Article(id=1241786728181207926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0104, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1718294400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773994627279, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773994627279, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773994627279, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994627279, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241786727631754095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773994627149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996954801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241786728369951608, articleId=1241786728181207926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=A unit stiffness energy-drive point retention method for the optimal layout of structural array sensors, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The main task of the building structure array is to record the failure process of civil engineering structures in detail, and to provide structural response information for many related studies such as seismic design, seismic damage assessment, and earthquake safety alarm. However, due to the constraints of economic cost, field testing technology and data processing level, it is unrealistic to deploy sensor monitoring equipment on all floors of the entire structure, so how to obtain the most complete structural information with the least number of sensors is the purpose of optimizing the layout of structural array sensors. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the effective independent method and the modal kinetic energy method, a unit stiffness energy-driving point retention method was proposed, considering the advantages and disadvantages of the effective independent method and the modal kinetic energy method. In this method, the unit stiffness modal energy is used as the information matrix, and the principle of effective independence method is used to screen the measurement points, so as to ensure that the high-energy measurement points maintain linear independence to the greatest extent. Finally, taking a steel frame as an example, the proposed method, the effective independence method, the modal kinetic energy method and the unit stiffness method are used to lay the sensors on the model respectively, and the modal assurance criterion and the Fisher information matrix criterion are used to evaluate the layout results of the four methods. The results show that, compared with the other three methods, the proposed method has the least number of sensors when the mode vectors are linearly independent, and the proposed method can obtain the most modal information with the same number of sensors.

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建筑结构台阵是目前了解和掌握工程结构在强地震作用下反应的最直接手段之一,其主要任务是详细记录土木工程结构破坏的过程,为抗震设计、震害评估和地震安全报警等多项相关研究提供结构反应信息。然而,受经济成本、现场测试技术和数据处理水平等多方面因素的制约,在整个结构的所有楼层上布设传感器监测设备是不现实的,因此如何用最少的传感器来获得尽可能完备的结构信息是结构台阵传感器优化布设的目的。针对有效独立法易丢失能量较大测点和模态动能法测点过于集中在能量较大位置从而导致结构重要模态信息丢失的不足,综合考虑有效独立法和模态动能法的优缺点,提出一种传感器优化布设的单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法。该方法以单位刚度模态能量作为信息矩阵,运用有效独立法的原理进行测点筛选,以保证高能量测点最大程度保持线性独立。最后,以一个钢框架作为算例,分别采用本文方法、有效独立法、模态动能法和单位刚度法在算例模型上布设传感器,利用模态保证准则和Fisher信息矩阵准则对4种方法的布设结果进行评判。结果表明:相比较其他3种方法,当测量振型向量线性独立时,文中方法传感器数目最少;且在相同的传感器数目情况下,文中方法可以获得最多的模态信息。

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张令心(1967—),女,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:
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胡莹迪(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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The minimum number of sensors required for the four layout methods

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布设方法有效独立法(EI)模态动能法(MKE)单位刚度法(MUE)单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)
传感器最少数目/个18181414
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4种布设方法所需的最少传感器数目

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布设方法有效独立法(EI)模态动能法(MKE)单位刚度法(MUE)单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)
传感器最少数目/个18181414
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Location of the measurement points at the minimum number of sensors required for each method

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布设方法测点位置
有效独立法(EI)2y、4x、5x、8y、9y、12xy、13x、14y、15y、18xy、22y、24y、28y、29x、30xy
模态动能法(MKE)3z、5x、7xz、9xz、10y、12z、13y、17xyz、19xyz、25x、29z
单位刚度法(MUE)3y、5z、9y、12yz、13xy、17y、19xy、22y、25y、27x、30z
单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)5x、9xy、10xyz、12z、13z、17y、19y、22y、23x、25y、30z
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各方法在所需最少的传感器数目下测点的位置

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布设方法测点位置
有效独立法(EI)2y、4x、5x、8y、9y、12xy、13x、14y、15y、18xy、22y、24y、28y、29x、30xy
模态动能法(MKE)3z、5x、7xz、9xz、10y、12z、13y、17xyz、19xyz、25x、29z
单位刚度法(MUE)3y、5z、9y、12yz、13xy、17y、19xy、22y、25y、27x、30z
单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)5x、9xy、10xyz、12z、13z、17y、19y、22y、23x、25y、30z
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Comparison of the effects of the four layout methods

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比较准则布设方法
有效独立法(EI)模态动能法(MKE)单位刚度法(MUE)单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)
传感器数目1814181418141814
MAC最大非对角元0.1390.8000.0850.7380.1560.2300.1560.230
0.3980.2900.3930.3040.3890.2820.4440.349
2范数0.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.3751.0001.000
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4种布设方法的效果比较

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比较准则布设方法
有效独立法(EI)模态动能法(MKE)单位刚度法(MUE)单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)
传感器数目1814181418141814
MAC最大非对角元0.1390.8000.0850.7380.1560.2300.1560.230
0.3980.2900.3930.3040.3890.2820.4440.349
2范数0.5000.5000.5000.5000.5000.3751.0001.000
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Comparison of the number of floating-point operations of the four layout methods in the 17th-order mode

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布设方法浮点运算次数(n=72,m=17)
有效独立法(EI)3nm2+m3+m2+nm=68850
模态动能法(MKE)2n3+2n2=756864
单位刚度法(MUE)3n3+4n2+n=1140552
单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)3n3+4n2+2n+nm=1141848
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取17阶模态时4种布设方法的浮点运算次数比较

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布设方法浮点运算次数(n=72,m=17)
有效独立法(EI)3nm2+m3+m2+nm=68850
模态动能法(MKE)2n3+2n2=756864
单位刚度法(MUE)3n3+4n2+n=1140552
单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)3n3+4n2+2n+nm=1141848
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Comparison of the first-order frequency recognition results of each layout method

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方法有限元模型固有频率/Hz识别频率/Hz误差/%
有效独立法(EI)6.49226.4700.34
模态动能法(MKE)6.4820.15
单位刚度法(MUE)6.4900.03
单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)6.4900.03
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各布置方法第1阶频率识别结果对比

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方法有限元模型固有频率/Hz识别频率/Hz误差/%
有效独立法(EI)6.49226.4700.34
模态动能法(MKE)6.4820.15
单位刚度法(MUE)6.4900.03
单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)6.4900.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241802954915774821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786728181207926, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of the second-order frequency recognition results of each layout method

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方法有限元模型固有频率/Hz识别频率/Hz误差/%
有效独立法(EI)6.86956.83590.50
模态动能法(MKE)6.86200.11
单位刚度法(MUE)6.86540.06
单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)6.86520.06
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各布置方法第2阶频率识别结果对比

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方法有限元模型固有频率/Hz识别频率/Hz误差/%
有效独立法(EI)6.86956.83590.50
模态动能法(MKE)6.86200.11
单位刚度法(MUE)6.86540.06
单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)6.86520.06
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Comparison of the third-order frequency recognition results of each layout method

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方法有限元模型固有频率/Hz识别频率/Hz误差/%
有效独立法(EI)7.48017.51640.380
模态动能法(MKE)7.49170.110
单位刚度法(MUE)7.47000.140
单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)7.47900.015
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各布置方法第3阶频率识别结果对比

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方法有限元模型固有频率/Hz识别频率/Hz误差/%
有效独立法(EI)7.48017.51640.380
模态动能法(MKE)7.49170.110
单位刚度法(MUE)7.47000.140
单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法(MUE-DPR)7.47900.015
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一种结构台阵传感器优化布设的单位刚度能量-驱动点留数法
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胡莹迪 1, 2 , 张令心 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025,45(1): 28-37
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地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025, 45(1): 28-37
一种结构台阵传感器优化布设的单位刚度能量-驱动点留数法
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胡莹迪1, 2 , 张令心1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 胡莹迪(1999—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张令心(1967—),女,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:
A unit stiffness energy-drive point retention method for the optimal layout of structural array sensors
Yingdi HU1, 2 , Lingxin ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0104
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建筑结构台阵是目前了解和掌握工程结构在强地震作用下反应的最直接手段之一,其主要任务是详细记录土木工程结构破坏的过程,为抗震设计、震害评估和地震安全报警等多项相关研究提供结构反应信息。然而,受经济成本、现场测试技术和数据处理水平等多方面因素的制约,在整个结构的所有楼层上布设传感器监测设备是不现实的,因此如何用最少的传感器来获得尽可能完备的结构信息是结构台阵传感器优化布设的目的。针对有效独立法易丢失能量较大测点和模态动能法测点过于集中在能量较大位置从而导致结构重要模态信息丢失的不足,综合考虑有效独立法和模态动能法的优缺点,提出一种传感器优化布设的单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法。该方法以单位刚度模态能量作为信息矩阵,运用有效独立法的原理进行测点筛选,以保证高能量测点最大程度保持线性独立。最后,以一个钢框架作为算例,分别采用本文方法、有效独立法、模态动能法和单位刚度法在算例模型上布设传感器,利用模态保证准则和Fisher信息矩阵准则对4种方法的布设结果进行评判。结果表明:相比较其他3种方法,当测量振型向量线性独立时,文中方法传感器数目最少;且在相同的传感器数目情况下,文中方法可以获得最多的模态信息。

结构台阵  /  单位刚度能量  /  驱动点留数法  /  传感器  /  优化布设

The main task of the building structure array is to record the failure process of civil engineering structures in detail, and to provide structural response information for many related studies such as seismic design, seismic damage assessment, and earthquake safety alarm. However, due to the constraints of economic cost, field testing technology and data processing level, it is unrealistic to deploy sensor monitoring equipment on all floors of the entire structure, so how to obtain the most complete structural information with the least number of sensors is the purpose of optimizing the layout of structural array sensors. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the effective independent method and the modal kinetic energy method, a unit stiffness energy-driving point retention method was proposed, considering the advantages and disadvantages of the effective independent method and the modal kinetic energy method. In this method, the unit stiffness modal energy is used as the information matrix, and the principle of effective independence method is used to screen the measurement points, so as to ensure that the high-energy measurement points maintain linear independence to the greatest extent. Finally, taking a steel frame as an example, the proposed method, the effective independence method, the modal kinetic energy method and the unit stiffness method are used to lay the sensors on the model respectively, and the modal assurance criterion and the Fisher information matrix criterion are used to evaluate the layout results of the four methods. The results show that, compared with the other three methods, the proposed method has the least number of sensors when the mode vectors are linearly independent, and the proposed method can obtain the most modal information with the same number of sensors.

structural array  /  unit stiffness energy  /  drive point retention method  /  sensors  /  optimal layout
胡莹迪, 张令心. 一种结构台阵传感器优化布设的单位刚度能量-驱动点留数法. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (1) : 28 -37 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0104
Yingdi HU, Lingxin ZHANG. A unit stiffness energy-drive point retention method for the optimal layout of structural array sensors[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 28 -37 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0104
地震引起的建筑物破坏是导致人员伤亡和经济损失的主要原因。随着城市化进程的加快,城市内的人口数量和生产力水平大幅提高,这意味着一旦发生强烈地震,可能造成的人员伤亡和经济损失会更加巨大。面对城市地震灾害风险加剧的严峻形势,不能仅仅局限于建筑结构已有的设防目标,还需要保证结构具备充分的抗震能力。通过建筑结构台阵,人们可以得到结构在地震动下的真实响应,并通过实际观测数据了解工程结构在真实地震下的破坏机理,以此来优化结构设计方法,提升结构的抗震性能,尽可能地减少人们的生命财产损失。为此,世界各国都在大力发展建筑结构台阵。美国自1932年成功研制了世界第一台强震加速度仪后不断推进对结构台阵的布设工作,并利用获得的地震加速度记录来修正抗震设计规范。美国最新的建筑结构台阵已经实现能在日常使用中对结构进行实时的健康监测及评价,震后快速评估及采取预警措施,满足人们对安全日益增长的需求,同时能帮助政府更好地进行决策。随着我国多次遭受重大地震,结构台阵的研究工作也获得了更多的关注。我国防灾科技学院长庚楼的结构台阵获得了场地强震动观测记录,促进了我国的防灾减灾事业[1]
结构台阵旨在取得结构在地震作用下的振动反应和输入地震动情况的记录,这就相当于对结构进行一次原型结构振动试验。真实结构的地震反应能够进一步验证或者改进在理论分析和振动台试验时进行简化假设处理的模型[2]。此外,由于台阵的记录数据中包含着大量结构特性和结构抗震性能方面的信息[3],研究结构在实际地震中的反应过程是提高结构分析和设计水平进而减轻地震灾害的一种非常有效的手段。因此,通过布设结构台阵来获得地震反应的实测数据是十分必要的。结构台阵中使用的传感器越多,结构振动特性的描述也就越准确。然而,受工程实际条件和经济成本等因素限制,在所有楼层都布置传感器既不现实,也不必要。如何对一个特定结构进行传感器的合理布设,最有效地记录到结构在地震下的响应信息,为开展工程结构数值分析模型验证更新、地震安全报警和震害评估等工作提供数据基础,进而为救援与重建工作提供指导以及推动结构抗震分析和设计的发展进步提供依据。
现有传感器的布设方法大致可分为两大类:一类是优化目标函数的传统方法,如有效独立法(effective independence method,EI)[4]、QR分解法[5]和运动能量法[6],每种方法均有各自的局限性;另一类是优化搜索技术的智能方法,如遗传算法[7]、模拟退火算法[8]、萤火虫算法[9]和猴群算法[10],这些算法的主要思想是搜寻目标函数的全局最优值,但如何避免陷入局部最优以及如何提升运算速度,还有待进一步研究[11]。近年来,为了结合各种方法的优点,进一步提高结构响应信息的有效性和降低布设成本,人们在传统方法和智能优化方法的基础上,尝试将多种评价准则或将传统方法与智能方法相结合,例如,YAO等[12]最早提出在有效独立法的基础上,把信息阵行列式的值作为适应值,应用遗传算法进行优化迭代的改进方法;谢建宏等[13]运用遗传算法结合神经网络提出了一种遗传神经网络算法;王剑等[14]提出一种兼顾多目标值的多目标优化函数的方法;王璋奇等[15]提出一种先利用QR分解法选择初始测点,后优化目标函数的二维模态置信准则法。这些方法由于考虑到更多的影响因子,优化效果更为明显。然而在工程实践中,越智能的方法意味着要投入更多的布设成本以及更大的运算量。这在高水平城市化,城市建筑密集的背景中,无法满足我们对布设更多结构台阵的需求。
现有方法中,有效独立法和模态动能法(modal kinetic energy method,MKE)这2种传统的传感器布设方法以其简单快速的优点,在目前实际试验中应用比较广泛,但也都有其自身的局限性。其中,有效独立法虽能从有限元模态矩阵中选择最佳的测量点组合来识别目标模式[4],但传感器不一定分布在具有较大模态动能的位置,这可能会失去反映结构真实状态的重要参数信息;模态动能法则严重依赖于有限元网格划分,如果划分较粗,传感器将分布较远,如果划分较细,传感器将分布过近[6]。鉴于此,目前很多学者对上述算法均提出了改进,如LI等[16]提出一个通过正交三角分解快速计算有效独立法系数的方法,避免了传统的有效独立法计算中所需要的对信息阵进行特征值分解或者计算逆矩阵的过程,克服了其计算量大的缺点;IMAMOVIC[17]为克服有效独立法布置结果中可能包含低能量测点的不足,在计算有效独立分布向量的分量上乘以一个加权系数,即驱动点留数(残差)(driving point residue,DPR),并称其为有效独立-驱动点留数法(EI-DPR);吴子燕等[18]提出了以单位刚度的模态应变能(modal strain energy per unit stiffness,MUE)作为驱动点残差系数来修正有效独立法(EI)的传感器布置方案,称之为有效独立-驱动点残差法(EI-DPR)。这些方法只是从线性独立或高能量单方面因素考虑布设效果,再用另一因素进行简单的修正,并未将2种影响因素相结合来进行优化布设。
为此,本文综合考虑有效独立法和模态动能法的优缺点,提出了一种建筑结构台阵传感器优化布设的单位刚度能量-驱动点留数法。考虑到质量和刚度对测点能量的影响,将吴子燕等[18]提出的单位刚度模态应变能作为信息矩阵,运用有效独立法的原理进行测点筛选,以保证高能量测点最大程度保持线性独立;以刘伟[19]由多自由度系统频响函数矩阵推导出的平均加速度幅值公式为依据,作为信息矩阵的加权修正系数。然后将单位刚度能量-驱动点留数法与有效独立法、模态动能法、单位刚度法进行了比较;以4层钢框架作为算例,运用MAC矩阵非对角线元素平均值和最大值准则及Fisher信息矩阵迹准则和范数准则[20]评价各种优化布置方法的优劣。本文的传感器优化布设方法研究可为具体工程结构台阵布设提供经济简便的方案。
考虑到有效独立法[4]能保证测点组合线性独立性的优点和能量法[6]能保证测点处于高能量位置的优点,本文综合2种方法的优点,用有效独立法[4]的步骤来处理测点的能量矩阵,在测点具有高能量的同时保证了测点的线性独立性。具体方法如下:
对于线性时不变结构,任一点响应均可表示成模态向量的线性组合,故传感器输出响应可以表示为
式中:u为结构输出响应;Φ为结构m×n大小的模态矩阵,m为自由度,n为模态阶数;q为模态坐标;S为方差为σ2的高斯白噪声,假设测量噪声相互独立,并且对各个传感器测量信号的统计特性相同。
根据估计理论,可由部分测点来估计出结构的输出响应。基于此,国内外学者提出了各种布设方法。其中,有效独立法(EI)[4]是基于利用待识别参数估计误差的协方差达到最小来获取最佳估计的思路,通过Fisher信息矩阵的特征方程,构造幂等矩阵E
式中:A矩阵为Fisher信息矩阵的逆矩阵;ΨA矩阵的特征向量;λA矩阵的特征值。
获得幂等矩阵E后,通过E矩阵对角元大小按顺序对测点优先进行排序,对角元大小代表着对应测点对模态线性独立性贡献度的大小;之后删除对目标模态线性无关贡献度最小的自由度,保留对模态独立性贡献较大的自由度;逐步删除迭代至尽可能使模态矩阵线性无关,直至更好地反映原结构的特性为止。
然而,有效独立法只关注测点组合模态的线性独立性,并未考虑能量因素,可能含有振动能量较低的测点。鉴于此,有学者提出了能量法[6]。能量法的基本原理是模态位移较大的位置,其能量也较大,其位置有利于模态参数的识别和信号采集,所以按结构各自由度上模态能量从大到小的顺序来布置测点。它是以节点自由度对所有目标模态的模态能量贡献度较大的集合作为候选测点集合。其中,模态能量的表达式EMKE
式中,M为质量矩阵。
考虑到结构刚度对测点的能量大小的影响,吴子燕等[18]在模态能量法的基础上提出了基于单位刚度的模态应变能的布设方法,即单位刚度能量法(MUE),并定义单位刚度的质量U
式中,K为刚度矩阵。则单位刚度的模态能量EMUE
能量法的迭代计算方式与有效独立法相同,通过矩阵对角元大小按顺序对测点优先进行排序,迭代计算逐步删除对角元最小即模态能量最小的测点,直至到达需要保留的测点数为止。
保证测点模态线性独立性的有效独立法并未考虑能量因素,而保证测点高能量的能量法则没有过多考虑测点组合模态的线性独立性。这些方法得出的布设结果可能在一些关键的位置没有布置测点,导致一些测点的信息缺失,因而不能很好地反映结构的特性。本文综合考虑有效独立法和能量法的优缺点,同时保证了测点组合模态的线性独立性和高能量,对单位刚度质量矩阵U进行正交Cholesky分解,得
将式(6)代入式(5),得
Ω=,则
Ω作为Fisher信息矩阵则可保证测点处于高能量位置,代入式(2),则可重新构造基于单位刚度能量的幂等矩阵E
用有效独立法的迭代计算方式对重新构造的幂等矩阵E进行删点迭代,则可在考虑到测点能量的同时,也能保证测点模态的线性独立性。为了进一步提高该方法的准确性,应选取合适的加权系数进行修正[17]
不同的学者对修正系数的选取不同,本文采用刘伟[19]的驱动点留数。刘伟[19]通过多自由度系统频响函数矩阵推导出结构在环境激励下的加速度响应与式(10)成正比,即
式中:为加速度响应;Hdω)为频响函数矩阵;n为模态阶数;ϕr为第r阶模态振型。
其定义了平均驱动自由度加速度驱动点留数,即
式中:ϕir为第r阶模态下自由度i的振型;n为模态阶数。
由于加速度信号可以很方便转化为速度和位移信号,所以布设结构台阵时一般都采用加速度传感器。因此,为保证测点布置在最佳位置,应使所布置的测点处具有较大的平均加速度幅值。因此本文选择该驱动点留数作为加权系数,则对幂等矩阵E乘以加权系数改进后的单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法为
从上面的推导和方法的介绍中可以看出,本文提出的单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法综合考虑了有效独立法和模态动能法的优缺点,并具有如下特点:①以单位刚度模态能量作为信息矩阵,克服有效独立法易丢失能量较大测点的不足;②运用有效独立法的原理进行测点筛选,克服模态能量法测点过于集中在能量较大位置,从而导致结构重要模态信息丢失的不足;③以与结构响应成正比关系的加速度驱动点留数作为加权系数,进一步提高了本方法的可靠性。
目前评价建筑结构上传感器布设结果的合理与否主要是看测点组合的线性独立性和包含的模态信息量这两个方面。前者可以从测点组合的模态信息矩阵(modal assurance criterion),即MAC矩阵的非对角元素的最大值准则与均值准则进行评价;后者可以从测点组合的Fisher信息矩阵的迹准则和范数准则进行评价。
在进行结构的动力测试中,为了更好地区别待识别的模态,应使测点获取的结构模态向量之间尽可能保持线性无关。而模态信息矩阵,即MAC矩阵可检查两阶模态之间的相互独立性和一致性,评价模态空间交角的大小[18]。因此,为了在选择测点时,尽可能使被测模态向量趋于正交,可通过所选测点组合模态振型的MAC矩阵中非对角元素的最大值与均值作为评价指标,来判断不同传感器优化布置方案之间的优劣。MAC矩阵可表示为
式中:ϕi为第i阶模态振型;ϕj为第j阶模态振型。可以定义评价函数为
式中,n为模态的阶数。
评价函数f1f2以传感器数目为横坐标,在相同传感器数目的情况下,函数f1f2的值越小代表布设效果越好。
除了结构模态向量的线性无关性外,如何用最少数目的传感器测得最多的模态信息也是传感器布设的主要任务,而测点所包含的模态信息量可以由Fisher信息矩阵体现。通过式(2)定义的Fisher信息矩阵Q可知,当其行列式、迹或者某种范数达到最大时,可以获得系统参数的最佳估计,此时所布置测点组合包含的模态信息越多。本文基于Fisher信息矩阵的迹f3和2-范数f4来进行评价,定义的评价函数为
式中:ΦS为布置测点组合的目标模态矩阵;Φ为所有自由度的模态矩阵。函数f3f4值域取值为0~1,函数值越大表示其所包含的模态信息越多。
为了评价本文方法的传感器的布设效果,本文以文献[21]给出的一个4层钢框架结构作为算例,其平面图和杆件截面图如图1(a)所示。分别采用本文方法、有效独立法(EI)、模态动能法(MKE)和单位刚度法(MUE)对该结构进行传感器的优化布设,利用上文给出的评价准则比较这4种传感器布设方法结果的优劣。
该框架结构各杆件均为等截面实心矩形杆件,长度均为450 mm,截面面积为10 mm×10 mm,选用材料密度为7850 kg/m3,材料的弹性模量E为206 GPa,泊松比μ为0.3。采用SAP2000有限元软件,建立4层钢框架结构的有限元模型,其三维有限元模型如图1(b)所示。杆件采用Beam188单元,节点为固结,结构的边界条件为固接。模型共有30个节点,52个单元。
根据式(2)定义的Fisher信息矩阵Q可知,测点所包含的模态信息量可以由Fisher信息矩阵体现,当其行列式、迹或者某种范数达到最大时,测点组合包含的模态信息越多。所以,可以由Fisher信息矩阵的某一范数来表示所包含模态信息量的多少[21]。本文利用Fisher信息矩阵Q的2-范数‖Q2来衡量Fisher信息矩阵Q所包含的模态信息量,因此,可以通过其2-范数的变化率来反映模态信息的变化量,变化率的计算公式为
式中,i为所取模态的阶数。
Q2的值会随着目标模态数目的增多而不断增大,由式(18)可以看出,当ROC的值趋于零且变化极小时,可以认为前i阶的模态振型已经包含了结构的所有模态信息,因此,可以选择前i阶模态作为目标模态数目[22]
图2为Fisher信息矩阵2-范数的变化率与所取模态阶数的关系曲线。由图2可知,在17阶之后变化率趋于平缓,可以认为前17阶振型基本包含了结构所有的模态信息。图3分别给出了5阶、10阶、15阶和20阶等各阶模态下MAC最大非对角元变化曲线。一般理想状况下,MAC最大非对角元变化曲线为一条平滑的“L”形曲线。由图3可知,随着选取模态阶数的增加,MAC最大非对角元变化波动性减小,曲线趋于平滑。在低阶模态时,本文方法不如有效独立法,但随着所取模态阶数的增加,MAC最大非对角元变化曲线趋于平滑,本文方法的优势逐渐突出。综合图2图3,故取该模型前17阶的模态进行计算各评价准则函数,并生成评价函数与测点数目的关系折线图。
图4MAC最大非对角元与测点数目的关系曲线。CARNE等[23]提出当MAC最大非对角元的值小于等于0.25时,可以认为此时测点组合的模态向量线性独立,是传感器的最少布设数目。由图4可知,MAC最大非对角元随着传感器测点数量的增加呈现下降的趋势,说明测点数量的增加确实能使模态向量之间夹角增大,即向量的线性独立性增强。各种方法所需最少的传感器数目如表1所示,其中有效独立法和模态动能法所需最少的传感器数目为18个,而本文方法和单位刚度法仅需14个,说明单位刚度法和本文方法在传感器数目方面表现出了较好的优化效果。
各种方法在所需最少的传感器数目下测点的位置如表2所示。有效独立法在x方向布置传感器的节点位置为4、5、12、13、18、29、30;在y方向布置传感器的节点位置为2、8、9、12、14、15、18、22、24、29、30,无z向测点。模态动能法在x方向布置传感器的节点位置为5、7、9、17、19、25;在y方向布置传感器的节点位置为10、13、17、19;在z方向布置传感器的节点位置为3、7、9、12、17、19、29。单位刚度法在x方向布置传感器的节点位置为13、19、27;在y方向布置传感器的节点位置为3、9、12、13、17、19、22、25;在z方向布置传感器的节点位置为5、12、30。本文方法在x方向布置传感器的节点位置为5、9、10、23;在y方向布置传感器的节点位置为9、10、17、19、22、25;在z方向布置传感器的节点位置为10、12、13、30。相比于有效独立法无z向测点,3种能量法在z向测点均有布设。从上述分析可知,相比较有效独立法和模态动能法的布设位置较为密集,单位刚度法和本文方法的布设位置更为离散,因此,不会漏掉重要的信息点。
为了进一步说明各方法对模态向量线性独立性的效果,采用MAC非对角元均值来表现MAC矩阵整体的大小。图5MAC非对角元均值与传感器数目的关系曲线。由图5可知,在MAC非对角元平均值方面4种方法都比较接近,但在测点数目小于10个时,本文方法对单位刚度法有了一个明显的优化。
除了测点模态向量的线性独立性,所选测点组合所包含的模态信息也是衡量所选测点优劣的指标。图6为测点信息矩阵的迹与传感器数目的关系曲线;图7为测点信息矩阵的2-范数与传感器数目的关系曲线。信息矩阵的迹和2-范数从模态信息量的角度来考量各方法所选测点的优劣,迹和2-范数值越大说明所包含的模态信息量越多。由图6图7可知,在信息矩阵方面,本文方法在4种方法中明显占优。这说明在相同测点数目的情况下,相比较其他3种方法,本文方法布置的传感器测点组合所包含的模态信息最多。
通过4种评价准则,对比4种布设方法,各方法在相同测点数目和最小传感器数目情况下的各评价指标结果如表3所示。当传感器数目为14个时,只有本文方法和单位刚度法的测点组合模态线性独立,此时本文方法的迹准则函数值为0.349、范数准则函数值为1.000,而单位刚度法分别为0.282、0.375,表明本文方法的所选测点包含的模态信息量大于单位刚度法;当传感器数目为18个时,4种方法的测点组合模态都线性独立,此时本文方法的迹准则函数值为0.444、范数准则函数值为1.000;单位刚度法分别为0.389、0.500;模态动能法分别为0.393、0.500;有效独立法分别为0.398、0.500。由此对比可以说明,本文方法所选测点包含的模态信息量大于其他3种现有方法。除了上述评价外,本文还对比了各方法的计算效率,各方法的运算效率是通过浮点运算次数来体现,各方法在前17阶模态时4种布设方法的浮点运算次数汇总于表4,其中n为自由度,m为所取模态阶数。通过比较表4各方法的浮点运算次数可知,4种方法中,本文方法在运算效率方面与单位刚度法相当近,但远不如有效独立法和模态动能法。综合上述结果表明,本文方法虽计算效率不如其他方法,但却能够用最少的测点数目在保证模态线性独立的同时包含最多的模态信息,优化效果最好,可满足实际的工程需要。
为了进一步验证布设方法的实际效果,以白噪声为激励,输入上述模型中,根据上述布设方法布设测点后识别结构的频率,并与有限元模型分析得到的固有频率进行了比较。以前3阶频率为例,其比较结果如表5~表7所示。由表可知,本文方法识别得到的前3阶频率与有限元分析结果的误差分别为0.030%、0.060%、0.015%,均优于其他方法,特别是第3阶频率。
本文提出了一种建筑结构台阵传感器优化布设方法,即单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法,通过一个钢框架结构,对比本文方法与现有其他3种方法的优化效果,验证所提出方法的可行性和有效性。主要得到以下结论:
1)本文提出的单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法用与结构响应成正比关系的加速度驱动点留数为加权系数,在保留有效独立法优点的同时,克服了有效独立法可能错漏高能量测点的缺点。
2)通过算例优化效果的对比结果表明,本文提出的单位刚度能量–驱动点留数法在传感器数目方面只需14个,和单位刚度法相同,而有效独立法和模态动能法需18个,因此,本文方法优化了传感器数目;当传感器数目为14个时,本文方法的迹准则函数值为0.349、范数准则函数值为1.000,而单位刚度法分别为0.282、0.375,表明本文方法的所选测点包含的模态信息量大于单位刚度法。
3)本文通过浮点运算次数来对比了各方法的计算效率,通过比较各方法的浮点运算次数可知,4种方法中,本文方法在运算效率方面与单位刚度法相当近,但不如有效独立法和模态动能法。
4)从传感器布设位置看,有效独立法和模态动能法的布设位置较为密集,单位刚度法和本文方法的布设位置更为离散,因此,本文方法不会轻易漏掉重要的信息点。
5)本文对比了4种布设方法的结构响应测试与分析结果,以前3阶频率为例,本文方法识别得到的前3阶频率与有限元分析结果的误差分别为0.03%、0.06%、0.015%,均优于其他方法,特别是第3阶频率。
综上所述,本文方法虽在计算效率方面稍逊于其他方法,但却能够用最少的测点数目在保证模态正交的同时包含最多的模态信息,优化效果最好,为实际工程结构台阵布设提供了一种经济简便的优化方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U2139209)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0104
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
  • 修回日期:2024-06-14
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(U2139209)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

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张令心(1967—),女,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0104
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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