Article(id=1245390359266701839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0602, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690819200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-01, revisedDate=1693929600000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853799883, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853799883, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853799883, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853799883, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390357958082790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='237', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853799571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854467826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245393160877224590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390357958082790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390359648383504, articleId=1245390359266701839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Dynamics and experimental study on prefabricated damping pad floating slab track, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to process limitation, the laying accuracy of the traditional subway track bed is low, and the construction speed is slow, while the construction accuracy and efficiency of the prefabricated track bed are relatively high. In addition, many subway lines often require the addition of vibration reduction measures or an upgrade in the vibration reduction levels after a period of operation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop the prefabricated damping pad floating slab track (PDPFST) with various vibration reduction grades and convenient upgrade options for vibration reduction. Therefore, the PDPFST was developed and applied to three new metro lines in Qingdao. In this paper, the coupled simulation analysis and field tests were conducted on the dynamic performance and vibration reduction performance of the vehicle passing through the PDPFST. Firstly, the structure and construction technology of the PDPFST were introduced. Then, the requirements and evaluation methods for the simulation and test of dynamic performance analysis and vibration reduction effect analysis were presented. Then, a vehicle-floating slab track-tunnel coupled dynamic analysis model was established. Finally, the coupled simulation results were compared with the field test results. Through the above research, the following conclusions are drawn: Compared to the traditional track slabs, the construction progress of the PDPFST is increased by 3 times (approximately 110 meters per day). The simulation results of the dynamic performance and vibration reduction performance of the vehicle passing through the PDPFST are in good agreement with the measured values, and the dynamic performance of the vehicle meets the requirements. When the vibration frequency is greater than times the natural frequency, the floating slab track can exhibit a good vibration reduction effect. The vibration reduction effect of the PDPFST is remarkable. The high vibration reduction effect is approximately 13 dB and the medium vibration reduction effect is approximately 8 dB. The research results can provide a certain theoretical and practical reference for the design and implementation of the PDPFST.

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传统地铁道床作业受工艺限制,铺设精度较低,现场施工进度缓慢,而预制装配式道床施工精度和效率都相对较高。此外,许多地铁线路运营一段时间后往往面临着增设减振措施或升级减振等级的需求。因此,亟待发展减振等级多样且减振等级升级方便的预制式减振垫浮置道床技术(prefabricated damping pad floating slab track,PDPFST)。基于此,研发了PDPFST技术,并将此技术先后运用到青岛3条新建地铁项目。文中对车辆通过PDPFST的动力学性能和减振性能进行了耦合仿真分析以及现场试验研究。首先,对PDPFST的结构和施工工艺进行了介绍。然后,介绍了动力学性能分析和减振效果分析的仿真及测试的要求和评判方法。接着搭建了车辆-浮置板-隧道耦合动力学分析模型。最后,将耦合仿真结果和现场实测结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:相比传统的轨道板,PDPFST施工进度提高了3倍(约110 m/d);车辆通过PDPFST的动力学性能、减振性能仿真值和实测值吻合较好,且车辆的各项动力学性能均能满足标准要求;当振动频率大于倍固有频率时,浮置板系统能够起到较好的减振效果;PDPFST的减振效果显著,高等减振约为13 dB,中等减振约为8 dB。研究结果可为后续的PDPFST的设计和实施提供了一定的理论和实践参考。

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蒲黔辉(1965—),男,教授,博士,主要从事新建桥梁及既有桥梁结构的研究。E-mail:
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许孝堂(1987—),男,博士研究生,主要从事减振降噪及车-线-桥耦合动力学研究。E-mail:

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Tribology of wheel and rail[M]. Beijing: China Railway Publishing House, 2004: 77-83. 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label=Table 1, caption=

Dynamic evaluation index

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类别评价指标限值
安全性脱轨系数0.8
轮重减载率0.6
车辆与轨道动态作用轮轴横向力/kN61
平稳性垂向Sperling指标(优等级)2.5
横向Sperling指标(优等级)2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1245390383744660434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359266701839, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

动力评价指标

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类别评价指标限值
安全性脱轨系数0.8
轮重减载率0.6
车辆与轨道动态作用轮轴横向力/kN61
平稳性垂向Sperling指标(优等级)2.5
横向Sperling指标(优等级)2.5
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Condition of each test section

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断面序号轨道类型里程车速/(km/h)断面序号轨道类型里程车速/(km/h)
1曲线普通道床(R=450 m)K46+40069.55直线中等减振K46+73069.9
2曲线普通道床(R=450 m)K46+47069.76直线中等减振K46+70070.2
3曲线高等减振(R=450 m)K46+57070.87直线普通道床K46+87071.2
4曲线高等减振(R=450 m)K46+60070.98直线普通道床K46+90071.0
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各断面情况

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断面序号轨道类型里程车速/(km/h)断面序号轨道类型里程车速/(km/h)
1曲线普通道床(R=450 m)K46+40069.55直线中等减振K46+73069.9
2曲线普通道床(R=450 m)K46+47069.76直线中等减振K46+70070.2
3曲线高等减振(R=450 m)K46+57070.87直线普通道床K46+87071.2
4曲线高等减振(R=450 m)K46+60070.98直线普通道床K46+90071.0
), ArticleFig(id=1245390384252171234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359266701839, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Stability index

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项目Sperling指标高等减振中等减振
实测值拖车(01016)车体一位垂向1.711.77
车体一位横向1.501.71
车体二位垂向1.631.70
车体二位横向1.541.72
动车(01015)车体一位垂向1.581.62
车体一位横向1.551.70
车体二位垂向1.681.71
车体二位横向1.581.69
仿真值垂向1.661.72
横向1.571.71
), ArticleFig(id=1245390384424137708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359266701839, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

平稳性指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Sperling指标高等减振中等减振
实测值拖车(01016)车体一位垂向1.711.77
车体一位横向1.501.71
车体二位垂向1.631.70
车体二位横向1.541.72
动车(01015)车体一位垂向1.581.62
车体一位横向1.551.70
车体二位垂向1.681.71
车体二位横向1.581.69
仿真值垂向1.661.72
横向1.571.71
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Vibration level and vibration reduction effect

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项目轨道类型总振级减振效果
实测(高等减振1)普通道床(断面1)67.313.7
高等减振(断面3)53.6
实测(高等减振2)普通道床(断面2)67.414.1
高等减振(断面4)53.3
实测(中等减振1)普通道床(断面7)67.68.3
中等减振(断面5)59.3
实测(中等减振2)普通道床(断面8)68.08.7
中等减振(断面6)59.3
仿真(高等减振)普通道床78.013.1
高等减振64.9
仿真(中等减振)普通道床78.05.9
中等减振72.0
), ArticleFig(id=1245390384742904830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390359266701839, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

振级及减振效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目轨道类型总振级减振效果
实测(高等减振1)普通道床(断面1)67.313.7
高等减振(断面3)53.6
实测(高等减振2)普通道床(断面2)67.414.1
高等减振(断面4)53.3
实测(中等减振1)普通道床(断面7)67.68.3
中等减振(断面5)59.3
实测(中等减振2)普通道床(断面8)68.08.7
中等减振(断面6)59.3
仿真(高等减振)普通道床78.013.1
高等减振64.9
仿真(中等减振)普通道床78.05.9
中等减振72.0
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预制式减振垫浮置道床动力学及试验研究
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许孝堂 1, 2 , 李会超 2 , 洪彧 1 , 蒲黔辉 1 , 尹学军 2 , 李国玉 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(6): 12-22
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(6): 12-22
预制式减振垫浮置道床动力学及试验研究
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许孝堂1, 2 , 李会超2, 洪彧1, 蒲黔辉1 , 尹学军2, 李国玉3
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 2.青岛科而泰环境控制技术有限公司,山东 青岛 266101
  • 3.青岛市地铁四号线有限公司,山东 青岛 266108
  • 许孝堂(1987—),男,博士研究生,主要从事减振降噪及车-线-桥耦合动力学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

蒲黔辉(1965—),男,教授,博士,主要从事新建桥梁及既有桥梁结构的研究。E-mail:
Dynamics and experimental study on prefabricated damping pad floating slab track
Xiaotang XU1, 2 , Huichao LI2, Yu HONG1, Qianhui PU1 , Xuejun YIN2, Guoyu LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2.Qingdao Create Environment Control Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266101, China
  • 3.Qingdao Metro Line 4 Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266108, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0602
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传统地铁道床作业受工艺限制,铺设精度较低,现场施工进度缓慢,而预制装配式道床施工精度和效率都相对较高。此外,许多地铁线路运营一段时间后往往面临着增设减振措施或升级减振等级的需求。因此,亟待发展减振等级多样且减振等级升级方便的预制式减振垫浮置道床技术(prefabricated damping pad floating slab track,PDPFST)。基于此,研发了PDPFST技术,并将此技术先后运用到青岛3条新建地铁项目。文中对车辆通过PDPFST的动力学性能和减振性能进行了耦合仿真分析以及现场试验研究。首先,对PDPFST的结构和施工工艺进行了介绍。然后,介绍了动力学性能分析和减振效果分析的仿真及测试的要求和评判方法。接着搭建了车辆-浮置板-隧道耦合动力学分析模型。最后,将耦合仿真结果和现场实测结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:相比传统的轨道板,PDPFST施工进度提高了3倍(约110 m/d);车辆通过PDPFST的动力学性能、减振性能仿真值和实测值吻合较好,且车辆的各项动力学性能均能满足标准要求;当振动频率大于倍固有频率时,浮置板系统能够起到较好的减振效果;PDPFST的减振效果显著,高等减振约为13 dB,中等减振约为8 dB。研究结果可为后续的PDPFST的设计和实施提供了一定的理论和实践参考。

地铁  /  预制式  /  聚氨酯减振垫  /  浮置板  /  动力学  /  减振效果

Due to process limitation, the laying accuracy of the traditional subway track bed is low, and the construction speed is slow, while the construction accuracy and efficiency of the prefabricated track bed are relatively high. In addition, many subway lines often require the addition of vibration reduction measures or an upgrade in the vibration reduction levels after a period of operation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop the prefabricated damping pad floating slab track (PDPFST) with various vibration reduction grades and convenient upgrade options for vibration reduction. Therefore, the PDPFST was developed and applied to three new metro lines in Qingdao. In this paper, the coupled simulation analysis and field tests were conducted on the dynamic performance and vibration reduction performance of the vehicle passing through the PDPFST. Firstly, the structure and construction technology of the PDPFST were introduced. Then, the requirements and evaluation methods for the simulation and test of dynamic performance analysis and vibration reduction effect analysis were presented. Then, a vehicle-floating slab track-tunnel coupled dynamic analysis model was established. Finally, the coupled simulation results were compared with the field test results. Through the above research, the following conclusions are drawn: Compared to the traditional track slabs, the construction progress of the PDPFST is increased by 3 times (approximately 110 meters per day). The simulation results of the dynamic performance and vibration reduction performance of the vehicle passing through the PDPFST are in good agreement with the measured values, and the dynamic performance of the vehicle meets the requirements. When the vibration frequency is greater than times the natural frequency, the floating slab track can exhibit a good vibration reduction effect. The vibration reduction effect of the PDPFST is remarkable. The high vibration reduction effect is approximately 13 dB and the medium vibration reduction effect is approximately 8 dB. The research results can provide a certain theoretical and practical reference for the design and implementation of the PDPFST.

subway  /  prefabricated  /  polyurethane damping pad  /  floating slab  /  dynamics  /  damping effect
许孝堂, 李会超, 洪彧, 蒲黔辉, 尹学军, 李国玉. 预制式减振垫浮置道床动力学及试验研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (6) : 12 -22 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0602
Xiaotang XU, Huichao LI, Yu HONG, Qianhui PU, Xuejun YIN, Guoyu LI. Dynamics and experimental study on prefabricated damping pad floating slab track[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (6) : 12 -22 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0602
在地铁线路减振措施中,浮置板道床技术作为目前公认的减振效果最好的减振技术。国内外学者针对钢弹簧减振器浮置板、橡胶减振器浮置板、橡胶减振垫浮置板和聚氨酯减振垫浮置板等减振技术都做了大量的研究工作。HUANG等[1]采用足尺室内试验模型,研究了适用于160 km/h线路的高速钢弹簧浮置板在疲劳过程中的振动特性,发现钢弹簧浮置板疲劳前后的减振效果分别为26.3、24.0 dB,尽管疲劳载荷会加剧振动水平,但轨道系统仍能发挥出优异的减振性能。LI等[2]针对服役20 a后的橡胶减振器浮置板开展了室内试验和现场试验研究,发现橡胶减振器在长期服役后发生了一定程度的硬化,但是减振效果仍有12.9 dB。ZHOU等[3]提出了一种应用于浮置板轨道的负刚度动力吸振器,通过在ABAQUS软件中建立浮置板-负刚度动力吸振器三维有限元模型,发现与传统动力吸振器相比,负刚度动力吸振器能够更有效地降低浮置板和钢轨的振动水平。JIN等[4]采用局部共振理论提出了一种改进的局部共振点支撑形式的浮置轨道系统,并发现带隙范围和截至频率与内、外包覆层的弹性模量以及内、外部振子密度有关。ALABBASI等[5]针对带有周期性沟槽的浮置板轨道的动力学行为进行了研究,基于动态刚度法和不同界面板单元建立仿真模型,并用力锤敲击得到的轨道振动响应更新模型。研究发现,板厚降低为50%后会显著影响浮置板的动力学特性。HE等[6]研究了一种带有能够填充高阻尼液的空心孔的橡胶隔振器,并进行了车辆安全性、振动、噪声、轨道变形和轮轨力等试验研究。经研究发现,新型橡胶浮置板结构能够保证列车运行安全,且具有15.1 dB的减振效果,车内噪声对轨道结构刚度不敏感。XU等[7]联合车辆-轨道耦合动力学和隧道、土体有限元研究了弹簧隔振器失效对隧道和土体振动的影响,发现钢弹簧失效对振动位移的影响较小,各水平层土体的振动加速度峰值均位于轨道中心线上。REN等[8]通过三维有限元模型研究了钢弹簧布置、钢弹簧刚度、相邻轨道形式和列车通过速度等参数对钢弹簧浮置板过渡段动力学性能的影响。LIANG等[9-10]和李小珍等[11-12]通过有限元-统计能量法建立了大跨度钢桁梁斜拉桥振动和噪声预测模型,研究了减振垫浮置板用于钢桁梁斜拉桥的振动噪声控制问题,发现减振垫浮置道床减振效果约14.9~17.5 dB,整体声压级降低10~13 dB(A)。
王启好等[13]基于隔振垫超弹性本构模型建立了车辆-橡胶减振垫浮置板-隧道耦合动力分析模型,发现和传统的线性本构模型相比,隔振垫超弹性本构模型计算得到的隧道和轨道振动响应更接近于现场实测数据。曾志平等[14]对地铁高架的9号道岔区的减振垫浮置道床以及其过渡方式展开了研究,发现过岔时浮置板最大位移出现在尖轨处,且列车直向和侧向通过的行车安全性和舒适性均能满足要求。冯青松等[15]和王润丰等[16]都对浮置板轨道过渡段的动力学进行了研究,发现减振垫刚度越低,需要设置越多等级的刚度过渡段(比如两级或者三级过渡)。刘锦辉等[17]对时速120 km/h轨道交通快速线的装配式浮置板地段的动力学性能、模态以及减振效果进行了研究,建议根据施工条件和减振需求等选择合适的板长。刘韦等[18-19]、杜香刚等[20]基于车辆轨道-隧道耦合动力学模型研究了具有非线性刚度(高低动刚度)的钢弹簧浮置板减振技术,发现相对于传统的线性钢弹簧,具有非线性刚度的钢弹簧在低频段,尤其在低于1阶固有频率区段具有更好的减振效果,从而使得减振效果可以覆盖全频段。韦凯等[21-22]研究了3种不同预压条件下的减振垫动刚度对浮置板轨道减振效果的影响,并建议针对不同的运营条件选择合适的减振垫动刚度和减振效果评价方法。刘向明等[23]通过足尺落锤试验研究了两侧半铺形式的减振垫浮置板轨道的振动特性,发现自动落锤的响应频带与实测结果最相近。王梦林等[24]研究了轨道板厚度、减振垫刚度和扣件刚度等参数对聚氨酯减振垫浮置板轨道响应的影响,并给出了建议值。张法明等[25]对小半径曲线段减振垫浮置板轨道的减振性能进行了研究,发现小半径曲线段的减振垫浮置板轨道的减振效果仍旧显著,可达10 dB。杨文茂等[26]对U型梁上的减振垫浮置板轨道进行了车-轨-桥耦合分析,发现动力学指标满足要求,减振效果约5~8 dB。何鉴辞等[27]对比研究了聚氨酯减振垫轨道和橡胶减振垫轨道的减振效果,发现聚氨酯减振垫减振效果更好,且减振频带更宽。
尽管国内外学者对浮置板减振技术都做了大量的研究工作,但是预制式减振垫浮置道床(prefabricated damping pad floating slab track,PDPFST)过车时,车辆的动力学特性实车试验研究未有报道。并且动力学、减振效果现场测试结果与仿真结果对比分析也鲜有研究。另外,传统地铁道床受工艺限制,铺设精度及质量较差,运营后引发病害较多。传统道床需要人工调整,现场浇筑施工进度缓慢,施工质量也难以控制,施工者劳动强度大,且后续维护工作多。因此,地铁轨道施工亟需向绿色环保、经济快速、预制化和装配式拼接的方向发展。此外,地铁线路运营一段时间后往往面临着增设减振或升级减振等级的需求。因此亟待发展减振等级多样且减振等级升级方便的多等级减振式轨道。基于此,研发了PDPFST技术,并将此技术先后运用到青岛3条新建的地铁项目中。通过将产品预制化,PDPFST绿色环保,施工精度高。通过基底预制化解决了基底不平和二次浇注的问题。采用预制道床板、基底板和自流平灌浆材料固化技术,将原有的固化周期3~4周缩短为5h,实现了即铺即用,大大提高了施工速度。通过调整减振垫的刚度,可以实现低等、中等和高等不同减振等级的需求,同时能够满足后期减振等级快速升级的需求。本文主要对车辆通过新研发的PDPFST的动力学性能和减振性能进行了耦合分析以及现场试验研究。介绍了PDPFST的结构和施工工艺,动力学及减振效果的评判方法,通过车辆-浮置板-隧道耦合模型仿真并与现场实测相比较。为了方便叙述,文中预制式高等减振垫浮置道床简称高等减振道床,预制式中等减振垫浮置道床简称中等减振道床。
目前既有的预制钢弹簧浮置道床和减振垫预制道床技术铺设成本高,减振等级单一,且存在剪力铰断裂、施工速度较低和后续升级困难等问题。本文提出了新型的PDPFST技术,其主要由减振等级可更换的聚氨酯减振垫,工厂预制的道床板和基底板以及钢轨、扣件等组成,见图1。聚氨酯减振垫具有多孔发泡结构,相对于传统的橡胶减振垫,具有质轻、抗冲击性能高、吸能缓冲性能好、强度高、耐磨性能好以及低刚度,高减振效果等优点[28]。微孔聚氨酯减振垫[29]本身具有大量的微小气泡,见图2。当受到外界能量冲击时会引起微孔中空气挤压。空气的黏滞性内摩擦和热传导效应使得振动能量衰减,并且气泡还可以将周围的体积压缩转变为剪切变形,增加剪切耗能,从而使得聚氨酯减振垫具有高减振和高阻尼特性。
预制道床板上开有限位孔,相对应的预制基底板上设有限位柱。限位柱和限位孔之间用阻尼层浇筑填充。阻尼层既可以限制板的横向、纵向位移,又能够提供阻尼,吸收轨道板的振动能量。PDPFST实现了道床板和基底板工厂预制,依据减振等级要求组装减振垫后整体发货、运输、吊装到作业面。最后通过灌浆料将基底和隧道壁之间的空隙填充。这样大大提高了地铁轨道的施工效率和施工质量,缩短了施工工期,降低了人工成本。
PDPFST的施工工艺见图3。首先在工厂运用模具进行道床板和基底板的预制。然后在施工地面进行浮置道床组装工作。根据减振等级需求铺设对应的减振垫,用吊车将轨道板吊至铺设好减振垫的基底板上。轨道板与基底板间的空隙用密封条进行密封。在密封完成的预制板的限位孔内灌注搅拌均匀的阻尼剂,确保轨道板与基底板紧密结合。组合完成的浮置板利用基底板与轨道板间的连接螺栓采用专用吊具吊装至轨道车上,并运输至作业面。运输至作业面后采用轮胎式铺轨小吊将预制板进行吊装落位,并进行粗调平。浮置板粗调就位后,运用新研发的调板软件及精调工装进行浮置板几何尺寸的有效连接,进行精密测量,利用精密测量软件结合精调工装对板的几何尺寸进行调整。然后灌注灌浆料将基底板与隧道壁填实,待固结稳定后进行铺轨和再次精调工作,最后完成PDPFST的铺设。根据现场施工统计,平均每天可完成22块(约110 m)PDPFST的铺设,相比传统的轨道板,施工进度提高了3倍,大大提高了施工效率和施工质量。
本次试验选取的地铁线路区间隧道内铺设60 kg/m钢轨,扣件为DTVI2型。测试区间左线高等减振道床铺设长度153.6 m,为曲线段,曲线半径为450 m。中等减振道床铺设长度148.8 m,为直线段。浮置板道床厚度均为260 mm,宽度均为2.3 m,标准板长度为4.7 m,普通道床与浮置板道床在区间内的分布情况见图4。中等减振道床固有频率为33.7 Hz,中等减振垫刚度为0.1 N/mm3,高等减振道床固有频率为18.3 Hz,高等减振垫刚度为0.02 N/mm3。行车方向从车站A到车站B。车辆为B1型电动客车,6车厢编组,四动两拖,总长118 m,设计轴重14 t,车辆长宽高分别为19、2.8、3.8 m,研究区间车辆行驶速度为70 km/h。
带有新型轨道结构的新设线路尤其关注车辆运行的安全性、平稳性和车辆与轨道的动态作用。依据GB/T 5599—2019《机车车辆动力学性能评定及试验鉴定规范》[30]分别现场实测和耦合仿真了车辆的动力学特性。其中安全性主要研究了脱轨系数和轮重减载率,平稳性主要通过Sperling指标体现,车辆与轨道之间的相互作用主要研究了轮轴横向力。各项动力评价指标限值见表1。其中脱轨系数不大于0.8,轮重减载率不大于0.8,地铁B型车的轮轴横向力的限值为61 kN。客车的运行平稳性优等级限值为不大于2.5。
另外,作为新研制的PDPFST,减振效果也是一项至关重要的评价指标。根据CJJ/T 191—2012《浮置板轨道技术规范》[31]分别对高等减振、中等减振的减振效果进行了实测和仿真分析。根据标准,用插入损失评价PDPFST的减振效果。即用PDPFST的隧道壁振级与普通道床的隧道壁振级作差,如式(1)所示:
式中:VLqi)为普通道床垂向振动加速度在1/3倍频程第i个中心频率的分频振级(dB);VLhi)为PDPFST垂向振动加速度在1/3倍频程第i个中心频率的分频振级(dB)。
频率范围为4~200 Hz,传感器布置示意和现场照片见图5
同时标准规定,普通道床与PDPFST的隧道类型、曲线类型、扣件类型和行车速度等线路条件应保持一致。综合考虑以上因素,为得到客观性评价,最终决定选取8组断面进行测试,各测试断面情况见表2。试验采用北京东方所的INV3062-C1(L)型信号采集处理分析系统和INV9828型加速度传感器,采样频率1280 Hz,所有检测设备鉴定证书均在有效期内。
车辆、轨道和隧道不是相互独立的个体,是通过轮轨接触关系耦合在一起,不可分割,相互作用的。车辆的运行姿态(如摇头、滚转等)会影响轮轨接触几何关系,进而影响轮轨接触力,接触力进而导致轨道和隧道的结构变形,变形后的轨道和隧道也会通过轮轨接触几何的改变进而影响车辆的动力学特性。因此很有必要建立车辆-浮置板-隧道耦合分析模型。本文联合动力学和有限元建立了车辆-浮置板-隧道耦合分析模型,理论分析模型见图6。首先,通过多体动力学软件UM建立车辆-浮置板耦合动力学模型,求解车辆运行的安全性、平稳性以及车辆与轨道动态作用,如图6中模块1所示,同时通过耦合分析求得轮轨作用力。然后,以轮轨力作为激励输入到轨道-隧道-土层耦合有限元模型(图6中模块2)中求解轨道板和隧道壁的振动特性,进而求解PDPFST的减振效果。
车体通过多刚体动力学理论建立。单节车共计50个自由度。车辆的一系、二系悬挂系统通过弹簧阻尼力元建立,模型中同时考虑了横向止挡、抗蛇行减振器等元件的非线性特性。车辆和浮置板的耦合作用通过轮轨关系传递。轮轨关系主要通过轮轨切向蠕滑力和法向力代替。轮轨接触采用的Kik-Piotrowski模型[32]建立。Kik-Piotrowski模型是一种多点非赫兹接触模型。通过Kik-Piotrowski接触模型求解接触斑的Kalker线性系数,进而通过FASTSIM算法[33]求解切向力。
PDPFST模型由钢轨、扣件、预制道床板、聚氨酯减振垫、预制基底板和灌浆料等组成。其中扣件、聚氨酯减振垫、灌浆料均由弹簧阻尼单元模拟。钢轨采用Timoshenko梁模型。预制道床板和预制基底板均考虑成柔性体。首先在ANSYS中通过实体单元建立预制道床板和预制基底板的有限元模型,然后通过固定界面模态综合法导入多体动力学软件UM中。最终在UM中建立耦合动力学模型。模型的激励采用美国5级轨道不平顺谱。
为了进行减振效果分析,需要将耦合求得轮轨作用力作为输入施加到在ANSYS建立的轨道-隧道-土层耦合有限元模型中。轮轨作用力以时程模式输入。然后依据CJJ/T 191—2012《浮置板轨道技术规范》[31]求解PDPFST的减振效果。
通过跟车测试车辆动力学指标,并与车辆-浮置板-隧道耦合仿真结果进行了对比,对比情况见图7~图9以及表3。实测和仿真的脱轨系数对比图见图7。通过对比发现,中等减振(直线段)的脱轨系数要低于高等减振(曲线段)的脱轨系数,仿真与实测数据的变化趋势基本一致,从直线进入曲线,脱轨系数逐渐增大,从0.05左右逐渐增大到0.50左右,这是由于从直线进入曲线,轮轨振动作用变得更加剧烈。实测和仿真的脱轨系数最大值分别为0.612和0.593,但是脱轨系数一直小于0.800的限值,满足安全性要求。
实测和仿真的轮重减载率对比图见图8。通过对比发现,实测轮重减载率和仿真得到的轮重减载率变化趋势基本一致,从直线到曲线段,轮重减载率均是先增大后减小。这是因为车辆进入曲线前缓和曲线的初始时刻,车体发生向外甩动倾斜,车轮出现减载,轮重减载率在此刻最大,当进入曲线后在悬挂系统(尤其是减振器)的作用下,减载情况又逐渐恢复到较低水平。中等减振地段轮重减载率约为0.23左右,高等减振地段轮重减载率约为0.12左右。由图可知,实测和仿真的轮重减载率最大值分别为0.248和0.232,但是轮重减载率一直小于0.800的限值,满足安全性要求。
实测和仿真的轮轴横向力对比图见图9。通过对比发现,实测的轮轴横向力和仿真得到的轮轴横向力变化趋势基本一致,从直线到曲线段,轮轴横向力逐渐增大。这是因为车辆进入曲线后轮对发生较大的横移,轮轴横向力变大。中等减振地段轮轴横向力约为7 kN左右,高等减振地段轮轴横向力约为15 kN左右。由图可知,实测和仿真的轮轴横向力最大值分别为19.68、19.13 kN,但是轮轴横向力一直小于61 kN的限值,满足限值要求。
实测和仿真的车辆平稳性Sperling指标见表3。实测得到的车辆经过高等减振段车辆的垂向Sperling指标约1.58~1.71,仿真值为1.66;实测得到的车辆经过中等减振段车辆的垂向Sperling指标1.62~1.77,仿真值为1.72。由此可见,实测与仿真得到的车辆的垂向Sperling指标相当,且高等减振段车辆的垂向Sperling指标低于中等减振段车辆的垂向Sperling指标。另外,实测得到的车辆经过高等减振段车辆的横向Sperling指标约1.50~1.58,仿真值为1.57;实测得到的车辆经过中等减振段车辆的横向Sperling指标1.69~1.72,仿真值为1.71。同样可以看出,实测与仿真得到的车辆的横向Sperling指标相当,且高等减振段车辆的横向Sperling指标低于中等减振段车辆的横向Sperling指标。而且,高等和中等减振段的车辆垂向和横向平稳性Sperling指标都小于优等级2.5的限值。
实测和仿真的高等减振道床、中等减振道床和普通道床Z计权后隧道壁的垂向加速度分频振级均方根的1/3倍频程振级频谱图见图10。其中设计的高等减振道床固有频率为18.3 Hz,中等减振道床固有频率为33.7 Hz,根据振动理论可知,当振动频率大于倍固有频率时,浮置板系统才能起到较好的减振效果。因此,高等减振浮置道床在频率大于25.8 Hz以上,而中等减振浮置道床在频率大于47.6 Hz以上,浮置板系统才能起到减振作用。通过图10的仿真结果验证了这一点,低于倍固有频率时,普通道床的分频振级低于预制浮置板的分频振级;高于倍固有频率时,预制浮置板系统分频振级低于普通道床的分频振级。也就是说和普通道床相比,PDPFST容易放大低于倍固有频率的振动。另外通过图10可以看出来,实测的PDPFST分频振级几乎在所有频段上都低于普通道床的分频振级。这与仿真结果存在一定的区别,这与现场测试条件、测试环境、测试设备以及仿真输入和边界等都有关系。但是对比实测和仿真数据可以发现,分频振级随着频率变化的走势是一致的,分频振级的峰值也较为吻合。
高等减振道床、中等减振道床和普通道床的Z计权后隧道壁的实测和仿真的垂向加速度分频振级均方根的平均值统计情况如表4所示。可以看出,实测的高等减振道床的减振效果约为13.7~14.1 dB,仿真得到的高等减振效果为13.1 dB,实测与仿真值较为吻合。但是,实测的中等减振道床的减振效果约为8.3 ~ 8.7 dB,仿真得到的高等减振效果为5.9 dB,实测与仿真值略有不同。
针对既有道床施工精度低和进度慢的问题,以及地铁线路运营一段时间后需要增设减振措施或者升级减振等级的需求。本文研制了减振等级多样且减振等级升级方便的PDPFST技术,并成功运用到青岛地铁3条新建项目中。针对目前青岛地铁中铺设的PDPFST地段,开展了车辆通过PDPFST的动力学性能和减振性能的耦合仿真分析以及现场试验研究工作。结合现场施工实践、理论仿真分析和现场试验测试,主要得出以下结论:
1)相比传统轨道板,PDPFST施工进度提高了3倍。通过调整减振垫的刚度,可以满足不同减振等级的需求和后期的减振升级。
2)车辆通过PDPFST的动力学性能、减振性能仿真值和实测值吻合较好。仿真和实测的脱轨系数、轮重减载率、轮轴横向力及Sperling指数等动力学指标均满足限制要求。
3)当振动频率大于倍固有频率时,浮置板系统能够起到较好的减振效果。PDPFST的减振效果显著,高等减振约为13 dB,中等减振约为8 dB。
  • 新型交叉学科培育基金-前沿科技培育项目(2682022KJ054)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费-科技创新项目(2682022CX003)
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0602
  • 接收时间:2023-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-01
  • 修回日期:2023-09-06
基金
新型交叉学科培育基金-前沿科技培育项目(2682022KJ054)
中央高校基本科研业务费-科技创新项目(2682022CX003)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031
    2.青岛科而泰环境控制技术有限公司,山东 青岛 266101
    3.青岛市地铁四号线有限公司,山东 青岛 266108

通讯作者:

蒲黔辉(1965—),男,教授,博士,主要从事新建桥梁及既有桥梁结构的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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