Article(id=1245390153489953725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0415, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685980800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-06, revisedDate=1702310400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853750821, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853750821, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853750821, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853750821, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390147664068826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853749433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854381443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392798560662151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390147664068826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=157, endPage=168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390154228151233, articleId=1245390153489953725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Seismic response analysis of a cable-stayed bridge with shape memory alloy seismic mitigation systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Shape memory alloys (SMA) have the characteristic of superelasticity and shape memory property, and are increasingly applied to civil engineering. A novel SMA-based device is proposed, which has the seismic mitigation and displacement limiting capacities. The device connects with the superstructure and substructure of the bridge through axis pins. The novel device not only can restrain the bridge in a safe range, but also can dissipate the seismic energy, and protect the bridge from earthquake damage. This study comments with pseudo-static tests on a single SMA cable specimen and the novel device. The constitutive models of the SMA cable and the novice device are proposed based the test results. A finite element model of a cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 360 meters was established in OpenSeesPy software for investigation. Seven far-field and seven near-field earthquake records were selected to study the seismic responses of the cable-stayed bridge with the novel device equipping 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 SMA cables. The study results indicate that the maximum longitudinal displacement of the girder decreased significantly with the number of SMA cables increased. However, this reduction was accompanied by a slight increase in the average maximum curvature at the base of the main tower. For example, the seismic mitigation device with 10 SMA cables reduced the average maximum displacement of the girder by 51.8% and 36.8% under seven far-field and seven near-field earthquakes, respectively. However, the corresponding average maximum curvature at the tower base increased by 5.1% and 16.0%, respectively. Consequently, the proposed SMA-based seismic mitigation device can effectively reduce the displacement of the girder at the cost of a small curvature increment at the tower base.

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形状记忆合金(shape memory alloys,SMA)具有超弹性效应和形状记忆效应,被逐步应用于土木工程领域。基于SMA材料的超弹性能,提出一种减震限位装置。将该装置通过销轴分别与桥梁的上、下部结构相连,使其在水平方向发挥限位减震的作用,保护桥梁结构在地震作用下免遭破坏。首先通过进行SMA单索和减震限位装置的拟静力荷载试验,得到SMA拉索和减震限位装置的本构关系模型;随后选择一座主跨为360 m的斜拉桥,在OpenSeesPy软件中建立有限元模型,分别将采用0、5、10、15、20、30、40、50根SMA拉索的减震限位装置添加到斜拉桥模型,选取了7条远场和7条近场脉冲地震动进行了斜拉桥的地震响应分析。研究结果表明,随着SMA拉索数量的增加,斜拉桥主梁最大位移依次减小,但主塔塔底最大曲率依次增加。当采用10根SMA拉索时,在远场和近场脉冲地震动作用下,主梁平均最大位移分别减小了51.8%和36.8%,塔底平均最大曲率分别增加了5.1%和16.0%,因此,可以通过增加较小主塔曲率的方法实现主梁位移的大幅度降低。

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郑越(1975—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
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王晓冬(1978—),女,工程师,主要从事桥梁养护与管理研究。E-mail:

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王晓冬(1978—),女,工程师,主要从事桥梁养护与管理研究。E-mail:

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王晓冬(1978—),女,工程师,主要从事桥梁养护与管理研究。E-mail:

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caption=SMA拉索减震限位装置布置示意图, figureFileSmall=2uq2XsWGs7MK1YtMSubgCQ==, figureFileBig=XJ3hz9P8aNVWibwLgAN4YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390168077742674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=OpenSeesPy finite element model of the cable-stayed bridge, figureFileSmall=hvRqr5L6gWcJChJcwjbIjw==, figureFileBig=H+qmkvbNtXFgO4H86BGTNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390168195183194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=CN, label=图16, caption=斜拉桥OpenSeesPy有限元模型, figureFileSmall=hvRqr5L6gWcJChJcwjbIjw==, figureFileBig=H+qmkvbNtXFgO4H86BGTNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390168300040800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Ground motion response spectrum, figureFileSmall=lbllRkmBllIF4vxLHUP0wg==, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Average value of the maximum response of piers under far-field ground motion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥墩最大曲率平均值/m-1最大弯矩平均值/(kN•m)屈服曲率/(10-3 m-1
过渡墩A03.13×10-3126040.213.28
辅助墩A14.07×10-454899.661.18
辅助墩A43.41×10-445856.431.18
过渡墩A52.64×10-3106245.153.28
), ArticleFig(id=1245390168820134528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

远场地震动作用下桥墩最大响应的平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥墩最大曲率平均值/m-1最大弯矩平均值/(kN•m)屈服曲率/(10-3 m-1
过渡墩A03.13×10-3126040.213.28
辅助墩A14.07×10-454899.661.18
辅助墩A43.41×10-445856.431.18
过渡墩A52.64×10-3106245.153.28
), ArticleFig(id=1245390168916603531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Average value of the maximum response of transition and auxiliary piers under near-field pulse ground motion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥墩最大曲率平均值/m-1最大弯矩平均值/(kN•m)屈服曲率/(10-3 m-1
过渡墩A02.24×10-3103424.043.15
辅助墩A13.28×10-459879.911.21
辅助墩A43.00×10-454688.531.21
过渡墩A51.78×10-382295.203.15
), ArticleFig(id=1245390169008878224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

近场脉冲地震动作用下过渡墩与辅助墩最大响应的平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥墩最大曲率平均值/m-1最大弯矩平均值/(kN•m)屈服曲率/(10-3 m-1
过渡墩A02.24×10-3103424.043.15
辅助墩A13.28×10-459879.911.21
辅助墩A43.00×10-454688.531.21
过渡墩A51.78×10-382295.203.15
), ArticleFig(id=1245390169096958615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The maximum average displacement and the average reduction rate of the girder displacement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥梁概况远场平均值/m近场平均值/m远场位移减少率/%近场位移减少率/%
原桥1.1330.9740.00.0
10根索0.5460.61651.836.8
20根索0.4850.40557.258.5
30根索0.3900.32265.567.0
40根索0.3530.28968.970.4
50根索0.2980.25973.773.4
), ArticleFig(id=1245390169189233308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

主梁最大平均位移和平均减小率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥梁概况远场平均值/m近场平均值/m远场位移减少率/%近场位移减少率/%
原桥1.1330.9740.00.0
10根索0.5460.61651.836.8
20根索0.4850.40557.258.5
30根索0.3900.32265.567.0
40根索0.3530.28968.970.4
50根索0.2980.25973.773.4
), ArticleFig(id=1245390169273119394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The maximum average value and average increase rate of the curvature of the tower base

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥梁概况远场平均值/(×10-4 m-1近场平均值/(×10-4 m-1远场曲率增大率/%近场曲率增大率/%
原桥2.41.90.00.0
10根索2.62.216.016.0
20根索3.02.430.030.0
30根索3.32.637.537.5
40根索3.62.536.636.6
50根索3.72.853.053.0
), ArticleFig(id=1245390169365394088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390153489953725, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

塔底曲率的最大平均值和平均增大率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桥梁概况远场平均值/(×10-4 m-1近场平均值/(×10-4 m-1远场曲率增大率/%近场曲率增大率/%
原桥2.41.90.00.0
10根索2.62.216.016.0
20根索3.02.430.030.0
30根索3.32.637.537.5
40根索3.62.536.636.6
50根索3.72.853.053.0
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安装形状记忆合金减震系统的斜拉桥地震响应分析
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王晓冬 1 , 范金国 2 , 王宇霄 3 , 郑越 3 , 姜宇飞 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(4): 157-168
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(4): 157-168
安装形状记忆合金减震系统的斜拉桥地震响应分析
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王晓冬1 , 范金国2, 王宇霄3, 郑越3 , 姜宇飞3
作者信息
  • 1.秦皇岛市公路养护服务中心,河北 秦皇岛 066000
  • 2.山东高速发展有限公司日照公司,山东 日照 276800
  • 3.同济大学 土木工程学院,上海 杨浦 200092
  • 王晓冬(1978—),女,工程师,主要从事桥梁养护与管理研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

郑越(1975—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
Seismic response analysis of a cable-stayed bridge with shape memory alloy seismic mitigation systems
Xiaodong WANG1 , Jinguo FAN2, Yuxiao WANG3, Yue ZHENG3 , Yufei JIANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Highway Maintenance Service Center of Qinhuangdao City, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
  • 2.Rizhao Branch of Shandong Expressway Development Group Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
  • 3.College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0415
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形状记忆合金(shape memory alloys,SMA)具有超弹性效应和形状记忆效应,被逐步应用于土木工程领域。基于SMA材料的超弹性能,提出一种减震限位装置。将该装置通过销轴分别与桥梁的上、下部结构相连,使其在水平方向发挥限位减震的作用,保护桥梁结构在地震作用下免遭破坏。首先通过进行SMA单索和减震限位装置的拟静力荷载试验,得到SMA拉索和减震限位装置的本构关系模型;随后选择一座主跨为360 m的斜拉桥,在OpenSeesPy软件中建立有限元模型,分别将采用0、5、10、15、20、30、40、50根SMA拉索的减震限位装置添加到斜拉桥模型,选取了7条远场和7条近场脉冲地震动进行了斜拉桥的地震响应分析。研究结果表明,随着SMA拉索数量的增加,斜拉桥主梁最大位移依次减小,但主塔塔底最大曲率依次增加。当采用10根SMA拉索时,在远场和近场脉冲地震动作用下,主梁平均最大位移分别减小了51.8%和36.8%,塔底平均最大曲率分别增加了5.1%和16.0%,因此,可以通过增加较小主塔曲率的方法实现主梁位移的大幅度降低。

桥梁抗震  /  动力分析  /  形状记忆合金  /  减震限位装置

Shape memory alloys (SMA) have the characteristic of superelasticity and shape memory property, and are increasingly applied to civil engineering. A novel SMA-based device is proposed, which has the seismic mitigation and displacement limiting capacities. The device connects with the superstructure and substructure of the bridge through axis pins. The novel device not only can restrain the bridge in a safe range, but also can dissipate the seismic energy, and protect the bridge from earthquake damage. This study comments with pseudo-static tests on a single SMA cable specimen and the novel device. The constitutive models of the SMA cable and the novice device are proposed based the test results. A finite element model of a cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 360 meters was established in OpenSeesPy software for investigation. Seven far-field and seven near-field earthquake records were selected to study the seismic responses of the cable-stayed bridge with the novel device equipping 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 SMA cables. The study results indicate that the maximum longitudinal displacement of the girder decreased significantly with the number of SMA cables increased. However, this reduction was accompanied by a slight increase in the average maximum curvature at the base of the main tower. For example, the seismic mitigation device with 10 SMA cables reduced the average maximum displacement of the girder by 51.8% and 36.8% under seven far-field and seven near-field earthquakes, respectively. However, the corresponding average maximum curvature at the tower base increased by 5.1% and 16.0%, respectively. Consequently, the proposed SMA-based seismic mitigation device can effectively reduce the displacement of the girder at the cost of a small curvature increment at the tower base.

seismic prevention of bridge  /  dynamic analysis  /  shape memory alloy  /  seismic mitigation and displacement restraining device
王晓冬, 范金国, 王宇霄, 郑越, 姜宇飞. 安装形状记忆合金减震系统的斜拉桥地震响应分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (4) : 157 -168 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0415
Xiaodong WANG, Jinguo FAN, Yuxiao WANG, Yue ZHENG, Yufei JIANG. Seismic response analysis of a cable-stayed bridge with shape memory alloy seismic mitigation systems[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (4) : 157 -168 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0415
现有的抗震设计方法中,有延性抗震设计和减、隔震2种设计方法[1]。延性抗震设计原理是通过选定延性构件的某些部位在地震作用下产生塑性铰,利用结构的塑性变形耗散地震能量以及延长结构自振周期来减小所遭受的地震力;减、隔震技术是充分利用减、隔震装置进入塑性所产生附加阻尼或者设法阻止地震能量传递到结构中[2],从而达到减震效果。常用的桥梁减震措施主要包括采用耗能支座与伸缩缝以及各类被动、主动与半主动阻尼器[3-5]等。为了使普通橡胶支座在隔震的基础上增大耗能减震的能力,ROBINSON[6]通过在橡胶支座中加入铅棒以延长结构周期的同时增大结构的阻尼,消耗地震在结构中产生的能量并且在铅棒屈服后支座仍存在屈服后刚度继续限制结构的变形。ZAYAS等[7]提出的摩擦摆支座可通过滑动面的设计延长结构的振动周期,同时利用滑块与滑动面间的摩擦来消耗地震所产生的能量,并且其特有的圆弧滑动面具有自动复位功能,可以有效地限制支座的位移。新旧金山-奥克兰海湾桥在钢桥塔的4个塔筒之间采用剪力耗能件进行连接,该体系可以大大减轻地震对桥梁结构所造成的损伤。陈博文等[8]提出了一种新型分阶段屈服金属阻尼器,能有效实现分阶段屈服耗能,构件位移小时屈服耗能的过程中附加给主体结构的刚度小;构件位移大时,其滞回曲线饱满稳定。大跨度桥梁往往安装黏滞阻尼器来减轻震害。马安财等[9]考虑桩-土动力相互作用和超高桥墩几何非线性P-Δ效应的大跨铁路连续钢桁梁桥,研究了黏滞阻尼器的阻尼指数和阻尼系数对结构减震的影响规律并分析了其减震性能。傅博等[10]提出了一种底部旋转型颗粒阻尼器,通过在颗粒容器与主体结构间设置旋转机构提高颗粒阻尼器的减振性能,并具有较好的适用性。
近年来,基于形状记忆合金(shape memory alloy,SMA)新材料的桥梁减震装置受到了越来越多的关注。SMA是一种既具有形状记忆效应(shape memory effect,SME)又具有超弹性(superelasticity,SE)的镍钛金属合金。SMA的这2种特性与微观层面的奥氏体(austenite phase)和马氏体(martensite phase)相互转化有关。FANG等[11]研究了不同退火方案对SMA拉索力学性能的影响,结果表明,合理的退火温度和退火时间可以提高SMA的刚度、耗能和变形能力。SMA环簧作为一种新型装置,具有良好的耗能和自复位能力[12]。孙国华等[13]通过将具有捏缩滞回特征的斜槽剪切板和SMA材料组合,提出了一种新型自复位斜槽剪切板支撑。黄斌等[14]对Motahari提出的SMA多段线性本构模型进行了改进,结合螺旋弹簧的基本力学性能,给出了复杂荷载下超弹性SMA螺旋弹簧力-位移关系模型的数值仿真方法。铁基形状记忆合金(Fe-SMA)是在SMA的基础上加入铁、锰、硅等元素,既保留了SMA的形状记忆效应,又具有良好的耐腐蚀能力、塑性变形能力,应用于建筑结构加固和阻尼器中[15]。与普通低碳钢相比,铁基SMA有良好的低周疲劳性能和耗能能力[16],因此可以应用于结构抗震领域。庄鹏等[17]在常规的摩擦摆支座(friction pendulum bearing,FPB)中引入呈竖向布置的SMA丝,进行了该新型SMA-FPB隔震装置在往复加载下的滞回性能数值模拟。LIANG等[18],FANG等[19],把SMA拉索应用于拉索支座,在构造细节上加以改进,在SMA拉索与支座顶底板连接处采用球形铰保证SMA拉索始终承受拉力,通过拟静力试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,得到SMA拉索支座的本构关系模型,利用有限元模型计算验证了该支座具有良好的限位减震性能,提出了设计方法,并将其成功应用于实际工程中。纪泓言等[20]提出一种多级设防SMA减隔震装置,并通过数值模拟与拟静力试验,验证了其变形自恢复能力强以及中小震隔震效率高和强震限位能力强等优点。虽然SMA拉索支座等减震装置对于中小桥梁有着良好的减震效果,但在大型桥梁如斜拉桥和悬索桥中的应用还比较少,因此有必要提出一种适用于大型桥梁的减震装置。
SMA减震限位装置由上滑槽、下滑槽、上销轴、下销轴、钢挡板、SMA拉索和引导板组成。装置上滑槽为一槽型钢,在一端处设置一个凹槽,在凹槽底板上打孔穿过上销轴。下滑槽为槽型钢,尺寸略大于上滑槽,保证上滑槽能够插进下滑槽中,下滑槽一端设置一个与上滑槽相同的凹槽,凹槽底板打孔,下销轴穿过孔洞与下部结构相连。上下滑槽端部凹槽分别位于装置两端,凹槽底板处于同一水平面上,保证两端受力在同一直线上避免产生力矩导致装置发生倾覆。两块矩形钢挡板设置在装置两端,在钢挡板上开若干数量的孔洞,将采用中空钢棒挤压锚固的SMA拉索穿过两侧钢挡板上的孔洞,再用螺母锚固,该装置的各组成构件与组装总成如图1所示。引导板可选用角钢,装置两端的引导板焊接在下滑槽上,保证钢挡板在水平方向运动,而不发生其他方向上的移动和转动。
装置上销轴与上部结构(主梁)固结,下销轴与下部结构(盖梁、桥墩等)固结,上、下销轴与装置上、下滑槽孔洞之间可以在水平面上自由转动。当上部结构与下部结构发生相对位移时,该装置可同时发挥耗能和限位作用,其限位能力和SMA拉索的安装长度主要是由温变与E2水平(50 a超越概率为2%)地震作用下主梁的位移需求来决定。其限位的工作原理如下:①当桥梁上、下部结构带动上、下销轴发生沿装置轴向的远离位移和任意一个转动时,上销轴通过上滑槽的凹槽底板圆孔带动上滑槽远离下销轴,上、下滑槽发生相对远离的运动,此时上滑槽推动钢挡板使SMA拉索伸长,起到限位和耗能作用,其运动机理如图2(a)所示;②当上、下部结构带动上、下销轴发生沿装置轴向的靠近位移和任意一个转动时,上销轴通过上滑槽的凹槽底板圆孔带动上滑槽靠近下销轴,但上、下滑槽仍然发生相对远离的运动,此时上滑槽推动另一侧钢挡板使SMA伸长,起到限位和耗能作用,如图2(b)所示。在E2水平地震作用下装置中SMA拉索的最大拉伸应变不大于8%,以确保SMA拉索材料的马氏体相变没有结束,以使SMA拉索始终保持超弹性能。
对SMA减震限位装置加以改进,以适合试验要求。改进后的装置由滑槽、挡板、锚固销轴、SMA拉索和螺母组成,如图3所示。将前挡板与滑槽焊接,通过在装置两端圆柱棒上施加拉力,使后挡板拉动SMA拉索伸长,起到耗能和限位作用。锚固销轴能够实现与滑槽之间的自由转动。
试验装置的钢材采用Q235钢,通过有限元软件计算并优化各个部件的尺寸。SMA拉索采用7×7×1.0 mm的构造形式,即SMA单丝的直径为1.0 mm,单股由7根丝构成,7股构成一根索。锚固方法为在直径大于SMA拉索直径的钢棒中心打孔,将SMA拉索插入孔中,然后通过沿径向挤压使钢棒变形,SMA拉索与钢棒之间通过挤压力锚固。试验装置的部件尺寸如图4所示。
试验设备采用MTS万能试验机,万能试验机夹具夹住装置两端的钢棒,加载制度采用增量位移的加载方式,以2 mm为一个增量步,加载至预定位移水平后卸载至位移为0,每个位移水平循环2次。最大加载位移为18 mm,最大加载名义应变为9%,加载制度如图5所示。加载速率为5 mm/min。试验分为2种工况,工况1为单根SMA拉索的拉伸,工况2为采用2根索的SMA减震限位装置的拉伸。
工况1试验初始状态如图6(a)所示,将SMA拉索两端的锚固钢棒用万能试验机(MTS)夹头夹紧,按前述加载步骤加载。工况2试验初始状态如图6(b)所示,首先将SMA拉索两端锚固钢棒螺纹区穿过钢挡板孔洞,再在钢棒的两端用M24螺栓锚固。两根索布置在钢挡板对角线位置,保证装置受力对称。MTS夹具夹持装置两端圆柱形钢棒,加载前调整2根SMA拉索的螺母,以保证2根拉索同时受力。
工况1在位移比较小(0~14 mm)时,SMA拉索表现出较好的自复位能力,具有超弹性,残余位移接近于0;当位移超过16 mm时,首次出现断丝现象,力和位移曲线呈现锯齿状,残余位移开始变大;当加载位移超过16 mm时,断丝数量不断增多,力和位移曲线锯齿状情况明显。因后期断丝情况,位移为20 mm时只加载了一个循环。工况2在位移比较小(0~14 mm)时,SMA拉索表现出较好的自复位能力,具有超弹性,残余位移接近于0;当位移超过16 mm时,出现断丝现象,力和位移曲线呈现锯齿状,随即停止加载。
循环加载后SMA拉索力与位移的响应结果如图7所示。工况1所产生最大拉力为33.3 kN,工况2的最大拉力为50.1 kN。工况1和工况2的应力与应变曲线如图8所示。对于工况1,可以发现当应变超过8%时,SMA拉索开始发生断丝现象,对应图8(a)曲线呈锯齿状,此时应力约为701 MPa,如果继续加载应变到9%时,应力约为791 MPa,此时更多的SMA丝开始断裂;对于工况2,当应变接近8%时,SMA拉索开始发生断丝现象,对应图8(b)中曲线呈现锯齿状,此时应力约为642 MPa,如果继续加载,应变到8%时,应力约为651 MPa。试验发现位于拉索外侧的SMA丝最先断裂,原因是在锚固过程中索两端钢棒边缘挤压索外侧SMA丝产生了初始缺陷或应力集中,后续研究有望改善锚固工艺以避免断丝现象的发生。
根据以往研究结果,SMA单丝和SMA拉索在循环加载下都会呈现“旗帜”形滞回响应,但SMA单丝和拉索之间还存在两点区别:单丝的屈服应力大于索;单丝的屈服前刚度小于索。导致以上两点区别的原因是SMA拉索具有螺旋状构造导致各丝受力不同步。在试验中,SMA单丝和拉索均表现出刚度退化效应和残余变形的累积效应。为此,为了综合考虑SMA拉索的松弛效应、刚度退化效应以及残余变形的累积效应,提出了一种SMA拉索减震限位装置的本构关系模型,如图9所示。
图9中,该装置的加载与卸载路径为OABCDEAO,其本构关系可由式(1)表示:
式中:Δ0为装置的自由程,可根据工程需要调整;F1F2F3F4Δ1Δ2Δ3Δ4分别为点BCDE对应的力和位移;k1k2k3k4分别为装置在ABBCCDDE段的刚度。图中点C代表材料能承受的最大超弹性拉力所对应的位置,若继续加载,SMA拉索会产生较大的残余变形。当拉伸位移大于Δ1小于Δ2且卸载时,其卸载刚度仍然取k3。根据试验,SMA拉索在拉伸初期遵循胡克定律,可根据力和位移的大小计算初始刚度k1,在经历刚度退化段后,拉索进入稳定段,可根据力和位移的变化大小计算第二刚度k2,以双线性描述拉索刚度退化段,两段直线延长线的交点对应的力和位移分别为F1Δ1;根据试验的卸载点,可直接测量F2Δ2的值,通过力和位移的变化大小计算第三刚度k3,在经历刚度退化段后,拉索再次进入稳定段,可根据力和位移的变化大小计算第四刚度k4,两段直线延长线的交点对应的力和位移分别为F3Δ3;当拉索按照第四刚度k4持续卸载,直至与拉伸初期路径相交时,若继续卸载,拉索的卸载刚度还原为k1,交点对应的力和位移分别为F4Δ4
根据上述本构关系模型,即可通过有限元软件计算出SMA减震限位装置在荷载作用下的应力-应变响应。根据OpenSees有限元软件的数值模拟与SMA减震限位装置拟静力试验结果的对比如图10所示。
选择一座具有实际工程背景的斜拉桥作为算例。斜拉桥设有辅助墩和过渡墩,其跨径组合为(61+87+360+87+61)m,桥型总体布置如图11所示。主梁为钢主梁叠合混凝土桥面板的双肋式组合形式,主梁高度为3.2 m,宽度为35.4 m,如图12所示,其总质量为39564.7 t。桥塔采用“A”字型桥塔,主塔高为123.8 m,横梁以下塔高为13.8 m,横梁以上高为110 m,如图13所示。塔柱截面形式为4×6.5 m~6×9 m的箱型截面,单塔质量为13355.0 t,如图14所示。斜拉索呈扇形布置,共计112根索,主梁上的标准索距为12 m,边跨加密处索距为8 m。辅助墩采用双柱墩,墩高为21 m,质量为2 231.4 t;过渡墩为框架墩,设有盖梁,墩高为13 m,质量为1299.5 t;辅助墩和过渡墩均采用5×3.5 m的圆端形箱型截面。桥塔和桥墩所采用的混凝土等级分别为C50和C40,主筋的直径采用45 mm和32 mm这2种,构造配筋的直径为16 mm,钢筋牌号均为HRB400。桥塔关键截面的配筋如图14所示。
该斜拉桥纵向为半飘浮体系,主梁与塔、墩之间均设置球型钢支座,横向固定,纵向滑动;塔与梁之间横向设置抗风支座,限制主梁的横向位移。SMA拉索减震限位装置安装在2个桥塔主梁与横梁处,如图15所示。根据1.1节中的安装方式,分别通过上销轴和下销轴将装置固定在主梁下部和塔柱之间的横梁上部,运动方向设置为桥梁纵向。采用MF200伸缩缝,其最大伸缩量为±200 mm。
在基于Python语言的OpenSeesPy平台中建立了斜拉桥的有限元模型,如图16所示。主梁采用弹性梁柱单元(elasticBeamColumn element)模拟,假设地震中主梁不会损坏,一直处于弹性工作阶段。主梁、桥塔以及桥墩等结构的质量采用集中质量单元进行模拟。斜拉索采用可以考虑几何非线性的桁架单元(Truss element)模拟,不考虑其材料非线性,拉索和主梁之间采用刚性连接(rigidLink),施加初始应变并确保索力与成桥状态索力基本一致。通过m法计算出基础刚度并采用零长度单元(zeroLength element)进行模拟。球型钢支座也采用零长度单元(zeroLength element)模拟。对于主塔和桥墩,在地震作用下可能进入非线性状态,须同时考虑材料与几何非线性,因此采用了非线性梁柱单元(forceBeamColumn element)来模拟,其中的混凝土与钢筋材料非线性分别采用Concrete01和Steel01模拟。伸缩缝通过碰撞单元(twoNodeLink element)模拟。斜拉桥有限单元模型采用瑞利阻尼,阻尼比取0.03。
在斜拉桥模型中,采用零长度单元(zeroLength element)模拟SMA减震耗能装置,它的2个节点共用相同的坐标,装置两端的节点与主梁和桥塔采用刚性连接。为了适应斜拉桥主梁在温变与制动力等荷载作用下的变形需求,装置会设置一段自由程以释放温度等荷载所产生的内力。其中由温度变化引起的变形公式如式(2)所示:
式中:α为线膨胀系数,钢材和混凝土均近似取为1.2×10-5/℃;L为桥梁长度,本桥全长为656 m,取桥长一半为328 m;ΔT为温度变化量,取±25 ℃;计算得到Δl=9.8 cm,再考虑汽车制动力等因素的影响,最大伸长量取200 mm。在本文采用的斜拉桥SMA减震限位装置中SMA拉索的长度为5 m,其中包含了±200 mm的自由行程。
为检验SMA减震限位耗能装置的适用性和有效性,从太平洋地震工程中心地震动数据库中分别选取7条远场(far-field,FF)地震动和7条近场(near-field,NF)脉冲地震动。本桥址位于二类软土场地上,抗震设防烈度为八级,峰值加速度PGA=0.3 g,反应谱的特征周期为0.45 s,目标反应谱采用了JTG/T 2231-01—2020《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》[1]规定的设计加速度反应谱。为保证远场地震动与目标反应谱吻合,对这些地震动加速度进行了调幅。对于近场脉冲地震动,为保证真实的脉冲效应,直接选取原始地震动数据。远场和近场脉冲地震动反应谱如图17所示。地震动沿桥梁的纵向与竖向同时输入,其中纵向和竖向场地系数分别为1.0和0.7。
采用一致激励的加载方式计算,计算了不安装减震装置斜拉桥的辅助墩和过渡墩墩底最大曲率和最大弯矩的平均值,结果如表1表2所示。可以发现,无论是过渡墩还是辅助墩在近场与远场地震作用下最不利截面的最大曲率平均值均小于截面的屈服曲率,说明辅助墩和过渡墩不会因该地震作用而破坏失效。
为得到采用不同SMA拉索数量的地震响应,分别计算了桥梁无SMA拉索(原桥)、10、20、30、40、50根SMA拉索在7条地震动下的响应,SMA拉索规格为7×7×1.0 mm,单根索的截面面积为3.85×10-3 m2。计算得到7条地震动作用下主梁位移最大值的平均值和使用SMA拉索的平均位移减小率见表3,主塔塔底曲率的最大值的平均值和使用SMA拉索后曲率平均增大率见表4
表3可知,SMA拉索具有良好的限位能力。随着SMA拉索数量的增加,主梁最大位移的平均值下降,设置10根SMA拉索,主梁位移下降得最为明显,远场地震动作用下最大位移减小率平均为51.8%,脉冲地震动作用下最大位移减小率平均为36.8%,在此基础上继续增加SMA拉索的数量,主梁最大位移继续下降,远场地震动作用下位移下降趋势放缓,对于脉冲地震动,在SMA拉索为20根时,平均最大位移减小率为58.5%,其后随着拉索的数量增加,最大位移减小率的下降趋势放缓。图18为选择地震动中一条波的原始位移和设置SMA减震装置后位移时程响应的对比。
表4可知,与不采用SMA拉索相比,采用SMA拉索的桥梁主塔塔底最大曲率会增大,原因是SMA拉索限制了主梁位移,将部分地震力传至塔底,结果表明墩底的最大曲率平均值增加率不大,使用10根索时,远场地震动和脉冲地震动作用下塔底最大曲率平均较无索时分别增加了5.1%和16.0%,使用50根索时,2种工况下的平均最大曲率分别增加了51.1%和53.0%,而此时主梁最大位移分别减小了73.7%和73.4%。结构主梁位移减小率大于塔底弯矩增大率的原因有以下两点:①SMA拉索具有良好的滞回耗能能力,耗散了一部分能量;②SMA装置改变了结构的传力路径,由于原桥为纵向漂浮体系,主梁的惯性力由拉索传递至主塔塔顶,再传至塔底,设置SMA拉索后,主梁的一部分惯性力由SMA拉索传递给了主塔,力臂减小了,因此塔底曲率增加也较小。此外还可以发现随着拉索数量的增加,桥墩墩底最大曲率的平均值变化不大,是因为斜拉桥采用了纵向半漂浮体系,主梁纵向仅靠支座与桥墩连接,而支座抗剪刚度较小,因此通过支座传递的纵向力很小,使得桥墩纵向曲率变化不明显,因此,在主塔上设置SMA减震限位装置并不会影响桥墩的曲率。
表3表4可知,采用10根SMA索,结构的主梁最大位移减小最为明显,而塔底最大曲率增加并不显著,因此有必要细化采用10根索前后的索数量,增加5根和15根索的工况,以便确定合理的SMA索使用量。结果表明,从5根索增加到10根索主梁最大位移下降得最快,而塔底最大曲率增加不大,设置在脉冲地震动作用下,采用10根索的最大曲率平均值较5根略有下降,因此,对于本文使用的桥梁模型,综合考虑SMA索使用数量和减震效果,使用10根索能够有效降低主梁位移,同时能够控制建设成本在合理区间。
利用SMA材料的超弹性,首先提出了一种减震限位装置,接着开展了SMA拉索和新型减震装置的拟静力试验,不仅建立了SMA减震限位装置的本构关系,还验证了装置的有效性。选取一座公路斜拉桥,比较了斜拉桥安装不同数量SMA拉索的减震限位装置在远场和近场脉冲地震动作用下的地震响应,主要结论如下:
1)SMA拉索在增量往复荷载作用下的应力-应变图像呈现旗帜形,表明SMA拉索具有良好的能量耗散能力和自复位能力,可恢复应变高达到8%。
2)SMA拉索减震限位装置具有明显的限位耗能作用,在主塔塔底位曲率增加较小的情况下,能够有效降低主梁的位移,采用SMA拉索数量越多,主梁最大位移越小,但最大位移减小速率放缓。
3)通过对比分析发现安装了SMA拉索减震限位装置较不安装装置的桥梁,斜拉桥的主梁位移明显减小,但主塔塔底曲率会稍微增加,因此,针对不同桥梁结构需要单独设计使其既能达到较好的减震效果又能节约成本。
  • 科技援青合作专项(2024-QY-202)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51978513)
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0415
  • 接收时间:2023-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-06
  • 修回日期:2023-12-12
基金
科技援青合作专项(2024-QY-202)
国家自然科学基金项目(51978513)
作者信息
    1.秦皇岛市公路养护服务中心,河北 秦皇岛 066000
    2.山东高速发展有限公司日照公司,山东 日照 276800
    3.同济大学 土木工程学院,上海 杨浦 200092

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郑越(1975—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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