Article(id=1245390360017486057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0610, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703433600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-25, revisedDate=1709654400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853800061, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853800061, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853800061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853800061, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390357958082790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853799571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854467826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=102, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390360520802542, articleId=1245390360017486057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Seismic response of nuclear power structure on non-bedrock site under oblique incident seismic waves, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since there are fewer and fewer high-quality bedrock sites to choose from, it is inevitable that new nuclear power plants will be built on non-bedrock sites in the future. At this time, soil-structure interaction is a factor that must be considered in the seismic fortification of nuclear power plants. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model of the site-pile raft foundation-nuclear power plant is established for Hualong One nuclear power plant planned to be built on a non-bedrock site in China. The direct stiffness method and the boundary substructure method are used to achieve oblique incidence seismic waves input, and the difference in the seismic response of the nuclear power structure when SV waves are incident at three different angles is studied. The effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the structural response is further analyzed. The results show that the non-bedrock site of the nuclear power plant will significantly amplify the bedrock seismic waves, and the peak acceleration amplification coefficient at the bottom of the containment can reach 3.6 when the seismic wave is vertically incident. With the increase of the incidence angle of the seismic wave, the horizontal acceleration response decreases and the vertical acceleration response increases, and the horizontal and vertical acceleration response spectra shift towards the long-period direction and the short period direction, respectively. SSI can significantly affect the seismic response of nuclear power structures in non-bedrock sites.

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由于可供选择的优质基岩场地越来越少,未来新建核电站将不可避免的选建于非基岩场地,此时土-结构相互作用是核电站抗震设防必须考虑的因素。针对我国某非基岩场地拟建“华龙一号”核电站,建立了场地-桩筏基础-核电结构三维有限元整体模型,采用直接刚度法和边界子结构方法实现斜入射地震波输入,研究了SV波以3种不同角度入射时核电结构的地震响应差异,并进一步分析了土-结构相互作用(soil-structure interaction,SSI)对结构响应的影响规律。研究结果表明:该核电站所在非基岩场地会显著放大基岩地震波,地震波垂直入射时安全壳底部峰值加速度放大系数能达到3.6;随着地震波入射角度增大,核电结构水平加速度响应减小、竖向加速度响应增大,同时水平和竖向加速度反应谱峰值分别向长周期和短周期方向偏移;SSI会显著影响非基岩场地核电结构的地震响应。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
巴振宁(1980—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
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刘又恺(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

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刘又恺(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

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刘又恺(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Three-dimensional viscoelastic static and dynamic unified artificial boundary, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395501297750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360017486057, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=27, issue=5, pageStart=7, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=34, authorNames=梁建文, 巴振宁, journalName=地震工程与工程振动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=梁建文,巴振宁. 三维层状场地的精确动力刚度矩阵及格林函数[J]. 地震工程与工程振动, 2007, 27(5): 7-17., articleTitle=三维层状场地的精确动力刚度矩阵及格林函数, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395585183835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360017486057, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=27, issue=5, pageStart=7, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=35, authorNames=LIANG Jianwen, BA Zhenning, journalName=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG Jianwen, BA Zhenning. 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The seismic wave input method for soil-structure dynamic interaction analysis based on the substructure of artificial boundaries[J]. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2018, 50(1): 32-43. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The seismic wave input method for soil-structure dynamic interaction analysis based on the substructure of artificial boundaries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396050751595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360017486057, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=29, issue=4, pageStart=133, pageEnd=141, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=38, authorNames=李述涛, 刘晶波, 宝鑫, journalName=自然灾害学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李述涛,刘晶波,宝鑫,. 人工边界子结构地震动输入方法在ABAQUS中的实现[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2020, 29(4): 133-141., articleTitle=人工边界子结构地震动输入方法在ABAQUS中的实现, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396172386416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360017486057, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=29, issue=4, pageStart=133, pageEnd=141, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=39, authorNames=LI Shutao, LIU Jingbo, BAO Xin, journalName=Journal of Natural Disasters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Shutao, LIU Jingbo, BAO Xin, et al. 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Structural material parameters

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结构材料类别弹性模量/(×104 MPa)密度/(kg/m3泊松比
安全壳C603.6025000.2
厂房外墙C453.3525000.2
厂房内墙C453.3525000.2
厂房楼板C403.2525000.2
筏板基础C403.2525000.2
C403.2525000.2
), ArticleFig(id=1245390388224181131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390360017486057, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结构材料参数

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结构材料类别弹性模量/(×104 MPa)密度/(kg/m3泊松比
安全壳C603.6025000.2
厂房外墙C453.3525000.2
厂房内墙C453.3525000.2
厂房楼板C403.2525000.2
筏板基础C403.2525000.2
C403.2525000.2
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Soil dynamic parameters

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层号土类厚度/m剪切波速/(m/s)密度/(kg/m3泊松比
1粉质黏土5.011118940.49
2粉砂11.119019520.49
3淤泥质粉质黏土2.216120710.49
4粉质黏土10.624618850.49
5粉质黏土5.526219190.48
6粉质黏土13.131318970.48
7粉砂3.633519090.47
8气孔状玄武岩8.9156624610.28
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土体动力学参数

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层号土类厚度/m剪切波速/(m/s)密度/(kg/m3泊松比
1粉质黏土5.011118940.49
2粉砂11.119019520.49
3淤泥质粉质黏土2.216120710.49
4粉质黏土10.624618850.49
5粉质黏土5.526219190.48
6粉质黏土13.131318970.48
7粉砂3.633519090.47
8气孔状玄武岩8.9156624610.28
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Seismic incidence analysis conditions

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入射角/(°)地震波是否考虑SSI
0El Centro波
人工波
30El Centro波
人工波
60El Centro波
人工波
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地震入射分析工况

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入射角/(°)地震波是否考虑SSI
0El Centro波
人工波
30El Centro波
人工波
60El Centro波
人工波
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斜入射地震波作用下非基岩场地核电结构地震响应
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刘又恺 1 , 梁建文 1, 2 , 巴振宁 1, 2 , 王永光 1 , 马英 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(6): 102-116
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(6): 102-116
斜入射地震波作用下非基岩场地核电结构地震响应
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刘又恺1 , 梁建文1, 2, 巴振宁1, 2 , 王永光1, 马英3
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学 建筑工程学院,天津 300350
  • 2.天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室,天津 300350
  • 3.中国核电集团有限公司,北京 100097
  • 刘又恺(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

巴振宁(1980—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
Seismic response of nuclear power structure on non-bedrock site under oblique incident seismic waves
Youkai LIU1 , Jianwen LIANG1, 2, Zhenning BA1, 2 , Yongguang WANG1, Ying MA3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 3.China National Nuclear Power Corporation Limited, Beijing 100097, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0610
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由于可供选择的优质基岩场地越来越少,未来新建核电站将不可避免的选建于非基岩场地,此时土-结构相互作用是核电站抗震设防必须考虑的因素。针对我国某非基岩场地拟建“华龙一号”核电站,建立了场地-桩筏基础-核电结构三维有限元整体模型,采用直接刚度法和边界子结构方法实现斜入射地震波输入,研究了SV波以3种不同角度入射时核电结构的地震响应差异,并进一步分析了土-结构相互作用(soil-structure interaction,SSI)对结构响应的影响规律。研究结果表明:该核电站所在非基岩场地会显著放大基岩地震波,地震波垂直入射时安全壳底部峰值加速度放大系数能达到3.6;随着地震波入射角度增大,核电结构水平加速度响应减小、竖向加速度响应增大,同时水平和竖向加速度反应谱峰值分别向长周期和短周期方向偏移;SSI会显著影响非基岩场地核电结构的地震响应。

核电结构  /  非基岩场地  /  入射角度  /  地震响应  /  直接刚度法  /  土-结构相互作用

Since there are fewer and fewer high-quality bedrock sites to choose from, it is inevitable that new nuclear power plants will be built on non-bedrock sites in the future. At this time, soil-structure interaction is a factor that must be considered in the seismic fortification of nuclear power plants. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model of the site-pile raft foundation-nuclear power plant is established for Hualong One nuclear power plant planned to be built on a non-bedrock site in China. The direct stiffness method and the boundary substructure method are used to achieve oblique incidence seismic waves input, and the difference in the seismic response of the nuclear power structure when SV waves are incident at three different angles is studied. The effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the structural response is further analyzed. The results show that the non-bedrock site of the nuclear power plant will significantly amplify the bedrock seismic waves, and the peak acceleration amplification coefficient at the bottom of the containment can reach 3.6 when the seismic wave is vertically incident. With the increase of the incidence angle of the seismic wave, the horizontal acceleration response decreases and the vertical acceleration response increases, and the horizontal and vertical acceleration response spectra shift towards the long-period direction and the short period direction, respectively. SSI can significantly affect the seismic response of nuclear power structures in non-bedrock sites.

nuclear power structure  /  non-bedrock site  /  incident angle  /  seismic response  /  direct stiffness method  /  soil-structure interaction (SSI)
刘又恺, 梁建文, 巴振宁, 王永光, 马英. 斜入射地震波作用下非基岩场地核电结构地震响应. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (6) : 102 -116 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0610
Youkai LIU, Jianwen LIANG, Zhenning BA, Yongguang WANG, Ying MA. Seismic response of nuclear power structure on non-bedrock site under oblique incident seismic waves[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (6) : 102 -116 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0610
核电作为清洁高效的无碳能源[1],正迎来前所未有的发展机遇,但可供核电站建设的基岩厂址越来越少,在某些地区核电站将被迫建于地质条件较差的非基岩场地[2],确保建设在非基岩场地核电在地震作用下的安全成为了一个重要课题。
诸多学者采用数值模拟或振动台试验方法对核电结构地震响应问题展开了研究。数值模拟方面:GAN等[3]通过ANSYS模拟了2种地震波输入时AP1000核岛结构地震响应,论证了在安全停堆地震工况下的结构安全性。为对比基岩场地与非基岩场地核岛结构地震响应差异,TUÑÓN-SANJUR等[4]利用有限元软件建立集中质量和壳的核岛结构模型,分析了不同类型场地上核岛的楼层响应情况。FARAHANI等[5]通过有限元模型进行了正交地震波激励下的结构响应分析,进一步研究了非基岩场地核岛地震响应对于不同参数的敏感性。LUO等[6]的研究揭示了桩基在土与核岛结构相互作用中的重要性,发现桩基引入的相互作用非线性行为会导致核岛的位移响应有所降低,并且摇摆运动会受到抑制。沈亮等[7]则研究了在非基岩厂址条件下核岛厂房不同埋置方法对结构地震动力响应的影响。朱升冬等[8-9]拓展了近场中强震、中-远场强震及远场大震等不同情况下地震输入的研究,考察了松软场地上桩筏基础核岛结构的三维地震反应特性,讨论了不同地震工况对核岛结构的潜在破坏风险,同时论证了土-桩-结构相互作用耦合效应对地震波的高频过滤和低频放大效应。
振动台试验方面:景立平等[10-11]利用振动台开展地震模拟试验,研究了不同地基土对土-结构相互作用的影响,以及地震对核岛桩基的破坏情况。李小军等[12]通过振动台试验进一步研究了非基岩场地条件下核电结构的适用性和地震响应特征,试验结果说明了核电结构地震响应受场地条件影响明显,在进行核电地震响应分析时应充分考虑土-结构相互作用。
分析以上文献发现,目前大部分核岛地震响应研究采用在模型底部直接输入台站地震动记录作为基岩输入地震波的方法,只考虑地震波垂直入射或入射方向平行于某一坐标面[13]。然而对于近场地震作用下的大型结构和重点防护结构,地震波斜入射引起的地面运动对结构的非一致效应不可忽略[14],考虑斜入射才能真实反映近场地震动的三维效应。CHEN等[15]对SV波斜入射下高拱坝损伤情况开展了相关研究,论证了斜入射与垂直入射地震波造成的结构响应存在显著差异,只考虑垂直入射时部分关键位置响应会被低估。赵密等[16]研究了不同场地条件下P波斜入射时CAP1400核岛结构的地震响应,结果显示分层场地和硬岩场地下结构响应随入射角度变化规律基本一致。
本文针对我国某地区拟建的“华龙一号”核电站,建立了场地-桩筏基础-核电结构三维整体模型,探究了斜入射SV波作用下非基岩场地核电结构的地震响应,并进一步分析了是否考虑土-结构相互作用(soil-structure interaction,SSI)对核电结构地震响应的影响,其结论对非基岩场地上核电结构的抗震设计具有相应参考价值。
“华龙一号”是我国研发的具有自主知识产权的三代核电技术堆型,也是目前世界上最大的商用核反应堆之一,已逐步开始在国内外批量化建设。“华龙一号”的设计借鉴了AP1000等先进核电技术,并且充分考虑了福岛核事故等重大事件的经验反馈,具有应对各种极端工况的能力。传统核电机组大多采用单层安全壳设计,而“华龙一号”使用了大容积双层安全壳,其外壳主要用于抵御飞机撞击、龙卷风袭击等外部灾害,内壳的主要作用是抵御核事故时内部的高温高压以及屏蔽辐射,双层壳设计实现了更高的安全性。
本文选择我国某内陆非基岩场地拟建“华龙一号”核电站为研究对象,该核电站整体外围平面尺寸为102 m×96 m,上部结构主要由5个部分组成:反应堆厂房、安全厂房A列、安全厂房B列、辅助厂房和燃料厂房,其中反应堆厂房采用了内外双层安全壳结构。反应堆厂房高度72.1 m,安全壳外径51 m,周围厂房高度30~42 m不等。厂房整体结构共用一块筏板基础,筏板厚度3.7 m,基底埋深为13.2 m,基础底部布设有桩基,桩端持力层位于玄武岩层。
核电站所在场地为三类场地,场地上部为第四系全新统海陆交互相沉积层、第四系上更新统海陆交互相沉积层,主要为粉质黏土,土层厚度约为50 m。
参照“华龙一号”核电站相关设计图纸,采用ABAQUS通用有限元软件建立核电结构模型,并按上部结构(包含反应堆厂房、安全厂房A列、安全厂房B列、辅助厂房及燃料厂房)、筏板、桩基的结构划分进行分区块建模。“华龙一号”核电结构有限元模型见图1
1)上部结构
厂房为一般墙板结构,墙厚为600~1200 mm不等,厂房外墙厚度较大,楼板厚为500~600 mm,安全壳外壳整体厚度为1500 mm,内壳筒体厚为1300 mm,内壳壳顶厚为1050 mm。安全厂房A列含7~8个楼层,安全厂房B列和辅助厂房含6~7个楼层,燃料厂房含9个楼层,各厂房楼层层高为2.9~8.5 m不等。上部结构的主要质量和刚度分布在这些板壳结构上,因此厂房墙体、楼板以及安全壳均根据实际厚度和位置用壳单元进行建模,网格尺寸为2 m。反应堆厂房内部结构包含有部分长细设备构件,采用梁单元建模,网格尺寸同样为2 m。
2)筏板基础
筏板基础水平尺寸与核电站外围平面尺寸一致,为102 m×96 m,整体厚度为3.7 m,与安全壳外壳连接处加厚至7.2 m。筏板基础和安全壳内壳大厚度的底板都是大体积混凝土结构,采用实体单元进行建模,网格尺寸为0.5~2.0 m。
3)桩基
桩长为40 m,桩径为1.5 m,桩中心距约4 m,在筏板底部均匀布设混凝土桩基。桩基采用梁单元建模,网格尺寸为2 m。
整个核电结构共划分为64368个网格单元。其中反应堆厂房还原了内部复杂结构,见图2。在模型中保留了安全壳内壳上的通气孔和设备孔等结构特征,模型内部设置了1764个集中质量点用以模拟分布在反应堆厂房内部的设备和冷却水箱。核电结构的主要材料为混凝土,假设为弹性材料,材料参数见表1
上部结构部分阻尼采用Rayleigh阻尼:为模拟核电结构的振动耗能特性,基于本文考虑运行安全地震动工况,阻尼比取4%[17],根据文献[18]方法确定计算得到Rayleigh阻尼系数为α=1.0168,β=0.001600。
根据现场岩土工程勘察报告,将场地简化为层状土体进行建模,场地土体模型尺寸取200 m×200 m×60 m,材料参数见表2,其中核电站基底持力层为第2层粉砂层,桩基底部位于第8层气孔状玄武岩层。土体采用实体单元进行网格划分,为了能准确模拟地震波在土体中的传播,按照沿地震波传播方向上不同介质的最短波长至少包含8~10个网格的规则进行划分[19],同时综合考虑土体剪切波速和计算效率的影响,最终确定竖向网格尺寸为1~4 m,水平向网格尺寸为1.5~4 m,共计150731个网格单元。
场地阻尼亦采用Rayleigh阻尼,由有限元模态分析得到场地前2阶固有频率分别为0.994、1.038 Hz,根据土工试验取阻尼比5%,由此得到瑞利阻尼系数为α=0.3190,β=0.0078。
核电站基础底部布桩较密集,桩身刚度大,因此桩基顶部与筏板基础之间采用绑定约束。同样的,核电上部结构与筏板基础之间也采取绑定约束。桩基础为嵌岩桩,持力层为较坚硬的玄武岩层,可假设桩身在土体内没有相对滑移,因此桩在场地土层中设置内置区域约束。核电站的埋置部分以及筏板基础与土体之间有着很大的接触面积,为了较好地还原两者之间的相互作用,厂房埋置部分与土体之间和筏板与土体之间采用法向硬接触,切向根据材料间摩擦系数定义罚函数接触。
为避免地震波传至模型边界时产生反射波对场地内部区域造成影响,在模型底部和四周的截断边界设置三维黏弹性人工边界。具体方法为在边界节点处设置3个坐标方向的弹簧-阻尼器单元,以边界节点i为例,法向弹性系数KiN,切向弹性系数KiT,法向阻尼系数CiN和切向阻尼系数CiT按式(1)确定:
式中:αNαT分别为法向和切向参数,根据文献[20]确定αN=1.33,αT=0.67;cPcS分别为介质的压缩波速和剪切波速;G为介质剪切模量;ρ为介质质量密度;R取近场结构几何中心至该人工边界节点的距离;Ai为边界节点的影响面积。场地四周及底部施加三维黏弹性边界后,整体模型见图3
为研究核电结构在斜入射SV波作用下的地震响应,本文采用直接刚度法求解层状场地斜入射地震波响应[21],随后通过边界子结构方法实现地震波输入[22-23],实现流程见图4
地震波输入方法具体步骤如下:
步骤1:建立边界子结构模型。在ABAQUS中利用杀死单元的方法使场地模型的内部单元全部失效,只保留模型底部及四周最外层实体单元及其外侧的弹簧-阻尼器单元,以此得到边界子结构模型。通过编写Python代码,批量输出边界子结构模型所有单元的节点编号及其坐标。
步骤2:直接刚度法求解自由场响应。以文献[22]中理论推导得到的三维层状场地整体动力刚度矩阵为基础,编写了用于计算斜入射地震波时三维层状场地自由场响应的Fortran程序。通过提供输入地震波时程、入射角度、层状场地的几何与材料参数等输入参数,程序能输出该自由场任何位置处的地震响应。读取步骤1中边界子结构模型所有节点的编号和坐标信息,利用该程序输出对应位置处的自由场三向位移时程响应u0
步骤3:边界子结构模型动力计算。通过编写代码将步骤2输出的自由场位移时程u0对应施加到边界子结构模型所有节点上并进行动力计算,然后提取模型外层节点的三向反力时程。
步骤4:等效地震荷载输入。根据波动法的基本原理,上述计算得到的场地模型截断边界处的节点反力即为输入地震波的等效地震荷载peff。因此,将提取的节点反力对应施加到土-结构相互作用模型上并进行动力计算,就能模拟地震波斜入射时核电结构的地震响应。
考虑到当前边界子结构模型的节点数量过多,用于记录节点自由场位移时程和反力时程的数据量较大,若直接应用上述方法会出现软件读取内存大小超出限制的问题,难以直接进行计算。鉴于此,采用重启动分析的方法解决该问题,在进行上述步骤3和步骤4工作时,根据地震波持时长短,将完整输入的自由场位移时程和外层节点反力时程拆分为数个分析步分段输入,确保每个分析步内的时程文件大小不会超过内存读取的限制。随后在计算完第1个分析步骤后,利用软件的重启动分析功能对后续每个分析步进行计算,以实现整个地震时段的等效地震荷载输入,其流程见图5
为对比分析是否考虑土-结构相互作用对核电结构相应的影响,本文同时建立了不含场地土体和桩基的核电结构模型,通过直接在筏板基础底部施加Fortran程序计算得到的对应位置处自由场响应来模拟不考虑土-结构相互作用时地震波的输入。
1)地震波选取
由于该拟建核电厂址及其附近地区缺乏历史强震记录,分别选取一条天然波和人工波作为输入地震波。天然波选取基岩处记录的El Centro波,地震波持时40 s;人工波选取基岩处的RG1.60改进型反应谱拟合得到的地震波时程(后文统称人工波),持时为25 s。本文研究核电结构在运行安全设计基准下地震响应,根据场地地震安全性评价报告,SL-1级竖向和水平向基岩地震波峰值加速度取0.1 g,因此将2条输入地震波均调幅到0.1 g。2种地震波的加速度时程和傅里叶谱见图6
2)计算工况设置
为了分析斜入射对核电结构的影响,本文采用Y-Z平面内与Z轴正向夹角分别为0°(垂直入射)、30°和60°共3个角度进行入射,见图7。对于每种地震入射角,均分别采用了El Centro波和人工波入射,且对每种入射工况都进行了考虑SSI和不考虑SSI的数值分析,见表3。所有工况的输入SV波都在Y-Z平面内入射,根据数值模拟得到的结果,结构在Y方向的响应远大于X方向,因此后文提到的水平向响应均指代Y方向的响应。
选取安全壳和周边厂房不同高度处的代表性节点作为参考点,通过分析参考点的响应结果以反映核电结构的地震响应特性和规律。
3)安全壳响应输出位置选取
定义参考点的峰值加速度与输入基岩地震波峰值加速度之比为峰值加速度放大系数,在安全壳正西侧的(X轴正方向)内壳和外壳表面,沿结构高度从底部至顶部每10 m取一个参考点进行峰值加速度分析,参考点选取位置见图8
4)安全厂房A列响应输出位置选取
沿安全厂房A列同一水平位置的1~8层房间楼板中心设置一系列参考点,用于分析楼层的峰值相对位移,参考点选取见图9
5)结构加速度反应谱分析位置选取
在安全壳和厂房不同位置处选取N1~N6共6个代表性参考点,用于分析5%阻尼比下的水平向加速度反应谱和竖向加速度反应谱,其位置见图10。其中N1位于反应堆厂房内部结构的底座中心顶部,N2位于反应堆厂房内部的顶层环形楼板,N3位于安全壳内壳壁的最大开孔边缘,N4位于安全壳外壳顶部的隔层处,N5位于安全厂房B列的4层楼板处,N6位于安全厂房A列的楼顶。N1和N5基本处在同一高度,N2、N3和N6也基本处于同一高度。
不考虑土-结构相互作用时,筏板基础底部的地震动响应与该位置处的自由场响应一致。由于地震波斜入射时基础底部各位置处响应存在差异,故输出底部中心位置处的响应作为参考,不同地震波输入工况时筏板基础底部对应位置处自由场响应见图11图12。对照图11图12图6(a)中的时程曲线可以看出,在不考虑土-结构相互作用时,筏板基础底部位置处地震响应相较于基岩输入地震波有明显放大作用。
图13图14分别给出了输入2种地震波时安全壳内壳和外壳在2个方向上的峰值加速度放大系数。对照图13(a)、(c),以及对照图14(a)、(c)可知:考虑SSI时,内壳和外壳水平向峰值加速度均随结构高度的增加而增大,并且相同高度处内外壳的响应大小接近;不考虑SSI时,相同高度外壳响应大于内壳,且随高度增加外壳响应的增大更为剧烈,在50 m结构高度以上部位尤其明显。这是内外壳结构形式差异导致的,内壳有较厚的底板,整体刚度较大,同时内壳顶部形状类似半球形收束,而外壳整体为柱状结构且顶部存在质量较大的多层壳壁,因此这些因素共同导致了地震作用下外壳顶部的摇摆作用大于内壳,体现为同等高度处水平向加速度响应大于内壳。由图13(a)图14(a)可知:不考虑SSI时,部分地震输入工况下内壳20~40 m高度处出现响应异常减小的现象。这是因为内壳在30 m高度附近壳壁存在大尺寸开孔导致刚度发生突变。
图13图14共同表明考虑SSI时,安全壳加速度响应随结构高度的变化趋势较为一致,而不考虑SSI时,安全壳加速度响应随高度的变化趋势存在较大差异。
现将不考虑SSI时参考点的峰值加速度与考虑SSI时的峰值加速度之比定义为峰值加速度比例系数。图15给出安全壳内壳和外壳在2个方向上的峰值加速度比例系数。由图15可知,在采用El Centro波入射时,安全壳水平向和竖向峰值加速度比例系数均大于1,而采用人工波入射时,安全壳部分位置处水平向峰值加速度比例系数略小于1。这表明SSI会使结构的地震加速度响应减小,但在某些地震波以某种角度入射时,可能会出现SSI使局部结构加速度响应放大的现象。
图15所示,内壳水平向峰值加速度比例系数最大为2.7,外壳比例系数最大为3.3,而内外壳竖向峰值加速度比例系数约为2.4,可见SSI对水平向加速度响应的影响比竖向更大。
入射角相同时,采用El Centro波入射得到的峰值加速度比例系数在大部分情况下明显大于采用人工波入射得到的相同位置处的峰值加速度比例系数。说明该系统在输入El Centro波时,是否考虑土-结构相互作用对结构响应的差异更明显。
图16给出了2种地震波入射时安全厂房A列各楼层相对底层的峰值位移。由图16可知,无论是否考虑SSI,峰值相对位移均随楼层的增加而增大。在考虑SSI时,垂直入射时每层楼的峰值相对位移最大,且随着地震波入射角度的增大而减小。不考虑SSI时,出现了地震波垂直入射时楼层峰值相对位移小于斜入射的现象,地震波为El Centro波时,60°入射的峰值相对位移最小,而地震波为人工波时,垂直入射的峰值相对位移最小。地震波以相同角度入射时,无论是否考虑SSI,采用人工波输入时的楼层峰值相对位移都明显大于El Centro波输入时的响应,考虑SSI时垂直入射El Centro波的顶层峰值相对位移只有2.44 mm,而垂直入射人工波对应位置的相对位移能达到5.96 mm。
2种地震波垂直入射时,考虑SSI得到的楼层峰值相对位移都要大于不考虑SSI的峰值相对位移。但对于斜入射,2种地震波导致的位移响应规律存在一定差异,采用El Centro波斜入射时出现了中下部楼层考虑SSI的峰值相对位移小于不考虑SSI的情况,而采用人工波斜入射时所有楼层考虑SSI的峰值相对位移均小于不考虑SSI的响应。
图17图18分别给出了2种地震波入射时,N1~N6的水平向和竖向加速度反应谱。由图17图18可知,无论是否考虑SSI,采用人工波入射时,6个参考点的水平向加速度谱值都大于El Centro波入射的谱值。说明采用人工波入射时,核电结构的水平向加速度响应都更剧烈。
观察6个参考点的加速度反应谱,可以看出在考虑SSI时,水平向加速度谱值在地震波垂直入射时最大,且谱值随着入射角度的增大而减小,竖向加速度谱值则随着入射角的增大而增大。采用El Centro波入射时,6个参考点考虑SSI时的竖向加速度谱峰值都要小于不考虑SSI的谱峰值,水平向加速度谱峰值在N3处出现了考虑SSI时大于不考虑SSI的异常结果,而其他点均遵循考虑SSI的谱峰值更小的规律。处在相同高度处的N2和N6没有出现这种现象,这是因为N3位于壳壁开孔侧缘处,应力集中使其水平向加速度响应与相同高度楼层结构的响应有所不同。
采用人工波入射时,相比不考虑SSI,6个参考点考虑SSI的竖向加速度谱峰值都略有减小,但减小的幅度没有输入El Centro波时明显,谱曲线整体也较为接近,而水平向加速度谱峰值在3种地震波入射角度下都有参考点出现了考虑SSI时谱峰值更大的情况。这体现了对于竖向加速度,SSI对2种地震波输入时的结构响应都有抑制作用且El Centro波输入时效应更强;对于水平向加速度,SSI对El Centro波输入时整体有明显抑制作用,但对人工波输入时可能出现抑制作用也可能出现放大作用。
对于水平向加速度反应谱,当采用El Centro波入射时,考虑SSI时反应谱主峰值出现在周期0.81 s附近,不考虑SSI时峰值在0.17 s附近;当采用人工波入射时,考虑SSI时峰值出现在0.77 s附近,不考虑SSI时出现在0.19 s附近。可见SSI会大幅影响振动频率特性,考虑SSI时水平加速度主峰值对应周期接近场地的第1阶水平平动自振周期0.85 s,不考虑SSI时水平加速度主峰值对应周期接近核电上部结构的第1阶水平平动自振周期0.23 s。不考虑SSI时,采用El Centro波输入,N3处主峰值对应周期为0.10 s,相较其他参考点出现较大偏移;采用人工波输入时,N3主峰值周期达到了0.69 s,相较于其他参考点出现了主峰和次峰互换的情况。因此在不考虑SSI时,结构特殊位置如刚度突变、几何突变处,更容易出现相较于其他部位的异常响应,导致结构在地震作用下出现薄弱位置。
对于竖向加速度反应谱,无论是否考虑SSI,整体而言相较于水平加速度反应谱更加平滑。特别是采用人工波时,除位置较高的N4点外,反应谱没有明显尖锐的主峰,是否考虑SSI两者的曲线峰值也较为接近。无论是水平向加速度反应谱还是竖向加速度反应谱,考虑SSI均会使反应谱的短周期成分减小,长周期成分增大,谱峰值右移。
地震波入射角的变化也会略微影响加速度反应谱主峰的位置。随着入射角度的增加,水平向加速度反应谱峰向长周期方向偏移,竖向加速度反应谱峰向短周期方向偏移。参考点位置越高,该规律越明显。
参考点N1和N5,N2和N6各处于大约同一高度,对照它们的水平向加速度反应谱可以看出N1处的水平向加速度响应明显大于N5,N2处的响应明显大于N6。这是该核电结构特性导致的,N1和N2位于反应堆厂房内部,振动由筏基传至内壳底板,再往上由半开放式结构传至参考点;而N5和N6位于安全厂房,振动由筏基通过墙体和楼板传播至参考点处,2条不同振动传播路径的传递函数有所差异。
针对我国某非基岩场地拟建“华龙一号”核电结构,采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了场地-桩筏基础-核电结构三维整体模型,开展了多种地震波入射工况下的数值仿真模拟,对比了不同输入工况核电结构地震响应的差异,并着重分析了入射角度及SSI对结构响应的影响,得到了如下结论:
1)随着地震波入射角度的增大,考虑SSI时,结构水平向加速度和相对位移响应均减小,竖向加速度响应增大;而不考虑SSI时,安全壳外壳中上部位置会出现水平向加速度随之增大,竖向加速度减小的现象,结构相对位移出现地震波垂直入射时响应整体小于斜入射的情况。
2)大部分情况下,考虑SSI时安全壳加速度响应显著小于不考虑SSI时的响应,即不考虑SSI分析结构的地震加速度响应通常是偏于保守的。但在某些地震波斜入射情况下,考虑SSI时局部结构的加速度响应反而更大,应当充分考虑不同地震波和不同入射角时SSI可能对结构地震响应产生的不利影响。
3)地震波入射角度对结构加速度反应谱特征影响较小,且结构所处位置越高影响越明显。SSI则会显著改变结构加速度反应谱,使反应谱的短周期成分减小,长周期成分增大,谱峰值右移。
4)分别采用幅值相同的2种地震波输入,结构地震响应存在很大差异,整体而言人工波输入时结构响应更大。且场地会明显放大输入地震波,地震波垂直入射时安全壳底部峰值加速度放大系数最大可达3.6。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U2139208)
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0610
  • 接收时间:2023-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-25
  • 修回日期:2024-03-06
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(U2139208)
作者信息
    1.天津大学 建筑工程学院,天津 300350
    2.天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室,天津 300350
    3.中国核电集团有限公司,北京 100097

通讯作者:

巴振宁(1980—),男,教授,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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