Article(id=1245390257684852941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0518, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688659200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-07, revisedDate=1693670400000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853775663, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853775663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853775663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853775663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390255516397762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853775147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854426342, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392986884911753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392986889106058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=188, endPage=198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390257923928274, articleId=1245390257684852941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Longitudinal movement of a suspension bridge under train braking and its control with fluid viscous dampers, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The braking behavior of trains will notably affect the longitudinal movement of suspension bridges. Therefore, it becomes imperative to delve into the longitudinal movement of kilometer-level railway suspension bridges under the influence of train braking. This study takes a long-span railway suspension bridge with a main span of 1060 meters as its research object, and explores the response characteristics of its longitudinal movement at the girder end when subjected to train braking forces and the controlling effect of a fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) by numerical simulation. Firstly, the engineering background of the kilometer-level railway suspension bridge and the finite element model established using ANSYS software are introduced. Then, the loading and solution methods for the longitudinal movement of the long-span railway suspension bridge, the finite element simulation methods for bearing friction and FVDs, and the simulation method for braking force are described. Subsequently, the effects of different braking positions and consideration of bearing friction on the longitudinal movement response of the suspension bridge are investigated. Finally, the control effect of FVDs on longitudinal movement is studied, and parameter analysis is conducted. The results show that as the braking position approaches the point where the train exits the bridge, the shape of the longitudinal displacement curve becomes more similar to a sine function. Bearing friction has a certain control effect on the displacement response at the girder end under train braking, but its control effect on the velocity response is not ideal. The utilization of FVDs effectively controls both displacement and velocity responses at the girder end of the suspension bridge under train braking. The optimal control effect is achieved when using a FVD with a damping coefficient of 2500 kN•(m/s)-α and a velocity exponent of 0.1.

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列车的制动行为会对悬索桥的纵向运动产生影响,因此有必要对千米级大跨度铁路悬索桥在列车制动下的纵向运动进行研究。以一座主跨1060 m的大跨度铁路悬索桥为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方式探讨了列车制动作用下其梁端纵向运动的响应特性,并研究了黏滞阻尼器在控制纵向运动中的效果。首先介绍了该千米级大跨径铁路悬索桥的工程背景,以及基于ANSYS软件建立的有限元模型;然后介绍了大跨径铁路悬索桥纵向运动的加载求解方式,支座摩阻和黏滞阻尼器的有限元模拟方式,以及制动力的模拟方式;接着探究了不同制动位置、是否考虑支座摩阻力对悬索桥梁端纵向运动响应的影响;最后,研究了黏滞阻尼器的纵向运动控制效果,并进行了参数分析。研究结果表明:随着制动位置越接近下桥位置,纵向位移变化曲线形状越接近正弦函数形式;支座摩阻对列车制动作用下的梁端位移响应有一定的控制作用,对梁端速度响应控制效果不佳;采用黏滞阻尼器可以有效控制列车制动下的悬索桥梁端位移和速度响应;当采用阻尼系数为2500 kN∙(m/s)-α,阻尼指数为0.1的黏滞阻尼器时,控制效果最佳。

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封周权(1982—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事风工程、结构监测与振动控制研究。E-mail:
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宋佳(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事阻尼器减振方面研究。E-mail:

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Critical friction force of bearings

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位置支座反力/(×107 N)摩擦系数支座临界摩阻力/(×105 N)
西侧桥台1.050.033.14
西侧桥塔2.818.42
东侧桥塔3.109.31
东侧桥台1.193.58
), ArticleFig(id=1245390267960898199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257684852941, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

支座临界摩阻力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置支座反力/(×107 N)摩擦系数支座临界摩阻力/(×105 N)
西侧桥台1.050.033.14
西侧桥塔2.818.42
东侧桥塔3.109.31
东侧桥台1.193.58
), ArticleFig(id=1245390268044784286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257684852941, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Braking condition of trains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制动开始位置匀速行驶距离/m制动开始时间/s制动结束位置/m列车停止时间/s
车头刚上桥0059630.80
东侧桥塔处1303.9072634.70
1/4中跨处39511.8599142.65
中跨跨中处66019.80125650.60
3/4中跨处92527.75128058.55
西侧桥塔处119035.70128050.05
), ArticleFig(id=1245390268132864674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257684852941, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

列车制动工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制动开始位置匀速行驶距离/m制动开始时间/s制动结束位置/m列车停止时间/s
车头刚上桥0059630.80
东侧桥塔处1303.9072634.70
1/4中跨处39511.8599142.65
中跨跨中处66019.80125650.60
3/4中跨处92527.75128058.55
西侧桥塔处119035.70128050.05
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列车制动作用下悬索桥纵向运动及其黏滞阻尼器控制研究
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宋佳 1, 2 , 井昊坤 1, 2 , 封周权 1, 2 , 陈政清 1, 2 , 华旭刚 1, 2 , 万田保 3 , 吴成亮 1, 4
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(5): 188-198
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(5): 188-198
列车制动作用下悬索桥纵向运动及其黏滞阻尼器控制研究
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宋佳1, 2 , 井昊坤1, 2, 封周权1, 2 , 陈政清1, 2, 华旭刚1, 2, 万田保3, 吴成亮1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.湖南大学 风工程与桥梁工程湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410082
  • 2.桥梁工程安全与韧性全国重点实验室(湖南大学),湖南 长沙 410082
  • 3.中铁大桥勘测设计院集团有限公司,湖北 武汉 430056
  • 4.武汉鑫拓力工程技术有限公司,湖北 武汉 430073
  • 宋佳(1998—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事阻尼器减振方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

封周权(1982—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事风工程、结构监测与振动控制研究。E-mail:
Longitudinal movement of a suspension bridge under train braking and its control with fluid viscous dampers
Jia SONG1, 2 , Haokun JING1, 2, Zhouquan FENG1, 2 , Zhengqing CHEN1, 2, Xugang HUA1, 2, Tianbao WAN3, Chengliang WU1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Wind and Bridge Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Bridge Engineering Safety and Resilience (Hunan University), Changsha 410082, China
  • 3.China Railway Major Bridge Reconnaissance & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056, China
  • 4.Wuhan Newtery Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430073, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0518
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列车的制动行为会对悬索桥的纵向运动产生影响,因此有必要对千米级大跨度铁路悬索桥在列车制动下的纵向运动进行研究。以一座主跨1060 m的大跨度铁路悬索桥为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方式探讨了列车制动作用下其梁端纵向运动的响应特性,并研究了黏滞阻尼器在控制纵向运动中的效果。首先介绍了该千米级大跨径铁路悬索桥的工程背景,以及基于ANSYS软件建立的有限元模型;然后介绍了大跨径铁路悬索桥纵向运动的加载求解方式,支座摩阻和黏滞阻尼器的有限元模拟方式,以及制动力的模拟方式;接着探究了不同制动位置、是否考虑支座摩阻力对悬索桥梁端纵向运动响应的影响;最后,研究了黏滞阻尼器的纵向运动控制效果,并进行了参数分析。研究结果表明:随着制动位置越接近下桥位置,纵向位移变化曲线形状越接近正弦函数形式;支座摩阻对列车制动作用下的梁端位移响应有一定的控制作用,对梁端速度响应控制效果不佳;采用黏滞阻尼器可以有效控制列车制动下的悬索桥梁端位移和速度响应;当采用阻尼系数为2500 kN∙(m/s)-α,阻尼指数为0.1的黏滞阻尼器时,控制效果最佳。

铁路悬索桥  /  列车制动  /  支座摩阻  /  黏滞阻尼器  /  纵向运动

The braking behavior of trains will notably affect the longitudinal movement of suspension bridges. Therefore, it becomes imperative to delve into the longitudinal movement of kilometer-level railway suspension bridges under the influence of train braking. This study takes a long-span railway suspension bridge with a main span of 1060 meters as its research object, and explores the response characteristics of its longitudinal movement at the girder end when subjected to train braking forces and the controlling effect of a fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) by numerical simulation. Firstly, the engineering background of the kilometer-level railway suspension bridge and the finite element model established using ANSYS software are introduced. Then, the loading and solution methods for the longitudinal movement of the long-span railway suspension bridge, the finite element simulation methods for bearing friction and FVDs, and the simulation method for braking force are described. Subsequently, the effects of different braking positions and consideration of bearing friction on the longitudinal movement response of the suspension bridge are investigated. Finally, the control effect of FVDs on longitudinal movement is studied, and parameter analysis is conducted. The results show that as the braking position approaches the point where the train exits the bridge, the shape of the longitudinal displacement curve becomes more similar to a sine function. Bearing friction has a certain control effect on the displacement response at the girder end under train braking, but its control effect on the velocity response is not ideal. The utilization of FVDs effectively controls both displacement and velocity responses at the girder end of the suspension bridge under train braking. The optimal control effect is achieved when using a FVD with a damping coefficient of 2500 kN•(m/s)-α and a velocity exponent of 0.1.

railway suspension bridge  /  train braking  /  bearing friction  /  fluid viscous damper  /  longitudinal movement
宋佳, 井昊坤, 封周权, 陈政清, 华旭刚, 万田保, 吴成亮. 列车制动作用下悬索桥纵向运动及其黏滞阻尼器控制研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (5) : 188 -198 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0518
Jia SONG, Haokun JING, Zhouquan FENG, Zhengqing CHEN, Xugang HUA, Tianbao WAN, Chengliang WU. Longitudinal movement of a suspension bridge under train braking and its control with fluid viscous dampers[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (5) : 188 -198 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0518
大跨径悬索桥在运营状况下对温度、风力、地震和车辆荷载等因素表现出较高的敏感性。在运营荷载的作用下,加劲梁会产生持续不断的纵向运动,而梁端伸缩装置则产生累积位移,从而导致疲劳问题甚至破坏。目前,江阴长江大桥[1]、润扬长江大桥[2]、矮寨大桥[3]等均发现千米级别的年累积位移,其中江阴长江大桥、润扬长江大桥甚至发生了梁端伸缩装置破坏的情况[4-6]。许多学者针对大跨径桥梁梁端纵向运动行为进行深入研究,包括通过监测手段获取并分析梁端响应曲线[1-57-10]、从车桥耦合的角度[11-14]入手进行纵向运动的探索,以及理论探究[15-16]等方式。
对于桥梁的纵向运动响应这一问题,以往的研究多关注公路桥梁,而对铁路桥关注较少。这是因为以往的铁路桥多采用梁桥、拱桥和斜拉桥等纵向刚度相对较大的桥梁类型,梁端纵向运动问题并不突出。此外,对于铁路桥梁的研究大多侧重于车桥耦合效应以及桥梁的竖向和横向振动。
随着我国铁路事业的不断发展,铁路桥梁运营里程不断增长,对大跨度桥梁的需求也越来越大[17]。近年来,涌现出一批用于铁路(或公铁两用)运营的大跨径悬索桥,如金沙江特大桥(主跨660 m)、重庆轨道环线鹅公岩大桥(主跨600 m)、五峰山长江大桥(主跨1092 m)、甬舟铁路西堠门公铁两用大桥(主跨1488 m)等。当大跨径悬索桥用于铁路运营时,由于铁路荷载更重,车速更快,并且荷载的加载区间更长,其梁端纵向运动问题逐渐引起业界和学界的重视。李永乐等[18]通过车桥耦合分析了铁路桥梁端转角,并进行了行车平稳性评价。郭辉等[19]研究了五峰山大桥在不同荷载组合下梁端的变位特征,发现梁端位移主要由温度荷载和竖向活载引起。万田保等[20]从理论上分析了大跨度悬索桥纵向位移特征,并研究了不同支承体系对纵向变位的影响。杨孟刚等[21]针对纵向振动控制问题,提出了新型黏滞-软钢阻尼器,该阻尼器在列车荷载、风力和地震等多种作用下具有良好的减振效果。
在铁路的日常运营中,由于特殊情况不可避免地会出现列车突然制动停车的情况。此时,桥梁的纵向受力会因列车减速制动的作用出现变化,因此列车的制动行为可能诱发大跨径悬索桥梁端的纵向运动。关于列车制动的行为,许多学者通过数值模拟和试验等方法对列车在轨道上的制动力率进行了研究[22-23]。李宏年等[24]通过对机车车辆参数的研究,建立了列车轨面制动力率与列车长度的关系。魏峰[25]利用长大编组列车纵向动力学精细化模型研究了多种因素对列车纵向冲击的影响,并认为现行规范中对轨面制动力率取值为0.164较为合理。王锐峰等[26]提出了与桥梁长度相关的制动力率曲线。雷俊卿等[27]对列车单元车体最大制动力进行了理论分析和计算,并与制动试验结果吻合良好。李东昇等[28]研究了不同荷载图式对应的纵向力率取值。程潜等[29]认为相较于普通客车和货车,高速列车制动对桥梁的纵向作用较小。
李海峰[30]研究了列车制动作用及地震反应对主跨为504 m的天兴洲大桥的影响,并研究了黏滞阻尼器的控制效果。吕龙等[31-32]针对某主跨1092 m的斜拉桥进行了地震及制动力作用下的分析,通过对梁端位移、塔底弯矩的综合评估,建议采用指数为0.3的黏滞阻尼器进行振动控制。沈锐利等[33]以某主跨660 m悬索桥为例,研究了纵向约束体系对制动力作用下动力性能的影响,认为半漂浮体系及阻尼体系桥梁更为合理。
综上可知,目前关于列车制动力的研究主要集中在确定列车作用于轨道的制动力,而对于桥梁自身的响应特性的研究较少,并且多数研究针对的是大跨径斜拉桥和中等跨径的铁路悬索桥。因此,对于千米级大跨径铁路悬索桥在列车制动力作用下的纵向运动行为的研究仍十分匮乏,很有必要开展相关研究。
本文针对这一问题,以某在建主跨长达1060 m的大跨径铁路悬索桥为例,使用ANSYS有限元软件进行了列车制动作用分析;研究了不同制动位置下梁端纵向位移和速度的特征;分析了支座摩阻和黏滞阻尼器在振动控制方面的效果;并对黏滞阻尼器的控制效果进行了参数分析。这项研究对深入了解列车制动力作用下千米级大跨度铁路悬索桥纵向运动特性以及减振装置参数设计提供了理论参考。
本文以某在建千米级大跨径双线铁路悬索桥为研究对象。该桥主跨跨径为1 060 m,东侧边跨长度为130 m,西侧边跨长度为90 m。全桥按有砟轨道设计,客车运行速度设计目标值为200 km/h,货车运行速度设计目标值为120 km/h。主梁采取上承式钢桁梁形式,梁高12 m,宽30 m,节间距10 m。主塔为混凝土塔,高塔高262.8 m,矮塔高145.8 m。锚碇采用隧道锚结构形式。桥梁的设计考虑了每个桥台和每个桥塔的支撑需求,因此在这些位置都分别设置了2个竖向支座和2个横向抗风支座。竖向支座采用了单向活动球型支座。全桥的立面布置如图1所示。
通过ANSYS软件建立该千米级大跨径铁路悬索桥的有限元模型。利用三维梁单元BEAM188模拟悬索桥的加劲梁、桥塔及刚性中央扣。桥面板采用SHELL181单元模拟。一些桥梁的细节构造、二期恒载及压重采用MASS21单元模拟。全桥有限元模型共7 334个节点,18 059个单元。全桥模型和加劲梁局部图如图2(a)和(b)所示。
在静力分析的基础上,采用兰索斯法(Lanczos method)进行模态分析。得到主要的模态为:一阶横弯振型(频率为0.0971 Hz)、纵飘和一阶反对称竖弯振型(频率为0.1541 Hz)、一阶正对称竖弯(频率为0.1723 Hz)、纵飘和二阶反对称竖弯振型(频率为0.3433 Hz)、一阶正对称扭转(频率为0.3656 Hz)。对于研究纵向运动问题,更应该关注纵飘和反对称竖弯模态[34]。其中,两阶与纵向运动相关的纵飘和反对称竖弯模态如图3所示。
悬索桥在设计阶段为防止桥梁的纵向运动变形,会通过设置纵向阻尼器进行振动控制。另外,该铁路悬索桥两侧桥台和桥塔处均设置了单向活动球型支座。在理论上支座是光滑的,但是支座摩阻力在桥梁运营过程中是客观存在的。以往研究中,往往将支座简化为固定铰支座或滑动铰支座,这种方式忽略了支座摩阻力对结构静动力行为的影响。实际桥梁结构中支座摩擦阻力会对桥梁纵向运动行为有较大影响,需考虑这一因素。因此合理的模拟阻尼器及支座摩阻十分重要。本文采用的黏滞阻尼器模型为简化的Maxwell模型,其表达式如式(1)所示[35]
式中:Fd为黏滞阻尼器阻尼力;C为黏滞阻尼器阻尼系数;v为阻尼器两端相对速度;α为黏滞阻尼器阻尼指数;sgn为符号函数。在该计算模型中,阻尼指数α为0.1~1.0之间的数值,当α<1.0时,为非线性黏滞阻尼,α=1.0时,为线性黏滞阻尼。
参考梁龙腾等[10]的研究,采用COMBIN37单元模拟黏滞阻尼器,其单元形式如图4所示。在结构分析时,通过对RVMOD函数的设置,可以使得该单元具有非线性特性。具体设置方式为KEYOPT(3)= 1,即节点(I和J)自由度为沿节点坐标系X轴的平动自由度UX;KEYOPT(1)= 2,控制值对时间的一阶导数控制;KEYOPT(9)= 0,通过RVMOD公式修正实常数。
在ANSYS软件中采用COMBIN40单元来模拟支座纵向摩阻力,单元的几何模型如图5所示。图中FSLIDE为该单元的极限滑动力,对应支座临界(最大)摩阻力。本文的主要目的是深入研究桥梁的纵向动力行为,若希望进一步探讨悬索桥在多种复杂作用下的运动行为,可以借鉴文献[36]中对支座的精细模拟,以深入研究更多的动力行为特性。
由于桥梁支座承担着上部结构所传递的竖向力,可以根据库伦摩擦力计算式(2)来确定支座临界摩阻力,其表达式为
式中:f为支座临界摩阻力;μ为摩擦系数,根据规范取值为0.03;N为支座承受的竖向荷载。全桥支座的临界摩阻力如表1所示。每个桥台和桥塔位置包含2个支座,它们的受力相同。
为探明列车行进过程中的行为对大跨径铁路悬索桥梁端纵向运动的影响,采用合理的加载求解方式至关重要。相关研究表明[34],在进行大跨径铁路悬索桥纵向运动分析时,应考虑桥梁自身产生的动力效应。
铁路悬索桥的运动方程如式(3)所示:
式中:MCK为悬索桥的质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵;uü分别为加劲梁端位移、速度、加速度;Ft)为列车荷载向量。具体的实现方式是:通过ANSYS的瞬态动力分析进行动力学分析,即可考虑到动力效应。在求解时,桥梁结构本身的阻尼采用瑞利阻尼模型,关注两阶纵飘和反对称竖弯模态,模态阻尼比为0.005。
针对制动作用对纵向运动的影响这一问题,依据相关文献[25283133],采用货车ZKH荷载代表悬索桥所受外荷载,其形式如图6所示。有限元模型当中,将列车荷载视为外荷载加载到桥面对应位置的节点处,对于不在节点上的力,根据位置分配到相邻节点上,由此把荷载图式等效成一系列的竖向集中力加载到加劲梁节点上。按照列车每前进1 m为一加载步,时间步长取0.03 s。
关注列车制动行为对梁端纵向运动的影响,需准确模拟列车的制动力。在桥梁实际运营中,列车制动过程中最明显的特征就是列车制动力主要来源于车轮与轨道之间的滚动摩擦,列车制动力可以由式(4)计算得到:
式中:T为列车制动力;μ为轮轨摩擦系数;W为列车重力。
列车减加速度与轮轨摩擦系数的关系如式(5)所示:
式中a为列车减加速度。
联合式(4)和式(5)便可以由列车减加速度求出列车制动力。
当列车在桥上紧急制动时,会用上其全部的制动能力,以求在最短的时间内停车。根据秦沈铁路的实测数据,并结合本文假定列车的类型,列车制动时的减加速度峰值取0.15 g。简化的制动力时程曲线如图7所示,其中t表示大于6 s的任意时间。图中,列车制动力从0增加到0.10W用时6 s,由0.10W增加到0.15W所用时间与列车初始上桥速度大小有关。列车制动过程中,制动力是按照时程曲线不断变化的,列车停止的一瞬间,制动力会突然降为0。计算时,将制动力转化成对应节点位置的纵向集中力加载到有限元模型上,力的加载方向与列车行进方向相同。
考虑运营货车荷载加载,货车由东至西单线行驶,速度为120 km/h,时间间隔为0.03 s。为了探明列车制动过程中悬索桥的纵向响应规律,分别分析列车在刚上桥、东侧桥塔处、1/4主跨处、主跨跨中、3/4主跨处、西侧桥塔共6个位置的制动情况。列车在某一位置开始制动,直至完全停止,此时制动力迅速降为0,列车的竖向荷载仍作用在该位置,会继续对桥梁产生影响。因此,当列车制动完成后,考虑30 s桥梁的自由振动。表2为制动工况的具体细节。
图8为列车在不同位置制动下悬索桥的梁端纵向位移响应曲线。其中,位移响应方向以朝向桥梁东侧为正方向,朝向西侧为负方向。由图可知,列车由东向西行驶,随着制动位置越接近下桥位置,纵向位移变化曲线形状越接近正弦函数形式。当列车在东侧梁端和东侧桥塔处制动时,加劲梁纵向位移正方向峰值较小,位移曲线在负方向仅短暂波动。当列车在中跨制动时,正方向、负方向的纵向位移均达到较高水平。当列车在3/4中跨处发生制动时,梁端纵向位移峰值最大。
另外,由图8可知,支座摩阻力对于控制列车制动引起的梁端纵向位移有利。以3/4中跨处制动工况为例,不考虑支座摩阻力的位移响应正负峰值分别为131.5 mm和134.8 mm,而考虑支座摩阻力后,响应的正负方向峰值减小到了99.9 mm和121.7 mm,相比不考虑支座摩阻力的工况分别减小了24.0%和9.7%。
列车在不同位置处发生制动引起的悬索桥加劲梁梁端纵向速度时程曲线如图9所示,纵向速度方向以朝向桥梁东侧为正,朝向西侧为负。由图可知,列车制动位置越接近下桥端,纵向速度曲线变化的周期性越强。列车由悬索桥东侧梁端上桥,由于在列车刚上桥、东侧桥塔处和1/4主跨位置处制动时,梁端纵向速度还没达到负向峰值列车就已制动停止。当列车在中跨跨中制动以及3/4位置制动时,加劲梁梁端的纵向速度响应相对其他工况较大。在考虑支座摩阻力后,梁端纵向速度的峰值增大,整体上来说,支座摩阻力对列车制动引起的梁端纵向速度控制偏不利。
为进一步探明列车制动的机理,对比匀速行驶工况与2个对称于中跨跨中位置制动的工况。图10为列车不考虑支座摩阻力情况下,匀速行驶工况与1/4主跨处制动、3/4中跨位置处制动梁端纵向位移的对比。由图10可知,列车在1/4主跨处制动时,曲线正向峰值小于匀速行驶工况,而在3/4中跨位置处发生制动时,曲线负向峰值大于或等于匀速行驶工况的现象。
列车在加劲梁东侧上桥,向西侧匀速行驶时,加劲梁先向东侧偏移,再向西侧偏移。当列车在中跨跨中以东制动时,制动力方向向东,其反作用使得加劲梁向西侧发生纵向运动,因此正方向(东侧)纵向位移大小被抵消一部分,所以正向峰值小于匀速行驶工况;当列车在3/4主跨处制动时,负方向(西侧)位移大小叠加了制动力引起的纵向位移,因此此时负方向位移峰值要比匀速行驶工况更大。就列车的制动行为而言,需要详细考虑匀速行驶以及逐渐减速至完全停止的过程。从前述分析中可以得出,当列车开始制动接近下桥位置时,匀速行驶阶段占据相当大的比重,这使得梁端的纵向运动响应趋近于匀速行驶状态。在这种情况下,梁端会呈现周期性运动,而这种周期性运动可能对梁端伸缩装置的使用寿命产生影响。此外,制动过程会导致梁端纵向位移的峰值增加,这对伸缩装置的设计构成了不利因素。因此,在设计伸缩装置时应当充分考虑这些影响因素。
该桥在每个桥塔和加劲梁交接处分别设置了8个纵向黏滞阻尼器,全桥共16个阻尼器,有限元模拟根据工程实际进行了阻尼器布置。以引起桥梁梁端纵向运动响应较大的3/4跨中制动为例,分析当黏滞阻尼器阻尼系数分别为1500、2000、2500 kN•(m/s)-α,阻尼指数分别为0.1、0.2、0.3时,梁端纵向位移及速度的结果,并与不设阻尼器的工况进行对比。
图11为列车在3/4跨中制动时,设置相同阻尼系数、不同阻尼指数的黏滞阻尼器梁端纵向位移、速度的计算结果,图中的图例表示阻尼系数。由图可知,相比无阻尼工况,设置黏滞阻尼器后,梁端纵向位移、速度响应均大幅度减小。在相同阻尼系数下,随着阻尼指数的变小,梁端纵向位移、速度降低更明显。
列车在3/4跨中制动时,设置相同阻尼指数、不同阻尼系数黏滞阻尼器的梁端纵向运动响应对比如图12所示,图中的图例表示阻尼系数。由图可知,在相同阻尼指数下,阻尼系数的增大,对于梁端纵向运动的控制效果更好。由图11图12可知,当增设阻尼系数为2500 kN•(m/s)-α,阻尼指数为0.1的黏滞阻尼器时,控制效果最佳。此种情况下,东侧梁端位移的正负方向峰值为5.3 mm和14.1 mm,比无阻尼工况(考虑支座摩阻力)减小了94.8%和88.3%。东侧梁端速度的正负方向峰值为1.9 mm/s和2.7 mm/s,比无阻尼工况(考虑支座摩阻力)减小了91.6%和92.1%。因此,若仅从抑制行车制动引起的梁端纵向运动出发,推荐采用增设阻尼系数为2500 kN•(m/s)-α,阻尼指数为0.1的黏滞阻尼器。
本文目前暂未考虑轨道结构,仅考虑2个主要因素:首先,精确模拟轨枕、道床、道砟、扣件等组件会非常复杂,如果纳入大跨度悬索桥的计算中,将显著降低计算效率。其次,考虑到轨道结构后,列车制动释放的能量的一部分将会被吸收和消耗,这可能导致梁端纵向运动的响应低于本文的计算结果。因此,从工程应用的角度来看,本文所采用的分析方法偏于保守。若需模拟轨道结构,可以考虑使用精细的实体单元模拟或者采用文献[37]中提及的简化梁和弹簧单元进行模拟。
针对列车制动对大跨度铁路悬索桥纵向运动响应的影响,本文以某在建大跨度铁路悬索桥为研究对象,进行了深入分析,考虑了多种制动位置、支座摩阻和黏滞阻尼器多种参数。以下是主要结论:
1)制动位置对梁端纵向运动的影响:制动位置靠近下桥侧时,梁端纵向位移曲线形状更接近正弦函数曲线;当列车在中跨的3/4位置进行制动时,梁端纵向位移和速度响应较大。
2)支座摩阻力对梁端纵向运动的影响:考虑支座摩阻力后,对梁端纵向位移有一定的控制效果,但对梁端纵向速度产生不利影响。
3)黏滞阻尼器的控制效果:设置黏滞阻尼器可以有效控制列车制动引起的梁端纵向运动响应;阻尼系数越大,指数越小,控制效果越好;采用阻尼系数为2 500 kN•(m/s)-α,阻尼指数为0.1的黏滞阻尼器减振效果最优,减振率可达到90%以上。
本研究对于深入理解列车制动对大跨度铁路悬索桥纵向运动的影响,并在设计中优化减振装置参数提供了重要参考。然而,本文仍存在一些潜在的研究方向需要在后续的研究中予以探讨和完善:首先,对于列车制动的研究仅采用了ZKH荷载进行加载,未来的研究可以考虑引入更多因素,如采用实际车辆模型以考虑车辆的惯性力和内部悬挂系统,以更详细地探究制动过程的影响。其次,本文尚未考虑轨道结构对悬索桥纵向运动的影响,后续研究可以深入研究道砟、扣件、轨枕等构件对纵向运动行为的影响。最后,低指数黏滞阻尼器虽然在大跨度桥梁中的应用尚不普遍,但可以结合具体的阻尼器设计构造,深入研究在这类桥梁中采用低指数黏滞阻尼器的合理性和效果。综上所述,这些潜在的研究方向将有助于更全面地理解和优化大跨度铁路悬索桥在列车制动过程中的纵向运动行为。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52178284)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金项目(2021JJ30106)
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2024年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0518
  • 接收时间:2023-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-07
  • 修回日期:2023-09-03
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52178284)
湖南省自然科学基金项目(2021JJ30106)
作者信息
    1.湖南大学 风工程与桥梁工程湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410082
    2.桥梁工程安全与韧性全国重点实验室(湖南大学),湖南 长沙 410082
    3.中铁大桥勘测设计院集团有限公司,湖北 武汉 430056
    4.武汉鑫拓力工程技术有限公司,湖北 武汉 430073

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封周权(1982—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事风工程、结构监测与振动控制研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0518
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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