Article(id=1245390257202512001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0501, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699459200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-09, revisedDate=1706889600000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853775549, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853775549, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853775549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853775549, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390255516397762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='231', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853775147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854426342, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392986884911753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392986889106058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390255516397762, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390257470947463, articleId=1245390257202512001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Fine modeling and mechanical analysis of cross-fault railway tunnels, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The safety of cross-active fault tunnels poses a significant challenge in current railway engineering construction. Research on such tunnels primarily relies on numerical simulation. However, the refinement level of the finite element structural models used to analyze cross-fault tunnels is often inadequate, and it is difficult to accurately reflect the actual stress and deformation characteristics of the tunnel structure under fault displacement. The influence of invert-filling, railway track foundation, and steel rails are considered in this paper. Three tunnel structure models with different levels of refinement are established by using the finite element software ABAQUS, and the simplified and commonly used ring structure models are compared. The stress and deformation characteristics of the cross fault tunnel structure and its associated track system under the action of active reverse faults are analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the refinement level of the model significantly affects the stress levels and deformation calculation results of the tunnel structures. The longitudinal stiffness and integrity of the tunnel structure are strengthened when considering bottom filling layers and internal auxiliary structures, and the ability of the structure to resist fault is improved. Meanwhile, in light of the severe damage to tunnel tracks and ancillary facilities during the M6.9 earthquake in Menyuan, Qinghai, in 2022, a dedicated study is undertaken to further examine the mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of tracks under strike-slip fault displacement. This analysis is based on a refined tunnel model, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of how tracks respond and deform under such geological forces.

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跨活动断层隧道安全是当前困扰铁路工程建设的重点难题之一。有关跨断层隧道的研究工作主要以数值模拟为主,但现阶段用于分析跨断层隧道的有限元结构模型的构建精细化程度往往不高,因此,也较难准确地反映实际结构在断层错动作用下的受力与变形特征。文中分别考虑隧道仰拱填充、铁路轨道基础和轨道等的影响,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了3种精细化程度不同的隧道结构模型,与常用简单圆环结构模型进行了对比研究,较详细地分析了跨断层隧道结构以及附属轨道系统在活动逆断层作用下的受力和变形特点。结果表明:模型的精细化程度对隧道结构的应力水平及变形计算结果影响明显,考虑底部填充层和内部附属结构时,隧道结构的纵向刚度和整体性得到加强,总体上使结构抵抗断层作用的能力得到提高。同时,鉴于2022年青海门源发生的6.9级地震中,隧道轨道及其附属设施遭受了严重破坏的实际情况,为了深入探究轨道在断层错动位移影响下的力学响应与变形机制,依托隧道精细模型,对轨道在走滑断层作用下的受力变形特性进行了专项研究。研究结果可为跨断层隧道结构数值模拟研究提供参考,亦为隧道结构韧性评估提供计算依据。

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徐龙军(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事防灾减灾工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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张恒(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事防灾减灾工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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张恒(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事防灾减灾工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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张恒(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事防灾减灾工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=CN, label=图15, caption=横向阻力与应力峰值关系, figureFileSmall=/Fo2W9I9b99Tb+1BbsbYYA==, figureFileBig=18C9/a/2jDrVP+UyKFYsWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390266845217494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters such as lining and surrounding rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型密度/(kg/m3弹性模量/GPa泊松比内摩擦角/(°)
衬砌243035.50.20
围岩230010.00.2530
破碎带20005.00.3025
), ArticleFig(id=1245390266971046625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

衬砌及围岩等物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型密度/(kg/m3弹性模量/GPa泊松比内摩擦角/(°)
衬砌243035.50.20
围岩230010.00.2530
破碎带20005.00.3025
), ArticleFig(id=1245390267059127019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material parameters of rail system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件材料尺寸(长×宽×厚/m)配筋率
轨道60 kg/m轨道
CRTS III型轨道板C60钢筋混凝土5.35×2.50×0.200.0078
自密实混凝土C40混凝土5.35×2.50×0.09
底座板C40钢筋混凝土16.99×2.90×0.200.0078
填充C40钢筋混凝土0.0078
), ArticleFig(id=1245390267151401717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

轨道系统材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件材料尺寸(长×宽×厚/m)配筋率
轨道60 kg/m轨道
CRTS III型轨道板C60钢筋混凝土5.35×2.50×0.200.0078
自密实混凝土C40混凝土5.35×2.50×0.09
底座板C40钢筋混凝土16.99×2.90×0.200.0078
填充C40钢筋混凝土0.0078
), ArticleFig(id=1245390267256259323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Peak stress and variation rate of arch and spandrel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况拱顶拱肩
拉应力峰值/MPa变化率/%压应力峰值/MPa变化率/%拉应力峰值/MPa变化率/%压应力峰值/MPa变化率/%
12180-20101660-1410
22263.72-2114.811765.93-1452.53
32399.91-2209.0019114.73-15610.10
42399.68-22310.5418813.34-16013.61
), ArticleFig(id=1245390267352728320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

拱顶和拱肩应力峰值及变化率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况拱顶拱肩
拉应力峰值/MPa变化率/%压应力峰值/MPa变化率/%拉应力峰值/MPa变化率/%压应力峰值/MPa变化率/%
12180-20101660-1410
22263.72-2114.811765.93-1452.53
32399.91-2209.0019114.73-15610.10
42399.68-22310.5418813.34-16013.61
), ArticleFig(id=1245390267453391624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Peak stress and variation rate of the arch foot and bottom

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况拱脚拱底
拉应力峰值/MPa变化率/%压应力峰值/MPa变化率/%拉应力峰值/MPa变化率/%压应力峰值/MPa变化率/%
11330-17401750-2280
2112-16.30-152-12.79152-13.12-228-0.08
394-29.24-142-18.55136-22.16-194-15.17
493-30.44-130-25.61134-23.08-174-23.81
), ArticleFig(id=1245390267549860627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

拱脚和拱底应力峰值及变化率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况拱脚拱底
拉应力峰值/MPa变化率/%压应力峰值/MPa变化率/%拉应力峰值/MPa变化率/%压应力峰值/MPa变化率/%
11330-17401750-2280
2112-16.30-152-12.79152-13.12-228-0.08
394-29.24-142-18.55136-22.16-194-15.17
493-30.44-130-25.61134-23.08-174-23.81
), ArticleFig(id=1245390267663106843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Simplified parameters of the orbital model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轨道类型及规格重心至轨道底面距离y/cm对水平轴惯性矩Ix/cm4与标准轨道相比变化率/%
标准60 kg/m轨道8.103217
简化矩形截面模型9.5 cm×16 cm8.003242-1.23(重心距轨道底面距离变化率)/0.78(水平惯性距变化率)
), ArticleFig(id=1245390267788935973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390257202512001, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

简化轨道模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轨道类型及规格重心至轨道底面距离y/cm对水平轴惯性矩Ix/cm4与标准轨道相比变化率/%
标准60 kg/m轨道8.103217
简化矩形截面模型9.5 cm×16 cm8.003242-1.23(重心距轨道底面距离变化率)/0.78(水平惯性距变化率)
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跨断层铁路隧道精细化建模与力学分析
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张恒 1 , 徐龙军 2 , 彭龙强 3 , 谢礼立 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(5): 1-12
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(5): 1-12
跨断层铁路隧道精细化建模与力学分析
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张恒1 , 徐龙军2 , 彭龙强3, 谢礼立1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所,地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
  • 3.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 张恒(1999—),男,博士研究生,主要从事防灾减灾工程方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

徐龙军(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事防灾减灾工程方面的研究。E-mail:
Fine modeling and mechanical analysis of cross-fault railway tunnels
Heng ZHANG1 , Longjun XU2 , Longqiang PENG3, Lili XIE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0501
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跨活动断层隧道安全是当前困扰铁路工程建设的重点难题之一。有关跨断层隧道的研究工作主要以数值模拟为主,但现阶段用于分析跨断层隧道的有限元结构模型的构建精细化程度往往不高,因此,也较难准确地反映实际结构在断层错动作用下的受力与变形特征。文中分别考虑隧道仰拱填充、铁路轨道基础和轨道等的影响,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了3种精细化程度不同的隧道结构模型,与常用简单圆环结构模型进行了对比研究,较详细地分析了跨断层隧道结构以及附属轨道系统在活动逆断层作用下的受力和变形特点。结果表明:模型的精细化程度对隧道结构的应力水平及变形计算结果影响明显,考虑底部填充层和内部附属结构时,隧道结构的纵向刚度和整体性得到加强,总体上使结构抵抗断层作用的能力得到提高。同时,鉴于2022年青海门源发生的6.9级地震中,隧道轨道及其附属设施遭受了严重破坏的实际情况,为了深入探究轨道在断层错动位移影响下的力学响应与变形机制,依托隧道精细模型,对轨道在走滑断层作用下的受力变形特性进行了专项研究。研究结果可为跨断层隧道结构数值模拟研究提供参考,亦为隧道结构韧性评估提供计算依据。

断层  /  隧道  /  数值模拟  /  精细化建模  /  轨道基础

The safety of cross-active fault tunnels poses a significant challenge in current railway engineering construction. Research on such tunnels primarily relies on numerical simulation. However, the refinement level of the finite element structural models used to analyze cross-fault tunnels is often inadequate, and it is difficult to accurately reflect the actual stress and deformation characteristics of the tunnel structure under fault displacement. The influence of invert-filling, railway track foundation, and steel rails are considered in this paper. Three tunnel structure models with different levels of refinement are established by using the finite element software ABAQUS, and the simplified and commonly used ring structure models are compared. The stress and deformation characteristics of the cross fault tunnel structure and its associated track system under the action of active reverse faults are analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the refinement level of the model significantly affects the stress levels and deformation calculation results of the tunnel structures. The longitudinal stiffness and integrity of the tunnel structure are strengthened when considering bottom filling layers and internal auxiliary structures, and the ability of the structure to resist fault is improved. Meanwhile, in light of the severe damage to tunnel tracks and ancillary facilities during the M6.9 earthquake in Menyuan, Qinghai, in 2022, a dedicated study is undertaken to further examine the mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of tracks under strike-slip fault displacement. This analysis is based on a refined tunnel model, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of how tracks respond and deform under such geological forces.

fault  /  tunnel  /  numerical simulation  /  fine modeling  /  track foundation
张恒, 徐龙军, 彭龙强, 谢礼立. 跨断层铁路隧道精细化建模与力学分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (5) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0501
Heng ZHANG, Longjun XU, Longqiang PENG, Lili XIE. Fine modeling and mechanical analysis of cross-fault railway tunnels[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (5) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0501
我国许多拟建和在建的大型土木、交通和水利等工程处于强地震区,不可避免地穿越或跨越复杂的地震地质构造、甚至活跃断层带,一旦发生强地震将遭受断层作用的影响。铁路隧道作为长、大型土木工程基础设施的代表,担负着人员运输和物质供给保障的重要任务,对工程地震断层安全要求极高,跨断层铁路隧道安全问题因此成为工程界关注的焦点。
当前,针对跨断层隧道破坏机理的研究主要有3种方法:理论分析、模型缩尺试验和数值模拟[1]。由于理论分析需进行较多的假设和简化,往往造成研究结果与工程实际情况差异较大。因此,现有的研究工作主要采用模型缩尺试验和数值模拟开展[2-5],如刘学增等[6]通过进行75°倾角逆断层模型试验,认为逆断层作用下隧道结构衬砌以弯矩张拉和直接剪切组合破坏为主。王鸿儒等[7]通过开展走滑断层模型试验总结出断层作用下的隧道破坏机理及损伤形态。王道远等[8]开展了有关跨断层隧道减震措施对隧道纵向应变、接触压力和衬砌安全系数影响的试验研究。ZHANG等[9-10]经过一系列逆断层和正断层试验研究,总结出2种错动方式下隧道的主要破坏特征。TOHIDIFAR等[11]通过离心机试验进行隧道穿越冲击土破碎带条件下的参数分析。KIANI等[12]通过离心机试验研究围岩和冲积层2种介质下隧道受断层错动的差异。但限于断层模拟试验装置缺乏或过于简陋,跨断层隧道结构的断层作用破坏性研究多借助数值模拟方法进行计算和分析。CHEN等[13]基于大梁隧道受断层错动真实震害,建立有限元模型,通过输入单项速度脉冲方式进行隧道结构响应的分析。王杰等[14]针对康西瓦断裂错动问题,基于有限元软件ABAQUS进行分析,总结出不同断层位错量下的隧道结构反应规律。ZAHERI等[15]通过三维数值模拟研究走滑断层下浅埋隧道的受力特性,对比喷射混凝土和节段隧道2种结构之间的受力差异。郭翔宇等[16]以龙门山断裂带为工程背景,建立了考虑大尺度时间及空间效应的板块挤压计算模型,将模型上获取的黏滑位移时程曲线施加到结构精细有限元模型上,得到了衬砌结构及围岩的受力变形特征。汪振等[17]开展了正断层错动下隧道的数值模拟,结果表明随断层倾角的增大,隧道衬砌处于严重损伤和完全损毁状态的长度要明显减小。翁文林等[18]通过数值模拟在考虑断层错动量和倾角参数对隧道影响的基础上,研究了断层带宽度和断层带围岩强度对隧道破坏的影响。以上研究对于分析跨断层隧道结构的受力性能均有一定的指导意义,但无论是模型缩尺试验还是数值模拟,均将隧道结构简化成圆环模型,尚未考虑铁路隧道结构内部组成系统(垫层—铁路轨道基础—轨道板—轨道等)对结构的影响。因此,有必要建立更为精细化的数值模型进行受力分析。
为了探究断层错动作用下铁路隧道内部轨道系统对结构破坏机理的影响,本文分4种工况建立了隧道横断面精细化程度不同的隧道结构模型,分析了蠕滑型断层错动作用下隧道结构的力学特征,考察了不同精细化模拟结果的特点和差异,为跨断层铁路隧道结构的破坏机理研究提供了新的认知和参考数据。
模型工程背景参考我国西部某跨断层铁路隧道工程,该隧道轴线与断层面正交,断层面倾角为90°,破裂带宽度为10 m,隧道直径尺寸为6.4 m。基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立数值分析模型,考虑人工边界效应的影响,选取边界计算尺度需大于5倍隧道直径[7],取模型整体尺寸为150 m×100 m×60 m(长×宽×高)。我国标准轨道系统组成截面图如图1所示,隧道结构模型分别按以下4种工况,即工况1(圆环隧道结构),工况2(考虑隧道仰拱垫层),工况3(考虑轨道基础和轨道板)和工况4(考虑轨道),建立不同隧道横断面精细化程度模型,如图2所示。
根据工程地勘资料,围岩及破碎带力学参数如表1所示,围岩和断裂带材料均选择Drucke-Prager屈服准则及弹塑性本构进行模拟[19]。由于本文重点研究不同精细化程度模型对隧道结构受力和变形的影响程度,为获得普适规律,对衬砌材料、底部填充和轨道板等结构均选用基于胡克定律的线弹性模型[20],同时为准确评估结构受力情况,衬砌材料、底部填充和轨道板等结构均采用实体单元C3D8R进行模拟[21]
围岩和隧道之间接触采用Coulomb摩擦模型,该模型能够模拟法向和切向2种接触行为,切向摩擦系数取0.4[22],法向采用“硬接触”进行设置,即两表面之间不存在相互渗透现象。选取的材料参数如表1表2所示,参考申玉生等[23]提出的结构刚度折减方式,将钢筋添加到混凝土材料本构中,其表达式为
式中:E0为初始混凝土弹性模量;Eg为钢筋弹性模量;Ac为混凝土面积;Ag为钢筋面积;ρ为配筋率。
该隧道工程附近断层以蠕滑错动为主,断层整体错动速率较慢,可作为拟静力问题进行处理,经不断试错,采用图3所示荷载施加方式可满足软件处理拟静力问题的要求,并以1 m错动量为例进行输入[24]。边界条件和整体模型如图3所示,模拟分析分为两步进行,先施加自重应力场模拟初始地应力条件,然后施加位移速度时程模拟断层错动。模拟初始地应力场分析步,模型四周及底面法向约束,地表面自由。模拟断层蠕滑错动分析步,解除主动盘底部约束,施加竖直向上的位移速度时程,其余边界条件保持不变,边界条件示意图如图3(c)所示。
为比较4种工况下隧道结构最先发生破坏位置的差异,在断层位移错动达到最终错动量1 m后,提取隧道衬砌不同部位沿隧道纵向应力的数据进行对比。4种工况应力沿隧道纵向分布规律基本一致,应力分布示意图如图4所示。图5为拱顶、拱肩、拱底和拱脚沿纵向的应力分布图,规定应力数值为正代表拉应力,为负代表压应力。由图5可知,应力变化受到距破碎带远近的影响,0~40 m和120~150 m远离破碎带的位置,应力变化不明显。在40~120 m靠近破碎带的位置,应力峰值发生剧烈变化,并在60 m和90 m位置附近分别达到峰值。同时,从图5看出,拱顶和拱底出现的峰值存在差异,在60 m处,拱顶位置取得拉应力峰值,拱底则取得压应力峰值,而在90 m位置规律与之相反,拱顶位置取得压应力峰值,拱底位置取得拉应力峰值。应力分布规律与之前对逆断层错动的研究结果基本一致[25-26]
图4图5可知,4种工况下应力沿隧道纵向分布规律基本一致。然而,4种工况下应力峰值大小却存在明显差异。为了定量说明其峰值变化趋势,提取拱肩、拱顶、拱脚和拱底位置拉压应力峰值,结果如图6所示,不同工况相对于工况1的应力变化率结果见表3表4
以拱腰为界限,上部拱顶、拱肩位置规律和下部拱底、拱脚位置变化特征不同。拱顶和拱肩处的拉应力峰值近似呈现出随着精细化程度的加深(按照工况1、2、3、4的顺序)略微升高的趋势。其中工况3拉应力峰值最大,与工况1相比,拱肩、拱顶位置增幅分别为14.73%和9.91%。同样,压应力峰值随着精细化程度深化逐渐升高,其中工况4时拱肩、拱顶位置拉应力得到最大值,与工况1相比,增幅分别为13.61%和10.54%。这表明按照简单圆环模型设计,对于拱肩和拱顶位置,会略微偏于危险。拱底和拱脚位置与拱肩、拱顶规律相反,呈现出随精细化程度升高,拉应力和压应力峰值明显降低的趋势,均为工况4时峰值最低。拉应力与工况1相比,拱底和拱脚降幅分别为-23.08%和-30.44%。同样,压应力与工况1相比,拱底和拱脚降幅分别为-23.81%和-25.61%。这是由于精细化模型考虑实际工程中底部附属设施对刚度的增强作用,在逆断层错动时,显著降低了隧道拱底和拱脚位置的受力。
为进一步说明模型精细化程度对隧道失效机理的影响,假设隧道结构失效模式为压应力达到极限承载力,破坏位置发生在拱顶、拱肩、拱脚和拱底其中任意一个位置。绘制隧道不同位置应力峰值随精细化程度的变化图,负号表示产生压应力,如图7所示。工况1时,压应力依次排序为拱底、拱顶、拱脚、拱肩,这表明按照简化模型分析时,相比其他3个位置,拱底位置率先发生失效破坏,随着精细化程度变化,该排序也发生变化,工况4时,压应力依次排序变为拱顶、拱底、拱肩和拱脚,依据模型分析可知工况4隧道最不利位置位于拱顶。与工况1、工况2相比,工况3、工况4主要考虑轨道基础和轨道板的参与,说明轨道基础和轨道板的存在对结构整体的刚度影响较大。因此,数值模拟计算中建立精细化的数值模型,准确考虑轨道等附属结构刚度是跨断层隧道破坏机理研究的前提和基础。
横截面变形是衡量隧道结构破坏的重要指标。隧道结构在蠕变断层强制位移作用下,位移与围岩位移变化趋势总体上保持一致,仅从绝对位移的角度较难反映不同精细化模型结构之间的变形差异,这里选用相对位移差值来区别不同精细化模型结构断层作用下的变形情况[27]。计算隧道横截面竖向的变形时,使用拱顶的竖向位移u1与拱底的竖向位移u2之间的差值来表示(图8),类似地,隧道横向变形量用横截面两侧拱腰位移(u3u4)之间的差值来反映,计算如式(2):
最终结果如图9所示,数值为正表示受拉,数值为负表示处于受压状态。不同工况下截面横向变形和竖向变形沿隧道纵向的分布规律基本一致,横向变形整体呈现出横向伸长的趋势,竖向变形呈现出受挤压缩短的趋势,如图9(c)所示。4种工况下2种变形在被动盘和主动盘位置均出现峰值,但峰值出现的位置存在差异,横向变形峰值的位置位于70 m和89 m位置处(破碎带左侧边缘和距破碎带右侧1.4D处,D为隧道直径6.4 m),而竖向变形位于65 m和89 m位置处(破碎带左侧边缘0.8D和距破碎带右侧1.4D处)。横向变形和竖向变形均在被动盘出现峰值,不同工况下,主动盘峰值约为被动盘峰值60%。这主要由错动方式引起,导致主动盘和被动盘围岩承受的应力不同。另外,被动盘围岩的塑性变形高于主动盘,这进一步造成了隧道结构变形的差异。针对实际工程,对于主动盘和被动盘邻近破碎带的区域,应重点采取措施进行防护。
不同工况下截面横向和竖向变形沿隧道纵向的分布规律基本一致,但不同工况下截面变形量峰值却存在明显差异。以被动盘横向变形量峰值为例,随着精细化程度的增强逐渐降低,与工况1相比,工况4降幅最明显,横向变形量从4.5 cm降低到4 cm,降幅约为11.11%。同时被动盘的竖向变形量峰值降幅更明显,与工况1相比,工况4的竖向变形量从5 cm降为4.3 cm,降幅为14.65%。这是由于精细化建模使得结构底部的刚度增加,增强了隧道截面抵抗错动变形的能力,从而减小了截面变形。
综上所述,简化模型由于忽略底部附属结构的参与,在判断底部隧道结构应力水平以及整体截面变形时存在明显偏大的问题,导致判断最不利位置时,与精细化模型存在差异,难以满足工程实践要求。同时,简化模型由于缺乏考虑底部轨道等附属结构间的协同受力作用,也无法有效判断轨道等附属设施受断层错动后的破坏情况以及受影响范围。
在工况1(简单圆环模型)中,仅考虑外部环状隧道结构,忽略了底部填充层、轨道系统以及其他附属构件的参与,导致无法有效分析底部附属构件的受力特征。而在实际工程中,如2022年青海门源6.9级地震,隧道及附属设施如轨道板等发生严重破坏[28-29],因此准确判断断层错动后底部轨道结构的受力和变形特征,对于铁路隧道整体系统的通行功能恢复至关重要。
工况4在精细化建模过程中,充分考虑了各附属部件之间的协同受力作用。因此,考察断层错动后附属结构的受力状态,例如轨道的受力及变形等,可以通过进一步优化分析工况4得到轨道的潜在破坏位置和影响范围。
对轨道模型进行简化处理以减小计算成本。简化模型截面初选为矩形,应力、位移、重心位置和惯性矩4个参数与原型轨道等效,重心位置和惯性矩参数如表5所示。为分析位移和应力等效情况,以悬臂梁受弯为例,将轨道模型左端固定、右端自由,并在自由端施加载荷进行受力分析,模型边界处理如图10所示,计算结果如图11所示。
图11可知,简化模型和原型模型的位移和应力随距离变化规律基本一致,仅应力和位移峰值出现波动,峰值变化率分别为8.9%和14.8%,可见简化的轨道模型具有足够精度,因此可用于断层错动后,最不利位置和影响范围的判定。
实际工程中轨道和轨道板通过扣件进行连接固定,在ABAQUS中可使用弹簧单元模拟轨道板和轨道之间的扣件连接[30-31],扣件的横向阻力系数通常取值20~70 kN/mm,垂向阻力系数取50 kN/mm。考虑到在走滑断层中,水平错动使轨道发生横向位移,此时轨道和轨道板间横向阻力系数大小可能会对轨道产生较大影响。为研究不同横向阻力水平下轨道的受力规律,以便减小轨道受力,本文将横向阻力系数,细分为20、30、40、50、60、70共6种工况,沿隧道纵向,间距0.65 m布置。针对其他类型隧道,如正断层、逆断层、错动主要以竖向位移为主,横向阻力系数影响较小,此时需考虑竖向阻力系数对轨道受力的影响。而对于组合断层如正断兼有走滑,横向阻力系数和竖向阻力系数,都需要进行考虑,此时可同时考虑2个因素变化的影响。由于篇幅限制,本文仅对走滑断层进行分析,其他工况会在后续研究中进一步分析。因此,基于隧道穿走滑断层建模,模型采用约束底部边界,放松主动盘侧向边界条件,施加水平位移速度时程模拟走滑断层水平错动1 m,其余参数设置与上文保持一致。提取错动量1 m后附属结构位移和应力计算结果进行分析。
轨道板和轨道基础的变形为“S”型,呈现出随隧道位移变形一致的特征如图12所示。另外,在隧道应力值较大的区域内,轨道基础和轨道板的应力水平也明显较高,但峰值低于隧道。研究结果表明,轨道基础和轨道板应力较大区域均位于破碎带及两侧约20 m范围内,且随着隧道断层错动距离的增大,轨道基础和轨道板的应力峰值大小以及影响范围明显的增加,应力峰值从64 MPa上升为234 MPa,提升约4倍。针对轨道板,轨道板边缘处的应力峰值最大,边缘处峰值约为234 MPa,明显高于板内部区域117 MPa,表明轨道板边缘处危险性较高。另外,不同横向阻力对轨道板和轨道基础的应力分布规律影响较小。
基于以上研究结果,建议对破碎带及其两侧约20 m范围内的轨道板及轨道基础进行加固处理,特别是板底两侧边缘处。同时,设防范围及设防水平应随断层错动距离增加进行相应提升。
轨道系统位移示意如图13所示,由图13可知,两侧轨道在走滑断层错动过程中,轨道位移与轨道板、隧道位移变化趋势一致,位移曲线均呈现“S”型,且受断层强制位移的影响。由于轨道位移主要受轨道板强制位移的带动,因而不同横向阻力系数工况下轨道位移差异较小。但在不同横向阻力系数下,应力水平和应力影响范围存在较大差异,如图14所示,随着横向阻力系数的增大,应力峰值和应力范围有明显的提升,横向阻力系数由20 kN/mm增加至70 kN/mm时,应力大小约增加3倍。左右轨道峰值接近,如图15所示。轨道受力最不利位置位于50~100 m范围内,破碎带内部及两侧约20 m范围内需要重点设防。
综上所述,针对跨断层区域的轨道和轨道板之间的连接,为降低轨道受力可以考虑在保证安全行驶的前提下,适当减小轨道与轨道板之间的横向阻力系数。
基于西部某在建铁路隧道工程,针对目前研究模型过于简化的问题,考虑隧道内部结构系统(垫层—铁路轨道基础—轨道板—轨道)的影响,建立了3种不同精细化程度的隧道结构有限元模型,与简化圆环模型结构进行对比研究,探讨了断层错动作用下不同模型结构的受力和变形特征,并分析了轨道的变形和受力特征,得到以下结论:
1)圆环状隧道简化模型低估了实际隧道结构底部对整体刚度的加强作用。在逆断层错动作用下,相对于圆环状隧道简化模型,精细模拟铁路轨道附属结构的隧道模型拱底和拱脚位置拉、压应力峰值均明显降低,最明显降幅出现在隧道模型采用精细模拟铁路轨道附属结构的隧道模型拱脚处,降幅约30.44%;同时,隧道截面变形幅度的减小也较大,横向变形量降幅约11%,竖向变形量降幅约14.65%。
2)圆环状模型与不同精细化模型在判断最不利位置时存在差异。简单圆环模型,压应力依次排序为拱底、拱顶、拱脚、拱肩,拱底位置率先发生失效破坏;随着精细化程度的深化,排序发生变化,当隧道模型采用精细模拟铁路轨道附属结构的模型时,压应力依次排序变为拱顶、拱底、拱肩、拱脚。可见,模型的选择对于判断截面最不利位置有很大影响,凸显精细化建模的必要性。
3)相比于圆环状模型,精细化模型能够考虑底部附属设施的协同受力,从而具有能够分析底部附属结构(例如轨道)受力的优势。结果表明:走滑断层错动下,轨道位移呈现出“S”型曲线,随着轨道和轨道板之间横向阻力系数的提高,轨道受力越发呈现出高应力的特征。因此,在断层区域适当降低轨道与轨道板间约束,能够减小轨道受力,从而有助于震后轨道系统修复,提升隧道整体的韧性水平。
针对跨断层隧道,应尽可能考虑隧道结构各部分组成,如仰拱填充、铁路轨道基础和钢轨等,以确保模型能够准确地反映实际结构特征。
  • 国家自然科学基金(地震联合)重点项目(U2139207)
  • 湖北省自然基金(创新群体)重点项目(2023AFA030)
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2024年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0501
  • 接收时间:2023-11-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-09
  • 修回日期:2024-02-03
基金
国家自然科学基金(地震联合)重点项目(U2139207)
湖北省自然基金(创新群体)重点项目(2023AFA030)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所,地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
    3.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031

通讯作者:

徐龙军(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事防灾减灾工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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