Article(id=1245390365965005396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0604, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=1730044800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853801480, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853801480, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853801480, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853801480, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390357958082790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853799571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854467826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390366275383903, articleId=1245390365965005396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Structural characteristics and earthquake damage characteristics of brick-wood structures in the Ms6.2 Jishishan earthquake, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

On December 18, 2023, a Ms6.2 earthquake occurred in Jishishan County, Gansu Province, affecting 118 towns including Dahejia Town, Liuji Town and Shiyuan Town. The areas have a relatively low level of economic development, with widespread and severely damaged brick (earth) and wood structures, resulting a significant number of casualties. In view of the large stock of brick-wood buildings in the region and their local characteristics, this study summarizes the architectural and structural characteristics of double-slope brick-wood structures and single-slope high wall brick-wood structures based on the on-site research, analyzes the typical earthquake damage phenomena and mechanisms, discusses the seismic vulnerabilities of existing brick-wood structures, and proposes the corresponding improvement measures in combination with the actual needs of rural construction. The findings indicate that in the epicentral area, most of the brick-wood structures are moderately damaged or severely damaged, and a few are destroyed. Structures with a mix of brick column and earth wall load-bearing and single-slope high-wall structures suffered more severe damage compared to double-slope brick-wood structures. The damage can be classified into four categories including overall or partial collapse, roof damage, wall damage, and other damage. The primary causes of the damage are identified as irrational structural systems, low mortar strength, poor overall integrity, and the absence of effective seismic construction measures. Consequently, this paper suggests targeted improvement measures to enhance the overall integrity, increase the collapse resistance of the walls, and prevent the collapse of roof components. These measures aim to provide a scientific basis and practical guidance for improving the seismic resilience of rural dwellings and optimizing disaster prevention and mitigation strategies.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiaqi YAN, Baitao SUN, Pengfei JIANG, Ke WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245390377608393565, articleId=1245390365965005396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=CN, title=积石山6.2级地震砖木结构的构造特点与震害特征分析, columnId=0, journalTitle=地震工程与工程振动, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2023年12月18日,甘肃省积石山县发生了6.2级地震,对大河家镇、刘集乡、石塬镇等118个乡镇地区造成影响。受地震影响区域的经济发展水平较低,传统砖(土)木结构民居广泛存在且受损严重,造成了大量的人员伤亡。鉴于该区域砖木结构建筑存量庞大且富含地方特色,研究基于实地震害调研,归纳了双坡砖木结构和单坡高墙砖木结构的建筑构造特点,分析了典型震害现象及破坏机理,探讨了既有砖木民居的抗震缺陷,并结合村镇建筑实际设防需求提出了相应的改进措施。研究结果表明:在积石山地震极震区内,砖木结构多数中等破坏或严重破坏,少数毁坏。相较于双坡砖木结构,砖土混合承重结构与单坡高墙房屋的破坏程度更重。震害现象可归为整体或局部倒塌、屋盖破坏、墙体破坏以及其他震害四类。震害主要成因为结构体系不合理、砂浆强度低、房屋整体性差以及缺乏有效抗震构造措施。进而,针对不同震害成因提出相应的改进措施,如增强房屋整体性、提升墙体抗倒塌能力、防止屋盖构件塌落等,旨在为提升村镇民居抗震能力、优化防灾减灾策略提供科学依据和实用指导。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孙柏涛(1961—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5hRRa1BHr7Q5I+ZV8ON+IA==, magXml=MdOubEvEZ26RYQamsN/nIQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=nWoSJ+Jjp67ZiW7UKqQ+Wg==, pdfFileSize=20497223, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=fxWl/v5v6u0mTqCnErrClw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=NRUQxVWgFIIWCYIJ7JG5dQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

闫佳琦(1994—),女,博士研究生,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:

, authorsList=闫佳琦, 孙柏涛, 姜鹏飞, 魏珂)}, authors=[Author(id=1245390378912822141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yanjiaqi_kelly@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1245390379122537349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, authorId=1245390378912822141, language=EN, stringName=Jiaqi YAN, firstName=Jiaqi, middleName=null, lastName=YAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1245390379424527244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, authorId=1245390378912822141, language=CN, stringName=闫佳琦, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080, bio={"content":"

闫佳琦(1994—),女,博士研究生,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

闫佳琦(1994—),女,博士研究生,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390378082349930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378086544235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378082349930, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378094932844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378082349930, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)]), AuthorCompany(id=1245390378342396785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378350785394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378342396785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378354979699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378342396785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)])]), Author(id=1245390379655213971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=sunbt@iem.net.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1245390379848151963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, authorId=1245390379655213971, language=EN, stringName=Baitao SUN, firstName=Baitao, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
3.Key Laboratory of Life Search and Rescue Technology for Earthquake and Geological Disaster, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1245390379961398177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, authorId=1245390379655213971, language=CN, stringName=孙柏涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
3.地震和地质灾害生命搜索救援技术应急管理部重点实验室,北京 100049, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390378082349930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378086544235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378082349930, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378094932844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378082349930, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)]), AuthorCompany(id=1245390378342396785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378350785394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378342396785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378354979699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378342396785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)]), AuthorCompany(id=1245390378669552503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378677941112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378669552503, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Key Laboratory of Life Search and Rescue Technology for Earthquake and Geological Disaster, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378686329721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378669552503, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.地震和地质灾害生命搜索救援技术应急管理部重点实验室,北京 100049)])]), Author(id=1245390380041089962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1245390380288553906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, authorId=1245390380041089962, language=EN, stringName=Pengfei JIANG, firstName=Pengfei, middleName=null, lastName=JIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1245390380498269110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, authorId=1245390380041089962, language=CN, stringName=姜鹏飞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390378082349930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378086544235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378082349930, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378094932844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378082349930, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)]), AuthorCompany(id=1245390378342396785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378350785394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378342396785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378354979699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378342396785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)])]), Author(id=1245390380728955837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1245390380980614086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, authorId=1245390380728955837, language=EN, stringName=Ke WEI, firstName=Ke, middleName=null, lastName=WEI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1245390383694328781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, authorId=1245390380728955837, language=CN, stringName=魏珂, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390378082349930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378086544235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378082349930, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378094932844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378082349930, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)]), AuthorCompany(id=1245390378342396785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378350785394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378342396785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378354979699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378342396785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1245390383857906642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Jishishan earthquake), Keyword(id=1245390383954375640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=seismic damage investigation), Keyword(id=1245390384101176285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=rural buildings), Keyword(id=1245390384260559845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=brick-wood structure), Keyword(id=1245390384424137709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=earthquake-resistant measures), Keyword(id=1245390384612881398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=积石山地震), Keyword(id=1245390384755487744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=震害调查), Keyword(id=1245390384885510149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=村镇建筑), Keyword(id=1245390385120391186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=砖木结构), Keyword(id=1245390385304940573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=抗震构造措施)], refs=[Reference(id=1245390394326888699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=中国地震局, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国地震局. 应急管理部发布甘肃积石山6.2级地震烈度图[EB/OL]. (2023-12-22)[2024-01-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5748480/index.html., articleTitle=应急管理部发布甘肃积石山6.2级地震烈度图, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390394419163394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=China Earthquake Administration, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Earthquake Administration. Earthquake intensity map of Ms6. 2 earthquake in Jishishan, Gansu released by Ministry of Emergency Management[EB/OL]. (2023-12-22) [2024-01-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5748480/index.html. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Earthquake intensity map of Ms6. 2 earthquake in Jishishan, Gansu released by Ministry of Emergency Management, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390394553381130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=7, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=中华人民共和国应急管理部, journalName=中国减灾, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国应急管理部. 国家防灾减灾救灾委员会办公室应急管理部发布2023年全国十大自然灾害[J]. 中国减灾, 2024(3): 7., articleTitle=国家防灾减灾救灾委员会办公室应急管理部发布2023年全国十大自然灾害, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390394658238737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=7, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China, journalName=Disaster Reduction in China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China. Office of National Disaster Prevention, Reduction and Relief Commission. Nationwide top ten natural disaster in 2023 released by Ministry of Emergency Management[J]. Disaster Reduction in China, 2024(3): 7. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Office of National Disaster Prevention, Reduction and Relief Commission. Nationwide top ten natural disaster in 2023 released by Ministry of Emergency Management, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390394746319129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=49, issue=5, pageStart=724, pageEnd=730, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=李钢, 刘晓宇, 李宏男, journalName=大连理工大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李钢,刘晓宇,李宏男. 汶川地震村镇建筑结构震害调查与分析[J]. 大连理工大学学报, 2009, 49(5): 724-730., articleTitle=汶川地震村镇建筑结构震害调查与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390394855371039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=49, issue=5, pageStart=724, pageEnd=730, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LI Gang, LIU Xiaoyu, LI Hongnan, journalName=Journal of Dalian University of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Gang, LIU Xiaoyu, LI Hongnan. Seismic damage investigation and analysis on rural buildings in Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Journal of Dalian University of Technology, 2009, 49(5): 724-730. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Seismic damage investigation and analysis on rural buildings in Wenchuan earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390394951840037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=30, issue=4, pageStart=45, pageEnd=49, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=于文, 葛学礼, 朱立新, journalName=工程抗震与加固改造, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于文,葛学礼,朱立新. 四川汶川8.0级地震都江堰周边村镇房屋震害分析[J]. 工程抗震与加固改造, 2008, 30(4): 45-49., articleTitle=四川汶川8.0级地震都江堰周边村镇房屋震害分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395052503338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=30, issue=4, pageStart=45, pageEnd=49, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=YU Wen, GE Xueli, ZHU Lixin, journalName=Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Wen, GE Xueli, ZHU Lixin. Damage analysis on buildings in towns and villages around Dujiangyan of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake[J]. Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting, 2008, 30(4): 45-49. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Damage analysis on buildings in towns and villages around Dujiangyan of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395144778034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=47, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=孙柏涛, 张昊宇, 闫培雷, journalName=土木工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙柏涛,张昊宇,闫培雷. 芦山7.0级地震穿斗木构架房屋震害特点及原因简析[J]. 土木工程学报, 2014, 47(3): 1-11., articleTitle=芦山7.0级地震穿斗木构架房屋震害特点及原因简析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395237052724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=47, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=SUN Baitao, ZHANG Haoyu, YAN Peilei, journalName=China Civil Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Baitao, ZHANG Haoyu, YAN Peilei. Earthquake damage and feature analysis of Chinese traditional timber frame structures subjected to the Lushan 7.0 earthquake[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2014, 47(3): 1-11. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Earthquake damage and feature analysis of Chinese traditional timber frame structures subjected to the Lushan 7.0 earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395316744507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=47, issue=11, pageStart=39, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=闫培雷, 孙柏涛, 王明振, journalName=土木工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=闫培雷,孙柏涛,王明振. 芦山7.0级地震芦阳镇的建筑物震害[J]. 土木工程学报, 2014, 47(11): 39-44., articleTitle=芦山7.0级地震芦阳镇的建筑物震害, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395413213505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=47, issue=11, pageStart=39, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=YAN Peilei, SUN Baitao, WANG Mingzhen, journalName=China Civil Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN Peilei, SUN Baitao, WANG Mingzhen. Seismic damage of building structures in Luyang Town during Lushan earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2014, 47(11): 39-44. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Seismic damage of building structures in Luyang Town during Lushan earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395543236937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=37, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=陈相兆, 孙柏涛, 闫培雷, journalName=地震工程与工程振动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈相兆,孙柏涛,闫培雷. 四川康定6.3级地震灾害分布特点及结构震害简析[J]. 地震工程与工程振动, 2017, 37(2): 1-9., articleTitle=四川康定6.3级地震灾害分布特点及结构震害简析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395664871761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=37, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=13, authorNames=CHEN Xiangzhao, SUN Baitao, YAN Peilei, journalName=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Xiangzhao, SUN Baitao, YAN Peilei. The characteristics of earthquake disasters distribution and seismic damage to structures in Kangding Ms6.3 earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2017, 37(2): 1-9. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The characteristics of earthquake disasters distribution and seismic damage to structures in Kangding Ms6.3 earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395761340761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=41, issue=增刊1, pageStart=297, pageEnd=306, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=潘毅, 陈建, 包韵雷, journalName=建筑结构学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=潘毅,陈建,包韵雷,. 长宁6.0级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析[J]. 建筑结构学报, 2020, 41(增刊1): 297-306., articleTitle=长宁6.0级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395857809754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=41, issue=Sup. 1, pageStart=297, pageEnd=306, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=15, authorNames=PAN Yi, CHEN Jian, BAO Yunlei, journalName=Journal of Building Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN Yi, CHEN Jian, BAO Yunlei, et al. Investigation and analysis of earthquake damage of rural buildings in Changning earthquake with Ms6.0[J]. Journal of Building Structures, 2020, 41(Sup. 1): 297-306. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Investigation and analysis of earthquake damage of rural buildings in Changning earthquake with Ms6.0, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390395954278749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=3, pageStart=57, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=16, authorNames=刘炜, 张昊宇, 黄勇, journalName=世界地震工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘炜,张昊宇,黄勇,. 2021年青海玛多7.4级地震典型建筑震害对比及讨论[J]. 世界地震工程, 2021, 37(3): 57-64., articleTitle=2021年青海玛多7.4级地震典型建筑震害对比及讨论, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396063330659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=3, pageStart=57, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=17, authorNames=LIU Wei, ZHANG Haoyu, HUANG Yong, journalName=World Earthquake Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Wei, ZHANG Haoyu, HUANG Yong, et al. Investigation and discussion of the building seismic damageafter Qinghai Maduo Ms7.4 earthquake in 2021[J]. World Earthquake Engineering, 2021, 37(3): 57-64. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Investigation and discussion of the building seismic damageafter Qinghai Maduo Ms7.4 earthquake in 2021, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396180771178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=56, issue=5, pageStart=47, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=18, authorNames=潘毅, 易督航, 游文龙, journalName=土木工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=潘毅,易督航,游文龙,. 泸县6.0级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析[J]. 土木工程学报, 2023, 56(5): 47-59., articleTitle=泸县6.0级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396281434479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=56, issue=5, pageStart=47, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=19, authorNames=PAN Yi, YI Duhang, YOU Wenlong, journalName=China Civil Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN Yi, YI Duhang, YOU Wenlong, et al. Seismic damage investigation and analysis of rural buildings in Ms 6.0 Luxian earthquake[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2023, 56(5): 47-59. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Seismic damage investigation and analysis of rural buildings in Ms 6.0 Luxian earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396449206651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=57, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=20, authorNames=潘毅, 陈齐, 曹勇, journalName=土木工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=潘毅,陈齐,曹勇,. 马尔康6.0级震群地震藏族民居震害调查与分析[J]. 土木工程学报, 2024, 57(3): 1-15., articleTitle=马尔康6.0级震群地震藏族民居震害调查与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396533092736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=57, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=21, authorNames=PAN Yi, CHEN Qi, CAO Yong, journalName=China Civil Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN Yi, CHEN Qi, CAO Yong, et al. Seismic damage investigation and analysis of Tibetan dwellings in the Ms6.0 Maerkang earthquake swarm[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2024, 57(3): 1-15. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Seismic damage investigation and analysis of Tibetan dwellings in the Ms6.0 Maerkang earthquake swarm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396621173125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=1200, pageEnd=1214, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=22, authorNames=潘毅, 袁家聪, 林拥军, journalName=防灾减灾工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=潘毅,袁家聪,林拥军,. 泸定6.8级地震农村居住建筑震害调查与分析[J]. 防灾减灾工程学报, 2023, 43(6): 1200-1214., articleTitle=泸定6.8级地震农村居住建筑震害调查与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396713447815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=1200, pageEnd=1214, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=23, authorNames=PAN Yi, YUAN Jiacong, LIN Yongjun, journalName=Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN Yi, YUAN Jiacong, LIN Yongjun, et al. Seismic damage investigation and analysis of rural residential buildings in Ms6.8 Luding earthquake[J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 2023, 43(6): 1200-1214. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Seismic damage investigation and analysis of rural residential buildings in Ms6.8 Luding earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396818305420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=24, authorNames=田得元, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=田得元. 农村建筑区域特点及典型结构地震易损性分析[D]. 哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2021., articleTitle=农村建筑区域特点及典型结构地震易损性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390396918968720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=25, authorNames=TIAN Deyuan, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN Deyuan. Residential regional characteristics and seismic vulnerability of typical structures[D]. Harbin: Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, 2021. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Residential regional characteristics and seismic vulnerability of typical structures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390397023826327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=58, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=26, authorNames=王丽丽, 王兰民, 卢育霞, journalName=世界地震工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王丽丽,王兰民,卢育霞,. 甘肃积石山Ms6.2级地震的震害特征与启示[J]. 世界地震工程, 2024, 40(1): 58-71., articleTitle=甘肃积石山Ms6.2级地震的震害特征与启示, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390397120295319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=58, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=27, authorNames=WANG Lili, WANG Lanmin, LU Yuxia, journalName=World Earthquake Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Lili, WANG Lanmin, LU Yuxia, et al. Characteristics and implications of seismic damage in Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake, Gansu Province[J]. World Earthquake Engineering, 2024, 40(1): 58-71. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Characteristics and implications of seismic damage in Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake, Gansu Province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390397216764317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=4, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=28, authorNames=高孟潭, journalName=防灾博览, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高孟潭. 从积石山6.2级地震看西部农村地震安全[J]. 防灾博览, 2024(1): 4-9., articleTitle=从积石山6.2级地震看西部农村地震安全, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390397330010528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=4, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=29, authorNames=GAO Mengtan, journalName=Overview of Disaster Prevention, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO Mengtan. Western rural earthquake safety in the light of Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake[J]. Overview of Disaster Prevention, 2024(1): 4-9. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Western rural earthquake safety in the light of Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390397409702305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=30, authorNames=周宝玲, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周宝玲. 临夏回族建筑特色[D]. 重庆:重庆大学,2007., articleTitle=临夏回族建筑特色, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390397514559912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=31, authorNames=ZHOU Baoling, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU Baoling. The characteristics of hui architectures in Linxia[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2007. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The characteristics of hui architectures in Linxia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390397615223214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=3, pageStart=214, pageEnd=222, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=32, authorNames=聂桂波, 杨永强, 张昊宇, journalName=地震工程与工程振动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=聂桂波,杨永强,张昊宇,. 甘肃积石山地震村镇典型建筑震害及成因分析[J]. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024, 44(3): 214-222., articleTitle=甘肃积石山地震村镇典型建筑震害及成因分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390397694914990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=3, pageStart=214, pageEnd=222, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=33, authorNames=NIE Guibo, YANG Yongqiang, ZHANG Haoyu, journalName=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIE Guibo, YANG Yongqiang, ZHANG Haoyu, et al. Cause analysis and typical damage of town and village buildings of the Jishishan earthquake in Gansu Province[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024, 44(3): 214-222. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Cause analysis and typical damage of town and village buildings of the Jishishan earthquake in Gansu Province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390397808161201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=2, pageStart=208, pageEnd=217, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=34, authorNames=杨永强, 田健叶, 周宝峰, journalName=地震工程与工程振动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨永强,田健叶,周宝峰,. 甘肃积石山6.2级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析[J]. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024, 44(2): 208-217., articleTitle=甘肃积石山6.2级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390397887852981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=2, pageStart=208, pageEnd=217, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=35, authorNames=YANG Yongqiang, TIAN Jianye, ZHOU Baofeng, journalName=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Yongqiang, TIAN Jianye, ZHOU Baofeng, et al. Investigation and analysis of seismic damage of rural buildings caused by Ms6.2 earthquake in Jishishan of Gansu Province[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024, 44(2): 208-217. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Investigation and analysis of seismic damage of rural buildings caused by Ms6.2 earthquake in Jishishan of Gansu Province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390398001099193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=36, issue=4, pageStart=525, pageEnd=531, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=36, authorNames=马海萍, 杨立明, 王峻, journalName=地震研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马海萍,杨立明,王峻,.甘肃山区少数民族农居震害及抗震措施刍议———以东乡族自治县为例[J].地震研究, 2013, 36(4): 525-531., articleTitle=甘肃山区少数民族农居震害及抗震措施刍议———以东乡族自治县为例, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390398118539712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=36, issue=4, pageStart=525, pageEnd=531, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=37, authorNames=MA Haiping, YANG Liming, WANG Jun, journalName=Journal of Seismological Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Haiping, YANG Liming, WANG Jun, et al. Humble opinion on earthquake damage and aseismic measures of rural houses at minority mountain areas in Gansu Province: Taking the autonomous country of Dongxiang nationality as an example[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 2013, 36(4): 525-531. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Humble opinion on earthquake damage and aseismic measures of rural houses at minority mountain areas in Gansu Province: Taking the autonomous country of Dongxiang nationality as an example, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390398248563142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=31, issue=4, pageStart=14, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=38, authorNames=王兰民, 王强, journalName=华南地震, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王兰民,王强. 西北地区农村民房现状及抗震技术研究[J]. 华南地震, 2011, 31(4): 14-22., articleTitle=西北地区农村民房现状及抗震技术研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390398311477707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=31, issue=4, pageStart=14, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=39, authorNames=WANG Lanmin, WANG Qiang, journalName=South China Journal of Seismology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Lanmin, WANG Qiang. Study on status and anti-seismic technology of rural houses in Northwest China[J]. South China Journal of Seismology, 2011, 31(4): 14-22. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on status and anti-seismic technology of rural houses in Northwest China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390398374392271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=40, authorNames=孙柏涛, journalName=农村房屋抗震实用手册, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙柏涛. 农村房屋抗震实用手册[M]. 北京:地震出版社,2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390398479249876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=41, authorNames=SUN Baitao, journalName=Practical handbook for earthquake resistance of rural houses, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Baitao. Practical handbook for earthquake resistance of rural houses[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 2022. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390398579913178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=43, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=42, authorNames=葛学礼, 朱立新, 王亚勇, journalName=工程抗震, refType=null, unstructuredReference=葛学礼,朱立新,王亚勇,. 村镇建筑震害与抗震技术措施[J]. 工程抗震, 2001(1): 43-48., articleTitle=村镇建筑震害与抗震技术措施, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390398647022046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=43, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=43, authorNames=GE Xueli, ZHU Lixin, WANG Yayong, journalName=Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GE Xueli, ZHU Lixin, WANG Yayong, et al. Earthquake damage and seismic technical measures of village and town buildings[J]. Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting, 2001(1): 43-48. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Earthquake damage and seismic technical measures of village and town buildings, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390398718325217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JGJ 161—2008镇(乡)村建筑抗震技术规程[S]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390398798016996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JGJ 161—2008 Seismic technical specification for building construction in town and village[S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2008. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390393978761451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, awardId=GA22C001, language=CN, fundingSource=黑龙江省重点研发计划(GA22C001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245390394079424754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, awardId=2021EEEVL0203, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2021EEEVL0203), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245390394188476661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, awardId=U2239252, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金地震科学联合基金项目(U2239252), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390378082349930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378086544235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378082349930, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378094932844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378082349930, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)]), AuthorCompany(id=1245390378342396785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378350785394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378342396785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378354979699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378342396785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080)]), AuthorCompany(id=1245390378669552503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378677941112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378669552503, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Key Laboratory of Life Search and Rescue Technology for Earthquake and Geological Disaster, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390378686329721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, companyId=1245390378669552503, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.地震和地质灾害生命搜索救援技术应急管理部重点实验室,北京 100049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1245390385497878567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Partition wall beside the heatable brick bed, figureFileSmall=0n3pDwoGnS8Cubu5kk0o8A==, figureFileBig=fxWl/v5v6u0mTqCnErrClw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390385623707693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图1, caption=炕边隔墙, figureFileSmall=0n3pDwoGnS8Cubu5kk0o8A==, figureFileBig=fxWl/v5v6u0mTqCnErrClw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390385858588734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Typical structural characteristics of brick-wood structure, figureFileSmall=+dZItSPfxI1WHrYW9ukpuA==, figureFileBig=3bp3oqlpb0qA0m11Wbm76Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390385967640645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图2, caption=典型砖木结构构造特征, figureFileSmall=+dZItSPfxI1WHrYW9ukpuA==, figureFileBig=3bp3oqlpb0qA0m11Wbm76Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390387989295179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Structural characteristics of brick-wood structure, figureFileSmall=xfI9yUR+xK9Movbg4rqwQw==, figureFileBig=A08E3BA+gvKwvQE/6roVOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390388228370520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图3, caption=砖木结构构造特征, figureFileSmall=xfI9yUR+xK9Movbg4rqwQw==, figureFileBig=A08E3BA+gvKwvQE/6roVOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390388484223070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Overall collapse of brick-wood structure (Gaoli Village, Liuji Town, Intensity eight), figureFileSmall=0i9gkk2vCMQTFAKPrTCzSQ==, figureFileBig=CAcuToUbJF/vx2E938a/hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390388802990182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图4, caption=砖木结构整体倒塌(刘集乡高李村,VIII度), figureFileSmall=0i9gkk2vCMQTFAKPrTCzSQ==, figureFileBig=CAcuToUbJF/vx2E938a/hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390389067231342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Local collapse of brick-wood structure (Kexinmin Village, Dahejia Town, Intensity eight), figureFileSmall=YmXhT14t69H6Fdxm34zHCA==, figureFileBig=uiYeVlnw9TeAkM/HnYj6hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390389394387062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图5, caption=砖木结构局部倒塌(大河家镇克新民村,VIII度), figureFileSmall=YmXhT14t69H6Fdxm34zHCA==, figureFileBig=uiYeVlnw9TeAkM/HnYj6hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390389692182653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Roof damage of brick-wood structure, figureFileSmall=WbB8MC+kaPsF4XWeOlon3Q==, figureFileBig=l+6+dI6CKpr/N8jvkDjdaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390390002561157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图6, caption=砖木结构屋盖破坏, figureFileSmall=WbB8MC+kaPsF4XWeOlon3Q==, figureFileBig=l+6+dI6CKpr/N8jvkDjdaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390390342299787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Oblique cracks of in the wall, figureFileSmall=JbgcGANZdr0fJgQolYa0Mw==, figureFileBig=kxfWIVKZTBBvEkdj1WM0ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390390661066899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图7, caption=墙体斜裂缝, figureFileSmall=JbgcGANZdr0fJgQolYa0Mw==, figureFileBig=kxfWIVKZTBBvEkdj1WM0ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390390841421979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Pull-off and cracking of longitudinal and transverse walls, figureFileSmall=xpZXwPSwZV0yKVLZJX8lIg==, figureFileBig=mbnj6Aan+QaWsMgQvOzjiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390391025971363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图8, caption=纵横墙拉脱开裂, figureFileSmall=xpZXwPSwZV0yKVLZJX8lIg==, figureFileBig=mbnj6Aan+QaWsMgQvOzjiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390391248269478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Diagonal cracks in the corner of opening for windows and doors, figureFileSmall=iXbaxFQbrmCV5ofDiOJSDw==, figureFileBig=FwngUZFqJ/xhM9GZ6KWQAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390391483150506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图9, caption=门窗洞口角部斜裂缝, figureFileSmall=iXbaxFQbrmCV5ofDiOJSDw==, figureFileBig=FwngUZFqJ/xhM9GZ6KWQAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390391650922672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Damage to the wall where the beam or purlin are placed, figureFileSmall=f8jzBjCsqOnCo8AGOinXUA==, figureFileBig=nS6eyg1JslJJ2WXTTkI5ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390391864832181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图10, caption=梁檩搁置处墙体破坏, figureFileSmall=f8jzBjCsqOnCo8AGOinXUA==, figureFileBig=nS6eyg1JslJJ2WXTTkI5ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390392191987900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Collapse of partition walls next to the heatable brick bed, figureFileSmall=FvDuFCbSbrvJop74gRFrsg==, figureFileBig=dGYE2kMU7wAwUVmTmE2rww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390392456229059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图11, caption=炕边隔墙倒塌, figureFileSmall=FvDuFCbSbrvJop74gRFrsg==, figureFileBig=dGYE2kMU7wAwUVmTmE2rww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390392653361352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Other earthquake damages, figureFileSmall=jNjUKCALMna8CrpuHPz/+Q==, figureFileBig=Jy8pPAjejKInZF6cKKhl4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390392879853773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=图12, caption=其他震害, figureFileSmall=jNjUKCALMna8CrpuHPz/+Q==, figureFileBig=Jy8pPAjejKInZF6cKKhl4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390393081180369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Typical planar forms and elevation forms of brick-wood dwellings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平立面特征分类平面、立面形状示意图特征描述
平面特征“虎抱头”或“锁子厅”中部凹进,设有前廊;两侧凸出,作卧室用
檐廊式房屋前侧设有过廊,常以墙体和平行排列的柱子组成廊道
挑檐式房屋前侧有挑檐,无过廊,入户门前有一定宽度的檐下空间
立面特征双坡屋顶,称“两面坡”多数以中间横向正脊分两坡,两侧山墙与屋面平齐;少量为卷棚,两坡交界处不用正脊,而以弧形曲面过渡。由于部分房屋前侧设有门廊,双坡不等,面向院内侧坡面更长
高墙单坡,称“一面坡”前、后墙的高差较大,前墙高度约为3.0~3.6 m,后墙高度约为4.5~6.0 m
平屋顶屋面较平缓,坡度小于5%
前平后瓦前廊部分为挑檐平屋顶,主体房屋部分为双坡木屋顶
), ArticleFig(id=1245390393433501911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型砖木民居平面、立面形式分类表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平立面特征分类平面、立面形状示意图特征描述
平面特征“虎抱头”或“锁子厅”中部凹进,设有前廊;两侧凸出,作卧室用
檐廊式房屋前侧设有过廊,常以墙体和平行排列的柱子组成廊道
挑檐式房屋前侧有挑檐,无过廊,入户门前有一定宽度的檐下空间
立面特征双坡屋顶,称“两面坡”多数以中间横向正脊分两坡,两侧山墙与屋面平齐;少量为卷棚,两坡交界处不用正脊,而以弧形曲面过渡。由于部分房屋前侧设有门廊,双坡不等,面向院内侧坡面更长
高墙单坡,称“一面坡”前、后墙的高差较大,前墙高度约为3.0~3.6 m,后墙高度约为4.5~6.0 m
平屋顶屋面较平缓,坡度小于5%
前平后瓦前廊部分为挑檐平屋顶,主体房屋部分为双坡木屋顶
), ArticleFig(id=1245390393672577246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Typical damage phenomena and causes of brick-wood structures in Jishishan earthquake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
震害特征震害现象震害成因简析
整体/局部倒塌①房屋整体倒塌
②房屋端部/后侧局部倒塌
①结构体系不合理。混合承重(土墙和砖柱)体系缺少拉结措施,变形不协调;单坡高墙结构,前后墙体的高差大,后墙重心位置高,更易外闪
②房屋整体性差。结构未设置圈梁、构造柱(筋)等,纵横墙之间咬槎不足,屋盖与墙体之间连接差,约束力不足
③砂浆强度低。建筑施工砂浆配比多以黄土、红土为主,混合石灰与少量水泥,砂浆强度不足
屋盖破坏①屋面溜瓦
②屋盖构件破坏
③屋盖坍塌
①抹泥坐瓦屋面,泥浆强度不足。屋盖做法多为木屋盖上方抹泥坐瓦,地震作用下屋脊处变形最大,泥浆强度不足,瓦片易脱离滑落
②屋盖系统整体性差、屋盖与墙体之间连接差。砖木结构大量采用硬山搁檩屋顶,与墙体之间无抗震连接措施,地震作用下屋顶与墙体反应不协调
墙体破坏①剪切交叉裂缝
②纵横墙间竖向裂缝
③门窗洞口的角部斜裂缝
④梁檩搁置处墙体破坏
①砂浆强度低,墙体砌筑质量差。砂浆中黄土含量高,强度低;墙体竖向灰缝不饱满,砌筑养护质量不高
②缺少圈梁构造柱等构造措施,纵横墙之间的咬槎连接不足
③前纵墙门窗洞口面积大,窗间墙宽度小于抗震技术规程要求,墙体刚度削弱显著,承载力较低
其他震害①炕边隔墙倒塌
②室内吊顶掉落
③门窗破坏
④围护院墙破坏
⑤锤头破坏,门檐掉落
构造不合理,与承重构件连接不足。例如,炕边隔墙砌筑未达顶部,且缺乏与相邻山墙的有效拉结措施,在地震作用下极易发生失稳倒塌
), ArticleFig(id=1245390393844543714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390365965005396, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

积石山地震砖木结构典型震害现象与成因汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
震害特征震害现象震害成因简析
整体/局部倒塌①房屋整体倒塌
②房屋端部/后侧局部倒塌
①结构体系不合理。混合承重(土墙和砖柱)体系缺少拉结措施,变形不协调;单坡高墙结构,前后墙体的高差大,后墙重心位置高,更易外闪
②房屋整体性差。结构未设置圈梁、构造柱(筋)等,纵横墙之间咬槎不足,屋盖与墙体之间连接差,约束力不足
③砂浆强度低。建筑施工砂浆配比多以黄土、红土为主,混合石灰与少量水泥,砂浆强度不足
屋盖破坏①屋面溜瓦
②屋盖构件破坏
③屋盖坍塌
①抹泥坐瓦屋面,泥浆强度不足。屋盖做法多为木屋盖上方抹泥坐瓦,地震作用下屋脊处变形最大,泥浆强度不足,瓦片易脱离滑落
②屋盖系统整体性差、屋盖与墙体之间连接差。砖木结构大量采用硬山搁檩屋顶,与墙体之间无抗震连接措施,地震作用下屋顶与墙体反应不协调
墙体破坏①剪切交叉裂缝
②纵横墙间竖向裂缝
③门窗洞口的角部斜裂缝
④梁檩搁置处墙体破坏
①砂浆强度低,墙体砌筑质量差。砂浆中黄土含量高,强度低;墙体竖向灰缝不饱满,砌筑养护质量不高
②缺少圈梁构造柱等构造措施,纵横墙之间的咬槎连接不足
③前纵墙门窗洞口面积大,窗间墙宽度小于抗震技术规程要求,墙体刚度削弱显著,承载力较低
其他震害①炕边隔墙倒塌
②室内吊顶掉落
③门窗破坏
④围护院墙破坏
⑤锤头破坏,门檐掉落
构造不合理,与承重构件连接不足。例如,炕边隔墙砌筑未达顶部,且缺乏与相邻山墙的有效拉结措施,在地震作用下极易发生失稳倒塌
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1241699397025705997, delFlag=0, nameCn=地震工程与工程振动, nameEn=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-1301, eissn=null, cn=23-1157/P, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=/vhigrb0Ie5dk9EvytPyQg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1773973805912, updatedTime=1773974475511, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=E, firstLetterEn=E, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=/vhigrb0Ie5dk9EvytPyQg==, picEn=mP4JjBszibypE3yTy4J1ag==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1241702205619753886, language=CN, name=地震工程与工程振动, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773974475531, updatedTime=1773974475531, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionEditorUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionReviewUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1241702205665891231, language=EN, name=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773974475542, updatedTime=1773974475542, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionEditorUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionReviewUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1241701559352995854, websiteList=[Website(id=1241702575498646432, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1241701559352995854, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN, language=CN, createTime=1773974563717, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773974590635, updateBy=18614031015, name=地震工程与工程振动-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=地震工程与工程振动, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1241703043805270973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773974675370, updateTime=1773974675370, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043771716538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773974675362, updateTime=1773974675362, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043830436800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974675376, updateTime=1773974675376, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043759133625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/file/pic?fileId=C6sfoMWhaI5iihfhixVjYQ==, createTime=1773974675359, updateTime=1773974675359, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043843019714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974675379, updateTime=1773974675379, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043801076668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/file/pic, createTime=1773974675369, updateTime=1773974675369, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043838825409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974675378, updateTime=1773974675378, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043780105147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1773974675364, updateTime=1773974675364, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043813659582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773974675372, updateTime=1773974675372, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043822048191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773974675374, updateTime=1773974675374, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1241702575569949602, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1241701559352995854, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/EN, language=EN, createTime=1773974563735, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773974605208, updateBy=18614031015, name=地震工程与工程振动-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1241703068497138631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773974681257, updateTime=1773974681257, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068480361412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773974681253, updateTime=1773974681253, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068513915850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974681261, updateTime=1773974681261, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068471972803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/EN/file/pic?fileId=C6sfoMWhaI5iihfhixVjYQ==, createTime=1773974681251, updateTime=1773974681251, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068530693068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974681265, updateTime=1773974681265, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068492944326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/EN/file/pic, createTime=1773974681256, updateTime=1773974681256, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068522304459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974681263, updateTime=1773974681263, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068484555717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1773974681254, updateTime=1773974681254, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068505527240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773974681259, updateTime=1773974681259, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068509721545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773974681260, updateTime=1773974681260, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=地震工程与工程振动, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, journalPhotoCn=/vhigrb0Ie5dk9EvytPyQg==, journalPhotoEn=mP4JjBszibypE3yTy4J1ag==, journalFirstLetter=E, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0604, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/EN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0604, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/PDF/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0604, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/EN/PDF/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0604, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
积石山6.2级地震砖木结构的构造特点与震害特征分析
收藏切换
PDF下载
闫佳琦 1, 2 , 孙柏涛 1, 2, 3 , 姜鹏飞 1, 2 , 魏珂 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(6): 36-45
收起
收藏切换
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(6): 36-45
积石山6.2级地震砖木结构的构造特点与震害特征分析
全屏
闫佳琦1, 2 , 孙柏涛1, 2, 3 , 姜鹏飞1, 2, 魏珂1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 3.地震和地质灾害生命搜索救援技术应急管理部重点实验室,北京 100049
  • 闫佳琦(1994—),女,博士研究生,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

孙柏涛(1961—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:
Structural characteristics and earthquake damage characteristics of brick-wood structures in the Ms6.2 Jishishan earthquake
Jiaqi YAN1, 2 , Baitao SUN1, 2, 3 , Pengfei JIANG1, 2, Ke WEI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Life Search and Rescue Technology for Earthquake and Geological Disaster, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100049, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0604
文章导航
收藏切换

2023年12月18日,甘肃省积石山县发生了6.2级地震,对大河家镇、刘集乡、石塬镇等118个乡镇地区造成影响。受地震影响区域的经济发展水平较低,传统砖(土)木结构民居广泛存在且受损严重,造成了大量的人员伤亡。鉴于该区域砖木结构建筑存量庞大且富含地方特色,研究基于实地震害调研,归纳了双坡砖木结构和单坡高墙砖木结构的建筑构造特点,分析了典型震害现象及破坏机理,探讨了既有砖木民居的抗震缺陷,并结合村镇建筑实际设防需求提出了相应的改进措施。研究结果表明:在积石山地震极震区内,砖木结构多数中等破坏或严重破坏,少数毁坏。相较于双坡砖木结构,砖土混合承重结构与单坡高墙房屋的破坏程度更重。震害现象可归为整体或局部倒塌、屋盖破坏、墙体破坏以及其他震害四类。震害主要成因为结构体系不合理、砂浆强度低、房屋整体性差以及缺乏有效抗震构造措施。进而,针对不同震害成因提出相应的改进措施,如增强房屋整体性、提升墙体抗倒塌能力、防止屋盖构件塌落等,旨在为提升村镇民居抗震能力、优化防灾减灾策略提供科学依据和实用指导。

积石山地震  /  震害调查  /  村镇建筑  /  砖木结构  /  抗震构造措施

On December 18, 2023, a Ms6.2 earthquake occurred in Jishishan County, Gansu Province, affecting 118 towns including Dahejia Town, Liuji Town and Shiyuan Town. The areas have a relatively low level of economic development, with widespread and severely damaged brick (earth) and wood structures, resulting a significant number of casualties. In view of the large stock of brick-wood buildings in the region and their local characteristics, this study summarizes the architectural and structural characteristics of double-slope brick-wood structures and single-slope high wall brick-wood structures based on the on-site research, analyzes the typical earthquake damage phenomena and mechanisms, discusses the seismic vulnerabilities of existing brick-wood structures, and proposes the corresponding improvement measures in combination with the actual needs of rural construction. The findings indicate that in the epicentral area, most of the brick-wood structures are moderately damaged or severely damaged, and a few are destroyed. Structures with a mix of brick column and earth wall load-bearing and single-slope high-wall structures suffered more severe damage compared to double-slope brick-wood structures. The damage can be classified into four categories including overall or partial collapse, roof damage, wall damage, and other damage. The primary causes of the damage are identified as irrational structural systems, low mortar strength, poor overall integrity, and the absence of effective seismic construction measures. Consequently, this paper suggests targeted improvement measures to enhance the overall integrity, increase the collapse resistance of the walls, and prevent the collapse of roof components. These measures aim to provide a scientific basis and practical guidance for improving the seismic resilience of rural dwellings and optimizing disaster prevention and mitigation strategies.

Jishishan earthquake  /  seismic damage investigation  /  rural buildings  /  brick-wood structure  /  earthquake-resistant measures
闫佳琦, 孙柏涛, 姜鹏飞, 魏珂. 积石山6.2级地震砖木结构的构造特点与震害特征分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (6) : 36 -45 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0604
Jiaqi YAN, Baitao SUN, Pengfei JIANG, Ke WEI. Structural characteristics and earthquake damage characteristics of brick-wood structures in the Ms6.2 Jishishan earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (6) : 36 -45 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0604
2023年12月18日23时59分,甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县(35.70°N,102.79°E)发生6.2级逆冲型地震,震源深度约10 km。震后迅速启动应急响应机制,对灾区震害开展实地调查工作,并结合断裂构造、震源机制和仪器烈度等数据,于12月22日发布了《甘肃积石山6.2级地震烈度图》。等震线长轴呈北北西走向,长轴为124 km,短轴为85 km。此次地震最大烈度为VIII度(8度),VI度(6度)及以上面积为8364 km2。涉及甘肃省3个市(州)9个县(市、区)88个乡镇(街道)以及太子山天然林保护区、盖新坪林场,涉及青海省2个市(州)4个县(市)30个乡镇[1]
此次地震受影响人口众多,极震区内村镇自建的砖木与土木结构房屋受损尤为严重。据统计,地震共造成42.1万间房屋受损,其中倒塌、严重损坏及一般损坏的房屋分别占比16.6%、23.5%、59.9%[2]。由于地震发生在夜间,震区人口密度相对较大,地震引发的建筑物破坏和地质灾害造成了共计151人死亡,983人受伤[2],伤亡情况显著高于近年来同级别地震事件,例如,四川芦山6.1级地震4人死亡,云南漾濞6.4级地震3人死亡,甘肃岷县6.6级地震95人死亡。
建筑物震害现象的研究对于理解甘肃地区建筑抗震性能、评估震害机制及制定有效的抗震改造措施具有重要价值。尽管已有学者在汶川地震[3-4]、芦山地震[5-6]、康定地震[7]、长宁地震[8]、玛多地震[9]、泸县地震[10]、马尔康地震[11]和泸定地震[12]等地震现场开展过多次村镇建筑的震害研究,但考虑房屋的结构形式和建筑风格受自然环境、地域文化和经济技术发展水平的影响,我国建筑结构表现出明显的地域性差异[13]。此次甘肃积石山6.2级地震的影响区域内,乡镇及农村地区砖木结构广泛分布,其震害造成了大量的人员伤亡,不合理的建构造方式是砖木结构严重破坏的根本原因。因此,积石山地区砖木结构的房屋震害分析具有现实意义,其不仅是对单一地震事件的深入剖析,更是对甘肃地区村镇砖木建筑抗震性能提升具有重要意义。本文基于2023年12月26日至2024年1月5日期间在极震区(VIII度)内6个乡镇45个调查点的震害现场调研工作,通过归纳当地砖木结构的建筑和结构特点,分析震害现象及破坏机理,结合村镇建筑实际设防需求,提出针对性的改进措施,以期为提升村镇民居抗震能力、优化防灾减灾策略提供科学依据和实用指导。
此次6.2级地震[14-15]的震中位于积石山县境内,地处于青藏高原与黄土高原过渡地带,地形以山地为主,沟壑纵横。由于地形限制,村落多位于地势较高的梁峁、沟壑之丘陵和山坡等地带。当地传统民居形式以合院院落为主,既符合当地的气候条件,也体现了家族聚居的文化传统。合院院落以正房堂屋为主,两侧设有厢房,中部为庭院,形成了一个相对封闭且功能完善的居住空间[16]。在结构方面,砖木结构民居存量庞大且具有鲜明的地方特色,主要分为双坡砖木结构和单坡高墙砖木结构两类,现场调研区域内双坡砖木结构的数量约为单坡高墙砖木结构的5倍。民居的建构造特点显著影响其抗震性能[17-18],本节从建筑特点和结构特点两方面对典型砖(土)木结构民居进行了归纳梳理。
当地的砖木民居普遍为单层建筑,建筑平面布局以矩形或凹形为主,纵向多见三开间或五开间,而横向进深的尺寸较小,约为3~4 m。出于冬季采光和隔热保温的考虑,前纵墙大面积开设门窗,其洞口面横截面积占墙体横截面积的1/2以上。相比之下,后纵墙几乎无开窗,墙体布局使得结构刚度不均匀。
建筑的立面差异主要体现在墙体高度和屋顶形式两方面。当地砖木结构的墙体高度普遍为3.0~3.6 m,而对于单坡高墙类砖木结构,其后墙高达4.5~6.0 m,前后墙的高度差异进一步放大了结构刚度的不均匀性。屋顶形式则以双坡屋顶和单坡屋顶为主,也存在少量“前平后瓦”屋顶和平屋顶。多数屋顶采用“硬山顶”构造,两侧山墙与屋面边缘平齐。表1详细分类描述了典型砖木民居的平面与立面特征。
建筑的功能布局紧密契合当地居民的居住习俗与宗教需求,典型特征为中部作为厅堂,两侧为卧室区域。具体而言,西侧卧室常紧邻墙体设置淋浴间,淋浴间与炕紧邻,仅用矮墙(通常为高度2 m左右的120 mm厚半砖墙)分隔,如图1所示。然而,此类“炕边隔墙”构造上存在显著隐患,其砌筑未达顶部,且缺乏与相邻山墙的有效拉结措施,在地震作用下极易发生失稳倒塌。
砖木结构通常是指竖向承重结构的墙、柱等采用砖或砌块砌筑,楼、屋盖等采用木制构件的结构体系。结合现场调研情况,本文砖木结构也涵盖砖墙与木构架混合承重、砖墙与土墙混合承重,楼、屋盖采用木制构件的结构体系。积石山县典型的单坡高墙砖木结构和双坡砖木结构的构造特征如图2所示。
积石山县20世纪80、90年代建造早期民居,其山墙及院墙材料主要为夯土墙或土坯墙,以砖柱土墙或木柱土墙作为竖向承重构件。土坯砖强度低,砌筑时缺乏有效咬槎,接头处形成通缝,且柱与墙之间缺少拉结,致使结构整体性差。
21世纪建造的砖木结构的墙体材料主要为烧结黏土砖,采用“二四墙”砌筑方式。然而,当地砂浆配比多以黄土、红土为主,混合石灰与少量水泥,砂浆强度不足。而且,现场调研发现砖墙砌筑普遍质量不高,竖向灰缝填充不密实,仅灰缝表面用水泥砂浆勾缝填平。此外,房屋普遍未设置构造柱,房屋横纵外墙之间的连接薄弱,当地施工习惯的咬槎长度有限(约为6 cm),墙角无拉结钢筋,如图3 (a)所示。部分房屋先砌筑外墙,后砌筑内墙,纵横墙墙体之间无咬槎和拉结,如图3 (b)所示。受经济水平限制,少量房屋为前砖后土(也称“一面青”),即正面用砖砌筑,侧面和背面为土坯墙,不同的承重材料,使得结构的刚度不均匀,整体性差,如图3(c)所示。
屋顶主要采用木制构件,木材多为松木或杨木,一般做法是中部大开间采用木屋架支撑,端部小开间则采用硬山搁檩方式。木屋盖的典型构造层次如下:首先采用粗木材搭设梁架,然后在梁架之上铺设中等粗细的檩条,再在檩条垂直方向平铺较细的椽条,最后在上方铺设木板、塑料布、泥巴,铺设瓦片。值得注意的是,铺设泥巴垫层的屋架体系相对较重,且木屋架或木檩条直接搁置于墙之上,屋架之间缺少有效支撑,地震作用下易发生破坏。
自建砖木结构普遍存在建筑材料的力学性能较差,缺乏有效的抗震构造措施,整体性较差等缺陷[19-20]。极震区(VIII度)中,未经抗震设防的砖木结构多数中等破坏或严重破坏,少数毁坏。震害特征表现为整体/局部倒塌、屋盖破坏、墙体破坏和其他震害四类。
在积石山地震VIII度区中,整体倒塌的房屋多为建造年代较早的土墙与砖柱混合承重结构。例如,刘集乡高李村某单坡高墙的土坯墙与砖柱混合承重结构,后纵墙上部部分倒塌,前纵墙则完全倒塌,木屋盖坍塌,结构整体倒塌,如图4所示。
该房屋建造年代久远,抗震缺陷如下:①结构形式不合理,缺乏必要构造措施,基本没有任何抗震能力。土坯墙作为承重墙,其材料强度低,泥浆黏结力弱,导致墙体整体性能差。四角设置砖柱,砖柱与土坯墙之间缺少拉结措施,2种材料的刚度不同,变形不协调。②建筑形式不合理,前纵墙的高度约3 m,后纵墙的高度超过5 m,墙体的高差大。后纵墙重心位置高,地震作用下,更易发生弯曲破坏,外闪倒塌。前纵墙门窗开洞面积过大,窗间墙过窄,严重削弱了竖向及水平承载力。
在积石山地震VIII度区中,少数砖木结构局部倒塌。例如,大河家镇克新民村某砖木结构西侧发生局部倒塌,如图5 (a)所示。墙体砌筑采用泥浆,黏结力差强度不足,横纵墙之间缺少拉结,墙体与木屋盖之间连接不足。地震作用下,房屋端部墙体倒塌,上部屋架失去支撑后塌落。
某单坡高墙土坯墙与砖柱共同承重结构的后纵墙外闪倒塌,部分屋盖塌落,如图5 (b)所示。“单坡高墙”结构形式不合理,后墙高度超过5 m,稳定性差。纵横墙之间未咬槎砌筑,接头处为通缝。地震作用下,木梁屋架与后墙发生碰撞,墙体外闪倒塌,椽条分段不连续,失去支撑后塌落。
某双坡砖木结构的山墙部分墙体外闪倒塌,如图5 (c)所示。屋盖与山墙无拉结,山墙与前墙、炕上墙没有咬槎砌筑,断面整齐,仅后墙与山墙有少量咬槎连接,约束不足。
在积石山地震高烈度地区中,砖木结构的屋面溜瓦和屋盖坍塌破坏震害较多,单坡屋面相较于双坡屋面震损更加严重。例如,石塬镇秦阴村的砖木结构广泛存在屋面溜瓦震害,如图6(a)所示。当地习惯做法为木屋盖上方抹泥坐瓦,泥土厚度约为3~5 cm。在地震作用下,屋面晃动,屋脊处变形最大,泥浆强度不足,瓦片易脱离滑落。
大河家镇周家村某砖木结构屋盖部分坍塌破坏,如图6(b)所示。由于椽子直接搁置于墙体顶部,未设置檩条,屋盖与墙体之间无可靠连接。并且,外墙角部未设置构造柱,横纵墙之间咬槎拉结不足。在水平和竖向地震动共同作用下,屋架节点处易拉脱,后墙外闪,木屋盖与墙体之间相对位移较大,致使椽条滑落,半边屋盖坍陷。
当地砖木结构大量采用硬山搁檩做法,外侧横墙(山墙)上部砌筑成三角形,檩条直接搁置于山墙之上,与墙体之间无抗震连接措施,如图6(c)所示。由于搭接部位承受局部荷载,地震作用下屋顶与墙体反应不协调,屋盖与墙体发生碰撞,易造成木屋盖构件损坏和墙体开裂,甚至导致端开间塌落。
在此次积石山地震中,砖木结构的墙体震害主要体现为剪切破坏造成的交叉裂缝、纵横墙拉脱开裂造成的竖向裂缝、门窗洞口的角部斜裂缝和梁檩搁置处的局部破坏等。
1)墙体剪切破坏产生的交叉裂缝、斜裂缝
砖木结构常见的震损为墙体交叉裂缝和斜裂缝,如图7所示。自建砖木房屋的砂浆中黄土含量高,砂浆强度低,墙体抗剪承载力不足。砌筑时竖向灰缝不饱满,养护质量不高。地震作用下,墙体裂缝多沿灰缝开展,砖块没有剪切破坏。
2)纵横墙拉脱开裂造成的竖向裂缝
由于纵横墙交接处未设置构造柱,墙顶标高处未浇筑封闭圈梁,纵横墙之间的咬槎连结不足,使得结构整体性差。部分房屋建造施工时,先砌筑外墙,后砌筑内隔墙,外墙与内墙之间缺少连接。地震作用下,砖木结构的纵墙与横墙开裂、脱开,产生竖向裂缝,如图8所示。
3)门窗洞口角部斜裂缝
当地砖木结构正面门窗开洞面积很大,窗间墙宽度小于抗震技术规程要求,墙体刚度削弱,承载力降低。门窗洞口角部应力集中,裂缝沿最大拉应力方向,斜向发展,如图9所示。
4)梁檩搁置处的局部破坏
梁、檩条直接搁置于墙上,与墙体之间未设置木垫块。搁置处承受局部荷载,地震作用下屋顶与墙体反应不协调,梁檩与墙体挤压产生震害,如图10所示。
除上述结构主体震害之外,非承重构件、附属构件、装饰装修和围护墙体等也存在不同程度震损。例如:炕边隔墙倒塌如图11所示,墙体厚度仅为120 mm,高度约为2 m,不通顶设置,与相邻墙体无固定拉结,近似为悬臂构件。地震作用下,墙体与炕接触截面刚度突变,砂浆强度不足,易发生局部倒塌。由于此次地震发生在凌晨,人们熟睡之际,炕边隔墙倒塌是造成人员伤亡的主要原因之一。此外,室内吊顶掉落,门窗破坏,围护院墙倒塌,个别院落大门(俗称“锤头”)破坏较严重,甚至上部门檐掉落,如图12所示。
本节结合砖木结构的震害实例,分析了典型震害现象的破坏机理,探讨了既有砖木民居的抗震缺陷。积石山地震中砖木结构典型震害现象及其成因汇总见表2
长期以来,我国在房屋建筑的抗震设防管理上实行了城乡“二元化”体制,导致农村房屋建设活动长期处于监管的“盲点”和“空白区”[21]。在大中城市,房屋建筑基本都纳入了建设监督管理程序,房屋建筑普遍正规设计施工,工程质量和抗震性能有一定的保证。而对于一些中小城镇和广大农村地区,由于早期的人力、物力、财力甚至技术能力的限制,存在房屋建筑的抗震防灾投入不足,房屋建设活动游离于建设监督管理程序之外等问题。因而,村镇房屋大多不具抗震能力或抗震能力较弱,难以满足《建筑物抗震设计规范》中设定的“三水准”设防目标。
葛学礼等[22]强调,村镇建筑的抗震防灾技术措施应遵循“因地制宜、就地取材、简单易行、经济合理、安全可靠”的原则,即在不大幅度提高造价、不改变结构类型和主要构件材料的前提下,通过采取合理的抗震构造措施,有效提升房屋的抗震能力,从而减少地震可能造成的人员伤亡和经济损失。
JGJ 161—2008《镇(乡)村建筑抗震技术规程》[23]考虑了村镇地区的经济条件和建筑特点,提出了更为切实可行的设防目标:“小震不坏,中震主体结构不致严重破坏”。本节参照上述技术规程,从建筑设计和结构体系、整体性连接和抗震构造措施、结构材料和施工要求三个方面,对既有村镇砖木结构的抗震缺陷进行了总结,并提出了相应的改进建议。
1)“锁子厅”式平面布局不规则,中部凹进两边突出。前纵墙门窗洞口面积占比超过50%,后纵墙几乎不开窗,房屋平面刚度不均匀。建议房屋平面体形应简单规整,或在局部凹凸处增加构造措施。并且,减小前墙开窗面积,窗间墙宽度应符合规范要求。
2)单坡高墙房屋的屋面坡度较大,前后墙高差大,前纵墙高度约为3.0~3.6 m,后纵墙高度约为4.5~6.0 m,后纵墙高厚比过大,稳定性差。建议停止建造此类结构体系不合理的砖木结构房屋。
3)土墙、砖墙或砖柱混合承重体系抗震能力差。建议采用横墙承重或纵横墙承重的砖砌墙体,木制屋盖与墙体之间采取有效连接。
1)横纵墙(内外墙)连接不牢。建议外墙转角、纵横墙交接处等位置咬槎砌筑,并沿墙高隔相应高度设置拉结钢筋或铁丝网片。纵横墙的基础顶部、楼屋盖(墙顶)标高处应设置配筋砖圈梁或混凝土圈梁。
2)屋盖系统整体性差。建议檩条与屋架之间采用扒钉连接,屋架、木梁与木柱之间设置斜撑,屋架之间设置剪刀撑。
3)屋盖系统与墙体之间连接差。建议木屋架、木梁檩在墙上搁置处应铺设砂浆垫层,设置木垫板,木垫板与木屋架、木梁之间应采用铁钉或扒钉连接。
1)砌筑砂浆强度低。建议减少砂浆中黄土含量,增加水泥含量,烧结普通砖强度等级不应低于MU10,砌筑砂浆强度等级不应低于M5。
2)施工质量有待提升。建议开展村镇建设工匠的抗震技术培训。例如砌筑前砖块应提前1~2 d浇水润湿;砖砌体的灰缝应横平竖直,薄厚均匀,竖向灰缝不得出现透明缝、瞎缝和假缝;砖砌体在转角和内外墙交接处应同时砌筑;设有拉结筋的水平灰缝应密实,不得露筋。
积石山县地形地貌复杂多样,村镇人口众多,经济发展滞后,老旧房屋存量大,建筑物整体抗震能力较差。由于砖木结构的材料易得、建造简单、费用低廉,在村镇地区应用广泛。但是,村镇自建民居未经抗震设防,存在结构体系不合理、砂浆强度不足、房屋整体性差等抗震缺陷。在此次6.2级地震中,极震区(VIII度)的多数砖木结构发生中等破坏或严重破坏,少数毁坏。相较于双坡砖木结构,砖土混合承重结构与单坡高墙房屋的破坏程度更重。砖木结构的震害现象可归为整体或局部倒塌、屋盖破坏、墙体破坏以及其他震害四类。经过深入分析震害原因,并参照《镇(乡)村建筑抗震技术规程》,发现在建造时应着重关注增强房屋整体性、提升墙体抗倒塌能力,防止屋盖及其构件塌落等方面。
  • 黑龙江省重点研发计划(GA22C001)
  • 中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2021EEEVL0203)
  • 国家自然科学基金地震科学联合基金项目(U2239252)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
中国地震局. 应急管理部发布甘肃积石山6.2级地震烈度图[EB/OL]. (2023-12-22)[2024-01-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5748480/index.html.
China Earthquake Administration. Earthquake intensity map of Ms6. 2 earthquake in Jishishan, Gansu released by Ministry of Emergency Management[EB/OL]. (2023-12-22) [2024-01-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5748480/index.html. (in Chinese)
[2]
中华人民共和国应急管理部. 国家防灾减灾救灾委员会办公室应急管理部发布2023年全国十大自然灾害[J]. 中国减灾, 2024(3): 7.
Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China. Office of National Disaster Prevention, Reduction and Relief Commission. Nationwide top ten natural disaster in 2023 released by Ministry of Emergency Management[J]. Disaster Reduction in China, 2024(3): 7. (in Chinese)
[3]
李钢,刘晓宇,李宏男. 汶川地震村镇建筑结构震害调查与分析[J]. 大连理工大学学报, 2009, 49(5): 724-730.
LI Gang, LIU Xiaoyu, LI Hongnan. Seismic damage investigation and analysis on rural buildings in Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Journal of Dalian University of Technology, 2009, 49(5): 724-730. (in Chinese)
[4]
于文,葛学礼,朱立新. 四川汶川8.0级地震都江堰周边村镇房屋震害分析[J]. 工程抗震与加固改造, 2008, 30(4): 45-49.
YU Wen, GE Xueli, ZHU Lixin. Damage analysis on buildings in towns and villages around Dujiangyan of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake[J]. Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting, 2008, 30(4): 45-49. (in Chinese)
[5]
孙柏涛,张昊宇,闫培雷. 芦山7.0级地震穿斗木构架房屋震害特点及原因简析[J]. 土木工程学报, 2014, 47(3): 1-11.
SUN Baitao, ZHANG Haoyu, YAN Peilei. Earthquake damage and feature analysis of Chinese traditional timber frame structures subjected to the Lushan 7.0 earthquake[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2014, 47(3): 1-11. (in Chinese)
[6]
闫培雷,孙柏涛,王明振. 芦山7.0级地震芦阳镇的建筑物震害[J]. 土木工程学报, 2014, 47(11): 39-44.
YAN Peilei, SUN Baitao, WANG Mingzhen. Seismic damage of building structures in Luyang Town during Lushan earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2014, 47(11): 39-44. (in Chinese)
[7]
陈相兆,孙柏涛,闫培雷. 四川康定6.3级地震灾害分布特点及结构震害简析[J]. 地震工程与工程振动, 2017, 37(2): 1-9.
CHEN Xiangzhao, SUN Baitao, YAN Peilei. The characteristics of earthquake disasters distribution and seismic damage to structures in Kangding Ms6.3 earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2017, 37(2): 1-9. (in Chinese)
[8]
潘毅,陈建,包韵雷,. 长宁6.0级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析[J]. 建筑结构学报, 2020, 41(增刊1): 297-306.
PAN Yi, CHEN Jian, BAO Yunlei, et al. Investigation and analysis of earthquake damage of rural buildings in Changning earthquake with Ms6.0[J]. Journal of Building Structures, 2020, 41(Sup. 1): 297-306. (in Chinese)
[9]
刘炜,张昊宇,黄勇,. 2021年青海玛多7.4级地震典型建筑震害对比及讨论[J]. 世界地震工程, 2021, 37(3): 57-64.
LIU Wei, ZHANG Haoyu, HUANG Yong, et al. Investigation and discussion of the building seismic damageafter Qinghai Maduo Ms7.4 earthquake in 2021[J]. World Earthquake Engineering, 2021, 37(3): 57-64. (in Chinese)
[10]
潘毅,易督航,游文龙,. 泸县6.0级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析[J]. 土木工程学报, 2023, 56(5): 47-59.
PAN Yi, YI Duhang, YOU Wenlong, et al. Seismic damage investigation and analysis of rural buildings in Ms 6.0 Luxian earthquake[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2023, 56(5): 47-59. (in Chinese)
[11]
潘毅,陈齐,曹勇,. 马尔康6.0级震群地震藏族民居震害调查与分析[J]. 土木工程学报, 2024, 57(3): 1-15.
PAN Yi, CHEN Qi, CAO Yong, et al. Seismic damage investigation and analysis of Tibetan dwellings in the Ms6.0 Maerkang earthquake swarm[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2024, 57(3): 1-15. (in Chinese)
[12]
潘毅,袁家聪,林拥军,. 泸定6.8级地震农村居住建筑震害调查与分析[J]. 防灾减灾工程学报, 2023, 43(6): 1200-1214.
PAN Yi, YUAN Jiacong, LIN Yongjun, et al. Seismic damage investigation and analysis of rural residential buildings in Ms6.8 Luding earthquake[J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 2023, 43(6): 1200-1214. (in Chinese)
[13]
田得元. 农村建筑区域特点及典型结构地震易损性分析[D]. 哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2021.
TIAN Deyuan. Residential regional characteristics and seismic vulnerability of typical structures[D]. Harbin: Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, 2021. (in Chinese)
[14]
王丽丽,王兰民,卢育霞,. 甘肃积石山Ms6.2级地震的震害特征与启示[J]. 世界地震工程, 2024, 40(1): 58-71.
WANG Lili, WANG Lanmin, LU Yuxia, et al. Characteristics and implications of seismic damage in Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake, Gansu Province[J]. World Earthquake Engineering, 2024, 40(1): 58-71. (in Chinese)
[15]
高孟潭. 从积石山6.2级地震看西部农村地震安全[J]. 防灾博览, 2024(1): 4-9.
GAO Mengtan. Western rural earthquake safety in the light of Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake[J]. Overview of Disaster Prevention, 2024(1): 4-9. (in Chinese)
[16]
周宝玲. 临夏回族建筑特色[D]. 重庆:重庆大学,2007.
ZHOU Baoling. The characteristics of hui architectures in Linxia[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2007. (in Chinese)
[17]
聂桂波,杨永强,张昊宇,. 甘肃积石山地震村镇典型建筑震害及成因分析[J]. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024, 44(3): 214-222.
NIE Guibo, YANG Yongqiang, ZHANG Haoyu, et al. Cause analysis and typical damage of town and village buildings of the Jishishan earthquake in Gansu Province[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024, 44(3): 214-222. (in Chinese)
[18]
杨永强,田健叶,周宝峰,. 甘肃积石山6.2级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析[J]. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024, 44(2): 208-217.
YANG Yongqiang, TIAN Jianye, ZHOU Baofeng, et al. Investigation and analysis of seismic damage of rural buildings caused by Ms6.2 earthquake in Jishishan of Gansu Province[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024, 44(2): 208-217. (in Chinese)
[19]
马海萍,杨立明,王峻,.甘肃山区少数民族农居震害及抗震措施刍议———以东乡族自治县为例[J].地震研究, 2013, 36(4): 525-531.
MA Haiping, YANG Liming, WANG Jun, et al. Humble opinion on earthquake damage and aseismic measures of rural houses at minority mountain areas in Gansu Province: Taking the autonomous country of Dongxiang nationality as an example[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 2013, 36(4): 525-531. (in Chinese)
[20]
王兰民,王强. 西北地区农村民房现状及抗震技术研究[J]. 华南地震, 2011, 31(4): 14-22.
WANG Lanmin, WANG Qiang. Study on status and anti-seismic technology of rural houses in Northwest China[J]. South China Journal of Seismology, 2011, 31(4): 14-22. (in Chinese)
[21]
孙柏涛. 农村房屋抗震实用手册[M]. 北京:地震出版社,2022.
SUN Baitao. Practical handbook for earthquake resistance of rural houses[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 2022. (in Chinese)
[22]
葛学礼,朱立新,王亚勇,. 村镇建筑震害与抗震技术措施[J]. 工程抗震, 2001(1): 43-48.
GE Xueli, ZHU Lixin, WANG Yayong, et al. Earthquake damage and seismic technical measures of village and town buildings[J]. Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting, 2001(1): 43-48. (in Chinese)
[23]
JGJ 161—2008镇(乡)村建筑抗震技术规程[S]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
JGJ 161—2008 Seismic technical specification for building construction in town and village[S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2008. (in Chinese)
2024年第44卷第6期
PDF下载
146
72
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0604
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:2024-10-28
基金
黑龙江省重点研发计划(GA22C001)
中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室重点专项(2021EEEVL0203)
国家自然科学基金地震科学联合基金项目(U2239252)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    3.地震和地质灾害生命搜索救援技术应急管理部重点实验室,北京 100049

通讯作者:

孙柏涛(1961—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构工程、地震工程研究。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0604
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏