Article(id=1241786735655453003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730390400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-01, revisedDate=1732982400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773994629062, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773994629062, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773994629062, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994629062, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241786727631754095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773994627149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773996954801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241796490583146989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1241786727631754095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241786735965831509, articleId=1241786735655453003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=An approach for enhancing the seismic resilience of existing buildings, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Buildings are essential fundamental for maintaining the economic, cultural, social, and functional aspects of urban life and are the basis for ensuring urban seismic resilience. The seismic resilience of buildings not only depends on the seismic capacity of structural components but also on non-structural components and equipment. Currently, there are no established methods for enhancing the seismic resilience of existing buildings. This paper outlines the basic approach for enhancing the seismic resilience of existing buildings, proposing methods aimed at ensuring structural safety, meeting predefined functional requirements, and enabling rapid recovery. The paper establishes seismic resilience enhancement objectives for existing buildings, considering both the function and the remaining service life of the buildings, and a “five-step” approach to enhancing seismic resilience is also developed. Finally, a case study of a specific building’s seismic resilience enhancement is presented to preliminarily verify the rationality and feasibility of the proposed methods. This paper can provide practical insights for enhancing the seismic resilience of buildings, as well as individual infrastructure components such as bridges and tunnels.

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建筑是维持城市经济、文化、社会及生活功能的重要基石,是保证城市抗震韧性的基础。建筑抗震韧性不仅取决于建筑结构的抗震能力,也取决于非结构构件与设备等影响建筑功能各要素。目前既有建筑的抗震韧性提升方法尚处于空白。文中阐述了既有建筑抗震韧性提升的基本思路,提出了以保证结构安全、满足预定功能和能够快速恢复为目标的既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法,建立了考虑建筑使用功能和后续工作年限的既有建筑抗震韧性提升目标,构建了“五步骤”既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法。最后以某建筑的抗震韧性提升为例,初步验证了方法的合理性和可行性。文中研究将为提升建筑及桥梁、隧道等单体基础设施的抗震韧性提供可行思路。

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翟长海(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事城市工程抗震韧性及智能防灾等方面的研究。E-mail:

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翟长海(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事城市工程抗震韧性及智能防灾等方面的研究。E-mail:

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翟长海(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事城市工程抗震韧性及智能防灾等方面的研究。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802959244301145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RISN-TG041—2022城市工程系统抗震韧性评价导则[S]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802959336575840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RISN-TG041—2022 Guideline for evaluation of seismic resilience assessment of urban engineering systems[S]. 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Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2020. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241802946921436149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, awardId=2023YFC3805100, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3805100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241802947051458565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, awardId=52222811, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52222811), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241802936599253183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802936607641791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, companyId=1241802936599253183, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802936620224704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, companyId=1241802936599253183, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.哈尔滨工业大学 土木工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150090)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241802936729276621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802936733470926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, companyId=1241802936729276621, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.China Academy of Building Research, Beijing 100013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241802936741859536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, companyId=1241802936729276621, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241802941561115236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Steps for upgrading seismic resilience of existing buildings, figureFileSmall=ya20M0qdpsc8nSpbEgGXuw==, figureFileBig=n50P3UJbQCaqoQwlR8FH+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802941686944368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=图1, caption=既有建筑抗震韧性提升的步骤, figureFileSmall=ya20M0qdpsc8nSpbEgGXuw==, figureFileBig=n50P3UJbQCaqoQwlR8FH+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802941808579200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Building structure model diagram, figureFileSmall=cmMTuZqPB4vl3ZDwz1cLzw==, figureFileBig=iMqConYkzkTgQsCFeaRVnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802941967962760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=图2, caption=建筑结构模型图, figureFileSmall=cmMTuZqPB4vl3ZDwz1cLzw==, figureFileBig=iMqConYkzkTgQsCFeaRVnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802942072820370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparison of seismic response spectra and standard spectra, figureFileSmall=lEjJPGpQAjr49vZz7xVx1w==, figureFileBig=EIc9aZ/f93df8fiihqXUhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802942177677979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=图3, caption=地震波反应谱与规范谱对比, figureFileSmall=lEjJPGpQAjr49vZz7xVx1w==, figureFileBig=EIc9aZ/f93df8fiihqXUhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802942295118510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Damage state of structural components after reinforcement, figureFileSmall=RAuZMf2HCZgwweefdjNvSQ==, figureFileBig=dTcMYg5XRVP88ntsjJ+QMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802942408364728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=图4, caption=加固后结构构件损伤状态, figureFileSmall=RAuZMf2HCZgwweefdjNvSQ==, figureFileBig=dTcMYg5XRVP88ntsjJ+QMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802942513222340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of existing building reinforcement and seismic resilience enhancement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
角度现有建筑加固既有建筑抗震韧性提升
关注对象结构构件和体系结构体系、非结构构件、设备等影响建筑功能的全要素
实施目标保证结构安全(正常使用情况下的承载力和结构抗震性能要求)保证结构安全、满足预定功能、能够快速恢复
), ArticleFig(id=1241802944035754705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

既有建筑加固与抗震韧性提升比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
角度现有建筑加固既有建筑抗震韧性提升
关注对象结构构件和体系结构体系、非结构构件、设备等影响建筑功能的全要素
实施目标保证结构安全(正常使用情况下的承载力和结构抗震性能要求)保证结构安全、满足预定功能、能够快速恢复
), ArticleFig(id=1241802944157389535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification of seismic resilience levels of buildings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
韧性等级分级标准
震后结构破坏程度震后功能损失震后恢复时间
低韧性倒塌、严重、中等破坏
基本韧性基本完好、轻微破坏(50%,100%]尽可能小于2周
韧性基本完好(含完好)、轻微破坏(10%,50%]尽可能小于72 h
高韧性基本完好(含完好)、轻微破坏(0,10%]尽可能小于24 h
), ArticleFig(id=1241802944249664230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

建筑抗震韧性水平分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
韧性等级分级标准
震后结构破坏程度震后功能损失震后恢复时间
低韧性倒塌、严重、中等破坏
基本韧性基本完好、轻微破坏(50%,100%]尽可能小于2周
韧性基本完好(含完好)、轻微破坏(10%,50%]尽可能小于72 h
高韧性基本完好(含完好)、轻微破坏(0,10%]尽可能小于24 h
), ArticleFig(id=1241802944375493364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Upgrading levels of seismic resilience of buildings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
后续使用年限建筑使用功能类别
Ⅳ类Ⅲ类Ⅱ类Ⅰ类
A类5级3级2级1级
B类5级3级2级1级
C类5级4级3级2级
), ArticleFig(id=1241802944522294018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

建筑抗震韧性提升等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
后续使用年限建筑使用功能类别
Ⅳ类Ⅲ类Ⅱ类Ⅰ类
A类5级3级2级1级
B类5级3级2级1级
C类5级4级3级2级
), ArticleFig(id=1241802944669094670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Upgrading target of seismic resilience of buildings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震水准韧性等级
5级4级3级2级1级
多遇地震高韧性高韧性高韧性韧性韧性
设防地震高韧性高韧性韧性基本韧性低韧性
罕遇地震高韧性韧性基本韧性低韧性低韧性
), ArticleFig(id=1241802944807506711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

建筑抗震韧性提升目标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震水准韧性等级
5级4级3级2级1级
多遇地震高韧性高韧性高韧性韧性韧性
设防地震高韧性高韧性韧性基本韧性低韧性
罕遇地震高韧性韧性基本韧性低韧性低韧性
), ArticleFig(id=1241802944924947238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Verification results of building bearing capacity under frequent earthquakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
楼层总墙段数验算通过墙段数验算不通过墙段数
163063
260060
3000
4000
), ArticleFig(id=1241802945042387766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

多遇地震作用下建筑承载力验算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
楼层总墙段数验算通过墙段数验算不通过墙段数
163063
260060
3000
4000
), ArticleFig(id=1241802945201771331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Result of building seismic checking calculation under frequent earthquakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
楼层总墙段数验算通过墙段数验算不通过墙段数
1573225
2582731
3000
4000
), ArticleFig(id=1241802945344377681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

多遇地震作用下建筑抗震验算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
楼层总墙段数验算通过墙段数验算不通过墙段数
1573225
2582731
3000
4000
), ArticleFig(id=1241802945478595427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Structural seismic response under earthquakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况楼层层间位移角/rad楼面加速度/(cm/s2
设防地震10.00062.00
20.00031.88
30.00161.99
40.00192.89
罕遇地震10.00123.99
20.00063.77
30.00334.01
40.00385.79
), ArticleFig(id=1241802945608618869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

地震作用下结构地震响应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况楼层层间位移角/rad楼面加速度/(cm/s2
设防地震10.00062.00
20.00031.88
30.00161.99
40.00192.89
罕遇地震10.00123.99
20.00063.77
30.00334.01
40.00385.79
), ArticleFig(id=1241802945776391044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Seismic construction measures for non-structural components and medical equipments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称构造措施名称构造措施
填充墙轻钢龙骨石膏板,到顶,上下端固定冷水机组使用垂直与侧向支撑固定
吊顶使用垂直与侧向支撑固定变压器、电机控制箱、配电盘冗余备份
楼梯钢丝网砂浆面层加强
), ArticleFig(id=1241802945910608784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

非结构构件及设备等要素的抗震构造措施

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称构造措施名称构造措施
填充墙轻钢龙骨石膏板,到顶,上下端固定冷水机组使用垂直与侧向支撑固定
吊顶使用垂直与侧向支撑固定变压器、电机控制箱、配电盘冗余备份
楼梯钢丝网砂浆面层加强
), ArticleFig(id=1241802946254541736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Damage state of non-structural components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况构件构件损伤等级
1 层2 层3 层4 层
设防地震(罕遇地震)填充墙—(1)—(—)—(1)1(1)
吊顶—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
楼梯—(3)—(—)—(3)—(3)
电梯—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
空调系统风机—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
冷水机组—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
消防喷淋水管—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
变压器—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
电机控制箱—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
配电盘/低压控制开关—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
), ArticleFig(id=1241802946422313916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

非结构构件损伤状态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况构件构件损伤等级
1 层2 层3 层4 层
设防地震(罕遇地震)填充墙—(1)—(—)—(1)1(1)
吊顶—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
楼梯—(3)—(—)—(3)—(3)
电梯—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
空调系统风机—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
冷水机组—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
消防喷淋水管—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
变压器—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
电机控制箱—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
配电盘/低压控制开关—(—)—(—)—(—)—(—)
), ArticleFig(id=1241802946539754441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786735655453003, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Analysis results of floor functions

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工况楼层建筑面积/m2加固前加固后目标功能损失
设防地震(罕遇地震)12093.98可用(不可用)可用(可用)2%(8%)
21053.49可用(可用)可用(可用)
3318.9可用(可用)可用(可用)
4157.1不可用(不可用)可用(可用)
整体建筑不可用(不可用)可用(可用)
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楼层功能分析结果

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工况楼层建筑面积/m2加固前加固后目标功能损失
设防地震(罕遇地震)12093.98可用(不可用)可用(可用)2%(8%)
21053.49可用(可用)可用(可用)
3318.9可用(可用)可用(可用)
4157.1不可用(不可用)可用(可用)
整体建筑不可用(不可用)可用(可用)
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既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法研究
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翟长海 1 , 丁俊男 1 , 史铁花 2 , 王代玉 1 , 黄颖 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025,45(1): 18-27
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地震工程与工程振动 | 研究论文 2025, 45(1): 18-27
既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法研究
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翟长海1 , 丁俊男1, 史铁花2, 王代玉1, 黄颖2
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工业大学 土木工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150090
  • 2.中国建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100013
  • 翟长海(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事城市工程抗震韧性及智能防灾等方面的研究。E-mail:

An approach for enhancing the seismic resilience of existing buildings
Changhai ZHAI1 , Junnan DING1, Tiehua SHI2, Daiyu WANG1, Ying HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
  • 2.China Academy of Building Research, Beijing 100013, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0103
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建筑是维持城市经济、文化、社会及生活功能的重要基石,是保证城市抗震韧性的基础。建筑抗震韧性不仅取决于建筑结构的抗震能力,也取决于非结构构件与设备等影响建筑功能各要素。目前既有建筑的抗震韧性提升方法尚处于空白。文中阐述了既有建筑抗震韧性提升的基本思路,提出了以保证结构安全、满足预定功能和能够快速恢复为目标的既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法,建立了考虑建筑使用功能和后续工作年限的既有建筑抗震韧性提升目标,构建了“五步骤”既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法。最后以某建筑的抗震韧性提升为例,初步验证了方法的合理性和可行性。文中研究将为提升建筑及桥梁、隧道等单体基础设施的抗震韧性提供可行思路。

既有建筑  /  抗震韧性提升  /  韧性提升等级  /  韧性目标  /  提升方法

Buildings are essential fundamental for maintaining the economic, cultural, social, and functional aspects of urban life and are the basis for ensuring urban seismic resilience. The seismic resilience of buildings not only depends on the seismic capacity of structural components but also on non-structural components and equipment. Currently, there are no established methods for enhancing the seismic resilience of existing buildings. This paper outlines the basic approach for enhancing the seismic resilience of existing buildings, proposing methods aimed at ensuring structural safety, meeting predefined functional requirements, and enabling rapid recovery. The paper establishes seismic resilience enhancement objectives for existing buildings, considering both the function and the remaining service life of the buildings, and a “five-step” approach to enhancing seismic resilience is also developed. Finally, a case study of a specific building’s seismic resilience enhancement is presented to preliminarily verify the rationality and feasibility of the proposed methods. This paper can provide practical insights for enhancing the seismic resilience of buildings, as well as individual infrastructure components such as bridges and tunnels.

existing building  /  enhancing seismic resilience  /  resilience enhancement level  /  resilience goals  /  enhancement methods
翟长海, 丁俊男, 史铁花, 王代玉, 黄颖. 既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (1) : 18 -27 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0103
Changhai ZHAI, Junnan DING, Tiehua SHI, Daiyu WANG, Ying HUANG. An approach for enhancing the seismic resilience of existing buildings[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 18 -27 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0103
地震是最具破坏性的自然灾害之一,据中国地震台网中心统计,2011—2023年我国发生5级以上地震有445次,其中雅安地震、鲁甸地震和积石山地震等一系列特大地震灾害,给人民群众生命财产造成了严重损失。目前,我国城市抵御地震的能力还远不能适应经济社会的发展,城市一旦遭受强烈灾害的袭击,灾害形态、灾情演化和社会影响将更为复杂,应急救灾更为困难,可能会在瞬间失去原本稳定的状态而丧失城市功能。提高城市韧性被认为是解决城市灾害脆弱性的根本途径。
城市抗震韧性是指城市系统在受到地震影响时维持或迅速恢复功能的能力[1]。21世纪初,美国旧金山规划与城市研究协会(San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association,SPUR)率先提出了抗震韧性城市的建设目标。随后,美国国家研究委员会(National Research Council,NRC)提出了增强抗震韧性的18项任务[2]。2017年,中国地震局将韧性城乡列为国家地震科技创新工程四大计划之一[3]。2020年,党的十九届五中全会首次提出建设“韧性城市”目标[4]。建设韧性城市对于我国城市抵御地震风险,保障国家经济可持续发展和人民生命财产安全具有重大的战略意义。
建筑是维持城市经济、文化、社会及生活功能的重要基石,是保证城市抗震韧性能力的基础。我国城市经历了漫长的建设与发展过程,截至2022年底,我国既有城镇房屋建筑面积接近662亿平方米[5],许多建筑存在规范老旧、结构性能劣化以及功能改变的问题,且呈现复杂、多样、密集、多功能化和新-老并存的发展趋势,建筑一旦在地震作用下发生破坏和倒塌,会造成重大经济损失、人员伤亡和社会影响,并引起供水、供电和医疗等生命线系统的功能瘫痪。2008年我国汶川地震、2010年新西兰基督城地震以及2023年土耳其地震均造成了建筑的严重破坏和功能长时间中断,其根本原因在于建筑缺乏足够的抗震韧性能力。
目前,建筑结构体系的抗震加固是提升既有建筑抗震韧性能力的主要手段,常用的加固方法主要有两类:①梁、板、柱等结构构件的直接加固方法,包括增大截面加固法[6-7]、包钢粘钢加固法[8-9]、纤维复合材料粘贴加固法[10-12]、纤维网格增强砂浆面层加固法[13-14]和喷射高性能混凝土加固法[15-16]等;②建筑结构体系的抗震加固技术,如增设剪力墙[17]、改变结构体系法[18]、钢支撑加固法[19]、减隔震加固技术[20-25]、附加子结构技术[26-27]和自复位可恢复防震技术[28-30]等。建筑抗震韧性能力不仅取决于建筑结构的抗震能力,也取决于非结构构件与设备等影响建筑功能各要素,既能保证建筑的结构安全,又能实现建筑震后功能保障的既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法尚处于空白。
本文在阐述建筑抗震加固基本思想的基础上,提出了“三目标、五步骤”的既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法,以某建筑的抗震韧性提升初步验证了方法的合理性和可行性。
我国GB 55021—2021《既有建筑鉴定与加固通用规范》[31]将建筑的结构鉴定划分为安全性鉴定和抗震鉴定,安全性鉴定是指仅考虑永久荷载与可变荷载作用下的结构承载能力鉴定,抗震鉴定是指考虑地震作用影响的抗震能力鉴定。规范明确规定了“既有建筑的鉴定应同时进行安全性鉴定和抗震鉴定”,无论是开展安全性鉴定还是抗震鉴定,对于不满足规范要求的建筑都应采取加固措施,前者能保证结构体系在正常使用情况下的承载力,后者能保证结构体系满足抗震性能要求,两者均是为了保障结构构件和体系安全的加固。
建筑抗震韧性可定义为建筑遭受地震时维持或快速恢复其功能的能力,其本质特征为系统性、功能性和快速恢复性[32]表1总结了现有建筑加固与既有建筑抗震韧性提升之间的差异。从关注对象的角度来讲,现有建筑的结构体系加固重点关注结构构件和结构体系的安全,确保建筑在地震作用下不发生倒塌和严重损坏,而既有建筑抗震韧性提升不仅关注结构构件和体系,还关注非结构构件和设备等影响建筑使用功能的全部要素;从提升目标的角度来讲,现有建筑的结构体系加固是为了保证建筑结构安全性(包括正常使用情况下的承载力和结构抗震性能要求),而既有建筑抗震韧性提升是在保证结构安全的基础上,进一步实现满足预定功能和能够快速恢复。
既有建筑抗震韧性提升不仅仅是对建筑结构的加固,更是一个综合性的系统工程。它需要从多个层面入手,综合考虑结构体系、非结构构件和设备系统的抗震性能,这种全方位的提升策略将大大增强城市在地震灾害中的抗击能力和恢复速度,保障城市的可持续发展。
基于研究者所提出的建筑抗震韧性设计方法[33],本文构建了“五步骤”的既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法(图1),即:抗震韧性提升目标设定;结构鉴定和加固设计;非结构构件、设备等要素的韧性提升概念设计;建筑震后功能验算和功能快速恢复策略制定。该方法既可以满足建筑在设定地震水准作用下实现保证结构安全,又能实现建筑满足预定功能和能够快速恢复。
既有建筑的抗震韧性提升首先应明确抗震韧性的目标,将为后续既有建筑抗震韧性提升提供依据。既有建筑抗震韧性的提升目标应根据建筑的使用功能分类和后续工作年限进行设定。
按CESE 160:2004《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则》[34]的相关规定,将建筑按照使用功能分为以下四类:
1)Ⅳ类建筑,即特殊设防类建筑,这类建筑是涉及国家公共安全、地震时可能发生严重次生灾害的建筑,地震作用下一旦破坏,将会造成无法弥补的经济损失和人员伤亡,引起应急响应工作的瘫痪。
2)Ⅲ类建筑,即重点设防类建筑,这类建筑是地震作用时使用功能不能中断或需尽快恢复的生命线相关建筑,一旦破坏,可能导致大量人员伤亡等重大灾害后果,大幅度降低应急响应工作的效率。
3)Ⅱ类建筑,标准设防类建筑,这类建筑是除Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类以外的建筑,地震破坏后会造成一定程度灾害后果,但对应急响应工作影响不大的建筑。
4)Ⅰ类建筑,即适度设防类建筑,这类建筑使用上人员稀少且震损不致产生次生灾害的建筑,即使破坏也不会影响应急响应工作的运行。
对于既有建筑来说,其后续工作年限一般小于建筑的设计工作年限。因此,对于建筑抗震韧性提升等级及目标的设定除了考虑建筑使用功能外,还应结合建筑的后续工作年限建造年代等来确定。按照GB 55021—2021《既有建筑鉴定与加固通用规范》[31]的相关规定,建筑按照后续工作年限分为A、B、C三类:A类为后续工作年限为30 a以内(含30 a)的建筑;B类为后续工作年限为30 a以上40 a以内(含40 a)的建筑;C类为后续工作年限为40 a以上50 a以内(含50 a)的建筑。
既有建筑的抗震韧性水平除了包括对结构安全性的描述,同时也考虑了既有建筑的震后功能损失和恢复时间,体现了建筑在地震作用下保证安全、维持功能和快速恢复的能力。本文根据建筑抗震韧性设计方法中建筑抗震韧性水平分级建议,划分既有建筑抗震韧性水平为低韧性、基本韧性、韧性和高韧性4个等级。表2给出了相应的指标量化值,其中结构破坏程度的判定可参考GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[35]中的建筑地震破坏等级划分标准。震后功能损失综合考虑了结构构件、非结构构件和设备等组件间的相互作用对于建筑使用功能的影响,计算方法可参考医疗建筑震后韧性评价方法[36]。对于震后结构破坏程度和功能损失2项规定需严格执行才能保证建筑震后正常,而快速恢复主要取决于恢复重建的资源储备、社会动态响应和投入能力,存在较大不确定性,震后恢复时间只是为既有建筑的快速恢复提供参考。
我国GB 55021—2021《既有建筑鉴定与加固通用规范》[31]规定,后续工作年限为A类和B类的建筑采用较低的水平地震影响系数对其进行抗震承载力验算,C类建筑采用现行标准要求进行抗震验算。基于此,本文利用建筑的使用功能分类和后续工作年限对既有建筑的抗震韧性提升等级进行了划分。由于Ⅳ类建筑为特殊设防类建筑,其抗震韧性提升等级及目标不按后续工作年限进行区分。对于除Ⅳ类以外的建筑,采用调低建筑抗震韧性提升等级确定A类和B类建筑的抗震韧性提升目标,C类建筑的抗震韧性提升目标与建筑抗震韧性设计方法的韧性目标保持一致。
综上,本文根据既有建筑的使用功能分类和后续工作年限,将既有建筑抗震韧性提升等级划分为1级、2级、3级、4级、5级5个等级,见表3。不同抗震韧性提升等级的既有建筑在3个水准地震动水平下的最低抗震韧性提升目标应按表4确定。需要注意的是,本节给出的既有建筑抗震韧性提升等级及韧性目标体现了既有建筑在抗震韧性提升过程中抗震韧性目标设定的方法和流程,若有更为可靠的数据或震害经验可进一步更新。
结构安全是建筑保证震后功能的基本前提,因此首先应根据GB 50292—2015《民用建筑可靠性鉴定标准》[37]和GB 50144—2019《工业建筑可靠性鉴定标准》[38]对既有建筑进行承载力鉴定,根据GB 50023—2009《建筑抗震鉴定标准》[39]对既有建筑进行抗震鉴定,并从提升承载能力和抗震能力的角度对既有建筑进行结构加固。
非结构构件和设备的破坏会影响建筑的使用功能,为实现既有建筑在设定地震水准作用下满足预定功能的韧性目标,还应对其进行抗震韧性提升概念设计,即选择合适的抗震措施或细部构造对非结构构件和设备等影响既有建筑抗震韧性的要素进行加固,并适当的进行冗余备份,以保证其震后功能正常运行或能够快速恢复。例如,填充墙、楼梯间及幕墙等可采用与主体结构适当脱开或保持柔性连接的方式进行处理,对于给水排水、燃气、管道和设备等可通过冗余设置保证可以快速更换,如备用水源、电源、设备紧急调度与快速安装技术。
完成结构安全鉴定和加固及非结构构件、设备等要素的韧性概念设计后,还需进行设定地震作用下的建筑震后功能验算,判断既有建筑是否能够满足震后功能要求,其评价方法可参考RISN-TG041—2022《城市工程系统抗震韧性评价导则》[40]进行。
可从工程和制度两方面制定既有建筑功能快速恢复策略。工程层面是指采用快速修复技术实现建筑功能的快速恢复,如针对损伤的钢筋混凝土框架结构可采用喷射超高性能混凝土或工程水泥基复合材料等技术或采用低碳早强纤维混凝土新型材料注浆技术,对于填充墙等非结构构件可采用早强快硬树脂-纤维增强复合材料、高强射钉快速锚固-粘钢加固技术。制度层面是指利用非工程手段,通过采用合理的维修顺序、应急预案、加强资源投入和提升维修效率等手段实现建筑功能的快速恢复。例如:根据不同非结构构件、设备的修复特点合理安排修复次序,考虑有限资源投入下的动态修复过程,制定建筑非结构构件协同修复的最优策略。明确各级政府和相关部门的职责和应急响应流程,实现应急响应的快速协调和信息沟通,保证资源调配的高效运作。开展制度化的地震应急演练,提高应急响应的效率和准确性,提升相关人员的应急能力。加强维修人员、成本等资源的投入,培养专业、高效的应急救援队伍。
某建筑的建筑总面积约6664.61 m2,建筑总高度约30.5 m,无地下室,地上4层;建筑结构为砌体结构、内框架结构和框架等的混杂形式。建筑抗震设防烈度为8度(0.2 g),抗震设防类别为丙类,场地类别为Ⅲ类,设计地震分组为第2组,建筑设计特征周期为0.55 s,结构基本自振周期为0.46 s,建于20世纪50年代,抗震韧性提升后续使用年限为30 a,采用有限元软件SAUSAGE建立了三维计算模型,见图2
根据2.1节的建筑使用功能划分标准,该建筑的使用功能类别为Ⅱ类,根据GB 50023—2009《建筑抗震鉴定标准》[39]及业主要求建筑抗震韧性提升后续工作年限设定为30 a,其后续工作年限类别为A类。由表3表4可以确定该建筑的韧性等级为2级,其抗震韧性目标为多遇地震作用下保持韧性、设防地震作用下保持基本韧性、罕遇地震作用下达到低韧性。
根据相关规范对该建筑结构进行了安全鉴定,包括在PKPM软件中进行的多遇地震承载力和抗震验算,以及利用SAUSAGE软件进行了结构非线性时程分析。加固前多遇地震承载力验算和抗震验算结果见表5表6
表5表6所示,该建筑1层和2层砌体墙的受压验算均不通过,不满足GB 50292—2015《民用建筑可靠性鉴定标准》[37]承载力要求;建筑的1层砌体墙有43.9%未通过抗震验算,2层砌体墙有53.4%未通过抗震验算,不满足GB 50023—2009《建筑抗震鉴定标准》[39]要求,因此对该建筑的结构进行加固。
对建筑的加固,大致保持原有建筑风格,并以满足业主对使用功能要求为原则进行设计。结合建筑结构特点,采用改变结构体系的方法对各段结构进行抗震加固,原混杂体系加固改变为框架剪力墙结构;对承载力不足及构造不满足要求的钢筋混凝土梁采用钢绞线网片-聚合物砂浆外加层、粘贴碳纤维及增大截面法进行加固;对承载力不足及构造不满足要求的钢筋混凝土柱采用钢绞线网片-聚合物砂浆外加层、外包型钢进行加固;对承载力不足及构造不满足要求的钢筋混凝土板采用粘贴碳纤维法、板面增大截面法进行加固。
根据GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[35]选择了5条实际强震记录和2组人工波,7条地震波的加速度反应谱与规范对比如图3所示,其峰值地震动加速度调整至0.07 g(多遇地震)、0.20 g(设防地震)、0.40 g(罕遇地震),利用SAUSAGE软件进行了非线性时程分析,加固后设防地震和罕遇地震作用下结构响应计算平均值见表7。由表可知,设防地震作用下,加固后最大层间位移角为0.0019,罕遇地震作用下,加固后最大层间位移角为0.0038,均小于1/250,结构在地震动作用下仅发生轻微破坏,加固后满足保证结构安全的目标。
根据3.3节关于建筑非结构构件和设备等要素抗震韧性提升概念设计的思路,针对不同种类的非结构构件和设备确定了其抗震构造措施,见表8
建筑功能影响要素包括结构、非结构构件和设备。结构构件损伤状态判定采用SAUSAGE中混凝土受压损伤因子、受拉损伤因子及钢筋的塑性应变作为评价标准,加固后设防地震和罕遇地震作用下结构构件损伤状态见图4。由图可知,设防地震作用下,建筑结构构件均处于无损坏状态;罕遇地震作用下,建筑各层柱、梁和剪力墙的轻度损伤占比未超过10%,且未出现超过轻度损坏的构件,楼板均为无损坏。
各类非结构构件和设备的易损性数据来源于CB/T 38591—2020《建筑抗震韧性评价标准》[41]附录C~附录F所提供的易损性数据。加固后设防地震和罕遇地震作用下非结构构件及设备的损伤状态见表9
根据结构构件和非结构构件及设备的损伤状态,按照RISN-TG041—2022《城市工程系统抗震韧性评价导则》[40]对建筑各个楼层的震后使用功能进行分析,得到了建筑在设防地震和罕遇地震作用下的功能损失,见表10。由表可知,加固后建筑的各楼层在设防地震和罕遇地震作用下均保持可用状态,其整体功能损失均小于等于10%,满足抗震韧性提升的目标。
为保证建筑在遭遇超设计地震动后其功能能够快速恢复,从工程和制度两方面制定建筑功能快速恢复策略。从工程层面的角度,选择合适的快速加固技术对结构构件和非结构构件进行快速修复;从制度层面的角度,建立应急管理预案并定期组织震害应急演练,提高应急响应的效率和准确性。
1)既有建筑抗震韧性提升是一个综合性的系统工程,它不仅关注结构构件和体系,还关注非结构构件和设备等影响建筑使用功能的全部要素,是在保证结构安全的基础上,进一步实现满足预定功能和能够快速恢复。
2)建立了考虑建筑使用功能和后续工作年限的既有建筑抗震韧性提升目标,在此基础上构建了“五步骤”既有建筑抗震韧性提升方法,即抗震韧性目标设定、结构鉴定和加固设计、非结构构件、设备等要素韧性提升概念设计、震后功能验算和快速恢复策略制定。
3)建筑结构体系的抗震加固是既有建筑抗震韧性提升的主要手段,结合非结构构件和设备等要素的韧性提升概念设计,可实现保证结构安全和满足预定功能的建筑抗震韧性提升要求。能够快速恢复可从工程和制度两方面制定既有建筑快速恢复策略来实现。
4)以某建筑为例进行了抗震韧性提升,结果表明该建筑在设防地震和罕遇地震作用下均满足抗震韧性提升的目标,初步验证了所提方法的可行性和合理性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3805100)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52222811)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0103
  • 接收时间:2024-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-01
  • 修回日期:2024-12-01
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3805100)
国家自然科学基金项目(52222811)
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    1.哈尔滨工业大学 土木工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150090
    2.中国建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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