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On January 7, 2025, an earthquake of magnitude MS6.8 struck Dingri County, Xizang Autonomous Region. In this paper, the near-field seismic wave field and instrumental intensity field were simulated using the strong ground motion simulation and prediction cloud platform of the Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration (CEA), combined with the kinematic seismic source model, the regional public velocity model and the digital elevation model. The simulated and measured instrumental seismic intensities are comparable at the stations of the National Seismic Intensity Rapid Reporting and Early Warning Project. The simulated high intensity zones are mainly distributed around the place of the surface projection fault, and the simulated instrumental seismic intensity field is basically the same as the survey seismic intensity field. On the basis, the earthquake damage to typical buildings (mainly earth/stone and wood structures) and casualties was evaluated and the evaluation results were also comparable to the actual data.

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2025年1月7日西藏自治区定日县发生MS6.8级地震。文中采用中国地震局工程力学研究所地震动模拟预测云平台,结合运动学震源模型、区域公共速度模型和数字高程模型,模拟了近场地震波场及仪器烈度场。结果表明:在国家地震烈度速报与地震预警工程台网站点,模拟与测定仪器地震烈度相当;高烈度区主要分布在断层地表投影所在区域;模拟仪器地震烈度场与调查评定地震烈度场基本一致。在此基础上,综合西藏自治区现场调查数据和普查数据,评估了当地典型建筑(以土/石木结构为主)房屋震害以及人员伤亡,评估结果与实际结果相当。

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谢志南(1984—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震波动和强地震动模拟预测研究。E-mail:

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谢志南(1984—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震波动和强地震动模拟预测研究。E-mail:

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谢志南(1984—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震波动和强地震动模拟预测研究。E-mail:

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[2025-01-07]. https://news.ceic.ac.cn/CC20250107090516.html., articleTitle=西藏日喀则市定日县6.8级地震, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802948515270665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729649209588, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=China Earthquake Networks Center, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Earthquake Networks Center. The M6.8 earthquake in Dingri County, Xigaze City, Xizang[EB/OL]. [2025-01-07]. https://news.ceic.ac.cn/CC20250107090516.html. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The M6.8 earthquake in Dingri County, Xigaze City, Xizang, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802948632711188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729649209588, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=USGS, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=USGS. M7.1 - 2025 Southern tibetan plateau earthquake[EB/OL]. [2025-01-07]. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000pi9w/finite-fault., articleTitle=M7.1 - 2025 Southern tibetan plateau earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802948724985886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729649209588, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=中国地震局地球物理研究所, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国地震局地球物理研究所. 2025年1月7日西藏日喀则市定日县6.8级地震科技支撑简报[EB/OL]. [2025-01-07]. https://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/kydt/280883.html., articleTitle=2025年1月7日西藏日喀则市定日县6.8级地震科技支撑简报, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802948821454888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729649209588, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration. Brief report on science and technology support for the M6.8 earthquake in Dingri County, Xigaze City, Xizang on January 7, 2025[EB/OL]. [2025-01-07]. https://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/kydt/280883.html. 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[2025-01-07]. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1820599501713627869., articleTitle=西藏定日县地震已致126人遇难、188人受伤, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802949094084668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729649209588, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=The Beijing News, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=The Beijing News. 126 dead, 188 injured in earthquake in Dingri County, Xizang[EB/OL]. [2025-01-07]. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1820599501713627869. 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[2025-01-07] https://www.iem.net.cn/zxgl/info?id=3889., articleTitle=我所迅速开展西藏定日6.8级地震应急响应, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802949354131542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729649209588, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration. Rapid Emergency response to M6.8 earthquake in Dingri, Xizang[EB/OL]. [2025-01-07]. https://www.iem.net.cn/zxgl/info?id=3889. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=China Earthquake Administration releases earthquake intensity map of M6.8 earthquake in Dingri, Xizang, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241802950977327352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729649209588, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=110, issue=12, pageStart=4512, pageEnd=4517, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=21, authorNames=YAO H J, SHEARER P M, GERSTOFT P, journalName=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAO H J, SHEARER P M, GERSTOFT P. Compressive sensing of frequency-dependent seismic radiation from subduction zone megathrust ruptures[J]. 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figureFileBig=JbOjS3UGXGgeE0rrM+qABg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802945675727737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729649209588, language=CN, label=图4, caption=模拟仪器地震烈度场与《西藏定日6.8级地震烈度图》[12]等值线(蓝线)分布, figureFileSmall=2Ok1qRWXymAf1OzLc7EJuw==, figureFileBig=JbOjS3UGXGgeE0rrM+qABg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241802945822528393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729649209588, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of measured and simulated instrumental seismic intensities

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台站编号经度纬度测定仪器地震烈度[5-6]模拟仪器地震烈度备注
XZ.D000787°37′29°05′8.07.6烈度仪
XZ.D000487°46′28°22′7.37.4烈度仪
XZ.D000187°14′29°18′6.15.4烈度仪
XZ.DS00288°01′28°53′5.56.3强震仪
XZ.DX00188°15′29°26′4.85.4强震仪
XZ.D000588°24′28°14′4.65.8烈度仪
XZ.RKZ88°52′29°15′3.64.8强震仪
), ArticleFig(id=1241802946225181605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1241786729649209588, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

测定和模拟仪器地震烈度对比

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台站编号经度纬度测定仪器地震烈度[5-6]模拟仪器地震烈度备注
XZ.D000787°37′29°05′8.07.6烈度仪
XZ.D000487°46′28°22′7.37.4烈度仪
XZ.D000187°14′29°18′6.15.4烈度仪
XZ.DS00288°01′28°53′5.56.3强震仪
XZ.DX00188°15′29°26′4.85.4强震仪
XZ.D000588°24′28°14′4.65.8烈度仪
XZ.RKZ88°52′29°15′3.64.8强震仪
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2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震模拟仪器地震烈度场
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谢志南 1, 2 , 王帅 1, 2 , 陈相兆 1, 2 , 卢建旗 1, 2 , 孙柏涛 1, 2 , 马强 1, 2 , 李山有 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 专题:2025年1月7日西藏定日6.8级地震 2025,45(1): 12-17
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地震工程与工程振动 | 专题:2025年1月7日西藏定日6.8级地震 2025, 45(1): 12-17
2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震模拟仪器地震烈度场
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谢志南1, 2 , 王帅1, 2, 陈相兆1, 2, 卢建旗1, 2, 孙柏涛1, 2, 马强1, 2, 李山有1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 谢志南(1984—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震波动和强地震动模拟预测研究。E-mail:

The simulated instrumental seismic intensity field of the MS6.8 Dingri, Xizang earthquake on January 7, 2025
Zhinan XIE1, 2 , Shuai WANG1, 2, Xiangzhao CHEN1, 2, Jianqi LU1, 2, Baitao SUN1, 2, Qiang MA1, 2, Shanyou LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0102
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2025年1月7日西藏自治区定日县发生MS6.8级地震。文中采用中国地震局工程力学研究所地震动模拟预测云平台,结合运动学震源模型、区域公共速度模型和数字高程模型,模拟了近场地震波场及仪器烈度场。结果表明:在国家地震烈度速报与地震预警工程台网站点,模拟与测定仪器地震烈度相当;高烈度区主要分布在断层地表投影所在区域;模拟仪器地震烈度场与调查评定地震烈度场基本一致。在此基础上,综合西藏自治区现场调查数据和普查数据,评估了当地典型建筑(以土/石木结构为主)房屋震害以及人员伤亡,评估结果与实际结果相当。

地震动模拟  /  仪器地震烈度  /  调查评定地震烈度  /  地震灾情应急评估  /  2025西藏定日MS6.8地震

On January 7, 2025, an earthquake of magnitude MS6.8 struck Dingri County, Xizang Autonomous Region. In this paper, the near-field seismic wave field and instrumental intensity field were simulated using the strong ground motion simulation and prediction cloud platform of the Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration (CEA), combined with the kinematic seismic source model, the regional public velocity model and the digital elevation model. The simulated and measured instrumental seismic intensities are comparable at the stations of the National Seismic Intensity Rapid Reporting and Early Warning Project. The simulated high intensity zones are mainly distributed around the place of the surface projection fault, and the simulated instrumental seismic intensity field is basically the same as the survey seismic intensity field. On the basis, the earthquake damage to typical buildings (mainly earth/stone and wood structures) and casualties was evaluated and the evaluation results were also comparable to the actual data.

seismic ground motion simulation  /  instrumental seismic intensity  /  surveyed seismic intensity  /  emergency assessment of earthquake disaster situation  /  2025 MS6.8 Dingri, Xizang earthquake
谢志南, 王帅, 陈相兆, 卢建旗, 孙柏涛, 马强, 李山有. 2025年1月7日西藏定日MS6.8地震模拟仪器地震烈度场. 地震工程与工程振动, 2025 , 45 (1) : 12 -17 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0102
Zhinan XIE, Shuai WANG, Xiangzhao CHEN, Jianqi LU, Baitao SUN, Qiang MA, Shanyou LI. The simulated instrumental seismic intensity field of the MS6.8 Dingri, Xizang earthquake on January 7, 2025[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 12 -17 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0102
北京时间2025年1月7日9时5分,西藏自治区日喀则市定日县发生地震。中国地震台网中心正式测定震中位于28°30′N、87°27′E,震源深度为10 km,面波震级为MS6.8[1]。地震发生1 h内,多个研究机构给出了定日地震震源机制解和运动学震源模型[2-3]。结果表明:定日地震矩震级在MW7.00左右,此次地震以正断机制为主,断层面破裂主要为朝北拓展的单侧破裂,持续时间约为20~30 s。
地震震中距离定日县政府驻地约30 km,距日喀则市政府驻地约160 km。受当地典型房屋结构(以土/石木结构为主)抗震性能和发震时段大多居民居家的因素影响,截至2025年1月7日19时,地震已造成126人遇难、188人受伤[4]。地震发生1 h内,中国地震局工程力学研究所搜集处理了震中距300 km范围内的35组强震动加速度记录,计算得到了测定仪器地震烈度[5-6],其中震中距最小(35.5 km)的烈度仪台XZ.D0004,测定仪器地震烈度为8.0。然而,震中距100 km内仅有1个强震仪台和4个烈度仪台,难以插值建立仪器地震烈度场以用于地震灾情应急评估,其中包括灾区与影响范围、人员伤亡与受灾人口和房屋震害评估等。
本文采用中国地震局工程力学研究所地震动模拟预测云平台,结合运动学震源模型、区域公共速度模型和数字高程模型,模拟了定日地震近场地震波场及仪器地震烈度场。在此基础上,根据前期对西藏自治区典型建筑(包括藏式传统民居和部分公用建筑)的现场详查和第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查的房屋建筑信息,采用张桂欣等[7]的建筑物群体震害预测方法,开展了当地典型建筑(以土/石木结构为主)房屋震害评估;采用孙柏涛等[8]提出的基于建筑破坏状态的分区分类的人员死亡评估方法,结合人口普查数据等基础数据,开展了人员伤亡情况评估。
图1为本文框定的西藏定日地震模拟区域及周边的数字高程地形和震源、观测台站分布位置,其中模拟区域范围是:28°00′N~30°00′N、86°00′E~89°00′E,红色五角星为中国地震台网中心测定震中(台网震中),绿色五角星为美国地质调查局(U. S. Geological Survey,USGS)测定震中(USGS震中),三角形散点为烈度仪台,方形散点为强震仪台。
本文选用以下数字高程模型、公共速度模型和运动学震源模型:①数字高程模型。选用国际水文学组织提供的全球海洋和陆地地形模型GEBCO_2024(General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans,https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/),该模型不仅包含陆地数字高程信息同时包含测量和估计得到的海底数字高程信息,分辨率为15弧秒;②公共速度模型。选用中国科学技术大学张海江教授课题组模型USTCLitho2.0[9],模型中缺失的纵波和横波品质因子,由统计公式估计得到;③运动学震源模型。已有运动学震源模型反演结果多由低频地震动记录反演得到,难以模拟仪器地震烈度仪计算所需的宽频带地震动。为此,本文综合对比了中国地震局地球物理研究所和美国地质调查局(USGS)的运动学震源反演结果[3-4],采用了反演所得的断层几何参数:走向187°、倾角49°、滑移角-78°;断层长度、宽度由LEONARD[10]建立的全球定标率计算得到:断层走向长度45.50 km,倾向宽度22.23 km,与反演震源模型中滑移量较大区域的尺寸一致;断层上边缘中心坐标设定为28°37′15″N,87°32′9″E,埋深1.61 km;地震动模拟所需的断层位错分布、上升时间和破裂时间分布采用GRAVES等[11]的宽频带运动学设定震源模型,见图2
本文选用中国地震局工程力学研究所地震动模拟预测平台开展地震动模拟。平台由三部分组成:①模拟基础数据准备软件,该软件可据断层几何信息自动生成运动学设定震源模型、自动根据确定模拟范围,实现已有有限元网格分块(中国及邻区公共速度模型1×1度有限元网格块)的自动组合并实现重点或特殊场地区域有限元网格的自动加密;②地震动模拟软件,该软件为开源地震动模拟软件SPECFEM3D_Cartesian(https://github.com/SPECFEM/specfem3d),采用兼具伪谱和有限元方法优点的勒让德谱元法对地震波动方程进行空间离散,采用显式积分方法(2阶纽马克-贝塔方法或4阶低频散低耗散龙格-库塔法)进行时间离散,已被广泛应用于地震波动正反演问题;③地震动模拟数据处理软件,该软件可自动化处理模拟数据:生成地震动参数空间分布图、分析模拟参数与地震动参数预测方程预测参数之间的差异和模拟数据及后处理结果的云下载。该平台已布设在国家超级计算无锡中心。此次模拟参数包括:区域模拟范围为300 km×200 km,垂直深度100 km。勒让德谱单元插值函数阶数为4阶,单元网格平均尺寸为1 km,总单元数约为600万;采用二阶纽马克-贝塔方法,步长为0.009 s,计算总时长为180 s;并行调用CPU个数为720个;模拟区域内按2 km间隔均匀布置观测点,共计15000个;“数据准备-地震动模拟-数据自动处理”总过程耗时小于2 h。
图3给出模拟所得东西向速度分量快照,红色五角星为震中。地震发生后,6 s左右在断层上方(即震源北偏东侧)出现了较大振荡,最大值为34.8 cm/s。之后,地震波继续往外传播,传播过程中明显看到西南侧地震动幅值偏大,原因在于这块区域介质S波波速相对较小。同时,在地形坡度陡峭的局部局域,地震动幅值相对较大,在震中距150 km处地震波依然可见清晰。
依据GB/T 17742—2020《中国地震烈度表》,采用模拟所得三分量加速度和速度记录,计算得到了仪器地震烈度场。表1给出了国家烈度速报与预警工程台网站点测定仪器地震烈度与模拟结果的对比,二者结果相当,测定仪器地震烈度大于等于6情形,差值在0.7度以内。测定仪器地震烈度小于6情形,最大差值为1.2度。依据ANDERSON等[12]建立的模拟地震动评价指标,此次模拟地震动总体评分在4左右,即相对合理。图4给出了模拟仪器地震烈度场及其与应急管理部中国地震局公布的调查评定地震烈度场[13]的对比。其中:模拟仪器烈度场与调查评定地震烈度场相当;模拟所得震中区域烈度最高为9度,高烈度区空间分布特征与近断层地震动集中性相符合,主要分布在断层地表投影范围;模拟烈度场没有呈现明显的上下盘效应;整体而言模拟仪器烈度场的7、8、9度区域范围稍大于调查评定地震烈度,6度区域范围略小于调查烈度。此次模拟合理再现实际调查地震烈度场的原因包括:①不同于以往的研究结果,本文采用了1.5 Hz的计算频带上限高于传统的1 Hz;②采用了反演所得的运动学震源几何参数,同时采用了宽频带运动学设定模型;③通过多次应急实践,采纳了YAO等[14]的研究结果,震源高频能量辐射中心不同于低频能量辐射中心。另外,从图4可以看出,模拟结果与调查评定地震烈度场存在一定差异,其可能原因是:模拟采用的公共速度结果分辨率较低,其是否可用于准确模拟地震动峰值加速度参数有待深入分析;模拟过程中并未考虑场地影响;仪器烈度与调查评定地震烈度并非完全一致以及计算频带上限的确定等。
最后,开展了当地典型建筑(以土/石木结构为主)房屋震害评估和人员伤亡评估。根据地震震区内建筑物分布和面积占比,在不同烈度区的建筑物总面积分别是:9度区建筑物总面积1.4万平方米,8度区建筑物总面积97.1万平方米,7度区建筑物总面积102.5万平方米,6度区建筑物总面积795.6万平方米。各烈度区内其他结构类型建筑物面积(藏式民居)占比最大,其多采用土坯和毛石作为建筑材料,墙体质量较差,承载力低,尤其在8度及以上地区可能发生严重破坏甚至倒塌。未设防混凝土砖砌体结构的抗震能力相对较好,但缺乏足够抗震措施,仍可能在极震区发生严重破坏。本文采用张桂欣等[7]提供的方法开展震害评估,基于藏式民居现场调查数据,采用分区分类地震易损性分析方法对震区建筑开展了震损评估。估计得到震区的主要藏式民居在6度区的轻微破坏及以上破坏率约为22%;在8度区内破坏陡增,中等破坏率超过50%;在8度区内,此类建筑超过80%处于中等破坏及以上状态,严重破坏率可能达到42%;在9度区内毁坏率可能超过50%。进一步地,采用孙柏涛等[8]提出的方法开展人员伤亡评估,该方法综合考虑发震时间、建筑破坏面积、人口分布、人员在室率以及由房屋破坏导致的人员致死率等因素。除此估计得到此次地震可能造成30人左右死亡。由于地震震区地处偏远,人口数据空间分布与实际相差较大。计算使用的基础数据统计的震区内人口仅为实际人口的40%,造成估计值偏低。人口总数调整后,预测死亡人数约90~120人,与实际值相近。
本文采用中国地震局工程力学研究所地震动模拟预测云平台,结合运动学震源反演结果、区域公共速度模型和地形数据,模拟了近场地震波场及地震仪器烈度分布。模拟结果表明:模拟仪器地震烈度与实测仪器地震烈度相当,高烈度区空间分布特征与近断层地震动集中性相符合,高烈度区主要分布在断层地表投影范围,自震中向北偏东方向延伸。模拟仪器地震烈度场与调查评定地震烈度场基本一致。在此基础上,采用张桂欣等方法,评估了当地量大面广典型建筑的震害。采用孙柏涛等提出的基于建筑破坏状态的分区分类的人员死亡评估方法,结合人口普查数据等基础数据,评估了西藏定日地震人员伤亡情况,评估结果与实际人员伤亡相当。后续拟进一步深化这方面研究,分析模拟仪器地震烈度场与调查评定地震烈度场现存差异的成因及其对人口伤亡和房屋建筑破坏分布地震灾情应急评估的影响;推进地震动模拟在地震地质灾害、次生灾害和社会影响等其它地震灾情应急评估中的应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U2039209)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(JQ2024E002)
  • 兵团科技攻关项目(2024AB077)
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2025.0102
  • 接收时间:2025-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-13
  • 修回日期:2025-01-25
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(U2039209)
黑龙江省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(JQ2024E002)
兵团科技攻关项目(2024AB077)
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    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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