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In order to study the mechanical properties of prefabricated thin-walled piers connected by grouted sleeves and the overall seismic performance of the bridge, firstly, the damage morphology characteristics of a group of ordinary cast-in-place thin-walled piers and prefabricated thin-walled piers connected by grouted sleeves were investigated through the proposed quasi-static test, and the differences in the skeleton curves and hysteresis curves between the two types of piers were analysed by comparing and contrasting them. Then, based on ABAQUS platform and the test data of this paper, the numerical simulation of the grouted sleeve connected thin-walled piers is carried out. On this basis, a three-span continuous box girder bridge is selected as an example, the multi-scale finite element dynamic analysis model of the whole bridge is established, and 100 ground are selected for the nonlinear time-history analysis, and the differences in the time-history response of the bridge components and hysteresis curves of the bridges set up with different piers are studied. Finally, the seismic fragility curves of different members were established to analyse the damage characteristics of each member of two types of bridges. The test results show that the damage form of prefabricated thin-walled pier is bending and shear damage, the concrete in the sleeve area is intact, the plastic hinge region is transferred to above the sleeve cross-section, the overall ultimate bearing capacity is slightly increased, the hysteresis curve shape is relatively full, with good plastic deformation capacity, and the hysteresis performance of ordinary cast-in-place thin-walled piers is basically the same. The model can simulate the overall mechanical properties of prefabricated thin-walled piers. The time-history fluctuations of prefabricated thin-walled piers mainly occur in the middle period of earthquakes. The difference in maximum displacement and internal force response between the two types of bridge piers is about 5% and 10%, and the bearing response is less affected compared to the bridge pier. Prefabricated thin-walled pier bearings and blocks are easily damaged components, and abutment bearings and blocks are more easily damaged than bridge piers. Prefabricated thin-walled piers are more easily damaged than ordinary cast-in-place thin-walled piers, but the difference is small. Prefabricated bridge piers can basically achieve the design principle of equivalent cast-in-place.

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为研究采用灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩的力学性能及桥梁整体抗震性能,首先,通过拟静力试验研究了一组普通现浇薄壁墩和灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩的破坏形态特征,对比分析了两类桥墩的骨架曲线及滞回曲线差异;随后,基于ABAQUS平台以及文中的试验数据,对灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩进行数值模拟验证;在此基础上,选取了一座三跨连续箱梁桥为算例,建立了全桥多尺度有限元动力分析模型,选取100条地震动进行了非线性时程分析,研究了设置不同桥墩的桥梁各构件时程响应及滞回曲线的差异;最后,建立了不同构件的地震易损性曲线,分析了两类桥梁各构件的损伤特征。研究结果表明:装配式薄壁墩破坏形式为弯剪破坏,套筒区混凝土完好,塑性铰区域转移至套筒截面以上,整体极限承载力略微提高,滞回曲线形状比较饱满,具有良好的塑性变形能力,与普通现浇薄壁墩滞回性能基本相同;所建模型能够较好地模拟装配式薄壁墩的整体力学性能;装配式薄壁墩时程波动主要在地震中期,两类桥墩最大位移与内力响应差距在5%与10%左右,支座响应相比桥墩所受影响较小;装配式薄壁墩支座和挡块为容易受损构件,并且桥台支座与挡块比桥墩更易受损,装配式薄壁墩比普通现浇薄壁墩更易受损但差距较小,装配式桥墩基本能够达到等同现浇的设计原则。

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胡峰强(1975—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事结构分析与设计理论、桥梁加固和智能建造技术研究。E-mail:
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胡思聪(1990—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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胡思聪(1990—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Seismic fragility analysis of a continuous bridge considering the performance of abutments, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390385632101223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, awardId=52268030, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52268030), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245390385770513262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, awardId=20224BAB204057, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省自然科学基金面上项目(20224BAB204057), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390367500124555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390367504318860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, companyId=1245390367500124555, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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label=图11, caption=桥墩底部内力时程曲线, figureFileSmall=zpfGBgtRW+pviWVFe7JWPA==, figureFileBig=r0k+Q+q2O2XpVegaUJCYgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390380284363511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=The maximum displalement response of the bearing and the maximum bending moment at the bottom of the pier, figureFileSmall=frgdL9htQn98xOGYZ1bi9A==, figureFileBig=JgZBxdORldIjI+hLc09inA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390380498273023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=CN, label=图12, caption=支座最大位移响应及墩底弯矩最大值

注:PWB为装配式薄壁墩桥梁;CWB为现浇薄壁墩桥梁;如CWB桥台为现浇薄壁墩桥梁桥台支座。

, figureFileSmall=frgdL9htQn98xOGYZ1bi9A==, figureFileBig=JgZBxdORldIjI+hLc09inA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390380716376839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Comparison of hysteresis curves of two types of pier components, figureFileSmall=wzyHZH4pxQgOAFRfI+DKew==, figureFileBig=ad2HcSpTioGVDyO552Q9vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390380993200910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=CN, label=图13, caption=两类桥墩构件滞回曲线对比, figureFileSmall=wzyHZH4pxQgOAFRfI+DKew==, figureFileBig=ad2HcSpTioGVDyO552Q9vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390383685944084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Component vulnerability curves, figureFileSmall=NCjZhB0uwQD51GaKLL5cXg==, figureFileBig=ZwsRqvGP5AcSMUwB6klaEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390383904047903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=CN, label=图14, caption=构件易损性曲线, figureFileSmall=NCjZhB0uwQD51GaKLL5cXg==, figureFileBig=ZwsRqvGP5AcSMUwB6klaEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390384113763107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Comparison diagram of vulnerability curves of two types of thin-walled piers, figureFileSmall=GDwGJenWzrKzA/74lkysvQ==, figureFileBig=SLTbok0AsvDo+ERWiZ5pqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390384310895403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=CN, label=图15, caption=两类薄壁墩易损性曲线对比图, figureFileSmall=GDwGJenWzrKzA/74lkysvQ==, figureFileBig=SLTbok0AsvDo+ERWiZ5pqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390384449307439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic parameter values of CDP model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膨胀角/(°)偏心率Fb0/Fc0K黏性系数
300.11.160.6670.005
), ArticleFig(id=1245390384608691000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CDP模型基本参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膨胀角/(°)偏心率Fb0/Fc0K黏性系数
300.11.160.6670.005
), ArticleFig(id=1245390384730325821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detailed information of ground motion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号地震事件年份台站震级震中距/km分量名
地震动1SMART1(45)1986SMART1 E027.351.35572_SMART1.45_45EO2EW
地震动2Livermore-011980San Ramon-Eastman Kodak5.817.24214_LIVERMOR_A-KOD180
地震动3Livermore-011980Tracy-Sewage Treatm Plant5.853.82216_LIVERMOR_A-STP093
), ArticleFig(id=1245390384860349253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

地震动详细信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号地震事件年份台站震级震中距/km分量名
地震动1SMART1(45)1986SMART1 E027.351.35572_SMART1.45_45EO2EW
地震动2Livermore-011980San Ramon-Eastman Kodak5.817.24214_LIVERMOR_A-KOD180
地震动3Livermore-011980Tracy-Sewage Treatm Plant5.853.82216_LIVERMOR_A-STP093
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Damage indices of each component

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构件损伤指标轻微损伤中等损伤严重损伤完全损伤
桥墩纵桥向曲率9.08×10-41.67×10-33.23×10-34.79×10-3
桥墩横桥向曲率1.63×10-43.812×10-46.8685×10-49.925×10-4
挡块变形/mm105.2145195230
PTFE支座变形/mm80150200300
LR支座剪切应变1.0(0.08 m)1.52.02.5
), ArticleFig(id=1245390385141367630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各构件损伤指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件损伤指标轻微损伤中等损伤严重损伤完全损伤
桥墩纵桥向曲率9.08×10-41.67×10-33.23×10-34.79×10-3
桥墩横桥向曲率1.63×10-43.812×10-46.8685×10-49.925×10-4
挡块变形/mm105.2145195230
PTFE支座变形/mm80150200300
LR支座剪切应变1.0(0.08 m)1.52.02.5
), ArticleFig(id=1245390385296556886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Medium damage probability of two types of bridge bearings and blocks

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构件0.2 g0.4 g0.6 g0.8 g1.0 g1.2 g1.4 g
PWB-桥台支座0.3080.7600.9200.9720.9901.0001.000
CWB-桥台支座0.2930.7460.9140.9690.9881.0001.000
PWB-桥墩支座0.0460.2170.3980.5440.6550.7370.798
CWB-桥墩支座0.0440.2070.3840.5300.6420.7260.787
PWB-桥台挡块0.2570.690.8760.9491.0001.0001.000
CWB-桥台挡块0.2480.6820.8730.9471.0001.0001.000
PWB-桥墩挡块0.0500.2290.4140.5610.6700.7510.810
CWB-桥墩挡块0.0480.2230.4070.5530.6640.7440.804
), ArticleFig(id=1245390385451746144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359711301864, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两类桥梁支座与挡块中等损伤概率

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构件0.2 g0.4 g0.6 g0.8 g1.0 g1.2 g1.4 g
PWB-桥台支座0.3080.7600.9200.9720.9901.0001.000
CWB-桥台支座0.2930.7460.9140.9690.9881.0001.000
PWB-桥墩支座0.0460.2170.3980.5440.6550.7370.798
CWB-桥墩支座0.0440.2070.3840.5300.6420.7260.787
PWB-桥台挡块0.2570.690.8760.9491.0001.0001.000
CWB-桥台挡块0.2480.6820.8730.9471.0001.0001.000
PWB-桥墩挡块0.0500.2290.4140.5610.6700.7510.810
CWB-桥墩挡块0.0480.2230.4070.5530.6640.7440.804
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灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩力学性能及桥梁抗震性能分析
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胡思聪 , 黄志奇 , 胡峰强 , 支清
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(6): 185-197
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(6): 185-197
灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩力学性能及桥梁抗震性能分析
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胡思聪 , 黄志奇, 胡峰强 , 支清
作者信息
  • 南昌大学 工程建设学院,江西 南昌 330031
  • 胡思聪(1990—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡峰强(1975—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事结构分析与设计理论、桥梁加固和智能建造技术研究。E-mail:
Mechanical properties and seismic performance of prefabricated thin-walled piers connected by grouted sleeves
Sicong HU , Zhiqi HUANG, Fengqiang HU , Qing ZHI
Affiliations
  • School of Infrastructure Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0617
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为研究采用灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩的力学性能及桥梁整体抗震性能,首先,通过拟静力试验研究了一组普通现浇薄壁墩和灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩的破坏形态特征,对比分析了两类桥墩的骨架曲线及滞回曲线差异;随后,基于ABAQUS平台以及文中的试验数据,对灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩进行数值模拟验证;在此基础上,选取了一座三跨连续箱梁桥为算例,建立了全桥多尺度有限元动力分析模型,选取100条地震动进行了非线性时程分析,研究了设置不同桥墩的桥梁各构件时程响应及滞回曲线的差异;最后,建立了不同构件的地震易损性曲线,分析了两类桥梁各构件的损伤特征。研究结果表明:装配式薄壁墩破坏形式为弯剪破坏,套筒区混凝土完好,塑性铰区域转移至套筒截面以上,整体极限承载力略微提高,滞回曲线形状比较饱满,具有良好的塑性变形能力,与普通现浇薄壁墩滞回性能基本相同;所建模型能够较好地模拟装配式薄壁墩的整体力学性能;装配式薄壁墩时程波动主要在地震中期,两类桥墩最大位移与内力响应差距在5%与10%左右,支座响应相比桥墩所受影响较小;装配式薄壁墩支座和挡块为容易受损构件,并且桥台支座与挡块比桥墩更易受损,装配式薄壁墩比普通现浇薄壁墩更易受损但差距较小,装配式桥墩基本能够达到等同现浇的设计原则。

灌浆套筒  /  装配式薄壁墩  /  时程分析  /  易损性分析  /  数值模拟

In order to study the mechanical properties of prefabricated thin-walled piers connected by grouted sleeves and the overall seismic performance of the bridge, firstly, the damage morphology characteristics of a group of ordinary cast-in-place thin-walled piers and prefabricated thin-walled piers connected by grouted sleeves were investigated through the proposed quasi-static test, and the differences in the skeleton curves and hysteresis curves between the two types of piers were analysed by comparing and contrasting them. Then, based on ABAQUS platform and the test data of this paper, the numerical simulation of the grouted sleeve connected thin-walled piers is carried out. On this basis, a three-span continuous box girder bridge is selected as an example, the multi-scale finite element dynamic analysis model of the whole bridge is established, and 100 ground are selected for the nonlinear time-history analysis, and the differences in the time-history response of the bridge components and hysteresis curves of the bridges set up with different piers are studied. Finally, the seismic fragility curves of different members were established to analyse the damage characteristics of each member of two types of bridges. The test results show that the damage form of prefabricated thin-walled pier is bending and shear damage, the concrete in the sleeve area is intact, the plastic hinge region is transferred to above the sleeve cross-section, the overall ultimate bearing capacity is slightly increased, the hysteresis curve shape is relatively full, with good plastic deformation capacity, and the hysteresis performance of ordinary cast-in-place thin-walled piers is basically the same. The model can simulate the overall mechanical properties of prefabricated thin-walled piers. The time-history fluctuations of prefabricated thin-walled piers mainly occur in the middle period of earthquakes. The difference in maximum displacement and internal force response between the two types of bridge piers is about 5% and 10%, and the bearing response is less affected compared to the bridge pier. Prefabricated thin-walled pier bearings and blocks are easily damaged components, and abutment bearings and blocks are more easily damaged than bridge piers. Prefabricated thin-walled piers are more easily damaged than ordinary cast-in-place thin-walled piers, but the difference is small. Prefabricated bridge piers can basically achieve the design principle of equivalent cast-in-place.

grouted sleeve  /  prefabricated thin-walled pier  /  time-history analysis  /  vulnerability analysis  /  numerical simulation
胡思聪, 黄志奇, 胡峰强, 支清. 灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩力学性能及桥梁抗震性能分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (6) : 185 -197 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0617
Sicong HU, Zhiqi HUANG, Fengqiang HU, Qing ZHI. Mechanical properties and seismic performance of prefabricated thin-walled piers connected by grouted sleeves[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (6) : 185 -197 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0617
我国西部山区地震频发,可能对桥梁结构产生巨大的破坏力,造成桥梁损伤,甚至垮塌,故桥梁的整体抗震性能尤为重要。并且我国西部地区地势复杂,所用桥墩墩高较高,可能会优选薄壁墩作为桥墩的形式。一方面,薄壁墩作为桥墩的一种类型,能满足主梁在温度与混凝土收缩徐变作用下的纵向变形的需要[1];另一方面,薄壁墩作为桥梁下部结构,在强震作用下既要承受竖向荷载还要耗散地震能量,桥梁整体的抗震性能与薄壁墩的抗震性能直接相关[2-3]
与此同时,灌浆套筒作为一种新型的连接构件因其具有较高的抗拉强度,连接可靠、适用性广和安装简便等优点被广泛使用在装配式结构当中[4]。然而,我国目前对薄壁墩的研究主要集中在单肢薄壁墩或双肢薄壁墩,对装配式薄壁墩的研究较少,对其破坏特征以及抗震性能的把控还存在不足之处,因此对采用灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩进行抗震性能分析是有必要的。
目前,国内外学者对套筒、桥梁构件以及桥梁整体做了大量的研究。鲍佳文等[5]建立了灌浆套筒有限元模型并研究了轴向拉伸荷载下接头的连接性能,结果表明,该模型能够准确地反映接头试件的破坏模式、极限承载力、荷载-位移曲线及钢筋和套筒的轴向应变分布规律。徐文靖等[6]进行了灌浆套筒预埋于墩身的预制拼装桥墩模型拟静力试验,研究表明:该桥墩因套筒刚度大,易在墩身套筒连接段形成刚性区域,发生墩身曲率重分布现象。辛光涛等[7]进行了碳纤维复合材料-外置金属耗能装置(carbon fiber reinforced plastic and external metallic dissipater,CFRP-EMD)加固灌浆套筒连接装配式桥墩振动台试验,结果表明,采用CFRP-EMD组合加固能够显著提高震损装配式构件的刚度、抗震变形能力和耗能能力。李晓鹏等[8]对灌浆套筒连接预制拼装桥墩抗剪强度影响因素进行了研究,研究表明:纵筋配筋率的提高对桥墩抗剪强度的提高有显著影响。另一方面,桥墩抗震性能在桥梁结构的抗震研究中至关重要,但由于试验成本高,学者们对薄壁墩的抗震性能研究更倾向于数值模拟。如凌广[9]采用反应谱法和时程法对非规则高墩桥梁进行了抗震研究分析,结果表明,该桥抗震设计合理,满足规范要求。由于墙式桥墩在结构形态和受力特性上与剪力墙和铁路桥墩相似。CHEN等[10]采用层状壳单元对典型简支梁桥墩进行仿真,并通过剪力墙测试结果验证壳单元的准确性。目前,薄壁墩的研究大多集中在单肢或双肢薄壁墩的抗震性能,对装配式薄壁墩的抗震性能研究较少。LIU等[11]对薄壁高墩钢筋混凝土刚构桥抗震性能进行了研究并提出了一种薄壁高墩桥梁破坏模式的预测方法。张永亮等[12]研究了双薄壁墩几何参数对矮墩连续刚构桥地震反应的影响,结果表明,双薄壁墩的壁厚和双肢中心距对连续刚构桥的各阶振型基本没有影响。此外,学者们还对桥梁构件以及整体的抗震性能做了广泛研究,如吴文朋等[13]以一座多跨钢筋混凝土连续梁桥为例,建立了有限元模型并进行大量的非线性时程分析,研究结果表明,基于传统界限估计和条件边缘乘积(product of conditional marginal,PCM)的系统易损性分析依赖于构件易损性分析的结果。马永涛等[14]对形状记忆合金-铅芯隔震橡胶支座(shape memory alloys-lead rubber bearing,SMA-LRB)复合型支座隔震连续梁桥进行了地震易损性分析,研究表明:该支座可以有效减小主梁的残余位移。YAN等[15]提出了一种基于多任务Lasso回归的多参数地震易损性分析(multi-parameter seismic fragility analysis,MP-SFA)高效生成方法,并以某大跨度斜拉桥为例进行了验证,结果表明,有必要使用MP-SFA来克服由于单一参数的不确定性造成的桥梁易损性分散问题。
上述研究促进了人们对灌浆套筒连接技术以及装配式桥墩的认识,但国内外学者大多是研究装配式圆墩或者其他类型的装配式桥墩,对薄壁墩以及采用灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩的研究还存在一些局限,没有深入研究装配式薄壁墩的破坏机理。此外,国内外学者对于装配式薄壁墩的有限元模型建立还比较粗略,还没有细致的研究装配式薄壁墩的模拟方法,并且大多数只是对单肢或者双肢薄壁墩的抗震性能进行研究,对装配式薄壁墩的抗震性能以及破坏机理的研究还存在不足之处,故对装配式薄壁墩进行进一步研究是有必要的。
基于此,本文分别制作了灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩试验试件以及普通现浇薄壁墩对比试验试件,研究其在相同加载方案下的受力性能,并基于ABAQUS软件对薄壁墩进行数值模拟,验证确保其能够较为准确地模拟薄壁墩构件;在此基础上,本文建立了全桥有限元动力模型,对桥梁整体进行了非线性时程分析,对比了两类桥墩在不同地震作用下的位移与内力时程响应分布以及不同构件的滞回性能;并根据易损性分析理论,研究不同构件在地震作用下的损伤趋势,对比装配式薄壁墩构件与现浇薄壁墩构件的损伤差异。
本试验制作了灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩(prefabricated thin-walled piers,PW)与普通现浇薄壁墩(cast-in-place thin-walled pier,CW)构件2个构件。墩身采用C40混凝土,钢筋采用HRB400级。薄壁墩尺寸及整体配筋如图1所示。套筒灌浆料采用高强聚合物砂浆[16],抗压强度为85.5 MPa。套筒长度为310 mm,外径42 mm。值得指出的是,装配式薄壁墩抗压强度与现浇薄壁墩存在一定差别,然而由于两类桥墩都符合设计规范,并且桥墩的抗震性能还受其他因素影响,所以该差异对两类桥墩抗震性能的影响较小,基本不影响后续的桥梁抗震性能分析。
采用液压千斤顶施加竖向荷载,竖向荷载大小为750 kN(轴压比0.1),采用MTS作动器进行低周反复荷载加载,试验装置示意图及构件如图2所示。本试验采用力和位移双控制进行加载。在力控制阶段,每级荷载步增加50 kN,临近屈服荷载步为20 kN,每级循环一次,直至屈服。构件屈服后进入位移控制阶段,以屈服位移为幅值递增加载,每级循环3次,构件的荷载下降至85%的最大荷载时停止加载。
构件破坏形态如图3所示。试验后,测得现浇薄壁墩构件屈服荷载为484 kN,极限荷载为633 kN,装配式薄壁墩构件屈服荷载为433 kN,极限荷载为646 kN。两类薄壁墩均为弯剪破坏。
对于现浇薄壁墩构件,其表现出良好的塑性变形能力以及较好的承载力,没有较早地出现混凝土或者内部钢筋破坏;当力加载到200 kN时,现浇薄壁墩构件出现第1条受弯裂缝,而第1条弯剪斜裂缝则出现在第1级位移加载阶段,到第3级位移加载时,墩身受压区保护层出现轻微剥落现象,而后混凝土开始大量脱落,到第6级位移加载时,底部混凝土基本被压碎,桥墩最外侧钢筋被拉断。
对于装配式薄壁墩构件,在横向位移幅值达到200 kN时,其坐浆层底部均开裂,在加载至340 kN时开始出现弯剪斜裂缝,在位移加载阶段,第4级加载时混凝土开始剥落,接缝处混凝土逐渐被压碎,第5级时混凝土保护层脱落,第6级时坐浆外围突出截面部分裂开,接缝处最外侧纵筋被拉断。由于灌浆套筒可以增加传统塑性铰区混凝土的约束,套筒区域类似形成刚域,增大了截面的刚度,导致传统塑性铰区域上移至套筒截面以上[17],大约是距离底部接缝的高度为350~600 mm的范围。
构件荷载-位移滞回曲线和骨架曲线如图4所示。总体上看,在力控制阶段,曲线近乎为线性的,残余变形比较小。在屈服之前构件的刚度没有出现明显的退化。由图4(a)和(b)可知,滞回曲线呈现弓形,产生了一定的捏缩效应,这可能是构件在受力过程中产生了一定的滑移效应,而整体较为饱满,表明构件的塑性变形能力较好。由图4(c)可知,装配式薄壁墩构件的滞回性能与现浇薄壁墩构件几乎相同,表现出比较好的抗震性能。由图4(d)可知,装配式薄壁墩构件的刚度总体会略低一点。与文献[18]对于预制柱底部节点采用灌浆套筒的试验结果类似,此次试验中装配式薄壁墩构件的极限荷载略大于现浇构件,原因可能是底部采用的灌浆套筒提高了混凝土受压区的强度。
在试验完成后,本文对上述薄壁墩构件进行了模型建立以及力学性能分析。建立装配式薄壁墩的模拟方法主要分为材料单元类型、材料本构模型以及接触三部分。首先,根据装配式薄壁墩内部的不同材料,选择了3种不同的节点单元,分别为实体单元(八节点六面体线性单元)、壳单元(四节点曲壳单元)以及桁架单元(三维二力杆单元),根据这3种单元以及前文试验的尺寸数据对装配式薄壁墩进行完整建模。然后,钢筋材料本构模型采用二折线模型,混凝土的本构关系采用GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》[19]中的单轴受拉的应力-应变曲线本构。最后,本文采用了2种接触方式,第1种通过绑定接触约束2个面之间的相对变形和位移;第2种为嵌入式接触,是将模型的一个区域镶嵌在另一个区域中。材料单元及本构模型如图5所示。
基于此,本文根据ABAQUS平台对装配式薄壁墩以及现浇薄壁墩分别进行了模拟。对于装配式薄壁墩构件,其外部混凝土、灌浆料以及与套筒连接的纵向钢筋采用实体单元模拟(这里纵筋采用实体单元模拟是为了后续接触的有效施加),套筒采用壳单元进行模拟,其他所有钢筋都采用桁架单元进行模拟;对于现浇薄壁墩构件,所有钢筋均采用桁架单元进行模拟(采用桁架单元主要是精简计算量),混凝土采用实体单元模拟。两类薄壁墩钢筋均采用二折线模型,塑性应变参数大小取为0.01[13],泊松比为0.3;灌浆套筒本构模型采用弹性模型,屈服强度为500 MPa;混凝土的本构关系采用ABAQUS有限元软件中的塑性损伤本构模型(CDP模型)模拟,表1为CDP模型需要输入的一些基本参数。
对于边界条件及接触,装配式薄壁墩构件内部所有钢筋和套筒(不包括套筒内的钢筋以及灌浆料)全部内置(embedded region)于外部混凝土内;而套筒内的钢筋内置于灌浆料中,所有灌浆料与所有套筒选择绑定(tie)的方式连接,荷载条件与本文1.2节所述加载方案一致。对于现浇薄壁墩构件,其内部所有钢筋全部内置于混凝土内,其他边界条件及接触与装配式薄壁墩构件基本一致。节点依据网格数量进行划分,不同单元之间的应力通过共同的节点进行传递。
根据试件尺寸建立有限元模型后,对两类试件进行了模拟计算,并将试验所得的结果与有限元模拟的结果进行了对比,对比结果如图6所示。
图6可知,有限元模拟结果与试验结果相近,说明本文建立的有限元模型比较准确,可以较好地呈现试验的结果。在装配式薄壁墩构件骨架曲线对比图中,曲线整体趋势比较接近,但模拟构件屈服位移较预制构件位移略小,这可能是由于灌浆套筒作为一个整体略微加大了薄壁墩底部的刚度,导致位移偏小。而对于现浇薄壁墩构件,模拟曲线整体趋势比现浇构件曲线略微偏大,这可能是由于在现实试验中底部承台不能实现完全固定,会在加载过程中产生一定的偏移,而在模拟过程中不会发生这种情况。在滞回曲线对比图中,试验曲线与模拟曲线吻合程度整体良好,曲线比较饱满,承载力大小基本一致,而模拟曲线在卸载时整体刚度略大于试验曲线,这可能是由于在模拟过程中,没有考虑薄壁墩内部的黏结滑移效应,导致模拟构件刚度偏大。但总体来看,有限元模型可以较为准确地反映桥墩在整个加载过程中的荷载-位移关系及其在往复作用下的滞回耗能行为。此外,本文给出了两类薄壁墩内部钢筋应力云图见图7(a)、(b)、装配式薄壁墩中灌浆套筒的应力云图见图7(c)。在图7(a)中,应力值从墩身顶部至墩身底部逐渐增大,底部应力出现最大值,最大应力为630 MPa,在图7(b)中也呈现出类似的现象,但最大应力小于现浇薄壁墩构件。在图7(c)中,套筒底部应力较大,顶部最小。
在完成前文试验研究以及其与有限元模拟对比工作,验证有限元能够准确模拟装配式薄壁墩后,为了获得设置薄壁墩的桥梁的整体抗震性能,本文采用一座三跨混凝土连续梁桥为研究对象,研究其在单一地震动下的滞回特征以及大量地震动下的损伤特征。该桥跨径布置3 × 30 m,墩高为13.5 m,主梁采用C50混凝土,桥墩采用C40混凝土,为6.5 m×1.4 m的实心混凝土方柱,纵向钢筋和箍筋都采用HRB400钢筋,纵向配筋率为0.7%,配箍率0.3% [10]。桥墩截面布置80根纵筋,直径为32 mm,保护层厚度为40 mm。盖梁为宽1.5 m、高1.7 m的矩形截面。桥台和桥墩处均布置2个支座,桥台处采用聚四氟乙烯滑板支座,桥墩处均采用普通板式橡胶支座。在能够准确模拟薄壁墩的基础上,本文采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立全桥有限元精细化模型,模型图如图8所示。该模型为多尺度精细化模型,其中主梁采用弹性梁单元进行模拟,支座单元采用Spring2弹簧单元模拟,桥墩建模细节如前文所述。
本文按照SHOME等[20]的建议,根据震级及震中距,从PEER地震库[21]中选取强震近距(large magnitude small range,LMSR)、强震远距(large magnitude large range,LMLR)、小震近距(small magnitude small range,SMSR)、小震远距(small magnitude large range,SMLR)共计100条地震动用于分析。为了更好地体现结构的非线性特性以及地震动的随机性,本文对100条地震动分别进行了不同程度的调幅,地震动输入方向为纵桥向x以及横桥向z向。所有地震动反应谱如图9所示。
为了分析桥梁在单一地震动下的时程响应特征,本文从上述100条地震动中选出3条地震动,其具体信息如表2所示。同时,本文给出了这3条地震动的加速度时程曲线如图10(a)、(b)、(c)所示,根据这3条地震动进行了非线性时程分析,得出了相应的桥墩顶部的位移时程响应曲线如图10(d)、(e)、(f)所示。由图可知,设置灌浆套筒连接的装配式薄壁墩与现浇薄壁墩的位移时程曲线趋势比较一致,并且最大位移也相差不大,如在地震动1中,装配式薄壁墩最大位移响应为0.055 m,现浇薄壁墩为0.058 m,差距为5%,这表明装配式薄壁墩能够近似达到等同现浇的设计原则。此外,本文还得出了墩底的内力时程响应曲线如图11所示。由图可知,两类桥墩的弯矩时程曲线变化趋势与位移时程曲线变化趋势类似,都呈现出比较一致的变化规律,弯矩最大值也比较接近,但均低于现浇薄壁墩构件的最大位移响应,而总体来看,两者的抗震性能处于比较接近的水准。
此外,本文在上述100条地震动中同时选取了其中10条地震动,分析对比了在地震作用下两类桥墩的支座的最大位移响应以及桥墩底部的弯矩最大值响应,如图12所示。由图12(a)可知,地震动的强弱决定了支座的最大位移响应,如在地震动6、7作用下,装配式薄壁墩支座位移分别为0.036、0.032 m,这说明在不同地震动作用下,桥梁支座受到的损伤不同且位移随着地震动的变化呈现非线性变化趋势。并且可以明显看出,两类桥墩支座最大位移基本一致,说明支座受薄壁墩构造影响较小。由图12(b)可知,装配式薄壁墩底部弯矩均低于现浇薄壁墩底部,但数值比较接近,表明两类薄壁墩的整体抗震性能比较接近;而装配式薄壁墩少数弯矩与现浇薄壁墩差距明显大于其他地震动,这可能是由于地震动强度过大导致两类薄壁墩的性能差异被明显放大,如在地震动1中,装配式薄壁墩弯矩值为13114 kN•m,现浇薄壁墩弯矩值为14399 kN•m,差距为9.8%。
此外,本文为研究不同构件的滞回性能,依旧从上述100条地震动中挑选了3条地震动,然后根据这3条地震动对支座以及墩底进行了滞回性能分析,如图13所示。由图可知,墩底与支座的滞回曲线在两类桥中的整体趋势是比较吻合的,两类墩底滞回曲线都比较饱满,表现出较好的抗震性能,具有一定的捏缩效应,最大弯矩值也比较接近,但装配式薄壁墩墩底弯矩最大值略低于现浇薄壁墩,可能是因为灌浆套筒的性能不能完全达到现浇的水准,但两类薄壁墩抗震性能整体比较接近。而支座曲线基本重合,并且形状比较规整,可能是因为支座基本不受薄壁墩构造影响,主要与其本身的性能有关。
易损性分析的主要目的是建立不同强度的地震作用下,构件或结构的地震需求达到或超过规定损伤极限状态的概率。地震易损性可以用式(1)表示[22]
式中:Φ(•)为标准正态分布函数;为地震需求SD和抗震能力SC|LSi的均值;βDβC|LSiSDSC|LSi的对数标准差。一般来说,当易损性曲线以SA为自变量时,取值0.4,而以PGA为自变量时,取值0.5。
本文选择SAT1(1阶自振周期对应的谱加速度值)作为地震动强度指标[23],将损伤等级分为轻微损伤、中等损伤、严重损伤和完全损伤4种,并选择桥墩、支座以及挡块3种构件进行分析。对于桥墩而言,由于高墩大跨桥梁的墩顶位移与控制截面的曲率不同步出现,材料损伤与变形之间并不是一一对应的关系[24]。因此,不宜采用位移或位移延性比作为桥墩损伤指标,故本文采用曲率φ作为桥墩损伤指标[25-26];对桥台支座采用位移μ作为损伤指标,桥墩支座采用剪切应变γ作为损伤指标,挡块则选择顶部位移Δs作为损伤指标[27]。值得指出的是,由于装配式薄壁墩和现浇薄壁墩施工工艺不同,其损伤截面的判定也存在一定差异;同时,由于薄壁墩在纵桥向以及横桥向的力学特性和破坏模式差异巨大,本文利用XTRACT软件对2个方向的损伤指标分别进行了确定。对于普通桥墩取墩底截面作为关键截面,对于装配式桥墩而言,取墩底截面及接缝处截面中最不利的截面作为关键截面。各构件损伤指标见表3
为了研究桥梁在大量地震动下的损伤特征,本文根据式(1)、前文所选100条地震动并结合表3可求得各构件在不同破坏状态下的失效概率,并形成各构件的易损性曲线。桥梁各构件易损性曲线如图14所示。由图可知,桥梁各构件在地震作用下的损伤概率都随着谱加速度的增大呈现出非线性增大;对于桥梁支座来说,桥台支座各等级损伤概率明显高于桥墩支座,如当谱加速度为0.4 g时,桥台支座轻微损伤概率为96.6%,中等损伤概率为74.6%,完全损伤概率为31%,而桥墩支座轻微损伤概率为60%,中等损伤概率为20%,完全损伤概率为8%,这说明桥台支座比桥墩支座更易在地震作用下受到损伤,这可能是由于桥台能够为梁体提供一个边界条件,当梁体与桥台间的相对位移大于桥台处伸缩缝间隙后,梁体将与桥台碰撞,从而使得桥台与桥台支座共同承担一部分地震力,并且限制了梁体的进一步位移,从而使得桥墩支座的变形得到了控制[28],故在抗震设计中对于桥台应使用变形更加良好的支座。
对于挡块来说,曲线呈现出的规律与支座易损性曲线相似,可以看出,桥台挡块相对桥墩挡块更容易受到破坏,如当谱加速度为0.5 g时,桥台挡块中等损伤概率为80%,而桥墩挡块中等损伤概率为31.5%,这可能是桥台比桥墩先受到地震动作用,一定程度上对桥墩挡块产生了保护,从而使得桥墩挡块损伤概率低于桥台挡块,这表明在抗震设计中对于桥台的支座和挡块需要设置性能更加良好的构件以起到更好的保护作用。此外,桥台支座和挡块在小震作用下相对不易损坏,但在大震作用下损伤概率急剧提高,这可能是因为在大震作用下,主梁与桥台发生了碰撞导致桥台及其构件发生剧烈变形。
对于桥墩来说,桥墩沿纵桥向和横桥向的地震易损性曲线变化规律比较一致,均随地震动强度的增加而呈现非线性增大的趋势,但同一种破坏状态下的损伤概率提升点总是先在纵桥向激发,横桥向则需要更大的谱加速度;同时损伤概率沿横桥向增加速率较纵桥向小,因此桥墩沿纵桥向的地震损伤概率总是大于横桥向,如当谱加速度为0.5 g时,桥墩纵向轻微损伤概率为82.39%,中等损伤概率为58.9%,而桥墩横桥向轻微损伤概率为30.77%,中等损伤概率为6.79%。
此外,本文对设置灌浆套筒的装配式薄壁墩与普通现浇薄壁墩在相同地震作用下的损伤概率进行了对比分析,得出的易损性曲线如图15所示。由图可知,两类薄壁墩构件的易损性曲线变化规律基本一致,都随谱加速度的增大而呈现非线性增大趋势,并且无论是在纵桥向还是横桥向其易损性曲线表现出的抗震性能都比较接近,但装配式薄壁墩相对更加容易损伤,如在轻微损伤中,当谱加速度为0.5 g时,装配式薄壁墩在纵桥向的损伤概率为82.38%,现浇薄壁墩损伤概率则为80.76%。对于轻微和中等损伤而言,两类薄壁墩在纵桥向的损伤概率在同一谱加速度下损伤差异比起严重损伤和完全损伤要小,并且呈现随损伤等级增加,损伤差异越大的趋势,这可能是因为在装配式薄壁墩进行组装时新旧混凝土的黏结效果达不到现浇的黏结强度;而横桥向也有类似规律,但不如纵桥向明显,总体而言装配式薄壁墩的抗震性能是能够近似达到现浇薄壁墩的抗震性能。
表4给出了挡块和支座在两类桥梁中的中等损伤状态下的损伤概率信息。由表可知,无论是桥台还是桥墩的挡块与支座,在同一谱加速度下它们表现出的损伤概率在两类桥梁中差异非常小,甚至接近重合,如当谱加速度为0.6 g时,装配式薄壁墩桥台支座损伤概率为92%,而现浇薄壁墩的损伤概率为91.4%,这或许是因为在强震作用下挡块和支座可能很早就已经损坏了并且其本身的性能与桥墩构造无关,使得挡块和支座表现出近似的破坏状态。
本文对薄壁墩构件进行了试验研究,并利用ABAQUS有限元软件对薄壁墩构件进行力学性能模拟验证,建立了全桥精细化多尺度有限元模型,对全桥模型进行了非线性时程分析以及易损性分析,得出以下结论:
1)装配式薄壁墩破坏形式为弯剪破坏,底部套筒区域混凝土未开裂,塑性铰区域转移至套筒截面以上,但局部破坏比较严重;滞回曲线比较饱满,具有良好的塑性变形能力,承载力与现浇薄壁墩基本一致。
2)基于ABAQUS平台对试验构件分别建立有限元模型并与试验结果进行对比分析,得出的装配式薄壁墩的数值模拟骨架曲线与试验骨架曲线吻合程度较好,承载力基本一致,滞回曲线契合度较好,有限元模拟能够较好地还原试验效果。
3)通过对全桥动力模型进行非线性时程分析,得出装配式薄壁墩最大位移响应发生在地震中期,两类薄壁墩顶部位移时程曲线趋势比较接近,支座最大位移响应受桥墩构造影响较小,桥墩底部内力时程响应曲线差异较小,不同桥墩下相同构件滞回性能比较接近。
4)依据易损性理论对桥梁进行易损性评估,支座和挡块在桥梁中更易受到损伤,桥台支座和挡块比起桥墩更易受损;装配式薄壁墩和现浇薄壁墩易损性曲线趋势比较一致,损伤差异随损伤等级增加而增大;在同一谱加速度下,装配式薄壁墩更易受损但损伤概率差距较小,表明装配式薄壁墩的抗震性能能够达到等同现浇的设计原则。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52268030)
  • 江西省自然科学基金面上项目(20224BAB204057)
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0617
  • 接收时间:2023-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-28
  • 修回日期:2023-11-05
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52268030)
江西省自然科学基金面上项目(20224BAB204057)
作者信息
    南昌大学 工程建设学院,江西 南昌 330031

通讯作者:

胡峰强(1975—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事结构分析与设计理论、桥梁加固和智能建造技术研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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