Article(id=1241786736141992288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714752000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-04, revisedDate=1718380800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773994629177, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773994629177, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773994629177, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994629177, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241786727631754095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773994627149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996954801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241786736364290414, articleId=1241786736141992288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=An innovative electromechanical clutching inerter damper integrated vibration reduction and energy absorption, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Clutching inerter damper (CID) has been extensively studied in structural vibration control recently. Because the passive CID device does not take into account flywheel speed reset and cannot achieve an ideal piecewise model, its control performance is limited. Therefore, this study explores the semi-active implementation of the ideal CID model. This paper begins with a comparative study of the ideal and passive analytical models of CID, providing insight into the performance differences and limitations of the two models. Subsequently, an electromechanical clutching inerter damper (ECID) scheme is proposed, which includes energy harvesting and variable inertance. The implementation of the electrical inertance, flywheel speed reset, and energy recovery functions are also discussed, and an electromechanical hybrid simulation model of the ECID is established. This paper thoroughly examines the control and energy recovery performance of the ECID through theoretical and simulation analyses. It explores the effects of resistance and capacitance in the ECID circuit on system performance and demonstrates that the ECID has significant vibration control and energy recovery capabilities. This study presents a comprehensive scheme for the implementation of CID, variable inertance, and energy recovery, which has theoretical reference significance for the development of self-powered semi-active variable inertance devices.

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近年来,离合惯容阻尼器(clutching inerter damper,CID)在结构振动控制中被广泛研究。由于被动CID装置未考虑飞轮速度重置并不能实现理想的分段模型,导致其控制性能受限,因此本研究探讨了CID理想模型的半主动实现。文中从理想CID模型与被动CID模型的对比研究出发,深入阐述了2种模型的性能差异与局限性。随后,提出了一种汲能减振一体化的机电离合惯容阻尼器(Electromechanical clutching inerter damper,ECID)方案,给出了电惯容、飞轮速度重置与汲能功能的实施方案,建立了ECID的机电混合仿真模型。通过理论与仿真分析,深入研究了ECID的控制性能和汲能性能,探究了ECID内部电路中电阻和电容对系统性能的影响,研究表明了ECID具有显著的振动控制和能量回收能力。本研究为离合惯容器、变惯容和能量回收提供了综合方案,对自供能半主动变惯容装置的发展具有理论参考意义。

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梁启刚(1994—),男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事结构振动控制研究。E-mail:
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李芦钰(1980—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构振动控制研究。E-mail:

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李芦钰(1980—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构振动控制研究。E-mail:

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李芦钰(1980—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构振动控制研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1241786736141992288, language=CN, label=图17, caption=ECID在SDOF系统中受谐振激励时的稳态能量回收功率, figureFileSmall=uoAbMic2yUyPTCj8iAewJA==, figureFileBig=leJG+/wB5FPkilVrkqFnhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802962176118805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786736141992288, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reduction rate of structural peak response under each scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案El Centro波位移El Centro波加速度Kobe波位移Kobe波加速度
ECID57.358.354.835.8
被动CID34.535.145.924.8
无控25.355.229.744.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241802962260004889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786736141992288, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各方案下结构峰值响应减震率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案El Centro波位移El Centro波加速度Kobe波位移Kobe波加速度
ECID57.358.354.835.8
被动CID34.535.145.924.8
无控25.355.229.744.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241802962385834014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786736141992288, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Reduction rate of structural variance response under each scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案El Centro波位移El Centro波加速度Kobe波位移Kobe波加速度
ECID61.160.876.574.6
被动CID52.148.359.357.1
无控-4.720.866.070.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241802962494885923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786736141992288, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各方案下结构方差响应减震率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案El Centro波位移El Centro波加速度Kobe波位移Kobe波加速度
ECID61.160.876.574.6
被动CID52.148.359.357.1
无控-4.720.866.070.5
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减振汲能一体化的新型机电离合惯容阻尼器
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李芦钰 1 , 赵紫阁 1 , 梁启刚 1 , 张晓华 2 , 欧进萍 1
地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025,45(1): 38-50
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地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025, 45(1): 38-50
减振汲能一体化的新型机电离合惯容阻尼器
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李芦钰1 , 赵紫阁1, 梁启刚1 , 张晓华2, 欧进萍1
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学 建设工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 2.大连理工大学 电气工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 李芦钰(1980—),男,教授,博士,主要从事结构振动控制研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

梁启刚(1994—),男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事结构振动控制研究。E-mail:
An innovative electromechanical clutching inerter damper integrated vibration reduction and energy absorption
Luyu LI1 , Zige ZHAO1, Qigang LIANG1 , Xiaohua ZHANG2, Jinping OU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2.School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0105
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近年来,离合惯容阻尼器(clutching inerter damper,CID)在结构振动控制中被广泛研究。由于被动CID装置未考虑飞轮速度重置并不能实现理想的分段模型,导致其控制性能受限,因此本研究探讨了CID理想模型的半主动实现。文中从理想CID模型与被动CID模型的对比研究出发,深入阐述了2种模型的性能差异与局限性。随后,提出了一种汲能减振一体化的机电离合惯容阻尼器(Electromechanical clutching inerter damper,ECID)方案,给出了电惯容、飞轮速度重置与汲能功能的实施方案,建立了ECID的机电混合仿真模型。通过理论与仿真分析,深入研究了ECID的控制性能和汲能性能,探究了ECID内部电路中电阻和电容对系统性能的影响,研究表明了ECID具有显著的振动控制和能量回收能力。本研究为离合惯容器、变惯容和能量回收提供了综合方案,对自供能半主动变惯容装置的发展具有理论参考意义。

机电离合惯容阻尼器  /  减振汲能一体化  /  半主动控制  /  能量回收

Clutching inerter damper (CID) has been extensively studied in structural vibration control recently. Because the passive CID device does not take into account flywheel speed reset and cannot achieve an ideal piecewise model, its control performance is limited. Therefore, this study explores the semi-active implementation of the ideal CID model. This paper begins with a comparative study of the ideal and passive analytical models of CID, providing insight into the performance differences and limitations of the two models. Subsequently, an electromechanical clutching inerter damper (ECID) scheme is proposed, which includes energy harvesting and variable inertance. The implementation of the electrical inertance, flywheel speed reset, and energy recovery functions are also discussed, and an electromechanical hybrid simulation model of the ECID is established. This paper thoroughly examines the control and energy recovery performance of the ECID through theoretical and simulation analyses. It explores the effects of resistance and capacitance in the ECID circuit on system performance and demonstrates that the ECID has significant vibration control and energy recovery capabilities. This study presents a comprehensive scheme for the implementation of CID, variable inertance, and energy recovery, which has theoretical reference significance for the development of self-powered semi-active variable inertance devices.

electromechanical clutching inerter damper (ECID)  /  integrated vibration reduction and energy absorption  /  semi-active control  /  energy recovery
李芦钰, 赵紫阁, 梁启刚, 张晓华, 欧进萍. 减振汲能一体化的新型机电离合惯容阻尼器. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (1) : 38 -50 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0105
Luyu LI, Zige ZHAO, Qigang LIANG, Xiaohua ZHANG, Jinping OU. An innovative electromechanical clutching inerter damper integrated vibration reduction and energy absorption[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 38 -50 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0105
结构振动控制策略广泛应用于土木工程结构中。YAO[1]提出了结构振动控制的概念。结构振动控制技术主要包括4种类型:被动控制、主动控制、半主动控制和混合控制。其中,被动控制技术因其原理简单、成本低廉、无需外部能量输入而成为工程中最常用的控制技术[2-3]。而半主动控制技术结合了被动控制和主动控制的优势,控制效果优于被动控制,且对外部能量输入需求较小[4-6]
作为一种新型减振单元,惯容器在结构振动控制领域受到广泛关注与研究。SMITH[7]于2002年首次提出了惯容器的概念,标志着该领域的重要里程碑。最早出现的惯容器装置是齿轮齿条式惯容器[8],然而,由于齿轮齿条机械的啮合存在齿隙问题[9-11],导致结构在运动方向变化时产生滞后和瞬时冲击力,进而影响了惯容器的效果。随后,PARAGEORGIOU等[10]于2005年提出了滚珠丝杠惯容器,其紧密的机械结构和灵活的安装方法为该领域带来了新的发展方向。WANG等[12]提出了液压惯容器,其能够承受大吨位载荷的直接作用,进一步拓展了惯容器的实现方式。齿轮齿条惯容器、滚珠丝杠惯容器和液压惯容器被认为是3种较为成熟的机械惯容器。此外,一些学者也开展了新型惯容阻尼器的理论和试验研究[13-15]。然而,尽管各类以机械方式实现的被动式惯容器在结构振动控制方面取得了一定进展,但它们都面临着一个共同的挑战,即如何实现易于封装的变惯容装置。
在外部激励不确定的情况下,被动式惯容器并非始终有利于抑制结构振动。因此,通过可变惯容实现更优控制变得十分必要。CHEN等[16]提出了一种基于半主动惯容器和半主动阻尼器的悬架,并提出了一种基于模型参考的半主动控制策略。HU等[17]提出了一种可变惯容惯容器。通过电机控制旋转体中活动质量块的位置,改变旋转体转动惯量来调整惯容器的惯容系数。该装置利用频率跟踪器跟踪激励频率,控制结构加速度和惯容器加速度的相位差保持在90°。BRZESKI等[18-20]将无极变速箱与惯容器结合,通过控制变速箱的传动比来改变惯容系数,但变速箱一般体积较大且结构复杂。FARAJ等[21]在2019年讨论并验证通过改变丝杠导程实现转动惯量调整的可能性,但丝杠导程是固定变化的,该方案本质上属于被动控制,变惯容方式不够灵活。HIRAMOTO等[22]提出了一种可变惯容惯容器,通过改变旋转体的转动半径实现变惯容,同时提出了一种基于模型参考的半主动控制策略,基于线性矩阵不等式(linear matrix inequalities,LMIs)方法设计参考主动控制律。TAKINO等[23]提出了一种可变惯容惯容器,该装置通过电机控制质量块的转动半径改变转动惯量,从而实现变惯容。他们利用实测位移数据进行快速傅里叶变换,使惯容器能够跟踪主频率,以实现半主动控制。综上可知,基于惯容器的半主动控制研究较少,且现有半主动变惯容装置不尽完善。一是变惯容方式的局限性。采用机械式变转动惯量的方式变惯容,一方面增加了机械装置的复杂性,另一方面限制了装置的可变惯容范围。二是半主动控制算法的局限性。基于主动控制律的控制算法,没有结合装置本身的特点,不能充分发挥半主动惯容装置的优势。
离合惯容阻尼器(clutching inerter damper,CID)的出现为变惯容装置及算法提供了一种新的形式。MAKRIS等[24]首次提出了CID的单向出力力学模型,该模型是一种理想模型,是符合BangBang控制策略的分段模型。WANG等[25]在单自由度(single-degree-of-freedom,SDOF)系统中对CID进行了性能分析,并与惯容器进行了对比分析,指出了CID模型在位移和加速度控制的优势。MÁLAGA-CHUQUITAYPE等[26]使用一种更实际的分析模型研究了棘轮刚度和齿轮啮合间隙等参数对结构响应的影响,并进行了3D打印装置的动力试验测试,指出了CID相对于惯容器的若干优势。LI等[27]对SDOF中的CID进行了等效线性化研究并将其拓展至多自由度结构分析中。随后,对惯容器、CID和含有减速机的CID进行了理论分析和振动台试验对比研究[28],指出提升附加惯性和阻尼均可提升被动CID装置的控制性能。
然而,被动CID装置由于未考虑飞轮速度重置并不能实现理想的分段模型,导致其控制性能受限。通过半主动方式实现其理想分段模型是一种更好的选择,但现有研究对变惯容装置的实现方式不利于装置封装。因此,本文提出一种减振汲能一体化的机电离合惯容阻尼器(electromechanical clutching inerter damper,ECID),该方案易于装置封装,不仅可以实现性能更优的分段控制模型,而且具有能量回收功能。本文的主要框架是:首先,建立了理想CID模型和被动CID模型在SDOF结构的运动方程,并对其性能进行了对比分析,阐述了2种模型的性能差异;其次,将离合惯容器、变惯容和能量回收结合,提出了一种可汲能和变惯容的机电离合器惯容阻尼器,给出了ECID内部电路的具体实施方案,推导了ECID的控制力表达式;再次,建立了ECID的机电混合仿真模型,分析了ECID内部电路参数对其减振和汲能效果的影响,给出了电路的参数设计建议;最后,对有关结论进行了梳理和总结。
离合惯容器的理想分段模型实际上难以通过被动方式实现,原因在于被动方式无法将飞轮的动能在减速阶段清零但不对加速阶段产生影响。虽然在被动离合惯容装置中引入阻尼可以给飞轮提供减速机制,但同时会在加速阶段给结构附加阻尼力。本章将对CID的被动分析模型与理想分段模型进行对比研究,探究理想分段模型的等效阻尼效果,同时为机电式离合惯容器的电容参数设计奠定基础。
理想CID在单自由度结构的简化分析模型如图1所示。飞轮中暗含的棘轮使得飞轮只能单向运动,保证结构可以加速驱动飞轮,而飞轮减速的惯性不能反馈到结构。CID中2个棘轮安装方向相反,保证一侧飞轮顺时针旋转,另一侧逆时针旋转,装置即可控制结构往复运动。
当结构受到外界激励时,结构产生水平运动。当结构处于加速阶段时,棘轮啮合,结构驱动飞轮转动,获得飞轮传递的惯性力;而当结构减速时,棘轮脱合,结构不接受飞轮惯性力,同时飞轮速度适时清零。CID的理想模型的数学模型如式(1)所示:
式中:b为CID工作时的惯质;β = b/m可定义为装置相对于质量为m的结构的附加惯质比;分别为装置两端点间的相对速度和加速度响应,当装置在单自由度系统中时,也可表示单自由度结构的响应。当结构处于加速阶段时,CID工作,其运动满足转矩平衡,忽略转动阻尼,则有
式中:FCID为CID产生的惯性力;Jf = MR2/2为CID中飞轮的转动惯量,MR分别为CID中飞轮的质量和半径;r为CID中齿轮的半径;为飞轮的旋转加速度。在理想条件下,假设齿轮和齿条紧密啮合,,联立式(2)可得
在地震激励下,CID在单自由度系统的运动方程为
式中:mkc分别为单自由度系统的质量、刚度和阻尼;x分别为单自由度系统的相对位移、速度和加速度;为地震加速度。
式(1)可以视为一个理想的单向传力模型,它暗含了飞轮速度可在结构每一个振动的减速阶段被清零,使得飞轮可以在结构每一个加速阶段被重新驱动获得动能,而这难以通过被动方式来实现。
理想CID模型要求飞轮每次被驱动前已经处于静止状态,如果给飞轮附加一定的黏滞阻尼,确实可以在棘轮脱合时给飞轮减速,但也会在棘轮闭合时提供阻尼。作为一种被动形式的方案,该方案可能近似实现理想模型的控制效果。在CID装置的2个飞轮上附加黏滞阻尼后,装置在单自由度系统的运动方程为
式中:Fat)和Fbt)为CID在2个方向提供的力;L为2个方向转动系统的阻尼系数;分别为2个方向转动系统的角加速度和角速度。Fat)和Fbt)还与装置和结构之间连接件受力相同,如式(6)所示:
式中:sign为符号函数。式(6)将结构和CID之间的连接考虑为阻尼器,且阻尼系数Cc足够大,两者之间通过阻尼器传递作用力。当Cc相对于结构阻尼足够大时,结构响应可基本不受Cc影响。
图2图3分别展示了附加不同阻尼的被动CID和理想CID在谐振激励下的峰值位移、加速度频响曲线以及El Centro和Kobe地震波下的位移和加速度时程图。计算中,结构质量m取为29.1 kg,固有频率ω取为2π rad/s,阻尼比ξ取为0.01,飞轮的转动惯量Jf取为0.005 9 kg•m2,齿轮半径r取0.026 m。图中γ=L/r/c是定义的飞轮附加阻尼比。
由图可知,当γ较小时,被动CID的控制效果不如理想CID,这是由于飞轮附加阻尼小,飞轮减速慢无法将速度及时减到0,而结构需要在速度大于飞轮时驱动飞轮,因此装置提供控制力的时间短,控制效果较差。当γ较大时,控制效果甚至超过了理想CID,这是由于飞轮附加阻尼大,飞轮速度可以及时减小到0,更加趋近于理想CID;另外,被动CID模型在结构加速阶段也向结构提供阻尼,也是其控制效果随γ增加而提升的原因。可以看出,理想CID的控制效果与附加一定阻尼的被动CID等效,可以推断理想CID模型是暗含阻尼效果的。
尽管通过引入黏滞阻尼可以提升被动CID的控制性能,达到理想模型的效果,但考虑变惯容、单向传力、黏滞阻尼实施与封装等问题后,被动装置的设计也显得尤为复杂。为了能够实现理想CID模型,本文提出了一种新的可汲能的机电式可变惯质离合惯容器,如图4所示。其工作原理是结构运动带动丝杠运动,单向轴承保证飞轮和直流电机单向运动,当结构处于加速阶段,单向轴承闭合,结构驱动飞轮和直流电机转动,获得飞轮提供的机械惯量和外接电路中提供的电惯量,同时直流电机作为发电机可以进行能量回收;而当结构减速时,单向轴承脱合,装置不提供惯量,同时外接电路提供阻尼将飞轮和直流电机速度清零。通过机电比拟理论可知,电容与电惯量对应,如果外界电路中采用调节方便的可变电容,ECID便实现了可变惯质的能力,和汲能属性一起为后续自供能半主动变惯容控制奠定基础。本文重点是对ECID装置的预期性能进行探究,变惯容控制策略与CID理想模型一致。
FIRESTONE[29]于1933年提出了机电比拟理论,SMITH[7]2002年提出惯容器的同时也完善了该理论。将力与电流类比,将速度与电压类比,可得到惯容器、阻尼、弹簧与电容、电阻、电感的对应关系,如图5所示。可知,电容与惯容器相对应,这也为后文电惯容的实现提供了理论依据。
电惯容部分的构造原理如图6所示,直流电机的转子与飞轮通过转轴相连,直流电机的电枢与外接电路串联。飞轮驱动直流电机转子转动,在磁场中产生电磁感应,进而在电枢和外接电路中产生电流,此时转子受到磁场对它的旋转运动进行阻碍的电磁转矩。
图6中,ω为转子旋转角速度;T1为旋转运动的转矩;Te为电磁转矩;T0为直流电机的阻尼转矩;Ia为电枢电流;Ze为电枢外接电路的阻抗。为了提升惯容器的电惯容,可以通过改变外接阻抗Ze的大小来调节电磁转矩。直流电机的感应电动势和电磁转矩由式(7)、式(8)所示:
式中:kekT分别为直流电机的电动势常数和转矩常数;EaTe分别为直流电机的感应电动势和电磁转矩。直流电机的电枢电路模型方程和动力学方程为
式中:J为直流电机转子和转轴的转动惯量;Jf为飞轮的转动惯量;RaLa分别为直流电机电枢的电阻和电感。滚珠丝杠将直线运动和旋转运动互相转换,可以得到,
式中:p为滚珠丝杠的导程。根据上文中的机电比拟理论可知,电容和惯容器相对应,为了保证电枢和外接电路只提供电惯容,其所有阻抗应只有电容,因此外接电路中的阻抗由式(13)所示:
式中:C为电容。由式(13)可知,外接阻抗由一个电容,一个负电枢电阻和一个负电枢电感组成。可以采用ANTONIOU[29]提出的浮动负阻抗转换器来实现负电枢电阻和负电枢电感。其中负阻抗电路将式(7)~式(9)、式(11)~式(13)代入式(10),忽略直流电机的阻尼转矩T0,可以得到,
式中:bebm分别为电惯量和机械惯量;βeβm分别为电惯质比和机械惯质比。
由式(16)可知,改变装置的机械惯量,需要改变飞轮的转动惯量或者传动比和导程,该方式不够灵活。因此,本研究提出在电机电路中使用可变电容来实现可变电惯量,有效克服机械变惯量的笨重。可变电容的大小调节方便,体积小巧,易于封装于装置内部,可有效减小惯容器的体积和质量。
ECID的内部电路如图7所示,该电路可实现可变电惯容、飞轮减速和能量回收的功能。
图7中分段电惯容-能量回收是指,当ECID处于加速阶段时,开关1、3断开,开关2闭合,为结构提供电惯量,当结构处于减速阶段时,开关1、3闭合,开关2断开,能量回收电路回收电容中的能量,电阻R为飞轮提供电阻尼。机械惯量的本质是飞轮承载动能,而电惯量的本质是电容储存电能。当结构一侧ECID不工作时,将电容中的电能存储到电池中,这样既达到电容释放电能的目的,也达到了汲能的目的,同时电阻R给飞轮提供电阻尼使其减速制动以保证其循环工作。当结构处于减速阶段时,外接电路中只有电阻,得到式(19):
由式(19)可知,(2π/p2kTke/R与阻尼是对应的。电阻与阻尼成反比,电阻越小,阻尼越大。在前文提到的机电比拟,电阻的倒数与阻尼相对应,也提供了依据。由前文知,当γ=1时,被动CID效果优于理想CID。当直流电机的转矩常数kT为1 N•m/A,直流电机的电动势常数ke为1 V•s/rad,p为0.163 m时,电阻小于404.5 Ω可认为阻尼满足飞轮减速至0的需求,从而实现理想分段模型,如式(20)所示:
式中:b=(2π/p2J+Jf+kTkeC)为ECID工作时提供的惯容系数。
本章将在SDOF系统中对ECID进行机电系统混合动力仿真研究,以评估ECID的减振和汲能效果。其次,也将对比电惯容与机械惯容的一致性,分析装置内部电路对系统性能的附加影响。
基于前文建立的ECID模型,首先建立ECID在单自由度结构系统的运动方程:
式中:mωξ分别为结构的质量、自振频率和阻尼比;x分别为结构的相对位移、速度和加速度;为地震加速度;Ft)为机械惯容提供的力;Tt)为电惯容提供的力矩。Ft)和Tt)表达式为
理想状态下,负阻抗电路能完全抵消电感和电阻,但是为了满足劳斯判据需要在仿真模型中保留一部分电阻。ECID在SDOF结构中的机电混合仿真模型通过Simulink平台搭建,如图8所示。
分别对无控、被动CID和ECID这3种方案进行动力仿真并绘制结构响应频响曲线,如图9所示。仿真中结构参数取值同1.3节。由于直流电机转子远小于飞轮的转动惯量,因此可以忽略其转动惯量。飞轮的转动惯量Jf为0.0059 kg•m2,滚珠丝杠导程p为0.163 m;直流电机的转矩常数kT为1 N•m/A,直流电机的电动势常数ke为1 V•s/rad;外接电路中电容C为0.0025 F,电阻R为1.3 Ω。被动CID模型的阻尼参数γ为0.03,其他参数与ECID方案一致。
图9可以看出ECID比被动CID控制效果更优,并且ECID对结构共振频率的减小也比被动CID明显。这是由于被动CID的附加阻尼较小,飞轮无法快速制动,实现惯性力的有效利用。除此之外,ECID还能在工作过程中进行能量回收,本文分别选取低、中、高3档频率,计算ECID在对应频率的正弦荷载下的能量回收情况。低、中、高频频率分别取π、2π和3π rad/s,分别绘制出两方向阻尼器中电机功率的时程图,如图10所示,P1P2分别是2个方向的能量回收功率。取仿真时间50 s,用功率对时间进行积分,得到能量回收的功,经过计算,在低、中、高频荷载下分别回收1.34、68.18、5.22能量。可以推断,结构在高频和低频激励下振动小,振动能量少,ECID可回收的能量较少,共振频率(2π rad/s)附近结构振动剧烈,ECID可回收的能量较多。
考虑无控、被动CID和ECID这3种方案输入地震激励,绘制结构位移和加速度的时程曲线,如图11所示。对比3种方案下的结构位移和加速度曲线,可以看出ECID比被动CID控制效果明显。为了量化ECID和被动CID的控制效果,分别计算了ECID、被动CID的峰值响应和方差响应减震率,同时为了突出被动CID相对于传统惯容器的优势,也计算了惯容器控制下的结构响应和减震率,如表1表2所示。
表1表2可知,对于位移响应控制,ECID优于被动CID和惯容器,值得一提的惯容器在El Centro波下的方差响应有所放大,这也是惯容器的一个短板。对于加速度响应控制,惯容器总体表现较好,这也是惯容器的优势;ECID明显优于被动CID,可媲美或超越惯容器,特别是对El Centro波下方差响应控制。
图12显示了ECID在地震激励下的能量回收功率曲线。经过计算,ECID在El Centro和Kobe地震激励下,可分别回收3.98、20.92 J能量。
本节对ECID的变惯容能力进行深入研究。由前述可知ECID的惯容系数b=(2π/p2•(J+Jf+kTkeC),其中电机转子转动惯量J可以忽略,通过改变飞轮转动惯量Jf和内部电路的可变电容C可以改变ECID的惯容系数。首先,保持机械惯容不变,增大电惯容,将电容C从0.0025 F逐步增大至0.0080 F。绘制不同参数的频响曲线,如图13所示。可以看出,随着ECID中电容C增大,位移和加速度的控制效果明显增强。这是由于增大电容直接增加电惯量,机械惯量不变,总惯量增加,ECID的控制性能增强。
为了进一步研究电惯容与机械惯容的功能一致性,保持ECID总惯容系数不变,减小机械惯容部分,用电惯容取代。由于直流电机的转矩常数kT和电动势常数ke的值都是1,所以保持JfC的和一定即可。转动惯量Jf从0.0059 kg•m2逐步减小至0.0004 kg•m2,电容C从0.0025 F逐步增大至0.0080 F,绘制出了不同电容参数下结构的频响曲线,如图14所示。
图14可知,虽然ECID的总惯容一定,但是随着电容C增大,电惯容比例增加,结构共振响应呈轻微下降趋势。这是由于仿真模型为了满足劳斯判据,保留了部分电阻,电阻和电容产生耦合作用对系统产生了影响。此处,可以通过线性机电惯容器系统简单进行验证。首先,建立含有电阻和电容的机电惯容模型,直流电机的电枢电路模型方程可以由式(24)所示:
忽略直流电机的阻尼转矩T0和电机转子的转动惯量J,对式(21)和式(24)分别进行拉氏变换后再将式(24)代入式(21),可以得到SDOF系统的响应传递函数为
固定电阻R为1.3 Ω,转动惯量Jf从0.0059 kg•m2逐步减小至0.0004 kg•m2,电容C从0.0025 F逐步增大至0.0080 F,绘制了图15的系统Bode图。可以看出,此系统可以看作一个同时含有比例环节和惯性环节的系统。随着电容C逐步变大,Bode图中峰值响应逐渐减小,相位从0°减小到-180°的过程也在逐渐变缓,可以看出系统的阻尼在逐步变大。说明在安装了机电惯容的SDOF系统中,当电阻较小时,系统阻尼随电容C增大而增大,而图14所示的ECID系统与此类似。
当电机外接电路中只有电阻的情况下,电阻尼为(2π/p2kTke/R,理论上电阻越小,ECID的控制效果更好。将飞轮的转动惯量Jf固定为0.0001 kg•m2,电容C分别取0.008 0 F和0.005 0 F,电阻R分别取1、10、20、30、40 Ω,其它参数不变。绘制不同电阻下的结构位移频响曲线,如图16所示。
图16可知,位移频响曲线的峰值并非如前文所述的随着电阻变小而变小,随着电阻从1Ω增大到40 Ω,频响曲线的峰值出现了先减小后增大的趋势。这是由于外接电路中同时包括电容和电阻时,两者具有耦合效应,电容一定时,电阻在1~40 Ω区间内存在最优值。对比图16(a)和(b)可知,以位移频响曲线的峰值最小为优化目标,当电容取0.0080 F时,电阻的最优取值在10 Ω附近;当电容取0.0050 F时,电阻的最优取值在20 Ω附近,不同电容参数对应的电阻最优取值不同。随着电阻的增加,能量回收效果也会减弱,因此,在位移控制满足要求时,应尽可能减小电阻取值。在变惯容的半主动控制策略中,当需要调节电惯容,即改变电容大小的时候,需要将电阻调至最优取值。
为了明确电机外接电路中电容和电阻对ECID能量回收效果的影响,绘制了不同频率正弦激励下的稳态功率曲线,如图17所示。
图17(a)可知,电容一定时,电阻越大,能量回收功率越小。这是由于电阻越大,耗能越多,回收的能量越少。因此,当控制效果满足要求时,电阻应尽可能减小取值以回收更多能量。图17(b)分析了电阻不变时,总惯量一定,不同电惯量占比下的能量回收效果。随着电容增加,电惯量占比提高,能量回收功率增大。这是因为总惯量一定,结构传递给ECID的动能一定,而电惯量占比高,意味着可回收的能量越多。图17(c)分析了电阻不变时,机械惯量一定,电惯量改变对能量回收的影响。可以看出,电容增加,能量回收功率电峰值变化不明显,趋势不明。这是由于总惯量增大,结构振动和系统能量输入也会减小,电惯容比例虽然增大,能量回收未必显著增加。
研究表明理想CID具有优异的控制性能,但其力学模型无法通过被动装置实现,因此本文提出一种半主动实现方式。设计了一种减振汲能一体化的新型机电离合惯容阻尼器(ECID),对ECID的电惯容、飞轮速度重置、汲能等功能的实现进行了具体的电气设计,建立了ECID在单自由度结构系统的机电混合仿真模型,并开展了深入的理论分析。得出如下结论:
1)对比了理想和被动CID模型的性能差异,分析了附加黏滞阻尼的被动CID的控制效果,随着附加阻尼的增加,被动CID模型的控制效果逐渐超越理想CID模型,被动CID的附加阻尼为飞轮减速提供了阻尼需求,也为ECID飞轮速度重置的电路设计提供了参考。
2)设计了ECID的电惯容、飞轮速度重置和汲能等功能的电路模型;实现了在结构加速阶段惯容系数可调,减速阶段飞轮动能可减速置零,同时电容储存能量可被回收多个功能。
3)分析了ECID内部电路中的电容对系统减振和汲能效果的影响。结果表明,电路参数确定的情况下,ECID在结构共振工况下能量回收最多。通过增大电容增加电惯容,有利于抑制结构振动。在总惯容系数一定时,电惯容占比越高,汲能效果越好。
4)分析了电惯容与机械惯容的一致性,在总惯容系数一定时,分析了增加电惯容比例对系统性能的影响,指出增加电容会在系统中引入阻尼项,对减振效果具有微弱提升。
5)分析了ECID内部电路中的电阻对系统减振和汲能效果的影响。从减振角度看,电阻存在一定的最优值对应最优控制。从汲能角度看,电阻越大,能量回收越差,在满足减振需求的同时应尽可能减小设计电阻。
本研究主要以理论和仿真分析为主,探索了ECID的可行性和预期性能,未来将会开展相关的试验研究,形成更成熟的自供能半主动变惯容减振装置。
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目(GZB20230103)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52308305)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0105
  • 接收时间:2024-05-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-04
  • 修回日期:2024-06-15
基金
国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目(GZB20230103)
国家自然科学基金项目(52308305)
作者信息
    1.大连理工大学 建设工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
    2.大连理工大学 电气工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024

通讯作者:

梁启刚(1994—),男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事结构振动控制研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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