℃区间以及250 ℃时，与常温下相比增加约11%~13%；在加热温度达到200 ℃时，断裂伸长率与常温性能较为接近，加热温度达到300 ℃时，与常温下相比增加约28.23%。断面收缩率在加热温度为100~200 ℃区间时，与常温下相比增加约7%~11%；加热温度达到250、300 ℃时，断面收缩率与常温下相比增加29.18%、50.75%。由此可知，浸水冷却与自然冷却2种不同的冷却方式对铝合金材料力学性能影响不大。由表3可知，不同冷却方式以及加热温度对6061-T4铝合金试件的屈强比影响较小。需要特殊说明的是在加热温度达到300 ℃时，6061-T4铝合金试件浸水冷却和自然冷却下屈强比分别为常温性能的73.84%、72.57%。
2.3　应力-应变骨架曲线
骨架曲线是每圈循环加载达到承载力峰值点依次相连所得到的轨迹曲线，可反映出试件在各阶段的强度、刚度、变形能力等力学特性。图8给出了6061-T4铝合金试件在加热温度为100~300 ℃且采用2种不同的冷却方式冷却后的骨架曲线对比。由图可知，铝合金试件骨架曲线形状与单向拉伸曲线形状相类似，且不同加热温度和冷却方式对于试件初始弹性模量影响不太明显，但对其抗拉承载力影响显著。在温度低于200 ℃时，6061-T4铝合金材料的变形能力略呈增加趋势，但对其抗拉承载力影响不明显；当温度超越200 ℃时，6061-T4铝合金试件的变形能力逐渐增大，且其抗拉承载力呈降低趋势，温度越高降低幅度越大。
2.4　耗能能力
构件滞回耗能通常可采用荷载-位移曲线的包络面积评估，滞回曲线越饱满，包络面积越大，耗能能力越强。本节重点评估了6061-T4铝合金试件在单向循环拉伸荷载作用下的累积滞回耗能能力，图9给出了不同温度、冷却方式下6061-T4铝合金试件的累积滞回耗能能力。由图可知，浸水冷却条件下，6061-T4铝合金试件累积滞回耗能在加热温度为100~200 ℃区间时，与常温下相比增加约15%~25%；加热温度达到250、300 ℃时，6061-T4铝合金试件的累积滞回耗能为常温性能的80.0%、70.6%。自然冷却条件下，6061-T4铝合金试件的累积滞回耗能在加热温度为100~150 ℃的区间时，与常温下相比增加约15%~30%；在加热温度为200~300 ℃区间时，6061-T4铝合金试件的累积滞回耗能分别为常温性能的94.1%、78.5%、69.1%。总体上，高温后6061-T4铝合金试件的累积滞回耗能随加热温度升高而呈现下降的趋势。累积滞回耗能与铝合金材料强度及单向拉伸循环圈数正相关，在材料强度相同的情况下，6061-T4铝合金试件的累积滞回耗能随单向拉伸循环圈数的增加而增加；在单向拉伸循环圈数一致的情况下，6061-T4铝合金试件的累积滞回耗能随材料强度提高而增加。
2.5　铝合金力学性能的对比
常温单向加载与单向循环作用的应力-应变（σ-ε）曲线对比如图10所示。由图可知，试件在单向循环荷载作用下与单向加载作用下的应力-应变关系曲线有一定的差别。弹性阶段单向循环作用下的σ-ε曲线与单向加载作用下σ-ε曲线一致，试件屈服后无明显强化特征；另一方面，试件TC-0的极限应力比单向加载试件平均极限应力提高了15.08%；由于在循环受拉过程中的塑性累积损伤，试件TC-0的断后伸长率（13.13%）要低于单向加载试件的平均断后伸长率（15.1%），表明试件在单向循环荷载作用下延性变差；铝合金断裂时的应力受到受拉循环作用的影响，单向循环荷载作用下应力值要略高于单向加载应力值。
为更好地表征试件加热后的延性变化规律，定义断裂应变比为断裂应变与屈服应变比值。其中，屈服应变指屈服点对应应变值；断裂应变指应力达到极限应力后断裂时的应变值。屈服应变退化比和极限应变退化比随温度的变化规律如图11所示。由图可知，随着温度的不断升高，与单向加载试验数据相比，单向循环荷载作用下应变退化的整体趋势为随着温度的不断升高，试件屈服提早；延性变化规律为先变差后变好。这表明试件在高温加热冷却后，铝合金内部微观结构发生变化导致铝合金试件力学性能改变。
3　结论
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共计完成了38个6061-T4铝合金板材试件在不同温度冷却后的单向及单向循环加载试验，获得了其破坏特征、应力-应变关系曲线、耗能能力等，评估了冷却方式和温度等因素对6061-T4铝合金材料力学性能的影响，得出以下主要结论：
1）6061-T4铝合金试件在常温下表面具有明显的银白色金属光泽，单向拉伸破坏前有明显的颈缩现象，断裂时有巨大声响，断裂面与试件轴线约呈45°方向，断裂面形状不规则且凹凸不平，呈现颗粒状。室温下6061-T4铝合金材料应力-应变关系曲线无明显屈服平台，屈服后无明显强化特征。
2）6061-T4铝合金试件在温度低于200 ℃冷却后，铝合金试件在单向拉伸循环荷载作用下破坏前颈缩明显，且断裂产生巨大声响，高温后力学性能指标与常温结果相近；当温度高于200 ℃时，6061-T4铝合金试件破坏前仍具有颈缩现象，断裂面不规则且凸凹不平，颜色发白且呈颗粒状。
3）6061-T4铝合金试件在温度低于200 ℃冷却后，铝合金试件的弹性模量、屈服强度和极限强度变化不明显；当温度高于200 ℃冷却后，铝合金试件的屈服强度和极限强度降低幅度较大，变形能力显著增加；冷却方式对铝合金试件的力学性能指标影响不明显。
4）6061-T4铝合金试件屈服后无明显强化特征。与单向荷载作用相比，铝合金试件因循环受拉作用导致塑性累积损伤，极限变形能力和延性变差。随着温度的升高，铝合金试件屈服提早，变形能力劣化，但当温度达到300 ℃时，变形能力略有提升。
5）6061-T4铝合金试件单向累积滞回耗能随着加热温度的升高而呈降低趋势，其降低原因是抗拉承载力降低所致。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51578355; 52378173)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20231343)
文献
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0117
  • 接收时间：2023-11-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期：2023-11-13
  • 修回日期：2024-02-28
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51578355; 52378173)
江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20231343)
作者信息
    苏州科技大学 土木工程学院，江苏 苏州 215011

通讯作者:

孙国华（1978—），男，教授，博士，主要从事钢结构及钢-混凝土组合结构抗震研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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