Article(id=1245390151388610878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0416, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1670169600000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-05, revisedDate=1684857600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853750320, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853750320, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853750320, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853750320, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390147664068826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853749433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854381443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=169, endPage=179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390151648657745, articleId=1245390151388610878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Simulation of ground motion in the Tonghai Basin during the 1970 Tonghai Ms7.7 earthquake, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The 1970 Tonghai Ms7.7 earthquake is the strongest and the most intensity earthquake in Yunnan Province in the last 100 years. The Tonghai Basin experienced an abnormally high intensity ranging from IX to X degrees, resulting in severe damage. Based on data such as the thickness of the Neogene strata and shallow velocity structure of the basin, this study establishes a three-dimensional model that includes the 1970 Tonghai seismogenic fault and the Tonghai Basin. Multiple source models with asperities at different depths on the fault plane and the three-dimensional spectral element method are used to simulate the seismic ground motion of the Tonghai earthquake. By comparing the simulated distribution of peak ground velocity (PGV) with intensity and analyzing the strong motion distribution, as well as the generation of intensity anomaly zones, the reasons behind them are examined. The study indicates that the hammer-like distribution of the near-fault strong ground motion in Tonghai earthquake may be caused by the rupture directivity effect, and the mountain on the northeast side of the fault surface has a significant amplifying effect on the ground motion. The prominent amplification area in the Tonghai Basin is mainly located in the depressed area corresponding to the intensity anomaly zone of IX degree in the southwest of the basin. The PGV simulated by different source models in this area is significantly higher than that in other areas of the basin. The intensity anomaly zone simulated by the source model with asperities at depths of 10~16 km is significantly larger than that of the observed intensities, while the source models with asperities at depths of 2~8 km are relatively closer. The main cause of the intensity anomaly zone is the superposition of body waves and surface waves within the basin. The different depths of the asperities result in significant differences in the dominant frequency and amplification factor within the basin, with the shallowest asperities model causing amplification at the deepest part of the basin approximately twice of that of the deeper asperities model.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinbo WANG, Qifang LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245390156493079114, articleId=1245390151388610878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=CN, title=1970年通海Ms7.7地震中通海盆地地震动模拟, columnId=0, journalTitle=地震工程与工程振动, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

1970年通海Ms7.7地震是云南省近百年来发生的震级最大且烈度最高的一次强烈地震。通海盆地在此次地震中出现了IX~X度烈度异常区,震害严重。基于通海盆地新生界厚度和浅层速度结构等资料,建立了包含1970年通海地震发震断层和通海盆地的三维计算模型。采用凹凸体位于断层面不同深度的多个震源模型和三维谱元法模拟通海地震的地震动场。根据模拟地表速度峰值(peak ground velocity,PGV)分布与烈度对比,以及盆地内剖面时程,分析了地震动分布及通海盆地烈度异常区产生的原因。研究表明:通海地震近断层极震区的棒锤型分布,可能是由近断层的破裂方向性效应引起,断层地表迹线东北侧山峰对地震动有较明显的放大作用。通海盆地的显著放大区域主要位于盆地西南IX度烈度异常区对应的凹陷区域,不同震源模型在该区域模拟的PGV均明显大于盆地其他区域。凹凸体位于地下10~16 km的震源模型模拟的烈度异常区明显大于调查烈度,凹凸体位于地下2~8 km的震源模型则比较接近。烈度异常区产生的主要原因为盆地内体波和面波的叠加所致。凹凸体的深度不同,引起的盆地放大主频和倍数差异显著,凹凸体较浅的模型引起的盆地最深处的放大倍数约为凹凸体较深模型的2倍。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘启方(1969—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=fneMi0vfscuwV7huI4d2VA==, magXml=a7NhZdmAmjGfh1vgtKgLEQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=2Cg4oyzahesmumxCuyLHWQ==, pdfFileSize=22632464, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=DcW1ykDwWqGEZVxGwQBJHg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=j72Te45zvnB3jEe2TvRGwQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王信博(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

, authorsList=王信博, 刘启方)}, authors=[Author(id=1245390157017367137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2430867508@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1245390157180945004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, authorId=1245390157017367137, language=EN, stringName=Xinbo WANG, firstName=Xinbo, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key Laboratory of Structure Engineering of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1245390157298385521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, authorId=1245390157017367137, language=CN, stringName=王信博, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=苏州科技大学,江苏省结构工程重点实验室,江苏 苏州 215009, bio={"content":"

王信博(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王信博(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390156891538009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390156899926618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, companyId=1245390156891538009, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Structure Engineering of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390156904120923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, companyId=1245390156891538009, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=苏州科技大学,江苏省结构工程重点实验室,江苏 苏州 215009)])]), Author(id=1245390157466157687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=Qifang_liu@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1245390157684261507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, authorId=1245390157466157687, language=EN, stringName=Qifang LIU, firstName=Qifang, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key Laboratory of Structure Engineering of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1245390157801702025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, authorId=1245390157466157687, language=CN, stringName=刘启方, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=苏州科技大学,江苏省结构工程重点实验室,江苏 苏州 215009, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390156891538009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390156899926618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, companyId=1245390156891538009, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Structure Engineering of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390156904120923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, companyId=1245390156891538009, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=苏州科技大学,江苏省结构工程重点实验室,江苏 苏州 215009)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1245390158007222929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=1970 Tonghai earthquake), Keyword(id=1245390158191772313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=Tonghai Basin), Keyword(id=1245390158317601440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=three-dimensional spectral element method), Keyword(id=1245390158481179301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=PGV distribution), Keyword(id=1245390158602814123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=seismic intensity), Keyword(id=1245390158699283122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=1970年通海地震), Keyword(id=1245390158837695158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=通海盆地), Keyword(id=1245390158963524285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=三维谱元法), Keyword(id=1245390159139685059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=地表速度峰值分布), Keyword(id=1245390159294874313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=地震烈度)], refs=[Reference(id=1245390163971523476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=82, issue=4, pageStart=1661, pageEnd=1677, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=TOSHINAWA T, OHMACHI T, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TOSHINAWA T, OHMACHI T. Love-wave propagation in a three-dimensional sedimentary basin[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1992, 82(4): 1661-1677., articleTitle=Love-wave propagation in a three-dimensional sedimentary basin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390164097352602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=82, issue=5, pageStart=2045, pageEnd=2074, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=FRANKEL A, VIDALE J, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FRANKEL A, VIDALE J. A three-dimensional simulation of seismic waves in the Santa Clara Valley, California, from a Loma Prieta aftershock[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1992, 82(5): 2045-2074., articleTitle=A three-dimensional simulation of seismic waves in the Santa Clara Valley, California, from a Loma Prieta aftershock, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390164298679201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=241, pageEnd=261, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=MOSSESSIAN T K, DRAVINSKI M, journalName=Journal of Physics of the Earth, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MOSSESSIAN T K, DRAVINSKI M. A hybrid approach for scattering of elastic waves by three-dimensional irregularities of arbitrary shape[J]. Journal of Physics of the Earth, 1992, 40(1): 241-261., articleTitle=A hybrid approach for scattering of elastic waves by three-dimensional irregularities of arbitrary shape, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390164403536805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=448, pageEnd=460, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=付长华, 高孟潭, 俞言祥, journalName=地震研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=付长华,高孟潭,俞言祥. 用数值模拟方法研究北京盆地对3~10 s地震动的放大效应[J]. 地震研究201538(3):448-460., articleTitle=用数值模拟方法研究北京盆地对3~10 s地震动的放大效应, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390164621640621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=448, pageEnd=460, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=FU Changhua, GAO Mengtan, YU Yanxiang, journalName=Journal of Seismological Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU Changhua, GAO Mengtan, YU Yanxiang. Studying on amplification effect of Beijing Basin on 3~10 s ground motion by numerical simulation method[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 2015, 38(3): 448-460. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Studying on amplification effect of Beijing Basin on 3~10 s ground motion by numerical simulation method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390164751664051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=88, issue=2, pageStart=428, pageEnd=440, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=5, authorNames=PITARKA A, IRIKURA K, IWATA T, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PITARKA A, IRIKURA K, IWATA T, et al. Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1998, 88(2): 428-440., articleTitle=Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390164877493175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=98, issue=3, pageStart=1229, pageEnd=1242, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=6, authorNames=LEE S J, CHEN H W, HUANG B S, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE S J, CHEN H W, HUANG B S. Simulations of strong ground motion and 3D amplification effect in the Taipei Basin by using a composite grid finite-difference method[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2008, 98(3): 1229-1242., articleTitle=Simulations of strong ground motion and 3D amplification effect in the Taipei Basin by using a composite grid finite-difference method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390165007516601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=98, issue=1, pageStart=253, pageEnd=264, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=7, authorNames=LEE S J, CHEN H W, LIU Q, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE S J, CHEN H W, LIU Q, et al. Three-dimensional simulations of seismic-wave propagation in the Taipei Basin with realistic topography based upon the spectral-element method[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2008, 98(1): 253-264., articleTitle=Three-dimensional simulations of seismic-wave propagation in the Taipei Basin with realistic topography based upon the spectral-element method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390165141734333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=88, issue=2, pageStart=337, pageEnd=356, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=8, authorNames=WALD D J, GRAVES R W, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WALD D J, GRAVES R W. The seismic response of the Los Angeles Basin, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1998, 88(2): 337-356., articleTitle=The seismic response of the Los Angeles Basin, California, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390165280146369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=83, issue=5, pageStart=1325, pageEnd=1344, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=9, authorNames=YOMOGIDA K, ETGEN J T, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YOMOGIDA K, ETGEN J T. 3-D wave propagation in the Los Angeles basin for the Whittier-Narrows earthquake[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1993, 83(5): 1325-1344., articleTitle=3-D wave propagation in the Los Angeles basin for the Whittier-Narrows earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390165397586888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=88, issue=5, pageStart=1224, pageEnd=1242, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=10, authorNames=GRAVES R W, PITARKA A, SOMERVILLE P G, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRAVES R W, PITARKA A, SOMERVILLE P G. Ground-motion amplification in the Santa Monica area: Effects of shallow basin-edge structure[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1998, 88(5): 1224-1242., articleTitle=Ground-motion amplification in the Santa Monica area: Effects of shallow basin-edge structure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390165540193225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=67, issue=5, pageStart=25, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=11, authorNames=KAWASE H, journalName=Seismological Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KAWASE H. The cause of the damage belt in Kobe: “the basin-edge effect,” constructive interference of the direct S-wave with the basin-induced diffracted/Rayleigh waves[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 1996, 67(5): 25-34., articleTitle=The cause of the damage belt in Kobe: “the basin-edge effect,” constructive interference of the direct S-wave with the basin-induced diffracted/Rayleigh waves, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390165645050830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=51, issue=12, pageStart=1673, pageEnd=1682, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=12, authorNames=ZHANG W, SHEN Y, CHEN X F, journalName=Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG W, SHEN Y, CHEN X F. Numerical simulation of strong ground motion for the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2008, 51(12): 1673-1682., articleTitle=Numerical simulation of strong ground motion for the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390165758297042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=null, issue=75, pageStart=1, pageEnd=38, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=13, authorNames=SOMERVILLE P, journalName=Geotechnical Special Publication, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SOMERVILLE P. Emerging art: Earthquake ground motion[J]. Geotechnical Special Publication, 1998(75): 1-38., articleTitle=Emerging art: Earthquake ground motion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390165875737554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=14, authorNames=李雪强, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李雪强. 沉积盆地地震效应研究[D]. 哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2011., articleTitle=沉积盆地地震效应研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390166018343896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=15, authorNames=LI Xueqiang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Xueqiang. Study on Seismic Effect of Sedimentary Basin[D]. Harbin: Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, 2011. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on Seismic Effect of Sedimentary Basin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390166139978715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=43, pageEnd=52, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=16, authorNames=刘启方, journalName=地震工程与工程振动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘启方. 2014年鲁甸地震龙头山镇盆地共振效应研究[J]. 地震工程与工程振动202141(2):43-52., articleTitle=2014年鲁甸地震龙头山镇盆地共振效应研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390166236447709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=43, pageEnd=52, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=17, authorNames=LIU Qifang, journalName=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Qifang. Study on the basin resonance effect in Longtoushan Town during the 2014 Ludian earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2021, 41(2): 43-52. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the basin resonance effect in Longtoushan Town during the 2014 Ludian earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390166370665444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=106, issue=2, pageStart=609, pageEnd=631, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=18, authorNames=HARTZELL S, LEEDS A L, RAMIREZ-GUZMAN L, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HARTZELL S, LEEDS A L, RAMIREZ-GUZMAN L, et al. Seismicsite characterization of an urban sedimentary basin, Livermore valley, California: Site response, basin-edge-induced surface waves, and 3D simulations[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2016, 106(2): 609-631., articleTitle=Seismicsite characterization of an urban sedimentary basin, Livermore valley, California: Site response, basin-edge-induced surface waves, and 3D simulations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390166504883179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=100, issue=null, pageStart=345, pageEnd=356, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=19, authorNames=JEONG S, BRADLEY B A, journalName=Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JEONG S, BRADLEY B A. Amplification of strong ground motions at Heathcote Valley during the 2010—2011 Canterbury earthquakes: Observation and 1D site response analysis[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2017, 100: 345-356., articleTitle=Amplification of strong ground motions at Heathcote Valley during the 2010—2011 Canterbury earthquakes: Observation and 1D site response analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390166618129387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=94, issue=1, pageStart=187, pageEnd=206, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=20, authorNames=KOMATITSCH D, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOMATITSCH D. Simulations of ground motion in the los angeles basin based upon the spectral-element method[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2004, 94(1): 187-206., articleTitle=Simulations of ground motion in the los angeles basin based upon the spectral-element method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390166722986990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=18, issue=4, pageStart=356, pageEnd=364, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=21, authorNames=高孟潭, 俞言祥, 张晓梅, journalName=中国地震, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高孟潭,俞言祥,张晓梅,. 北京地区地震动的三维有限差分模拟[J]. 中国地震200218(4):356-364., articleTitle=北京地区地震动的三维有限差分模拟, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390166827844594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=18, issue=4, pageStart=356, pageEnd=364, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=22, authorNames=GAO Mengtan, YU Yanxiang, ZHANG Xiaomei, journalName=Earthquake Research In China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO Mengtan, YU Yanxiang, ZHANG Xiaomei, et al. Three-dimensional finite-difference simulations of ground motions in the Beijing Area[J]. Earthquake Research In China, 2002, 18(4): 356-364. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Three-dimensional finite-difference simulations of ground motions in the Beijing Area, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390166949479411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1981, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=491, pageEnd=495, 567, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=23, authorNames=韩慕康, 柴天俊, 董兴权, journalName=地质论评, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩慕康,柴天俊,董兴权. 云南南部杞麓湖的全新世变迁及其与通海震区新构造运动的关系[J]. 地质论评198127(6):491-495, 567., articleTitle=云南南部杞麓湖的全新世变迁及其与通海震区新构造运动的关系, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390167037559797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1981, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=491, pageEnd=495, 567, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=24, authorNames=HAN Mukang, CHAI Tianjun, DONG Xingquan, journalName=Geological Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN Mukang, CHAI Tianjun, DONG Xingquan. The Holocene migration of the qilu lake in southern Yunnan and its relations to the neotectonic movements in the 1970 Tunghai earthquake area[J]. Geological Review, 1981, 27(6): 491-495, 567. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The Holocene migration of the qilu lake in southern Yunnan and its relations to the neotectonic movements in the 1970 Tunghai earthquake area, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390167146611706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1980, volume=70, issue=4, pageStart=1263, pageEnd=1286, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=25, authorNames=BARD P Y, BOUCHON M, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BARD P Y, BOUCHON M. The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. Part 1. The case of incident SH waves[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1980, 70(4): 1263-1286., articleTitle=The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. Part 1. The case of incident SH waves, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390167305995260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1980, volume=70, issue=5, pageStart=1921, pageEnd=1941, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=26, authorNames=BARD P Y, BOUCHON M, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BARD P Y, BOUCHON M. The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. Part 2. The case of incident SH waves[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1980, 70(5): 1921-1941., articleTitle=The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. Part 2. The case of incident SH waves, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390167486350335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=215, issue=2, pageStart=978, pageEnd=995, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=27, authorNames=LIU Q F, YU Y Y, YIN D Y, journalName=Geophysical Journal International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Q F, YU Y Y, YIN D Y, et al. Simulations of strong motion in the Weihe Basin during the Wenchuan earthquake by spectral element method[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2018, 215(2): 978-995., articleTitle=Simulations of strong motion in the Weihe Basin during the Wenchuan earthquake by spectral element method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390167612178434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=33, issue=3, pageStart=963, pageEnd=997, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=28, authorNames=MARAFI N A, EBERHARD M O, BERMAN J W, journalName=Earthquake Spectra, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MARAFI N A, EBERHARD M O, BERMAN J W, et al. Effects of deep basins on structural collapse during large subduction earthquakes[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2017, 33(3): 963-997., articleTitle=Effects of deep basins on structural collapse during large subduction earthquakes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390167687675908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=177, issue=8, pageStart=3871, pageEnd=3889, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=29, authorNames=MOUZAKIOTIS E, KARASTATHIS V, VOULGARIS N, journalName=Pure and Applied Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MOUZAKIOTIS E, KARASTATHIS V, VOULGARIS N, et al. Site amplification assessment in the East Corinth Gulf using 3D finite-difference modeling and local geophysical data[J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2020, 177(8): 3871-3889., articleTitle=Site amplification assessment in the East Corinth Gulf using 3D finite-difference modeling and local geophysical data, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390167775756295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=90, issue=6B, pageStart=S77, pageEnd=S94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=30, authorNames=OLSEN K B, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OLSEN K B. Site amplification in the los angeles basin from three-dimensional modeling of ground motion[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2000, 90(6B): S77-S94., articleTitle=Site amplification in the los angeles basin from three-dimensional modeling of ground motion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390167884808202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=92, issue=6, pageStart=3626, pageEnd=3641, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=31, authorNames=MOSCHETTI M P, CHURCHWELL D, THOMPSON E M, journalName=Seismological Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MOSCHETTI M P, CHURCHWELL D, THOMPSON E M, et al. Seismic wave propagation and basin amplification in the Wasatch front, Utah[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 2021, 92(6): 3626-3641., articleTitle=Seismic wave propagation and basin amplification in the Wasatch front, Utah, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390167985471501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=32, authorNames=刘启方, journalName=自然灾害学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘启方. 1556年华县大地震地震动场模拟[J]. 自然灾害学报202029(5):1-10., articleTitle=1556年华县大地震地震动场模拟, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390168077746191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=33, authorNames=LIU Qifang, journalName=Journal of Natural Disasters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Qifang. Strong motion simulation of the 1556 Great Huaxian earthquake[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2020, 29(5): 1-10. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Strong motion simulation of the 1556 Great Huaxian earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390168186798098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=30, issue=3, pageStart=1087, pageEnd=1115, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=34, authorNames=CAMPBELL K W, BOZORGNIA Y, journalName=Earthquake Spectra, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAMPBELL K W, BOZORGNIA Y. NGA-West2 ground motion model for the average horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5% damped linear acceleration response spectra[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2014, 30(3): 1087-1115., articleTitle=NGA-West2 ground motion model for the average horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5% damped linear acceleration response spectra, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390168291655702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=33, issue=4, pageStart=54, pageEnd=60, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=35, authorNames=刘启方, 于彦彦, 章旭斌, journalName=地震工程与工程振动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘启方,于彦彦,章旭斌. 施甸盆地三维地震动研究[J]. 地震工程与工程振动201333(4):54-60., articleTitle=施甸盆地三维地震动研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390168367153176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=33, issue=4, pageStart=54, pageEnd=60, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=36, authorNames=LIU Qifang, YU Yanyan, ZHANG Xubin, journalName=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Qifang, YU Yanyan, ZHANG Xubin. Three-dimensional ground motion simulation for Shidian Basin[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2013, 33(4): 54-60. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Three-dimensional ground motion simulation for Shidian Basin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390168442650650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=385, pageEnd=398, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=37, authorNames=LIU Q F, YU Y Y, ZHANG XB, journalName=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Q F, YU Y Y, ZHANG XB. Three-dimensional simulations of strong ground motion in the Shidian Basin based upon the spectral-element method[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2015, 14(3): 385-398., articleTitle=Three-dimensional simulations of strong ground motion in the Shidian Basin based upon the spectral-element method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390168539119645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1978, volume=13, issue=4, pageStart=323, pageEnd=335, 393-394, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=38, authorNames=张四昌, 刘百篪, journalName=地质科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张四昌,刘百篪. 1970年通海地震的地震地质特征[J]. 地质科学197813(4):323-335, 393-394., articleTitle=1970年通海地震的地震地质特征, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390168635588639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1978, volume=13, issue=4, pageStart=323, pageEnd=335, 393-394, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=39, authorNames=ZHANG Sichang, LIU Baichi, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Sichang, LIU Baichi. Seismic geological characteristics of Tonghai earthquake in 1970[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology, 1978, 13(4): 323-335, 393-394. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Seismic geological characteristics of Tonghai earthquake in 1970, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390168723669025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=35, issue=增刊1, pageStart=173, pageEnd=177, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=40, authorNames=张津, 郭安宁, 张向红, journalName=西北地震学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张津,郭安宁,张向红,. 对1970云南通海地震参数、伤亡、公布形式质疑的商榷[J]. 西北地震学报201335(增刊1):173-177., articleTitle=对1970云南通海地震参数、伤亡、公布形式质疑的商榷, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390168828526628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=35, issue=S1, pageStart=173, pageEnd=177, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=41, authorNames=ZHANG Jin, GUO Anning, ZHANG Xianghong, journalName=Northwestern Seismological Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Jin, GUO Anning, ZHANG Xianghong, et al. Analysis of the queries on seismic parameters, casualties and releasing form of the 1970 Tonghai earthquake in Yunnan Province[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 2013, 35(S1): 173-177. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of the queries on seismic parameters, casualties and releasing form of the 1970 Tonghai earthquake in Yunnan Province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390168912412707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=42, authorNames=刘祖荫, 皇甫岗, 金志林, journalName=一九七〇年通海地震, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘祖荫,皇甫岗,金志林. 一九七〇年通海地震[M]. 北京:地震出版社,1999., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390169000493093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=43, authorNames=LIU Zuyin, HUANGFU Gang, JIN Zhilin, journalName=The 1970 Tonghai earthquake, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Zuyin, HUANGFU Gang, JIN Zhilin. The 1970 Tonghai earthquake[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 1999. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390169092767784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=56, issue=11, pageStart=3819, pageEnd=3827, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=44, authorNames=何正勤, 胡刚, 鲁来玉, journalName=地球物理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何正勤,胡刚,鲁来玉,. 云南通海盆地的浅层速度结构[J]. 地球物理学报201356(11):3819-3827., articleTitle=云南通海盆地的浅层速度结构, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390169189236779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=56, issue=11, pageStart=3819, pageEnd=3827, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=45, authorNames=HE Zhengqin, HU Gang, LU Laiyu, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE Zhengqin, HU Gang, LU Laiyu, et al. The shallow velocity structure for the Tonghai Basin in Yunnan[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2013, 56(11): 3819-3827. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The shallow velocity structure for the Tonghai Basin in Yunnan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390169306677294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=50, issue=9, pageStart=1242, pageEnd=1258, 1-2, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=46, authorNames=张智奇, 姚华建, 杨妍, journalName=中国科学:地球科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张智奇,姚华建,杨妍. 青藏高原东南缘地壳上地幔三维S波速度结构及动力学意义[J]. 中国科学:地球科学202050(9):1242-1258, 1-2., articleTitle=青藏高原东南缘地壳上地幔三维S波速度结构及动力学意义, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390169390563377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=50, issue=9, pageStart=1242, pageEnd=1258, 1-2, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=47, authorNames=ZHANG Zhiqi, YAO Huajian, YANG Yan, journalName=Scientia Sinica (Terrae), refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Zhiqi, YAO Huajian, YANG Yan. Shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in Southeastern Tibet and its geodynamic implications[J]. Scientia Sinica (Terrae), 2020, 50(9): 1242-1258, 1-2. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in Southeastern Tibet and its geodynamic implications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390169499615284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=32, issue=12, pageStart=1020, pageEnd=1030, 1057, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=48, authorNames=邓起东, 张培震, 冉勇康, journalName=中国科学(D辑:地球科学), refType=null, unstructuredReference=邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,. 中国活动构造基本特征[J]. 中国科学(D辑:地球科学)200232(12):1020-1030, 1057., articleTitle=中国活动构造基本特征, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390169579307064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=32, issue=12, pageStart=1020, pageEnd=1030, 1057, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=49, authorNames=DENG Qidong, ZHANG Peizhen, RAN Yongkang, journalName=Science in China, Ser D, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DENG Qidong, ZHANG Peizhen, RAN Yongkang, et al. Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China[J]. Science in China, Ser D, 2002, 32(12): 1020-1030, 1057. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390169705136187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1982, volume=25, issue=5, pageStart=440, pageEnd=447, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=50, authorNames=张之立, 刘新美, journalName=地球物理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张之立,刘新美. 1970年1月5日云南通海地震的震源特征[J]. 地球物理学报198225(5):440-447., articleTitle=1970年1月5日云南通海地震的震源特征, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390169801605183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1982, volume=25, issue=5, pageStart=440, pageEnd=447, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=51, authorNames=ZHANG Zhili, LIU Shinmei, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Zhili, LIU Shinmei. The focal characteristics of the Tonghai earthquake, Yunnan Province, on January 5, 1970[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1982, 25(5): 440-447. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The focal characteristics of the Tonghai earthquake, Yunnan Province, on January 5, 1970, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390169906462788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=183, issue=3, pageStart=1633, pageEnd=1647, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=52, authorNames=MIKSAT J, WEN K L, WENZEL F, journalName=Geophysical Journal International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MIKSAT J, WEN K L, WENZEL F, et al. Numerical modelling of ground motion in the Taipei Basin: Basin and source effects[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2010, 183(3): 1633-1647., articleTitle=Numerical modelling of ground motion in the Taipei Basin: Basin and source effects, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390170023903304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1977, volume=20, issue=2, pageStart=96, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=53, authorNames=阚荣举, 张四昌, 晏凤桐, journalName=地球物理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=阚荣举,张四昌,晏凤桐,. 我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨[J]. 地球物理学报197720(2):96-109., articleTitle=我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390170153926732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1977, volume=20, issue=2, pageStart=96, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=54, authorNames=KAN Rongju, ZHANG Sichang, YAN Fengtong, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KAN Rongju, ZHANG Sichang, YAN Fengtong, et al. Present tectonic stress field and its relation to the characteristics of recent tectonic activity in southwestern China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1977, 20(2): 96-109. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Present tectonic stress field and its relation to the characteristics of recent tectonic activity in southwestern China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390170246201423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1975, volume=18, issue=4, pageStart=246, pageEnd=255, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=55, authorNames=陈顒, journalName=地球物理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈顒. 测定浅震震源参数的宏观方法[J]. 地球物理学报197518(4):246-255., articleTitle=测定浅震震源参数的宏观方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390170346864723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1975, volume=18, issue=4, pageStart=246, pageEnd=255, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=56, authorNames=CHEN Yong, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Yong. On the determination of focal parameters of shallow earthquakes by means of macroseismic method[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1975, 18(4): 246-255. (in Chinese), articleTitle=On the determination of focal parameters of shallow earthquakes by means of macroseismic method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390170447528020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1978, volume=21, issue=3, pageStart=191, pageEnd=198, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=57, authorNames=王椿镛, 朱成男, 刘玉权, journalName=地球物理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王椿镛,朱成男,刘玉权. 用地形变资料测定通海地震的地震断层参数[J]. 地球物理学报197821(3):191-198., articleTitle=用地形变资料测定通海地震的地震断层参数, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390170531414103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1978, volume=21, issue=3, pageStart=191, pageEnd=198, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=58, authorNames=WANG Chunyong, ZHU Chengnan, LIU Yuquan, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Chunyong, ZHU Chengnan, LIU Yuquan. Determination of earthquake fault parameter for the Tonghai earthquake from ground deformation data[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1978, 21(3): 191-198. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Determination of earthquake fault parameter for the Tonghai earthquake from ground deformation data, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390170632077398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=70, issue=1, pageStart=59, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=59, authorNames=SOMERVILLE P, IRIKURA K, GRAVES R, journalName=Seismological Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SOMERVILLE P, IRIKURA K, GRAVES R, et al. Characterizing crustal earthquake slip models for the prediction of strong ground motion[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 1999, 70(1): 59-80., articleTitle=Characterizing crustal earthquake slip models for the prediction of strong ground motion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390170728546391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=100, issue=5A, pageStart=2095, pageEnd=2123, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=60, authorNames=GRAVES R W, PITARKA A, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRAVES R W, PITARKA A. Broadband ground-motion simulation using a hybrid approach[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2010, 100(5A): 2095-2123., articleTitle=Broadband ground-motion simulation using a hybrid approach, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390170833403994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB/T 17742—2020中国地震烈度表[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社,2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390170929872988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB/T 17742—2020 The Chinese seismic intensity scale[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2020. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390171022147677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=183, pageEnd=192, 230, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=63, authorNames=刘启方, 袁一凡, 金星, journalName=地震学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘启方,袁一凡,金星. 断层附近地面地震动空间分布[J]. 地震学报200426(2):183-192, 230., articleTitle=断层附近地面地震动空间分布, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390171131199584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=183, pageEnd=192, 230, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=64, authorNames=LIU Qifang, YUAN Yifan, JIN Xing, journalName=Acta Seismologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Qifang, YUAN Yifan, JIN Xing. Spatial distribution of near-fault ground motion[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2004, 26(2): 183-192, 230. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Spatial distribution of near-fault ground motion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390171219279970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=29, issue=4, pageStart=476, pageEnd=484, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=65, authorNames=谭黎中, 孟令媛, 史保平, journalName=中国科学院研究生院学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谭黎中,孟令媛,史保平. 1970年Ms7.7云南通海大地震强地面运动模拟[J]. 中国科学院研究生院学报201229(4):476-484., articleTitle=1970年Ms7.7云南通海大地震强地面运动模拟, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390171319943268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=29, issue=4, pageStart=476, pageEnd=484, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=66, authorNames=TAN Lizhong, MENG Lingyuan, SHI Baoping, journalName=Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAN Lizhong, MENG Lingyuan, SHI Baoping. Strong ground motion simulation of the 1970 Ms7.7 Tonghai earthquake, Yunnan, China[J]. Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2012, 29(4): 476-484. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Strong ground motion simulation of the 1970 Ms7.7 Tonghai earthquake, Yunnan, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390171424800869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1977, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=67, authorNames=通海地震影响场调查组, journalName=通海地震的烈度分布与场地影响,中国科学院工程力学研究所地震工程研究报告集,第三集, refType=null, unstructuredReference=通海地震影响场调查组. 通海地震的烈度分布与场地影响,中国科学院工程力学研究所地震工程研究报告集,第三集[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1977., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245390171517075558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1977, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=68, authorNames=Investigation Group of Earthquake Influence Field in Tonghai, journalName=Intensity distribution and field influence of the Tonghai earthquake, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences collection of research reports on earthquake engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Investigation Group of Earthquake Influence Field in Tonghai. Intensity distribution and field influence of the Tonghai earthquake, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences collection of research reports on earthquake engineering, Vol. 3[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1977. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390163694699402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, awardId=51978434, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51978434), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245390163803751313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, awardId=2021EEEVL0001, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2021EEEVL0001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390156891538009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390156899926618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, companyId=1245390156891538009, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Structure Engineering of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390156904120923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, companyId=1245390156891538009, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=苏州科技大学,江苏省结构工程重点实验室,江苏 苏州 215009)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1245390159475229394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution of the isoseismic of Tonghai Ms7.7 earthquake and fault zone in 1970[3437-38], figureFileSmall=B2l8Q+ViMMJlAypOnsLVKw==, figureFileBig=DcW1ykDwWqGEZVxGwQBJHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390159596864214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1970年通海Ms7.7地震等震线及断裂带分布图[3437-38], figureFileSmall=B2l8Q+ViMMJlAypOnsLVKw==, figureFileBig=DcW1ykDwWqGEZVxGwQBJHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390159844328161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=3D computational model, figureFileSmall=501ZAO2S80EkcL7L7QuNSg==, figureFileBig=+aIyFJDCxe50NBFijT815w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390159961768678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三维计算模型, figureFileSmall=501ZAO2S80EkcL7L7QuNSg==, figureFileBig=+aIyFJDCxe50NBFijT815w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390160058237676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Topography of the 3D computational model, figureFileSmall=H/8hatwTJN8vvOkFTaxSrg==, figureFileBig=imKGxgCz18Buf6z/9HLHxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390160284730101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图3, caption=三维计算模型的地形, figureFileSmall=H/8hatwTJN8vvOkFTaxSrg==, figureFileBig=imKGxgCz18Buf6z/9HLHxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390160402170618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=3D base map of the Tonghai Basin, figureFileSmall=404G15rwrIndH8JoDTzJ5Q==, figureFileBig=0HphSBzgvJjWp2uy84UqnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390160536388352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图4, caption=通海盆地三维基底图, figureFileSmall=404G15rwrIndH8JoDTzJ5Q==, figureFileBig=0HphSBzgvJjWp2uy84UqnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390160670606086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Intra-basin medium stratification, figureFileSmall=u5B3D4XuS42J19537jnEXA==, figureFileBig=80Wm7S0aWvR6DF16p16AmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390160796435211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图5, caption=盆地内部介质分层, figureFileSmall=u5B3D4XuS42J19537jnEXA==, figureFileBig=80Wm7S0aWvR6DF16p16AmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390160955818772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Seismic source model, figureFileSmall=HKS6P5MO9ty9FYLn1nfYuw==, figureFileBig=tNmvEQWmn54BkCIGPRqkgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390161081647902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图6, caption=震源模型, figureFileSmall=HKS6P5MO9ty9FYLn1nfYuw==, figureFileBig=tNmvEQWmn54BkCIGPRqkgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390161178116898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Three-component PGV distributions for the seismic source model 1 and the seismic source model 2, figureFileSmall=7cxVJtm1W8VQU/hbzQ39uw==, figureFileBig=Sp/wNVjP7XGAJweCj3jupg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390161350083367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图7, caption=震源模型1和模型2的三分量PGV分布, figureFileSmall=7cxVJtm1W8VQU/hbzQ39uw==, figureFileBig=Sp/wNVjP7XGAJweCj3jupg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390161492689708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Three-component PGV distribution of the Tonghai Basin for the seismic source model 1 and the seismic source model 2, figureFileSmall=rlVLquzyOrkNZDCyf1ue8g==, figureFileBig=IuX+ktDDb1hmz3GUkfs+uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390161631101747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图8, caption=震源模型1和模型2的通海盆地三分量PGV分布, figureFileSmall=rlVLquzyOrkNZDCyf1ue8g==, figureFileBig=IuX+ktDDb1hmz3GUkfs+uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390161761125175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Seismic damage index at the edge of Qilu Lake in the Tonghai Basin[48], figureFileSmall=AlpKrd5EjhHx6TFcTuumbQ==, figureFileBig=1njJGGAxIhPThKjMY/Icaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390161928897344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图9, caption=通海盆地杞麓湖畔震害指数[48], figureFileSmall=AlpKrd5EjhHx6TFcTuumbQ==, figureFileBig=1njJGGAxIhPThKjMY/Icaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390162050532164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Profile topography, velocity times histories and PGV distribution for the seismic source model 1 and the seismic source model 2, figureFileSmall=VGGPfiRwTNC8gyMRArCAJA==, figureFileBig=twMHYg9TSFxqM/uecjC93A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390162180555595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图10, caption=剖面地形及震源模型1和模型2的速度时程和PGV分布, figureFileSmall=VGGPfiRwTNC8gyMRArCAJA==, figureFileBig=twMHYg9TSFxqM/uecjC93A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390162352522064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Spectral ratios of the deepest point in the basin to the southwest edge of the basin for the seismic source model 1 and the seismic source model 2, figureFileSmall=H0aOFMLZAPcQaH3MAsMbjg==, figureFileBig=GYf7CuPAibbcHrxA74yQGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390162465768277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=图11, caption=震源模型1和模型2的盆地最深处与盆地西南边缘基岩的傅里叶振幅谱比, figureFileSmall=H0aOFMLZAPcQaH3MAsMbjg==, figureFileBig=GYf7CuPAibbcHrxA74yQGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390162599986014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Medium stratification in the interior of the basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分层深度/m
土层10
土层20.154Z
土层30.385Z
土层40.693Z
盆地基底盆地深度Z
), ArticleFig(id=1245390162755175265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

盆地内部介质分层情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分层深度/m
土层10
土层20.154Z
土层30.385Z
土层40.693Z
盆地基底盆地深度Z
), ArticleFig(id=1245390162889392999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Information on the medium stratification of the 3D computational model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质介质密度ρ/(kg/m3压缩波速VP/(m/s)剪切波速VS/(m/s)品质因子QP品质因子QS
114004801802718
216008003104731
31940175095014395
4203021001200180120
5248046272742411274
6260354173209482321
7269258853462519346
8273760933571536357
9268958683453517345
10265957173373506337
11267057723402510340
12275561743613542361
), ArticleFig(id=1245390162998444910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三维计算模型介质信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质介质密度ρ/(kg/m3压缩波速VP/(m/s)剪切波速VS/(m/s)品质因子QP品质因子QS
114004801802718
216008003104731
31940175095014395
4203021001200180120
5248046272742411274
6260354173209482321
7269258853462519346
8273760933571536357
9268958683453517345
10265957173373506337
11267057723402510340
12275561743613542361
), ArticleFig(id=1245390163120079729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Focal-mechanism solution for Tonghai Ms7.7 earthquake in 1970

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者资料节面1节面2P轴T轴B轴
走向倾向倾角走向倾向倾角方位仰角方位仰角方位仰角
文献[38]P波初动302.7212.785.833303881681.62584.45885.3
文献[40]P波初动306南西8737北西833513261710283
文献[40]P波初动291北东8017北西67337242421013645
文献[41]等震线295直立90
文献[42]地形变300南西84
), ArticleFig(id=1245390163250103159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1970年通海Ms7.7地震震源机制解

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者资料节面1节面2P轴T轴B轴
走向倾向倾角走向倾向倾角方位仰角方位仰角方位仰角
文献[38]P波初动302.7212.785.833303881681.62584.45885.3
文献[40]P波初动306南西8737北西833513261710283
文献[40]P波初动291北东8017北西67337242421013645
文献[41]等震线295直立90
文献[42]地形变300南西84
), ArticleFig(id=1245390163388515201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correspondence between seismic index and intensity[48]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
震害指数i烈度
(0.1,0.3]VII
(0.3,0.5]VIII
(0.5,0.7]IX
(0.7,0.9]X
), ArticleFig(id=1245390163510150020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390151388610878, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

震害指数和烈度对应关系[48]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
震害指数i烈度
(0.1,0.3]VII
(0.3,0.5]VIII
(0.5,0.7]IX
(0.7,0.9]X
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1241699397025705997, delFlag=0, nameCn=地震工程与工程振动, nameEn=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-1301, eissn=null, cn=23-1157/P, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=/vhigrb0Ie5dk9EvytPyQg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1773973805912, updatedTime=1773974475511, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=E, firstLetterEn=E, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=/vhigrb0Ie5dk9EvytPyQg==, picEn=mP4JjBszibypE3yTy4J1ag==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1241702205619753886, language=CN, name=地震工程与工程振动, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773974475531, updatedTime=1773974475531, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionEditorUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionReviewUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1241702205665891231, language=EN, name=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773974475542, updatedTime=1773974475542, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionEditorUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionReviewUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/#/Login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1241701559352995854, websiteList=[Website(id=1241702575498646432, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1241701559352995854, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN, language=CN, createTime=1773974563717, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773974590635, updateBy=18614031015, name=地震工程与工程振动-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=地震工程与工程振动, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1241703043805270973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773974675370, updateTime=1773974675370, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043771716538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773974675362, updateTime=1773974675362, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043830436800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974675376, updateTime=1773974675376, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043759133625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/file/pic?fileId=C6sfoMWhaI5iihfhixVjYQ==, createTime=1773974675359, updateTime=1773974675359, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043843019714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974675379, updateTime=1773974675379, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043801076668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/file/pic, createTime=1773974675369, updateTime=1773974675369, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043838825409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974675378, updateTime=1773974675378, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043780105147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1773974675364, updateTime=1773974675364, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043813659582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773974675372, updateTime=1773974675372, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703043822048191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575498646432, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773974675374, updateTime=1773974675374, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1241702575569949602, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1241701559352995854, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/EN, language=EN, createTime=1773974563735, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773974605208, updateBy=18614031015, name=地震工程与工程振动-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1241703068497138631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773974681257, updateTime=1773974681257, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068480361412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773974681253, updateTime=1773974681253, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068513915850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974681261, updateTime=1773974681261, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068471972803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/EN/file/pic?fileId=C6sfoMWhaI5iihfhixVjYQ==, createTime=1773974681251, updateTime=1773974681251, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068530693068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974681265, updateTime=1773974681265, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068492944326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/EN/file/pic, createTime=1773974681256, updateTime=1773974681256, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068522304459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773974681263, updateTime=1773974681263, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068484555717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1773974681254, updateTime=1773974681254, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068505527240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773974681259, updateTime=1773974681259, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1241703068509721545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1241702575569949602, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773974681260, updateTime=1773974681260, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=地震工程与工程振动, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://dzgc.paperonce.org/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, journalPhotoCn=/vhigrb0Ie5dk9EvytPyQg==, journalPhotoEn=mP4JjBszibypE3yTy4J1ag==, journalFirstLetter=E, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0416, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/EN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0416, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/PDF/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0416, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/EN/PDF/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0416, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
1970年通海Ms7.7地震中通海盆地地震动模拟
收藏切换
PDF下载
王信博 , 刘启方
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(4): 169-179
收起
收藏切换
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(4): 169-179
1970年通海Ms7.7地震中通海盆地地震动模拟
全屏
王信博 , 刘启方
作者信息
  • 苏州科技大学,江苏省结构工程重点实验室,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 王信博(1995—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘启方(1969—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
Simulation of ground motion in the Tonghai Basin during the 1970 Tonghai Ms7.7 earthquake
Xinbo WANG , Qifang LIU
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Structure Engineering of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0416
文章导航
收藏切换

1970年通海Ms7.7地震是云南省近百年来发生的震级最大且烈度最高的一次强烈地震。通海盆地在此次地震中出现了IX~X度烈度异常区,震害严重。基于通海盆地新生界厚度和浅层速度结构等资料,建立了包含1970年通海地震发震断层和通海盆地的三维计算模型。采用凹凸体位于断层面不同深度的多个震源模型和三维谱元法模拟通海地震的地震动场。根据模拟地表速度峰值(peak ground velocity,PGV)分布与烈度对比,以及盆地内剖面时程,分析了地震动分布及通海盆地烈度异常区产生的原因。研究表明:通海地震近断层极震区的棒锤型分布,可能是由近断层的破裂方向性效应引起,断层地表迹线东北侧山峰对地震动有较明显的放大作用。通海盆地的显著放大区域主要位于盆地西南IX度烈度异常区对应的凹陷区域,不同震源模型在该区域模拟的PGV均明显大于盆地其他区域。凹凸体位于地下10~16 km的震源模型模拟的烈度异常区明显大于调查烈度,凹凸体位于地下2~8 km的震源模型则比较接近。烈度异常区产生的主要原因为盆地内体波和面波的叠加所致。凹凸体的深度不同,引起的盆地放大主频和倍数差异显著,凹凸体较浅的模型引起的盆地最深处的放大倍数约为凹凸体较深模型的2倍。

1970年通海地震  /  通海盆地  /  三维谱元法  /  地表速度峰值分布  /  地震烈度

The 1970 Tonghai Ms7.7 earthquake is the strongest and the most intensity earthquake in Yunnan Province in the last 100 years. The Tonghai Basin experienced an abnormally high intensity ranging from IX to X degrees, resulting in severe damage. Based on data such as the thickness of the Neogene strata and shallow velocity structure of the basin, this study establishes a three-dimensional model that includes the 1970 Tonghai seismogenic fault and the Tonghai Basin. Multiple source models with asperities at different depths on the fault plane and the three-dimensional spectral element method are used to simulate the seismic ground motion of the Tonghai earthquake. By comparing the simulated distribution of peak ground velocity (PGV) with intensity and analyzing the strong motion distribution, as well as the generation of intensity anomaly zones, the reasons behind them are examined. The study indicates that the hammer-like distribution of the near-fault strong ground motion in Tonghai earthquake may be caused by the rupture directivity effect, and the mountain on the northeast side of the fault surface has a significant amplifying effect on the ground motion. The prominent amplification area in the Tonghai Basin is mainly located in the depressed area corresponding to the intensity anomaly zone of IX degree in the southwest of the basin. The PGV simulated by different source models in this area is significantly higher than that in other areas of the basin. The intensity anomaly zone simulated by the source model with asperities at depths of 10~16 km is significantly larger than that of the observed intensities, while the source models with asperities at depths of 2~8 km are relatively closer. The main cause of the intensity anomaly zone is the superposition of body waves and surface waves within the basin. The different depths of the asperities result in significant differences in the dominant frequency and amplification factor within the basin, with the shallowest asperities model causing amplification at the deepest part of the basin approximately twice of that of the deeper asperities model.

1970 Tonghai earthquake  /  Tonghai Basin  /  three-dimensional spectral element method  /  PGV distribution  /  seismic intensity
王信博, 刘启方. 1970年通海Ms7.7地震中通海盆地地震动模拟. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (4) : 169 -179 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0416
Xinbo WANG, Qifang LIU. Simulation of ground motion in the Tonghai Basin during the 1970 Tonghai Ms7.7 earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (4) : 169 -179 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0416
自1985年墨西哥地震以来,盆地对地震灾害的加重作用日益受到地震研究人员的重视。随着盆地内强震观测记录的增加和数值模拟技术的不断进步,盆地对地震动放大作用的研究工作有了很大发展。基于观测记录的分析、实际盆地和设定盆地数值模拟[1-9]的大量研究表明,盆地内的次生面波、边缘效应、聚焦效应和共振效应等是盆地放大的主要原因[510-15]。目前,盆地对地震动放大机理的研究以及盆地长周期地震动放大系数的估计仍是主要研究问题[16-19]
通海盆地位于云南省中南部(102°35′E~102°50′E,24°06′N~24.13′N之间),东西长约25 km,南北长约13 km。盆地所在区域位于川滇菱形块体东南端,小江断裂带和曲江—石屏断裂带的多条分支断裂交叉分布,地质构造复杂,强震活动频繁,是云南地震灾害严重的地区之一[20]。与一维土层不同,受盆地边缘体波转化的面波、盆地内体波和面波的聚焦以及盆地共振等因素影响,盆地对地震动幅值有着显著的放大且会延长地震动的持时[521-29]。通海盆地沉积物波速较低,深度小于300 m,属于西南地区典型小型盆地。与其类似的云南施甸盆地的研究表明[30-31],小型盆地对地震动亦有显著的放大作用。
1970年1月5日,云南省通海、峨山和建水三县交界地区的曲江河谷发生了Ms7.7地震,震中位于(102°36′E,24°06′N),震源深度约为13 km,震中烈度Ⅹ度[32]。这是云南省近100 a来发生的震级最大、烈度最高和损失最重的一次强烈地震,受灾面积达8881.9 km2,地震共计造成15621人丧生、338456间房屋倒塌,是1949年以来仅次于唐山、汶川地震后,伤亡人数排名第三的伤亡性地震[33]。在此次地震中,通海盆地表现出明显的震害加重的现象,盆地周围为VII度和VIII度区,盆地内出现了IX~X度烈度异常区[34]
1970年通海Ms7.7地震为分析强震作用下通海盆地对地震动放大作用提供了良好的机会。本文依据通海盆地新生界探测结果、浅层速度结构[35]、盆地的北部边缘钻孔资料以及川滇速度结构模型[36],建立了包含整个发震断层和通海盆地的三维计算模型,基于三维谱元法,利用凹凸体位于断层面不同深度的8个震源模型,模拟了断层附近以及通海盆地的地震动场。通过盆地内二维剖面速度时程及与基岩台的谱比,结合模拟结果与调查烈度的对比分析,探讨了近场地震动分布特征,研究了通海盆地的放大效应、盆地地震动分布及烈度异常区产生的原因。研究结果对于揭示沉积盆地对地震动放大作用的机理及通海地区的防震减灾具有重要意义。
本文数值模拟范围为23°46′N~24°15′N,102°18′E~102°58′E(图1绿色方框),图2为三维计算模型。模型的尺寸为65.4 km×53.7 km×40.0 km,包含了1970年通海Ms7.7地震整个发震断层(图2红色五角星和直线为震中和断层地表迹线)及通海盆地(图2灰白色区域),模型的地表采用30 m精度真实地形如图3所示。
计算模型中的一个关键问题是通海盆地的三维速度结构模型。首先,根据通海盆地的新生界厚度[35]确定盆地的三维基底,如图4所示。其次,依据云南省地震局在通海盆地北部边缘的钻孔资料和盆地浅层速度结构[35],对盆地内部分层。
盆地内部的介质分4层,如表1图5所示(为了使盆地模型内部介质分层清晰可见,将模型竖向数值放大7倍)。自地表向下,介质1、2的剪切波速和压缩波速依据钻孔波速等确定;介质3、4的压缩波速取盆地中部沉积厚度大的波速测量结果[35],剪切波速的取值采用经验公式
盆地外部的介质分8层(图2),自地表向下,介质5~12的波速依据川滇速度结构模型[36]进行取值。表2给出了三维模型各层介质的密度、波速及品质因子。由于没有品质因子的测量数据,采用经验估计,介质的QS=0.1VSQP=1.5QS,这一估计关系在很多研究中使用[39]
建立三维盆地模型后,采用Cubit软件进行有限元划分,计算区域盆地内最小网格为水平向37 m,竖向23 m,盆地外区域的网格大小从23~1200 m,共计2583780个网格。本文采用4阶精度格式谱元法,计算精度要求一个波长至少包含一个网格,基于模型的剪切波速和网格尺寸,本文模拟的地震波最高频率为1.5 Hz。计算时间步距为0.00025 s,总计算时长为30 s,每个模型的计算时间约为50 h。
不同研究人员给出的1970年通海Ms7.7地震震源机制解和断层面信息如表3所示。这些震源机制解和断层破裂面虽然存在一定差异,但断层总体走向为N60°W,倾向南西,近乎垂直,右旋走滑。断层长度约为60 km,水平位错远大于垂直位错,平均位错大于2 m,破裂模式为双侧破裂[26]
本文采用张之立等[38]和王椿镛等[42]的研究结果,断层走向取N60°W,倾向南西,倾角84°,断层破裂长度为56 km,宽度为22 km,向西北破裂长度为24 km,向东南一侧破裂长度为32 km。平均破裂速度为2.3 km/s,平均走向位错2.24 m,地震矩M0=8.5×1019 N•m,作为本文的震源模型参数。
由于1970年通海Ms7.7地震无破裂过程反演资料,因此根据SOMERVILLE等[43]的统计关系在断层面上设置2个凹凸体,凹凸体1的面积为25×6 km2,中心位于震源附近,凹凸体2的面积为10×9 km2,中心位于震源东南方向,沿走向距离震源17 km,凹凸体总面积约为断层总面积的21%,凹凸体的平均位错为4.5 m。将断层划分为1×1 km2的子断层,采用GP模型[44](Graves和Pitarka的方法,引入位错的随机分布,生成断层面的最终位错分布(图6(a)),定义此模型为震源模型1。后文分析中,为了与通海地震的调查烈度对比,我们通过修改凹凸体的深度计算了8个震源模型,其中震源模型2(图6(b))的模拟结果在通海盆地与调查烈度符合最好,该模型的2个凹凸体在震源模型1的基础上分别向地表移动了7、5 km。
为了反映破裂速度的不均匀性,采用GP模型的方法[44],每个子断层的破裂到时TiF等于平均破裂速度下的到时Ti0加上一个与子断层位错有关的扰动Δt,GP模型方法中TiF表达式如式(1)~式(2)所示:
式中:si为第i个子断层的位错;sA为断层面的平均位错;sM为最大位错。
子断层的滑动率函数采用高斯函数,其上升时间为GP模型建议的值τi,其表达式为
式中:z为震源深度;k值通过试凑使其满足所有子断层的平均上升时间等于SOMERVILLE等[43]的统计值τAτA表达式为
为了反映滑移方向的不均匀性,允许每个子断层走滑断层的基础滑动方向有一定扰动,所有子断层扰动的标准偏差约为15°。
由于1970年通海Ms7.7地震没有强震观测数据。因此,本文根据通海地震调查烈度[26]图1)和GB/T 17742—2020《中国地震烈度表》[45],基于凹凸体深度不同的8个震源模型模拟PGV,对比分析其与调查烈度对应PGV的吻合程度。结果表明,不同震源模型的模拟结果与调查烈度的吻合程度在近场区域差异不大,但在盆地区域,尤其是盆地内的烈度异常区差异较大。限于文章篇幅只给出凹凸体位于震源附近的模拟结果(震源模型1)和在盆地内吻合程度比较好的模拟结果(震源模型2)具体分析。图7给出了震源模型1和模型2对应的平行于断层走向(FP)、垂直于断层走向(FN)和垂直分量的PGV,图中红色直线为断层地表的迹线,蓝色曲线为等震线,绿色曲线为地形等高线,紫色曲线为通海盆地边界。
由于发震断层为近乎直立的走滑型地震,受双力偶震源辐射因子的控制,FP和垂直分量的PGV在断层表迹线附近的地震动幅值很低(对于垂直走滑断层的点源模型,FP和垂直分量在断层地表迹线处的理论地震动值为0)[46]。下文在近断层极震区(X度和IX度区)仅讨论FN分量。
由于发震断层为双侧破裂,FN分量在断层两端表现出明显的破裂方向性效应,即位于破裂前方的PGV分布范围广、幅值大,特别是在断层的东南端,PGV分布与极震区沿着断层狭窄的分布呈非对称的棒锤型分布[47]较为一致。这表明近断层极震区非对称的棒锤型分布可能是由近断层的破裂方向性效应引起的。
GB/T 17742—2020《中国地震烈度表》[45]规定的X度区的PGV介于81.5~175 cm/s。震源模型1模拟的FN分量PGV在震中附近部分区域约50~60 cm/s,低于烈度标准,在断层两端特别是东南端,大部分区域处于80~120 cm/s,其他区域则处于60~80 cm/s,这表明模拟的大部分区域位于X度区的下限,整体模拟结果略低于烈度表规定的范围。IX度区的PGV介于37.9~81.4 cm/s,模拟的FN分量在断层地表迹线东南段的东北部分区域,达到80~110 cm/s,高于烈度表规定值,其他区域则处于40~80 cm/s,基本符合地震烈度标准。通海盆地外部,XIII度区内模拟的FP和垂直分量PGV基本都在断层地表迹线的东北侧山峰区域达到40~80 cm/s,FN分量则在靠近迹线的西北和东南端附近山峰区域达到40~80 cm/s,都高于VIII度区的标准(17.7~37.8 cm/s)[45],三分量其他区域的PGV基本符合地震烈度标准。
震源模型2模拟的FN分量PGV在震中附近部分区域约30~40 cm/s,同样低于烈度标准。X度区内,断层两端的部分区域PGV达到120~180 cm/s,其他区域则处于80~120 cm/s。模拟的PGV大部分区域位于Ⅹ度区的上限,明显高于震源模型1的结果。IX度区内FN分量的PGV,在断层两端位于地表迹线附近的部分区域,达到80~180 cm/s,高于烈度表规定值,其他区域的则处于40~80 cm/s,基本符合地震烈度标准。通海盆地外部,VIII度区内除FP分量在震中附近的东北和西南侧及FN分量在断层地表迹线西北段附近的PGV与分布范围大于模型1外,三分量高于地震烈度标准的PGV及分布范围和模型1基本一致。其他区域PGV基本小于40 cm/s,符合烈度标准。
上述分析表明,2个震源模型在断层地表迹线东南段,FN分量的PGV沿断层迹线呈现明显不对称分布。地表迹线东北的山峰区域(图3)幅值大且分布更广,表明这一区域山峰对地震动有较明显的放大作用。震源模型2模拟的PGV,在近断层极震区明显高于模型1,VIII度区略大于模型1,这主要与凹凸体位置有关,模型1的凹凸位于地下10~16 km,模型2则位于地下2~8 km,更接近地表(图6),引起近断层极震区地震动增大。
上述2个震源模型模拟结果还表明,近场区域PGV与凹凸体的深度密切相关。从模拟的8个震源模型结果看,每个模型在近场部分区域模拟结果和调查烈度均存在一定差异,这可能与本文模拟的频带有关。1970年通海地震时,近场区域多为低矮房屋,自振频率较高,调查烈度与PGA相关性更好,本文模拟频带偏于低频(0.05~1.5 Hz),模拟的PGV与当时的震后烈度调查结果相关性不是很高。
通海盆地主要位于此次地震的VII、VIII度区和IX度异常区,烈度异常区位于盆地杞麓湖西南,范围大约为6×3 km2,如图8所示。图8给出了2个震源模型对应的通海盆地三分量模拟PGV,图中灰色曲线为通海盆地基底等厚线,红色曲线表示现今杞麓湖范围,蓝色圆点为杞麓湖西南湖畔村庄,其他曲线代表的含义和图7一致。震源模型1,盆地内FP、FN和垂直分量的PGV分别在40 ~ 190 cm/s、20 ~ 170 cm/s和10~60 cm/s,PGV较大的区域均位于通海盆地Ⅸ度异常区。烈度异常区FP分量的PGV在80~190 cm/s,大于IX度区的标准,达到了Ⅹ度。FN分量的PGV则大部分处于IX度区,但在沈家营附近2×3 km2范围内(约为IX度区范围的1/3)PGV为80~180 cm/s,达到Ⅹ度区。中国地震局工程力学研究所通海地震影响场调查组的调查结果[48]显示,在沈家营附近约1.5×1.5 km2范围内震害指数大于0.8(图9),根据震害指数与烈度对应关系(表4),可知该区域地震烈度达到了Ⅹ度。震源模型1模拟的X度区范围明显大于调查范围。
由模型1模拟结果可见,盆地内PGV较大区域均位于盆地西南的新生界厚度约300 m的狭窄范围,此区域为通海盆地最深的部位。下文的剖面分析表明,模型1作用下,该区域面波发育明显,体波和面波的汇聚叠加导致了该区域盆地内的地震动显著放大。
盆地中东部区域(杞麓湖西),FP和FN分量PGV为60~140 cm/s和30~50 cm/s,大于VII、VIII度区标准。这可能与当时该区域处于杞麓湖中,灾后调查无法根据房屋受灾损毁情况来推断该区域的实际地震烈度有关。该区域的新生界厚度在140 m左右,其模拟地震动水平显著低于盆地西南部,这表明盆地的沉积厚度也对地震动有较大的影响。
与模型1类似,模型2三分量模拟的较大PGV仍集中在盆地深度最大的西南部(Ⅸ度区),分别为60~180 cm/s(FP分量)、40~100 cm/s(FN分量)、20~60 cm/s(垂直分量);其他区域PGV则小于西南部,仍表现为盆地越深的部位对地震动放大的作用越明显。与震源模型1相比,模型2在沈家营附近的FP和FN分量PGV同样超出Ⅸ度区,达到了Ⅹ度区,其中FP分量的Ⅹ度区范围约为2×2 km2(约Ⅸ度区的1/5),FN分量的Ⅹ度区范围为1×2 km2(约Ⅸ度区的1/9),明显小于模型1的Ⅹ度区范围,更接近沈家营附近的调查结果[48]。FP和FN分量在Ⅸ度区其他区域PGV为40~80 cm/s,符合烈度标准,这表明震源模型2的盆地内模拟结果更加符合实际的地震动。
二维剖面自西南至东北穿过盆地,剖面长度约27 km,其中盆地区域长约20 km,盆地最深处约300 m。图10为震源模型1、2的剖面三分量模拟的速度时程,图中绿色曲线为盆地西南边缘基岩观测点,红色曲线为盆地凹陷最深处观测点。由震源模型1的速度时程可见,从盆地西南边界至东北10 km范围内,除了直达波外,可见明显的盆地次生面波,其中FP分量的勒夫波高于FN和垂直分量的瑞利面波。PGV最大区域位于盆地西南部的长度约2~3 km的凹陷内,该区域三分量的面波持时明显增长。FP和FN分量在该范围内出现一个局部PGV很高的区域,最大值分别在150 cm/s和100 cm/s左右,凹陷内强震动的放大主要由于体波和面波的汇聚叠加所致。凹陷的东北区域,盆地深度小于150 m,PGV则显著下降,FP分量除了一个局部峰值达到约110 cm/s外,大部分区域则小于80 cm/s,FN分量则基本小于50 cm/s,且随着盆地深度的降低,PGV呈明显下降趋势。
与震源模型1相比,震源模型2除了在盆地西南的凹陷处有明显的面波发育外,盆地内其他区域面波较弱。凹陷处FP和FN分量的PGV最大值分别为150、95 cm/s,接近震源模型1的结果,凹陷最深处的三分量幅值和持时均与震源模型1结果相近,但其局部PGV很高区域的范围变窄,表明盆地内强震动范围变小。
图11给出了2个震源模型下盆地最深处(图10中红色曲线)和盆地西南边缘基岩观测点(图10中绿色曲线)的谱比。谱比为二者水平分量傅里叶幅值谱的几何平均之比。震源模型1的谱比在0.65、1.15 Hz附近存在2个峰值,放大倍数在10~11之间。模型2则仅在0.85 Hz附近有一个峰值,放大倍数约为22。这可能和2个震源模型的凹凸体部分对应的入射角不同有关。
本文基于通海盆地新生界厚度、浅层速度结构、盆地北部边缘钻孔资料以及川滇速度结构模型,建立了包含1970年通海Ms7.7地震发震断层和通海盆地的三维速度结构模型,采用凹凸体位于断层面不同深度的多个震源模型和三维谱元法模拟了地震动。基于模拟的PGV分布及通海地震调查烈度、通过盆地的二维剖面时程和谱比,分析了通海地震近场地震动分布及通海盆地放大效应。得出如下结论:
1)在通海地震的近断层极震区,凹凸位于地下10~16 km和2~8 km的震源模型1和模型2模拟PGV的分布,呈现与实际调查烈度一致的棒锤型分布,该部分可能是由近断层的破裂方向性效应引起。模型1的PGV分布大部分区域接近烈度表规定的下限值,模型2大部分区域则接近烈度表规定的上限值,在断层两端略高于烈度标准。在断层地表迹线东北部的山峰区域,地形对地震动有较明显的放大作用。
2)通海盆地调查的IX度异常区处于盆地西南深度为300 m的凹陷区域,震源模型1和模型2在此处模拟的PGV均明显大于盆地其他区域,其中,模型1的FP分量PGV基本都大于烈度标准,FN分量PGV约1/3区域大于烈度标准,达到X度区。模型2的两水平分量仅在沈家营附近约IX度区范围的1/5达到X度标准,与中国地震局工程力学研究所通海地震影响场调查组的调查结果符合较好,在盆地的烈度异常区内更符合实际调查烈度。
3)在盆地西南的凹陷处,2个震源模型均有明显面波发育,且在凹陷最深处,两震源模型模拟的水平分量速度幅值和持时基本一致;盆地其他区域,模型2的面波明显小于模型1。盆地西南凹陷区域内由于直达体波和盆地边缘发育的面波在此汇聚叠加,使该区域在本次地震中出现高烈度异常区。盆地西南凹陷最深处产生的放大倍数差异较大,其中,震源模型1的谱比在0.65 Hz和1.15 Hz有2个峰值,放大倍数均为10~11倍,模型2仅在0.85 Hz范围有一个峰值,放大倍数约为22倍。这可能和2个震源模型凹凸体部分(震源主要的能量释放部分)对应的入射角不同有关。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51978434)
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2021EEEVL0001)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
TOSHINAWA T, OHMACHI T. Love-wave propagation in a three-dimensional sedimentary basin[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1992, 82(4): 1661-1677.
[2]
FRANKEL A, VIDALE J. A three-dimensional simulation of seismic waves in the Santa Clara Valley, California, from a Loma Prieta aftershock[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1992, 82(5): 2045-2074.
[3]
MOSSESSIAN T K, DRAVINSKI M. A hybrid approach for scattering of elastic waves by three-dimensional irregularities of arbitrary shape[J]. Journal of Physics of the Earth, 1992, 40(1): 241-261.
[4]
付长华,高孟潭,俞言祥. 用数值模拟方法研究北京盆地对3~10 s地震动的放大效应[J]. 地震研究201538(3):448-460.
FU Changhua, GAO Mengtan, YU Yanxiang. Studying on amplification effect of Beijing Basin on 3~10 s ground motion by numerical simulation method[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 2015, 38(3): 448-460. (in Chinese)
[5]
PITARKA A, IRIKURA K, IWATA T, et al. Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1998, 88(2): 428-440.
[6]
LEE S J, CHEN H W, HUANG B S. Simulations of strong ground motion and 3D amplification effect in the Taipei Basin by using a composite grid finite-difference method[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2008, 98(3): 1229-1242.
[7]
LEE S J, CHEN H W, LIU Q, et al. Three-dimensional simulations of seismic-wave propagation in the Taipei Basin with realistic topography based upon the spectral-element method[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2008, 98(1): 253-264.
[8]
WALD D J, GRAVES R W. The seismic response of the Los Angeles Basin, California[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1998, 88(2): 337-356.
[9]
YOMOGIDA K, ETGEN J T. 3-D wave propagation in the Los Angeles basin for the Whittier-Narrows earthquake[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1993, 83(5): 1325-1344.
[10]
GRAVES R W, PITARKA A, SOMERVILLE P G. Ground-motion amplification in the Santa Monica area: Effects of shallow basin-edge structure[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1998, 88(5): 1224-1242.
[11]
KAWASE H. The cause of the damage belt in Kobe: “the basin-edge effect,” constructive interference of the direct S-wave with the basin-induced diffracted/Rayleigh waves[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 1996, 67(5): 25-34.
[12]
ZHANG W, SHEN Y, CHEN X F. Numerical simulation of strong ground motion for the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2008, 51(12): 1673-1682.
[13]
SOMERVILLE P. Emerging art: Earthquake ground motion[J]. Geotechnical Special Publication, 1998(75): 1-38.
[14]
李雪强. 沉积盆地地震效应研究[D]. 哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2011.
LI Xueqiang. Study on Seismic Effect of Sedimentary Basin[D]. Harbin: Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, 2011. (in Chinese)
[15]
刘启方. 2014年鲁甸地震龙头山镇盆地共振效应研究[J]. 地震工程与工程振动202141(2):43-52.
LIU Qifang. Study on the basin resonance effect in Longtoushan Town during the 2014 Ludian earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2021, 41(2): 43-52. (in Chinese)
[16]
HARTZELL S, LEEDS A L, RAMIREZ-GUZMAN L, et al. Seismicsite characterization of an urban sedimentary basin, Livermore valley, California: Site response, basin-edge-induced surface waves, and 3D simulations[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2016, 106(2): 609-631.
[17]
JEONG S, BRADLEY B A. Amplification of strong ground motions at Heathcote Valley during the 2010—2011 Canterbury earthquakes: Observation and 1D site response analysis[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2017, 100: 345-356.
[18]
KOMATITSCH D. Simulations of ground motion in the los angeles basin based upon the spectral-element method[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2004, 94(1): 187-206.
[19]
高孟潭,俞言祥,张晓梅,. 北京地区地震动的三维有限差分模拟[J]. 中国地震200218(4):356-364.
GAO Mengtan, YU Yanxiang, ZHANG Xiaomei, et al. Three-dimensional finite-difference simulations of ground motions in the Beijing Area[J]. Earthquake Research In China, 2002, 18(4): 356-364. (in Chinese)
[20]
韩慕康,柴天俊,董兴权. 云南南部杞麓湖的全新世变迁及其与通海震区新构造运动的关系[J]. 地质论评198127(6):491-495, 567.
HAN Mukang, CHAI Tianjun, DONG Xingquan. The Holocene migration of the qilu lake in southern Yunnan and its relations to the neotectonic movements in the 1970 Tunghai earthquake area[J]. Geological Review, 1981, 27(6): 491-495, 567. (in Chinese)
[21]
BARD P Y, BOUCHON M. The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. Part 1. The case of incident SH waves[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1980, 70(4): 1263-1286.
[22]
BARD P Y, BOUCHON M. The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. Part 2. The case of incident SH waves[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1980, 70(5): 1921-1941.
[23]
LIU Q F, YU Y Y, YIN D Y, et al. Simulations of strong motion in the Weihe Basin during the Wenchuan earthquake by spectral element method[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2018, 215(2): 978-995.
[24]
MARAFI N A, EBERHARD M O, BERMAN J W, et al. Effects of deep basins on structural collapse during large subduction earthquakes[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2017, 33(3): 963-997.
[25]
MOUZAKIOTIS E, KARASTATHIS V, VOULGARIS N, et al. Site amplification assessment in the East Corinth Gulf using 3D finite-difference modeling and local geophysical data[J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2020, 177(8): 3871-3889.
[26]
OLSEN K B. Site amplification in the los angeles basin from three-dimensional modeling of ground motion[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2000, 90(6B): S77-S94.
[27]
MOSCHETTI M P, CHURCHWELL D, THOMPSON E M, et al. Seismic wave propagation and basin amplification in the Wasatch front, Utah[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 2021, 92(6): 3626-3641.
[28]
刘启方. 1556年华县大地震地震动场模拟[J]. 自然灾害学报202029(5):1-10.
LIU Qifang. Strong motion simulation of the 1556 Great Huaxian earthquake[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2020, 29(5): 1-10. (in Chinese)
[29]
CAMPBELL K W, BOZORGNIA Y. NGA-West2 ground motion model for the average horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5% damped linear acceleration response spectra[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2014, 30(3): 1087-1115.
[30]
刘启方,于彦彦,章旭斌. 施甸盆地三维地震动研究[J]. 地震工程与工程振动201333(4):54-60.
LIU Qifang, YU Yanyan, ZHANG Xubin. Three-dimensional ground motion simulation for Shidian Basin[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2013, 33(4): 54-60. (in Chinese)
[31]
LIU Q F, YU Y Y, ZHANG XB. Three-dimensional simulations of strong ground motion in the Shidian Basin based upon the spectral-element method[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2015, 14(3): 385-398.
[32]
张四昌,刘百篪. 1970年通海地震的地震地质特征[J]. 地质科学197813(4):323-335, 393-394.
ZHANG Sichang, LIU Baichi. Seismic geological characteristics of Tonghai earthquake in 1970[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology, 1978, 13(4): 323-335, 393-394. (in Chinese)
[33]
张津,郭安宁,张向红,. 对1970云南通海地震参数、伤亡、公布形式质疑的商榷[J]. 西北地震学报201335(增刊1):173-177.
ZHANG Jin, GUO Anning, ZHANG Xianghong, et al. Analysis of the queries on seismic parameters, casualties and releasing form of the 1970 Tonghai earthquake in Yunnan Province[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 2013, 35(S1): 173-177. (in Chinese)
[34]
刘祖荫,皇甫岗,金志林. 一九七〇年通海地震[M]. 北京:地震出版社,1999.
LIU Zuyin, HUANGFU Gang, JIN Zhilin. The 1970 Tonghai earthquake[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 1999. (in Chinese)
[35]
何正勤,胡刚,鲁来玉,. 云南通海盆地的浅层速度结构[J]. 地球物理学报201356(11):3819-3827.
HE Zhengqin, HU Gang, LU Laiyu, et al. The shallow velocity structure for the Tonghai Basin in Yunnan[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2013, 56(11): 3819-3827. (in Chinese)
[36]
张智奇,姚华建,杨妍. 青藏高原东南缘地壳上地幔三维S波速度结构及动力学意义[J]. 中国科学:地球科学202050(9):1242-1258, 1-2.
ZHANG Zhiqi, YAO Huajian, YANG Yan. Shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in Southeastern Tibet and its geodynamic implications[J]. Scientia Sinica (Terrae), 2020, 50(9): 1242-1258, 1-2. (in Chinese)
[37]
邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,. 中国活动构造基本特征[J]. 中国科学(D辑:地球科学)200232(12):1020-1030, 1057.
DENG Qidong, ZHANG Peizhen, RAN Yongkang, et al. Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China[J]. Science in China, Ser D, 2002, 32(12): 1020-1030, 1057. (in Chinese)
[38]
张之立,刘新美. 1970年1月5日云南通海地震的震源特征[J]. 地球物理学报198225(5):440-447.
ZHANG Zhili, LIU Shinmei. The focal characteristics of the Tonghai earthquake, Yunnan Province, on January 5, 1970[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1982, 25(5): 440-447. (in Chinese)
[39]
MIKSAT J, WEN K L, WENZEL F, et al. Numerical modelling of ground motion in the Taipei Basin: Basin and source effects[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2010, 183(3): 1633-1647.
[40]
阚荣举,张四昌,晏凤桐,. 我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨[J]. 地球物理学报197720(2):96-109.
KAN Rongju, ZHANG Sichang, YAN Fengtong, et al. Present tectonic stress field and its relation to the characteristics of recent tectonic activity in southwestern China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1977, 20(2): 96-109. (in Chinese)
[41]
陈顒. 测定浅震震源参数的宏观方法[J]. 地球物理学报197518(4):246-255.
CHEN Yong. On the determination of focal parameters of shallow earthquakes by means of macroseismic method[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1975, 18(4): 246-255. (in Chinese)
[42]
王椿镛,朱成男,刘玉权. 用地形变资料测定通海地震的地震断层参数[J]. 地球物理学报197821(3):191-198.
WANG Chunyong, ZHU Chengnan, LIU Yuquan. Determination of earthquake fault parameter for the Tonghai earthquake from ground deformation data[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 1978, 21(3): 191-198. (in Chinese)
[43]
SOMERVILLE P, IRIKURA K, GRAVES R, et al. Characterizing crustal earthquake slip models for the prediction of strong ground motion[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 1999, 70(1): 59-80.
[44]
GRAVES R W, PITARKA A. Broadband ground-motion simulation using a hybrid approach[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2010, 100(5A): 2095-2123.
[45]
GB/T 17742—2020中国地震烈度表[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社,2020.
GB/T 17742—2020 The Chinese seismic intensity scale[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2020. (in Chinese)
[46]
刘启方,袁一凡,金星. 断层附近地面地震动空间分布[J]. 地震学报200426(2):183-192, 230.
LIU Qifang, YUAN Yifan, JIN Xing. Spatial distribution of near-fault ground motion[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2004, 26(2): 183-192, 230. (in Chinese)
[47]
谭黎中,孟令媛,史保平. 1970年Ms7.7云南通海大地震强地面运动模拟[J]. 中国科学院研究生院学报201229(4):476-484.
TAN Lizhong, MENG Lingyuan, SHI Baoping. Strong ground motion simulation of the 1970 Ms7.7 Tonghai earthquake, Yunnan, China[J]. Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2012, 29(4): 476-484. (in Chinese)
[48]
通海地震影响场调查组. 通海地震的烈度分布与场地影响,中国科学院工程力学研究所地震工程研究报告集,第三集[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1977.
Investigation Group of Earthquake Influence Field in Tonghai. Intensity distribution and field influence of the Tonghai earthquake, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences collection of research reports on earthquake engineering, Vol. 3[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1977. (in Chinese)
2024年第44卷第4期
PDF下载
75
38
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0416
  • 接收时间:2022-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-12-05
  • 修回日期:2023-05-24
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51978434)
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2021EEEVL0001)
作者信息
    苏州科技大学,江苏省结构工程重点实验室,江苏 苏州 215009

通讯作者:

刘启方(1969—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0416
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏