Article(id=1245390263972114832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0512, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692720000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-23, revisedDate=1699027200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853777163, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853777163, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853777163, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853777163, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390255516397762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853775147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854426342, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392986884911753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392986889106058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390264240550307, articleId=1245390263972114832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Research on simulation of cross-fault ground motion based on broadband hybrid method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There is a significant difference between the spatial distribution of ground motion along cross-fault regional areas (Ground motion in the area of the extreme proximity to the fault where the cross-fault engineering structures are located, referred to as cross-fault ground motion) and near-site ground motion. The lack of records on cross-fault ground motion poses challenges to studying the seismic resistance of cross-fault structures. This paper aims to outline the basic theory of the broadband hybrid method for simulating ground motion, and examines the distribution pattern of cross-fault ground motion using the Zemu River fault as a case study. The results indicate that the simulated cross-fault ground motion aligns with the fault sliding mode, displaying significant directional, up-disk effect, and slip-impact effect. Generally, the intensity of the simulated cross-fault ground motion follows a certain attenuation law. However, it is influenced by fault rupture, which can result in irregularities or even a counter-law phenomenon. Furthermore, the actual location of surface rupture and the zone of large slip along the fault have a substantial impact on the distribution pattern of cross-fault ground motion. By employing the broadband hybrid method, artificial cross-fault ground vibration time series can be generated to address the lack of recorded cross-fault ground motion. This methodology provides substantial support for research on the seismic resistance of cross-fault structures.

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跨断层区域地震动(跨断层工程结构所在极近断层区域的地震动,以下简称跨断层地震动)与近场地震动在空间上的分布规律存在显著差异,而跨断层地震动记录匮乏导致跨断层结构抗震研究难以开展。文中简要介绍了宽频带混合法模拟地震动的基本理论,并以则木河断层为工程背景进行跨断层地震动的模拟,系统研究了跨断层地震动的分布规律。结果表明,模拟的跨断层地震动符合断层滑动模式,并且存在显著的方向性效应、上盘效应和滑冲效应,总体上模拟的跨断层地震动强度符合一定的衰减规律,但受断层破裂的影响会导致不规律甚至反规律。同时,实际地表破裂位置与断层破裂大滑移区对跨断层地震动分布规律会造成较大的影响。通过宽频带混合法人工模拟的跨断层地震动时间序列能解决跨断层地震动实测记录不足的问题,为跨断层结构抗震研究提供有力支撑。

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陈力波(1984—),男,副研究员,博士,主要从事桥梁地震易损性与风险评估研究。E-mail:
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陈何煜(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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陈何煜(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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陈何煜(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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Characteristics of near-fault strong ground motions[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2006, 38(12): 2070-2072, 2076. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Characteristics of near-fault strong ground motions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390279591702843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=68, issue=1, pageStart=199, pageEnd=222, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=34, authorNames=SOMERVILLE P G, SMITH N F, GRAVES R W, journalName=Seismological Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SOMERVILLE P G, SMITH N F, GRAVES R W, et al. Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 1997, 68(1): 199-222., articleTitle=Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390276156567698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, awardId=52278159, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52278159), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245390276227870871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, awardId=2020J01478, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01478), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245390276307562652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, awardId=SIBERC2022005, language=CN, fundingSource=福州大学可持续与创新桥梁福建省高校工程研究中心开放课题(SIBERC2022005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245390276425003167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1245390263972114832, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Comparison of three-component peak acceleration of hanging wall and footwall in group H, I, J, K, figureFileSmall=xPdk7uC4wKq5lwNYdzbNWg==, figureFileBig=3afIFkkVxtQqqUp5xHh4IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390275061854298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=CN, label=图11, caption=H组、I组、J组、K组上下盘三分量峰值加速度比值图, figureFileSmall=xPdk7uC4wKq5lwNYdzbNWg==, figureFileBig=3afIFkkVxtQqqUp5xHh4IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390275154128992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Zemuhe fault parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
断层参数数值断层参数数值
断层长度L/km40断层拐角频率Fc/Hz1
断层宽度W/km17子断层拐角频率Fci/Hz0.10~2.93
断层埋深h/km0.080破裂速度Vr/(km/s)2.52
断层中点纬度Lat/(°N)27.01低频模拟子断层尺寸/(km×km)0.1×0.1
断层中点经度Lon/(°E)102.76高频模拟子断层尺寸/(km×km)1×1
断层走向s/(°)320局部场地放大系数Vs30/(m/s)612
断层倾向D/(°)60高频频谱衰减参数C10.063
断层滑动角R/(°)5破裂上升时间计算因子aT1
震源走向位置SS/km0自由面放大系数Fs2
震源倾向位置SD/km8
), ArticleFig(id=1245390275250597988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

则木河断层参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
断层参数数值断层参数数值
断层长度L/km40断层拐角频率Fc/Hz1
断层宽度W/km17子断层拐角频率Fci/Hz0.10~2.93
断层埋深h/km0.080破裂速度Vr/(km/s)2.52
断层中点纬度Lat/(°N)27.01低频模拟子断层尺寸/(km×km)0.1×0.1
断层中点经度Lon/(°E)102.76高频模拟子断层尺寸/(km×km)1×1
断层走向s/(°)320局部场地放大系数Vs30/(m/s)612
断层倾向D/(°)60高频频谱衰减参数C10.063
断层滑动角R/(°)5破裂上升时间计算因子aT1
震源走向位置SS/km0自由面放大系数Fs2
震源倾向位置SD/km8
), ArticleFig(id=1245390275351261291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Similarity calculation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
度量类型美国洛杉矶盆地美国莫哈韦美国北加州美国加州中部日本中部美国内华达山脉南部美国东部加拿大东部日本西部
欧式距离20.4219.8121.0320.1618.4014.8014.1613.5313.15
曼哈顿距离160.56151.80167.02170.52130.08118.00104.80100.9697.88
相关系数绝对值0.610.600.600.610.620.630.680.640.65
), ArticleFig(id=1245390275443535982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

相似度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
度量类型美国洛杉矶盆地美国莫哈韦美国北加州美国加州中部日本中部美国内华达山脉南部美国东部加拿大东部日本西部
欧式距离20.4219.8121.0320.1618.4014.8014.1613.5313.15
曼哈顿距离160.56151.80167.02170.52130.08118.00104.80100.9697.88
相关系数绝对值0.610.600.600.610.620.630.680.640.65
), ArticleFig(id=1245390275540004977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Permanent ground displacement at each observation point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/m观测点FP分量/cmFN分量/cm竖向分量/cm距离/m观测点FP分量/cmFN分量/cm竖向分量/cm
-1000D457.166.3-16.250D1260.782.8-16.2
-700D558.067.3-15.6100D1359.789.0-24.6
-500D657.169.5-14.7200D14-21.315.530.7
-300D756.070.9-12.5300D15-113.755.183.3
-200D854.373.9-13.2500D16-85.321.770.0
-100D955.478.6-13.8700D17-87.927.070.9
-50D1055.177.5-13.41000D18-97.232.672.4
), ArticleFig(id=1245390275623891063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各观测点永久地面位移

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/m观测点FP分量/cmFN分量/cm竖向分量/cm距离/m观测点FP分量/cmFN分量/cm竖向分量/cm
-1000D457.166.3-16.250D1260.782.8-16.2
-700D558.067.3-15.6100D1359.789.0-24.6
-500D657.169.5-14.7200D14-21.315.530.7
-300D756.070.9-12.5300D15-113.755.183.3
-200D854.373.9-13.2500D16-85.321.770.0
-100D955.478.6-13.8700D17-87.927.070.9
-50D1055.177.5-13.41000D18-97.232.672.4
), ArticleFig(id=1245390275716165751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Relative permanent ground displacement of each observation point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/m组别FP分量/cmFN分量/cm竖向分量/cm距离/m组别FP分量/cmFN分量/cm竖向分量/cm
50D10和D125.65.3-2.8500D6和D16-142.4-15.084.7
100D9和D134.310.4-10.8700D5和D17-145.9-40.386.5
200D8和D14-75.6-58.443.91000D4和D18-154.4-33.788.6
300D7和D15-169.7-15.895.8
), ArticleFig(id=1245390275825217659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各观测点相对永久地面位移

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/m组别FP分量/cmFN分量/cm竖向分量/cm距离/m组别FP分量/cmFN分量/cm竖向分量/cm
50D10和D125.65.3-2.8500D6和D16-142.4-15.084.7
100D9和D134.310.4-10.8700D5和D17-145.9-40.386.5
200D8和D14-75.6-58.443.91000D4和D18-154.4-33.788.6
300D7和D15-169.7-15.895.8
), ArticleFig(id=1245390275917492353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Variation pattern of permanent ground displacement in the cross-fault region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别FP分量FN分量竖向分量地表破裂位置
破裂前方破裂位置破裂后方最值/cm破裂前方破裂位置破裂后方最值/cm破裂前方破裂位置破裂后方最值/cm
H组+--68.8+-44.1+-53.1上盘150 m附近
I组+--84.8+-56.5+-64.1
D组+--113.7+-89.0--83.3
J组---125.9--97.1--78.7上盘200 m附近
K组---175.2--110.9--91.5
), ArticleFig(id=1245390276034932874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390263972114832, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

跨断层区域永久地面位移变化规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别FP分量FN分量竖向分量地表破裂位置
破裂前方破裂位置破裂后方最值/cm破裂前方破裂位置破裂后方最值/cm破裂前方破裂位置破裂后方最值/cm
H组+--68.8+-44.1+-53.1上盘150 m附近
I组+--84.8+-56.5+-64.1
D组+--113.7+-89.0--83.3
J组---125.9--97.1--78.7上盘200 m附近
K组---175.2--110.9--91.5
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基于宽频带混合法的跨断层地震动模拟研究
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陈何煜 1 , 陈力波 1 , 栗怀广 2 , 金洋 1 , 谷音 1
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(5): 125-138
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(5): 125-138
基于宽频带混合法的跨断层地震动模拟研究
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陈何煜1 , 陈力波1 , 栗怀广2, 金洋1, 谷音1
作者信息
  • 1.福州大学 土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
  • 2.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 陈何煜(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈力波(1984—),男,副研究员,博士,主要从事桥梁地震易损性与风险评估研究。E-mail:
Research on simulation of cross-fault ground motion based on broadband hybrid method
Heyu CHEN1 , Libo CHEN1 , Huaiguang LI2, Yang JIN1, Yin GU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0512
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跨断层区域地震动(跨断层工程结构所在极近断层区域的地震动,以下简称跨断层地震动)与近场地震动在空间上的分布规律存在显著差异,而跨断层地震动记录匮乏导致跨断层结构抗震研究难以开展。文中简要介绍了宽频带混合法模拟地震动的基本理论,并以则木河断层为工程背景进行跨断层地震动的模拟,系统研究了跨断层地震动的分布规律。结果表明,模拟的跨断层地震动符合断层滑动模式,并且存在显著的方向性效应、上盘效应和滑冲效应,总体上模拟的跨断层地震动强度符合一定的衰减规律,但受断层破裂的影响会导致不规律甚至反规律。同时,实际地表破裂位置与断层破裂大滑移区对跨断层地震动分布规律会造成较大的影响。通过宽频带混合法人工模拟的跨断层地震动时间序列能解决跨断层地震动实测记录不足的问题,为跨断层结构抗震研究提供有力支撑。

跨断层地震动  /  左旋逆走滑断层  /  地震动分布规律  /  宽频带混合法  /  断层破裂模型

There is a significant difference between the spatial distribution of ground motion along cross-fault regional areas (Ground motion in the area of the extreme proximity to the fault where the cross-fault engineering structures are located, referred to as cross-fault ground motion) and near-site ground motion. The lack of records on cross-fault ground motion poses challenges to studying the seismic resistance of cross-fault structures. This paper aims to outline the basic theory of the broadband hybrid method for simulating ground motion, and examines the distribution pattern of cross-fault ground motion using the Zemu River fault as a case study. The results indicate that the simulated cross-fault ground motion aligns with the fault sliding mode, displaying significant directional, up-disk effect, and slip-impact effect. Generally, the intensity of the simulated cross-fault ground motion follows a certain attenuation law. However, it is influenced by fault rupture, which can result in irregularities or even a counter-law phenomenon. Furthermore, the actual location of surface rupture and the zone of large slip along the fault have a substantial impact on the distribution pattern of cross-fault ground motion. By employing the broadband hybrid method, artificial cross-fault ground vibration time series can be generated to address the lack of recorded cross-fault ground motion. This methodology provides substantial support for research on the seismic resistance of cross-fault structures.

cross-fault ground motion  /  left-rotation reverse-slip faults  /  distribution pattern of ground motion  /  broadband hybrid method  /  fault rupture model
陈何煜, 陈力波, 栗怀广, 金洋, 谷音. 基于宽频带混合法的跨断层地震动模拟研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (5) : 125 -138 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0512
Heyu CHEN, Libo CHEN, Huaiguang LI, Yang JIN, Yin GU. Research on simulation of cross-fault ground motion based on broadband hybrid method[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (5) : 125 -138 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0512
跨越活断层的桥梁、隧道、管廊等“生命线”工程结构在跨断层地震动作用下会产生严重震害。近年来,我国对某些区域交通基础设施建设投资力度加大,新建的公路、铁路、桥梁以及隧道的数量比以往大幅增加,然而,由于地理位置特殊,地震带内活断层分布密集,工程规划和建设很难避开活断层[1]。考虑跨断层工程结构的跨度,跨断层地震动本质上属于近断层中极近断层位置的地震动,因此也有学者将其称为近场跨断层地震动[2]。对于远场、近场地震动模拟而言,主要考虑的可能是地震波传播、衰减的特征,对于近断层地震动模拟而言,在考虑波的传播衰减之外还应考虑近断层效应的影响,而在距离断层顶部在地表投影的极近范围,该区域距离断层最近,受断层破裂的影响显著,一旦断层开始活动,该区域内的跨断层工程结构的使用功能将受到极大的影响。因此,为跨断层工程结构抗震分析提供合理的跨断层地震动是目前急需解决的问题。
为此,学者们对地震动模拟方法进行了大量的研究,并对多种多样的地震动模拟方法进行总结。目前,基于是否考虑震源效应,总体上可将地震动模拟方法分为两类:基于场地的模拟方法(又称为经验法)和基于震源的模拟方法[3]。场地法不对断层破裂机理和行波效应加以描述,考虑地震动与震级、断层距及场地条件的关系并基于大量实测地震动记录建立概率预测模型[4]。场地法虽然简单、计算速度快,但该方法需要足够数量的地震动记录作为研究前提,而现有的跨断层地震动记录数量不足,故通常不能采用场地法来模拟跨断层地震动。基于震源的模拟方法又分为随机法、物理法和混合法。随机法具有优越的地震动高频分量的模拟能力[5],但随机法往往会造成地震动低频分量低估,物理法能更好地模拟地震动低频分量,而物理法往往会对高频分量低估。混合法采用随机法模拟高频分量和物理法模拟低频分量,再经过滤波叠加最终合成宽频带地震动[6]
至今,地震动模拟的混合方法仍在不断地研究中发展与完善,学者们展开了系列关于混合法的研究。混合法最早可追溯到上个世纪末期,KAMAE等[5]开发了混合格林函数法模拟强地震动,该研究表明混合格林函数法能有效避免了随机法依赖于小震级地震事件的缺陷,且能反演和预测大震级地震事件。到了21世纪初,基于混合法模拟宽频带强地震动的优越性逐渐被一些学者认可,并逐渐发展。例如,PITARKA[7]证实了混合格林函数法的科学性、适用性和有效性。LIU等[8]开发了与震源参数相关的低频、高频混合方法来计算宽频带强地震动,该方法考虑了断层滑移的空间和时间的不均匀性,以及断层几何结构的复杂性。GRAVES等[9]提出将低频的确定性方法与高频的半随机方法相结合的混合方法,该方法将速度模型的格林函数卷积以模拟地震动的低频分量,将频域中每个子断层的应力求和得到高频分量,在变换到时域后,使用匹配滤波器将低高频分量结合,最终生成宽频带强地震动。UCAK等[10]基于断层破裂过程的物理模型,采用高-低频叠加技术模拟断层两侧的永久位移地震动。PITARKA等[11]对GRAVES和PITARKA提出的混合方法进行改进,研究中将IRIKURA等[12]提出的凹凸体运动破裂模型代替GRAVES和PITARKA的运动破裂模型。PITARKA等[13]对包括动态一致的滑移率函数在内的GRAVES和PITARKA运动破裂模型进行改进,并将其应用于2019年Mw7.1的Ridgecrest地震模拟研究。
除此之外,为了将地震动模拟方法更好地应用于工程实践,国内外学者对地震动的反应规律进行了研究。GOEL等[14-15]提出为了模拟跨越断层的常规桥梁的响应,可能需要高达20 Hz的高频运动。DREGER等[2]为了模拟能应用于工程的小于100 m范围的地震动,采用三维有限差分模型模拟了Mw6.5的近场跨断层地震,研究表明近场波对距离断层最近的记录台站的构造反弹(或跃层)敏感,受远场和近场控制的运动都会产生非平稳的脉冲速度波形。杜晨晓等[16]采用三维有限差分断层瞬态破裂动力学模型,研究了破裂方向性对地表运动的影响,结果表明断层破裂的前端与断层有一定夹角的区域可能会有较大破坏。王松等[17]模拟了不同断层破裂速度下的地震动,结果表明破裂速度正好等于介质的剪切波速度时,断层面附近地震动峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)峰值最大,断层附近的地震灾害最为严重。盛兆琦等[18]综述了在模拟的断层地震动激励下跨断层梁式桥、缆索承重桥梁的地震响应特征,结果表明断层地震动非常复杂,模拟方法不仅需要考虑脉冲效应、上下盘效应以及永久位移特征,而且应合理地考虑断层两侧地震动的空间相关性和相干性。上述研究表明,为了模拟出能应用于工程实际的地震动,模拟的频带范围应当满足工程要求,并且地震动反应规律对断层活动应当具有一定的敏感性。
因此,相比于此前提及的物理法与随机法的低估偏差影响,宽频带混合法吸取了随机法模拟高频分量和物理法模拟低频分量的优势,该方法能更为精确有效地模拟地震动。因此,文中借助于南加州地震中心开发的宽频带地面运动模拟平台(Broadband Platform 22.4版本,简称BBP),以西南地区则木河断裂带的分支断层为背景,考虑断层滑移、滑移时间和断层面的几何不均匀性构建震源模型,同时考虑跨断层工程结构的跨度以确定模拟的区域范围,基于宽频带混合法模拟0~20 Hz的跨断层区域地震动,并对模拟结果进行整体和跨断层区域的规律分析。
断层破裂模型的建立,需要构建破裂滑移空间场、破裂滑移时间场以及滑移率函数。在破裂滑移空间场的构建中,为防止断层边缘产生过大破裂而导致模拟失真,首先在断层边缘设置有轻微锥度的均匀滑动,逐步将边缘处的滑移过渡到零。断层破裂滑移转换到波数域后,使用MAI等[19]提出的具有随机相位的空间相关函数对波数谱进行滤波,滤波后的滑移波数谱函数如式(1)所示:
式中:H为Hurst指数,设置为0.75能更加接近真实情况的频谱衰减效应[6]asad分别为沿断层走向和倾向的相关长度;kskd分别为沿断层走向和倾向的相关波数。k采用式(2)计算:
由于断层的几何复杂性和应力不均匀性,在破裂传播中引入随机扰动修正局部滑移的破裂起始时间和滑移方向,如式(3)所示:
式中:Δt0Di)为扩展第i次断层(Di)的滑移量;ε为从标准偏差中选择的随机数(平均值为0,标准偏差为1);σT为对数正态标准偏差;Ti0为破裂初始时间。
在破裂滑移率函数的建立中,本方法的破裂模拟中建立了美国西部(Western United states,WUS)和北美东部(Eastern North America,ENA)2种剪切速度模式。相比ENA模式,WUS模式考虑了地表较弱土质情况,降低了5km深度范围内的剪切波速,如式(4)所示:
式中:τi为上升时间;Di为局部滑移量,在(5,8)km范围内采取线性过度;k为根据跨越整个断层的平均上升时间而设置的常数。
低频分量的模拟基于震源和波传播效应的确定性理论,采用三维黏弹性有限差分算法[20]将断层的滑动与观测点的位移联系起来,如式(5)所示:
式中:ujt)为在t时刻,地面位移的第j个分量;Dit)为断层滑移时间函数第i个分量;Gijt)为描述波传播的格林函数。
式(5)中的格林函数即介质的牵引力,由给定的速度结构模型的P波波速、S波波速、介质的密度和衰减结构来计算。由于速度模型中莫霍界面的不连续性、最大频率的限制性以及零深度处格林函数会出现奇异性等问题,都会给格林函数的计算带来很大的困难。低频分量的模拟中一维格林函数的计算采用低频模拟程序中的深度数组和震中距离数组来计算,该算法指定了一维速度结构模型的水平分层,不存在莫霍界面的不连续性问题。
高频分量的模拟基于BOORE[21]首次引入点源的随机方法和随机有限断层理论。在模拟过程中将断层划分为多个子断层,并根据随机相位、波数平分源频谱以及由一维速度结构计算出的格林函数对每个子断层的响应求和,每个子断层(i = 1,2,…,N)产生的地面加速度振幅谱由震源效应Sif)、路径效应Gijf)和高频频谱衰减效应Pf)表征,如式(6)所示:
式中:j为不同的地震波射线(例如直接的,莫霍界面反射的);Cij为由自由面放大系数、45°范围的圆锥平均辐射项、子断层中心点的密度和剪切波速确定的辐射标度因子;Sif)为震源效应项,由式(1)经傅里叶变换而得到,受子断层拐角频率的影响;Gijf)为路径效应项,表示地震波由震源发出在一维速度结构模型中传播到地震台站的过程;Pf)为高频频谱衰减效应项,表示地震波传播过程中遵循ω-2衰减;Wif)为了考虑断层破裂的延迟以及穿越断层的传播影响而引入的时间序列包络函数,在S波到达观测点的时间序列设置包络的峰值。
为了将单独生成的低频分量和高频分量组合成一个完整的时间序列,假定单个低频和高频响应幅值与相位在交叉频率处是兼容的,分别对两分量进行低通和高通滤波,如式(7)、式(8)所示:
式中:LPf)为频域中低频分量计算系数;HPf)为频域中高频分量计算系数;fm为设定的交叉频率;n为子断层划分数量。
将滤波后的结果变换到时域,并在特定频率处叠加。低频分量与高频分量结合后的加速度时间序列如式(9)所示:
式中:lpt)为变换到时域中的低频分量计算系数;hpt)为变换到时域中的高频分量计算系数;aLFt)为低频加速度时程计算结果;aHFt)为高频加速度时程计算结果。
综上,宽频带混合法的波形模拟技术路线如图1所示。
常用的地震动模拟验证方法有3种:基于实测记录的验证,基于经验模型的验证与基于目标反应谱的验证。基于实测记录的验证方法是将实测记录与模拟进行直接比较,在混合方法的验证中常使用实测记录与模拟值的谱加速度对数残差进行比较。相比另外2种方法,基于实测记录进行验证的方法数据来源更加真实可靠,在具有一定实测记录下能够对整体层面的模拟效果进行判定,但受到台站位置布置和数量的限制,可能会导致在离断层较近位置上拟合数据的困难。而经验模型方法则是对没有实测记录位置验证的补充,但采用经验模型作为计算工具,往往在计算过程中会产生一定的误差。
目前在众多学者努力之下,宽频带平台的宽频带混合方法得到了充分的实测记录与经验模型的检验,不仅通过了多年验证项目的考验,如集集地震、Tottori地震、Northridge地震等[22-23],而且还在多轮地震事件的验证中不断改进,最终将其应用于大型地面运动表征的项目研究中,因此采用宽频带混合方法进行地震动模拟是整体可靠的。
文中以西昌近场区域则木河地震断裂带的分支断层为背景模拟跨断层地震动,以则木河分支断层为工程场地,工程结构将整体跨越则木河断裂带。工程场址区分布着若干则木河断裂的分支f1~f6,其中则木河的分支断裂f5与工程结构相交,因此,f5断裂分支将是本研究的重点。
已有地质勘探资料表明,所研究区域内7级以上地震的发震构造多为晚更新世以来特别是全新世活动强烈的走滑型活动断裂,断裂断错地貌清晰,有明显的位移证据,断裂带上往往有近代地震或古地震的地表破裂带分布。另外区域内6.0~6.9级地震往往出现在走滑型断裂的羽列部位,为主干断裂上的应力调节单元,特别是拉分岩桥区常常是6级左右地震活动的有利场所。f5断裂是晚更新世活动断裂,是则木河断裂的南段,且处于则木河断裂南端羽列部位,因此其发震能力属于6.0~6.9级这一档,从安全角度考虑,判断断裂的最大发震震级为7.0级。
本节采用了WELLS等[24]建立的地表破裂长度与矩震级的经验关系,该经验关系式是基于大量样本回归分析得出,适用于全球不同类型发震断层,如式(10)所示:
式中:a取为4.38;b取为1.49;LDR为地表破裂长度。基于调查及资料分析,则木河断裂带f5分支断裂长度约为40 km,由经验关系式式(10)算得其最大矩震级为6.77级。基于构造类比及经验统计关系,综合判断这2条断层的潜在最大发震震级为7.0级。
基于现有研究表明,f5断层是晚更新世活动断层,断层活动性质为左旋逆走滑,断层长约40 km,总体走向320°,断层面倾角α=60°,标准差Δα=5°,断层埋深约为80~85 m,未来百年的最大位错量为水平向1.99±0.22 m,垂直向1.03±0.10 m,地壳缩短量为0.60±0.06 m。f5断裂总体以破碎带的形式存在,破碎带内,岩石呈分带状破碎,形成了密集的条带状次级破碎损伤带,总体宽度可达300~400 m左右。基于WELLS等[24]提出的断层宽度与震级的标度关系估计f5断层面的宽度W,如式(11)所示:
式(11)适用于全球所有类型断层破裂宽度的估计,最终估计出f5断层破裂宽度为W=16.98 km。
在高频分量震源效应项计算中,根据GRAVES等[6]研究确定的经验关系,采用4阶Butterworth滤波器,将整个断层的拐角频率设置为1 Hz,而子断层则采用动态拐角频率计算,并采用拐角频率调整因子以保证整体拐角频率为1 Hz。子断层计算如式(12)所示:
式中:c0为由经验确定的常数,取为2.1;VRi为子断层局部破裂速度;αT为机制因子;dl为断层平均尺寸。
由于较深的岩层速度结构梯度与靠近地表的土层或岩层材质具有较大差异,BBP宽频带地震动模拟平台中考虑了近地表速度结构的影响,将近地表等效剪切波速Vs30参考值设置为500 m/s,而基于则木河断层工程场址剪切波速测试结果,将模拟场点的Vs30设置为612 m/s。
综上,确定的断层参数如表1所示。
需要说明的是,在低频分量计算过程中为了考虑复杂震源破裂模型和任意三维介质中波传播效应,将4阶空间有限差分算子网格划分为0.1 km×0.1 km,以实现高达1 Hz的精确结果。在高频分量模拟过程中使用了子断层波形的随机相位来表示约束不佳或未知的破裂过程,而子断层数量的增加会使随机相位干涉相消,这将导致某些频率模拟失真,因此将应用于计算高频分量的子断层特征尺寸设定为不小于1 km。
根据断层场地的特性,在速度模型的选取时需要考虑浅层低速体的影响,而构建考虑浅层地下低速体的一维速度结构模型是当前速度结构模型研究的难题[25]。当前,SCEC BBP宽频带平台中内嵌有9种考虑浅层低速体的速度结构模型,包括美国的洛杉矶盆地、莫哈韦、北加州、加州中部、美国东部、内华达山脉南部,加拿大东部以及日本中部和西部等地区的速度结构模型。由于混合法模拟中采用速度结构深度数组的方式进行低频分量的计算,且速度结构深度数组库是将云计算后的结果嵌入模拟平台中使用,因此目前还无法将其替换成西南地区的速度模型。为了保证跨断层地震动的模拟精度,将西南地区一维速度结构模型与上述9个速度模型进行对比,选出与西南地区一维速度结构模型最接近的作为最终的速度结构模型。本文采用欧式距离、曼哈顿距离和相关系数绝对值3种相似度算法来选取速度结构模型。一维速度模型对比如图2所示,相似度计算结果如表2所示。
表2基于欧式距离、曼哈顿距离和相关系数绝对值计算出的相似度值可以看出,9个速度模型的相关系数绝对值差异不大,其中日本西部的欧式距离和曼哈顿距离值最小,相对而言西南地区一维P波速度结构模型与日本西部一维P波速度结构模型最相似。结合图2综合考虑,最终选择日本西部一维速度结构模型作为模拟场地的一维速度结构模型。
本节以则木河断层为研究背景,共模拟出平行于垂直断层的56个观测点的整体地震动以及跨断层区域内5组跨断层地震动,如图3所示。
整体地震动模拟中的观测点布置采用网格式的布置方法,在平行断层方向的间距为8、8、4、4、8、8 km的位置,标记为A~G,在垂直断层方向采用不等间距布置,标记为1~4和18~21,将观测点命名为A1~G21,共56个观测点,如图3(a)所示。
在整体模拟地震动A~G组中D组地震动最接近工程场址,因此为了进一步研究跨断层地震动分布规律,将在D组两侧各1 km范围,即2 km×2 km的区域进行跨断层地震动模拟。沿断层走向方向采用等间距布置,间距设置为500 m。在垂直断层方向,上下盘距离断层面顶部在地表投影线(本文中出现的断层距均指此距离)50、100、200、300、500、700、1000 m的位置布置观测点,5组跨断层地震动分别命名为H组、I组、D组、J组和K组,如图3(b)所示。
本文采用宽频带平台模拟整体和跨断层地震动。则木河断层的模拟采用2.1节和2.2节确定的断层与震源参数,目标观测点的位置示意图如图3所示。速度模型选择了2.3节确定的日本西部一维区域速度结构模型,并使用GRAVES和PITARKA[6]提出的宽频带混合模拟方法来模拟整体和跨断层地震动。断层滑移分布如图4所示。
由于模拟出的所有观测点地震动在40 s左右Arias强度和能量达到100%,因此将模拟的200 s地震动在45 s处截断,通过坐标变换得到沿断层走向(FP)和垂直断层(FN)方向的加速度时间序列。个别观测点的地震动存在基线漂移现象,对其进行基线校正后,将模拟的地震动加速度时程进行积分,获取FP和FN方向的速度和位移时间序列。
观测点D13的FP、FN和竖向分量的加速度、速度和位移时程如图5所示,模拟的跨断层地震动速度时间序列存在明显的速度大脉冲,位移时间序列存在明显的永久地面位移。
整体地震动模拟结果以地表峰值加速度云图表示,如图6所示。断层面在地表的投影区域为走向-20~20 km,倾向方向0~8.5 km的矩形区域。震源位置在地表投影坐标为(0,4.25)。
图6(a)可知,整体模拟的峰值加速度FP分量最大值区域出现在上盘断层距0~2 km,走向10~13 km的范围内,从断层滑移分布图中可以看出该区域位于断层面倾向0~4 km,走向10~13 km的投影区域,处于滑移量较大的区域。整体上看上盘FP分量大于下盘,且断层投影面区域的加速度FP分量明显要大于其他区域。加速度FP分量的最大值为723.8 cm/s2
图6(b)可知,整体模拟的峰值加速度FN分量最大值区域出现在上盘断层距2~4 km,走向-13~-10 km的范围内,该区域位于断层面倾向4~8 km,走向-13~-10 km的投影区域,处于滑移量较大的区域。整体上看上盘FN分量大于下盘,断层投影面区域的加速度FN分量明显要大于其他区域,但在上盘断层距0~2 km,走向-1~1 km处出现较小区域,在这一区域断层滑移量较小,因而相应区域的地震动强度较小。加速度FN分量的最大值为824.1 cm/s2
图6(c)可知,相比FP、FN分量,整体模拟的峰值加速度竖向分量各区域之间数值差异较小,没有出现如FP、FN分量的极大值区域。整体上看上盘竖向分量大于下盘。峰值加速度竖向分量的最大值为231.3 cm/s2
整体上,断层上下盘PGA随着震中距的增大而向两侧逐渐减小,模拟的地震动符合实际在地震波传播过程中的衰减规律。断层面投影区域受断层破裂滑移影响显著,PGA的最大值均位于靠近断层的断层投影区域。将各观测点地震动峰值加速度、速度和地表永久位移与该位置的断层滑移量比较发现,大滑移区内模拟地震动的强度明显大于小滑移区内的地震动强度。
近断层区域通常指到断层距离不超过20 km的范围[26-27],但也有研究者认为断层距界限值应取在20~60 km之间较为合适[28-29]。本节模拟了断层距在1 km以内的跨断层地震动,断层距在1~20 km范围的近断层地震动,断层距在20~100 km以内的近场地震动。以D组位置距断层0.1、15、60 km为例,比较结果如图7所示。
图7可知,距离断层0.1 km位置的地震动强度明显比15、60 km的地震动强度大。60 km处没有明显的速度脉冲与永久地面位移。上盘15 km处FP分量出现较为明显的速度脉冲波形,同时该位置产生较大的FP方向永久地面位移,下盘15 km处速度脉冲波形不显著且永久地面位移很小。距离断层0.1 km处上、下盘均有明显的速度脉冲波形与强永久地面位移。由此可知,相比近场地震动或近断层地震动,跨断层地震动具有更为鲜明的速度脉冲与更大的永久地面位移。同时,速度脉冲的波形起伏方向与永久地面位移方向一致,且波形起伏越大,永久地面位移也越大。
断层破裂过程中,SH波平行于断层方向传播,SV波垂直于断层方向传播,如果破裂速度几乎等于剪切波速,并且震源与场地之间的波传播方向应与断层的滑动方向一致,这样以地震波释放的能量就会一次到达场地,从而SH波和SV波就会产生持续时间短、大振幅的脉冲,称为方向性效应[20]。在SH波和SV波传播过程中,部分SH波会极化到SV波方向上,致使FN方向的速度峰值会大于FP方向的速度峰值[30]
所研究区域的模拟结果水平分量均是具有如3.2节中图5所示的单向速度脉冲,这说明模拟的跨断层地震动存在显著的方向性效应。同时,模拟结果中没有水平分量出现双向速度脉冲的情况。
为分析模拟的跨断层地震动的方向性变化规律,绘制了距断层1 km范围内断层两侧各观测点速度峰值(绝对值)比较图,图中速度峰值也是速度脉冲波形的幅值,如图8图9所示。由图8可知,速度峰值FP分量和FN分量的变化规律基本一致,上盘速度峰值随着断层距的减小而增大,下盘速度峰值随着断层距的增大而减小。在200 m处速度峰值突然下降是因为可能受到断层滑移量变化等多种因素影响,出现近断层位置幅值偏低的情况。在断层距200~1 000 m处,速度峰值FP分量大于FN分量。在断层距-1 000~100 m处,速度峰值FP分量小于FN分量。
图9所示,跨断层区域内的H组、I组、J组在竖线及竖线左侧FN方向的速度脉冲大于FP分量,竖线右侧FP分量大于FN分量,而K组的跨断层地震动的垂直断层方向的变化规律并不显著。沿断层走向方向是H组、I组、D组、J组,竖线位置为500、200、100、100 m,FN、FP分量大小分界线沿断层走向逐渐往断层距为0位置进行移动。
图10展示了D组距断层1 km内上下盘各观测点跨断层地震动FP、FN和竖向分量的加速度与速度峰值比较图。由图10(a)可知,各观测点的上盘FP分量峰值加速度大于下盘,峰值加速度最大相差1.4倍(断层距200 m)。图10(b)显示在300 ~ 700 m和50 ~ 100 m,上盘FN分量峰值加速度小于下盘,最大相差0.7倍(断层距700 m),而在200 m和1000 m处,上盘FN分量峰值加速度大于下盘,最大相差1.3倍(断层距1 000 m)。图10(c)显示在50、300、500 m,上盘竖向分量峰值加速度小于下盘,最大相差0.7倍(断层距50 m),而在100、700、1000 m处,上盘竖向分量峰值加速度大于下盘,最大相差1.3倍(断层距1 000 m)。图10(d)显示各观测点的上盘FP分量速度峰值大于下盘,速度峰值最大相差2.1倍(断层距300 m)。图10(e)显示在200~1000 m,上盘FN分量速度峰值小于下盘,最大相差0.5倍(断层距200 m),而在50~100 m处,上盘FN分量峰值速度大于下盘,最大相差1.2倍(断层距100 m)。图10(f)显示各观测点的上盘竖向分量速度峰值强度均大于下盘,速度峰值最大相差4.5倍(断层距300 m)。
比较跨断层区域其余各组的上下盘峰值加速度,如图11所示。整体上各组水平向的峰值加速度是上盘大于下盘,竖向分量的上下盘差异不显著,其中J组水平向的上下盘差异最为明显,峰值加速度最大可达到1.6倍。由图11可知,除H组外,I组、J组和K组跨断层地震动上盘的速度峰值均大于下盘,速度峰值最大相差2.0倍。
综上,场地上下盘模拟地震动加速度和速度峰值强度差异显著,峰值加速度最大相差1.6倍,速度峰值最大相差4.5倍,因此跨断层工程结构在设计中应当充分考虑上盘效应可能造成的潜在影响。
与近断层地震动相比,跨断层地震动会产生相对永久地面位移,可能会造成跨断层桥梁结构发生落梁、跨断层隧道等“管线结构”垮塌等问题,断层两侧的相对永久地面位移是跨断层工程结构产生严重震害的重要因素之一。为分析跨断层地震动的滑冲效应,记录各观测点的永久地面位移和相对永久地面位移,如表3表4所示。
表3可知,整体上各观测点地震动FN分量的永久地面位移是随着断层距的增大而减小,FP、FN和竖向分量的永久地面位移绝对值最大值分别可达113.7 cm(上盘断层距300 m处),89.0 cm(上盘断层距100 m处)和83.3 cm(上盘断层距300 m处)。在上盘距断层200 m处存在FP分量和竖向分量反向,以及FN分量突然减小的情况,说明在该位置地表发生破裂。而在上盘距断层300 m处出现三分量永久地面位移突然增大的情况,导致断层两侧相对永久位移的数值明显增大,这可能是由于该位置处于断层大破裂滑移区域,从而导致永久地面位移较大。
表4可知,在距断层100 m范围内,FP分量的相对永久位移很小,随着断层距的增大而减小。在距断层200~1000 m处,各观测点FP分量的相对永久位移由于上盘永久位移反向,相比100 m范围内数值大幅增加,同时各观测点FP分量的相对永久位移随着断层距的增大而逐渐增大,在300 m处突然增大是由于300 m处上盘FP分量永久位移突然增大的原因。FN分量的相对永久位移整体上随着断层距的增大而增大,在200 m处突然增大是由于200 m处上盘FN分量永久位移突然减小的原因。竖向分量的相对永久位移整体上随着断层距的增大而增大,在200 m处突然增大是由于200 m处上盘竖向分量永久位移反向的原因,在300 m处突然增大是由于300 m处上盘竖向分量永久位移突然增大的原因。FP、FN和竖向分量的相对永久地面位移绝对值最大值分别可达169.7 cm(上盘断层距300 m处),58.4 cm(上盘断层距200 m处)和95.8 cm(上盘断层距300 m处)。
以垂直断层且上盘断层距1 km位置指向下盘断层距1 km位置的方向为规律分析方向,将地表永久位移水平分量反向且竖向分量发生倍数增大的位置判定为地表实际破裂位置,破裂前方是指从破裂位置垂直断层指向下盘1 km位置的方向,破裂后方指从上盘1 km位置垂直断层指向破裂位置的方向。表5汇总了跨断层区域内5组地震动永久地面位移变化的规律。由表5可知,模拟断层地表破裂位置与断层顶部地表投影线未重合,而是位于上盘距断层100~200 m范围内。5组破裂后方的指向方向上永久地面位移均逐渐减小,H组、I组破裂前方的指向方向上永久地面位移逐渐增加,而J组、K组破裂前方均逐渐减小。在地震波传播至地表破裂点附近,会产生较大的竖向永久地面位移,在破裂前方,竖向永久地面位移反向且突然变小,平行断层方向永久地面位移反向,垂直断层方向永久地面位移突然增大。跨断层区域内的5组跨断层地震动的相对永久地面位移最大可达257.7 cm,在地震作用下左旋逆走滑断层两侧会产生明显的竖向分量永久地面位移与相对永久地面位移,在对跨断层结构抗震分析时需要注意相对永久地面位移所带来的危害。
本文以实际工程所跨断层为研究背景,采用宽频带混合法模拟地震动,简要介绍了构建断层破裂模型和地震动混合模拟法的基本理论,根据工程地质勘查资料,确定了震源参数和断层参数,并选定了考虑浅层低速体的速度模型。同时,模拟了整体与跨断层区域地震动,并对模拟结果进行规律性分析。得出以下结论:
1)模拟的跨断层地震动速度时间序列存在明显的速度大脉冲,位移时间序列存在明显的永久地面位移;各观测点模拟的地震动三分量峰值加速度、峰值速度和峰值位移均在大滑移区较大,小滑移区较小。研究表明:模拟的地震动符合断层滑动模式。
2)模拟的跨断层地震动具有显著的方向性效应,方向性效应会使地震动强度发生较大的变化。模拟的跨断层地震动具有显著的上盘效应,这使得模拟场地上下盘地震动强度的差异较为显著,峰值加速度最大相差1.6倍,速度峰值最大相差4.5倍。模拟的跨断层地震动具有显著的滑冲效应,跨断层区域中地面永久位移和相对永久位移沿断层走向方向逐渐增大,永久地面位移最大可达175.2 cm,相对永久地面位移最大可达257.7 cm。
3)以地表永久位移水平分量反向且竖向分量发生倍数增大的位置判定为地表实际破裂位置,模拟区域地表破裂位置不与断层顶部地表投影重合,而是位于上盘距断层100~200 m范围内。5组破裂后方的指向方向上永久地面位移均逐渐减小,H组、I组破裂前方的指向方向上永久地面位移逐渐增加,而J组、K组破裂前方均逐渐减小。在地震波传播至地表破裂点附近,会产生较大的竖向永久地面位移,而破裂前方竖向永久地面位移反向且突然变小,平行断层方向永久地面位移反向,垂直断层方向永久位移突然增大。
4)相比近场地震动或近断层地震动,跨断层地震动在断层两侧均具有大速度脉冲与更大的永久地面位移。同时,速度脉冲的波形起伏方向与永久地面位移方向一致,且波形起伏越大,永久地面位移也越大。
采用宽频带混合模拟方法能模拟应用于工程的跨断层地震动,并且通过南加州地震中心开发的宽频带地面运动模拟平台能实现较为快速的计算,但存在需要较为详细的地质勘探资料作为输入参数,以及模拟中仍使用的是平台内嵌相似的一维速度结构模型的问题。因此,未来也希望能够引入国内的速度结构模型,以及优化模拟流程使其能够更加便捷地应用于工程实践。
跨断层地震动的特征规律受多效应共同作用影响,因此,在跨断层结构抗震设计中应当充分考虑多效应以及地表破裂的影响。此外,实际地表破裂位置与断层大破裂滑移区域对跨断层结构可能造成较大的危害,在抗震设计中应当充分考虑其带来的影响。同时,实际工程结构的跨越角度可能是与断层斜交的情况,未来可以视具体情况进一步探究斜交情形的跨断层地震动区域分布规律。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52278159)
  • 福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01478)
  • 福州大学可持续与创新桥梁福建省高校工程研究中心开放课题(SIBERC2022005)
  • 四川省交通运输科技项目(2018-ZL-01)
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2024年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0512
  • 接收时间:2023-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-23
  • 修回日期:2023-11-04
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52278159)
福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01478)
福州大学可持续与创新桥梁福建省高校工程研究中心开放课题(SIBERC2022005)
四川省交通运输科技项目(2018-ZL-01)
作者信息
    1.福州大学 土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
    2.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031

通讯作者:

陈力波(1984—),男,副研究员,博士,主要从事桥梁地震易损性与风险评估研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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