Article(id=1245390011852501081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0320, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710000000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-10, revisedDate=1713024000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853717053, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853717053, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853717053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853717053, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390004252426256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='230', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853715241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854338522, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=200, endPage=213, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390012158685289, articleId=1245390011852501081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Seismic damage investigation and analysis of rural dwellings in Ms6.2 Jishishan earthquake, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The seismic damage of rural dwellings in the Ms 6.2 earthquake in Jishishan is explored. The structural characteristics, construction habits and construction techniques of the rural dwellings in the disaster area were summarized. The collapse and typical earthquake damage characteristics of rural dwellings with different structural forms were analyzed. The mechanisms of traditional building practices on the seismic resistance and disaster prevention capability of residential houses were studied. The results of the research and analysis show that the structural systems of rural dwellings are mostly “tiger hugging head” style brick-wood structure, accounting for 50.9% of the total number of researched houses, and there are fewer cases of earthen structure and brick-concrete structure, accounting for 28.2% and 20.9%, respectively. There are many cases of the overall collapse of the earthen structure in the study area, fewer cases of overall collapse of brick-wood structure, and no cases of total collapse of brick-concrete structures. The earthquake damage of brick-wood dwellings mainly consists of cracking at the corners of the gable walls, dislodging at the joints, partial collapse of the gable walls, and cracking of roof laps. The main earthquake damage to earthen dwellings is damage to the corner of the gable wall, collapse of the gable wall, and collapse of the roof. Earthquake damage to brick-concrete structure mainly consists of wall cracking, wall collapse and floor (roof) damage. Bad construction habits such as mud joints, thick-covered loess roofs, and large-weight door decorations exacerbated the earthquake damage to residential houses and should be improved in the subsequent restoration and reconstruction work. Measures and suggestions to improve the earthquake-resistant and disaster-preventive capacity of rural dwellings were put forward with regard to the seismic damage characteristics of different structural systems and construction habits, with a view to providing reference for the construction,strengthening and renovation of rural dwellings in the disaster areas.

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探明积石山6.2级地震中村镇民居的震害情况,归纳总结了灾区村镇民居的主要结构特征、建造习惯和施工工艺,分析了不同结构形式村镇民居的倒塌情况和典型震害特征,评析了传统建造习惯对民居抗震防灾能力的影响。结果表明:民居结构体系多为“虎抱头”式砖木结构房屋,占调研总数的50.9%,生土结构和砖混结构较少,分别占调研总数的28.2%、20.9%;调研区域内大量生土结构民居发生整体倒塌,砖木结构民居出现整体倒塌案例较少,砖混结构未发现整体倒塌案例;砖木结构民居震害主要表现为山墙转角开裂、梁柱节点处脱榫、局部山墙倒塌、屋盖搭接处开裂,生土结构民居震害主要表现为山墙转角破损、山墙歪闪倒塌和屋盖塌陷,砖混结构民居震害主要表现为墙体开裂、歪闪倒塌和楼(屋)盖破坏;泥浆砌墙、厚覆黄土屋盖、大重量门盖装饰等不良建造习惯加剧了民居的震害,在后续恢复重建工作中应予以改进。针对不同结构体系震害特征和建造习惯提出了提高村镇民居抗震防灾能力的措施和建议,以期为灾区村镇民居的建设、加固改造提供参考。

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兰官奇(1991—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事工程结构抗震方面的研究。E-mail:

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兰官奇(1991—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事工程结构抗震方面的研究。E-mail:

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兰官奇(1991—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事工程结构抗震方面的研究。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Assessing on construction habituation and seismic behavior of village and town buildings in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245390027031688063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, awardId=52308204; 42301156, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52308204; 42301156), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245390018945069616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390018949263921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, companyId=1245390018945069616, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245390018957652530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Low-rise dwellings in Jishisha earthquake-affected areas, figureFileSmall=T8GiHq1CsylrWd9X3EyM1w==, figureFileBig=JAsLKt+xwcRKGzJn+T40Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390022589919964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图2, caption=积石山地震灾区的低矮民居, figureFileSmall=T8GiHq1CsylrWd9X3EyM1w==, figureFileBig=JAsLKt+xwcRKGzJn+T40Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390022728332001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of the structural form, construction age and number of floors of the rural dwellings in Hongya Village, figureFileSmall=04k3iqpk7V8t5v0ckYV1AA==, figureFileBig=QfCz/7K4XtC1VGKjoz0ODA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390022845772518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图3, caption=红崖村的民居结构形式、建造年代、楼层数分布特征, figureFileSmall=04k3iqpk7V8t5v0ckYV1AA==, figureFileBig=QfCz/7K4XtC1VGKjoz0ODA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023017738987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Brick-wood dwellings in Hongya Village, figureFileSmall=bNqmsVxG/6dy9w+zOed9xw==, figureFileBig=VPhJPaQ4EkLhZA/pGoZ/eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023143568111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图4, caption=红崖村的砖木结构民居, figureFileSmall=bNqmsVxG/6dy9w+zOed9xw==, figureFileBig=VPhJPaQ4EkLhZA/pGoZ/eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023235842803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Typical layout of“tiger hugging head”style rural dwellings, figureFileSmall=MLOcBt8lcBS4foS5XDvwQg==, figureFileBig=BBBAXpYRTEyW28YzTThe8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023323923192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图5, caption=“虎抱头”式民居典型布局, figureFileSmall=MLOcBt8lcBS4foS5XDvwQg==, figureFileBig=BBBAXpYRTEyW28YzTThe8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023412003580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Typical construction of residential roofs in the study area, figureFileSmall=N+030bUujzIs3YfHlGDLHA==, figureFileBig=03QNy20CeImW+7lGBj7GNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023516861184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图6, caption=灾区村镇民居屋面典型构造, figureFileSmall=N+030bUujzIs3YfHlGDLHA==, figureFileBig=03QNy20CeImW+7lGBj7GNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023630107395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Brick-concrete dwelling in Hongya Village, figureFileSmall=srHcpcHRhF7MSQd6VGJPog==, figureFileBig=Ye2e59D/UFX86edA75E18w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023739159304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图7, caption=红崖村的砖混结构民居, figureFileSmall=srHcpcHRhF7MSQd6VGJPog==, figureFileBig=Ye2e59D/UFX86edA75E18w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023823045388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Earthen dwelling in Chenjia Village, figureFileSmall=JE7bm6cYNqL/fY1MaGgcwQ==, figureFileBig=JactTNhkX2hg9gDNPAlXcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390023902737170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图8, caption=陈家村的生土结构民居, figureFileSmall=JE7bm6cYNqL/fY1MaGgcwQ==, figureFileBig=JactTNhkX2hg9gDNPAlXcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024007594773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Antique courtyard gate with four sloping roofs in Chenjia Village, figureFileSmall=OrmV4gtjC5pO5zzNHh0x4A==, figureFileBig=r7wXlOhGkb5sBE4cgcB5Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024120840985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图9, caption=陈家村的四坡顶仿古院门, figureFileSmall=OrmV4gtjC5pO5zzNHh0x4A==, figureFileBig=r7wXlOhGkb5sBE4cgcB5Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024242475806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Comparison of earthquake damage to “tiger hugging head” style rural dwellings, figureFileSmall=YAtFitvrAjevQdsJAf/ycA==, figureFileBig=WMhs6+epCsgNH8LfU1IXLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024322167584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图10, caption=“虎抱头”式民居震害情况对比, figureFileSmall=YAtFitvrAjevQdsJAf/ycA==, figureFileBig=WMhs6+epCsgNH8LfU1IXLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024401859364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Distribution of residential safety levels in Hongya Village, figureFileSmall=DoIS3v+s10YU0gJNwC8QIw==, figureFileBig=g9fmbTkSzALTYibYoZh3cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024473162537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图11, caption=红崖村的民居安全鉴定等级分布, figureFileSmall=DoIS3v+s10YU0gJNwC8QIw==, figureFileBig=g9fmbTkSzALTYibYoZh3cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024619963179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Composition of rural dwellings of different safety levels in Hongya Village, figureFileSmall=Rtqztfv3HgkzIAiuU5xrCw==, figureFileBig=QOszrCuV6ePLipfdOWA1FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024712237870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=CN, label=图12, caption=红崖村的不同安全等级民居的组成, figureFileSmall=Rtqztfv3HgkzIAiuU5xrCw==, figureFileBig=QOszrCuV6ePLipfdOWA1FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024808706867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390011852501081, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Collapsed brick-wood dwellings in Chenjia Village, figureFileSmall=j10IW+zEz8270JtMzrySnw==, figureFileBig=8x8wtdjQgSm3D6rgzDUmPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245390024913564471, 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积石山6.2级地震村镇民居震害调研与分析
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兰官奇 , 陈涛 , 代建波 , 朱熹育 , 孙杲辰
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(3): 200-213
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(3): 200-213
积石山6.2级地震村镇民居震害调研与分析
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兰官奇 , 陈涛, 代建波, 朱熹育, 孙杲辰
作者信息
  • 西安石油大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710065
  • 兰官奇(1991—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事工程结构抗震方面的研究。E-mail:

Seismic damage investigation and analysis of rural dwellings in Ms6.2 Jishishan earthquake
Guanqi LAN , Tao CHEN, Jianbo DAI, Xiyu ZHU, Gaochen SUN
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0320
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探明积石山6.2级地震中村镇民居的震害情况,归纳总结了灾区村镇民居的主要结构特征、建造习惯和施工工艺,分析了不同结构形式村镇民居的倒塌情况和典型震害特征,评析了传统建造习惯对民居抗震防灾能力的影响。结果表明:民居结构体系多为“虎抱头”式砖木结构房屋,占调研总数的50.9%,生土结构和砖混结构较少,分别占调研总数的28.2%、20.9%;调研区域内大量生土结构民居发生整体倒塌,砖木结构民居出现整体倒塌案例较少,砖混结构未发现整体倒塌案例;砖木结构民居震害主要表现为山墙转角开裂、梁柱节点处脱榫、局部山墙倒塌、屋盖搭接处开裂,生土结构民居震害主要表现为山墙转角破损、山墙歪闪倒塌和屋盖塌陷,砖混结构民居震害主要表现为墙体开裂、歪闪倒塌和楼(屋)盖破坏;泥浆砌墙、厚覆黄土屋盖、大重量门盖装饰等不良建造习惯加剧了民居的震害,在后续恢复重建工作中应予以改进。针对不同结构体系震害特征和建造习惯提出了提高村镇民居抗震防灾能力的措施和建议,以期为灾区村镇民居的建设、加固改造提供参考。

积石山地震  /  震害调查  /  村镇民居  /  砖木结构  /  建造习惯

The seismic damage of rural dwellings in the Ms 6.2 earthquake in Jishishan is explored. The structural characteristics, construction habits and construction techniques of the rural dwellings in the disaster area were summarized. The collapse and typical earthquake damage characteristics of rural dwellings with different structural forms were analyzed. The mechanisms of traditional building practices on the seismic resistance and disaster prevention capability of residential houses were studied. The results of the research and analysis show that the structural systems of rural dwellings are mostly “tiger hugging head” style brick-wood structure, accounting for 50.9% of the total number of researched houses, and there are fewer cases of earthen structure and brick-concrete structure, accounting for 28.2% and 20.9%, respectively. There are many cases of the overall collapse of the earthen structure in the study area, fewer cases of overall collapse of brick-wood structure, and no cases of total collapse of brick-concrete structures. The earthquake damage of brick-wood dwellings mainly consists of cracking at the corners of the gable walls, dislodging at the joints, partial collapse of the gable walls, and cracking of roof laps. The main earthquake damage to earthen dwellings is damage to the corner of the gable wall, collapse of the gable wall, and collapse of the roof. Earthquake damage to brick-concrete structure mainly consists of wall cracking, wall collapse and floor (roof) damage. Bad construction habits such as mud joints, thick-covered loess roofs, and large-weight door decorations exacerbated the earthquake damage to residential houses and should be improved in the subsequent restoration and reconstruction work. Measures and suggestions to improve the earthquake-resistant and disaster-preventive capacity of rural dwellings were put forward with regard to the seismic damage characteristics of different structural systems and construction habits, with a view to providing reference for the construction,strengthening and renovation of rural dwellings in the disaster areas.

Jishishan earthquake  /  seismic damage investigation  /  rural dwellings  /  brick-wood structure  /  construction habits
兰官奇, 陈涛, 代建波, 朱熹育, 孙杲辰. 积石山6.2级地震村镇民居震害调研与分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (3) : 200 -213 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0320
Guanqi LAN, Tao CHEN, Jianbo DAI, Xiyu ZHU, Gaochen SUN. Seismic damage investigation and analysis of rural dwellings in Ms6.2 Jishishan earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (3) : 200 -213 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0320
北京时间2023年12月18日23时59分在甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山保安族东乡族拉萨族自治县柳沟乡(震中35.70°N,102.79°E)发生了6.2级逆冲型地震[1](简称“积石山地震”)。地震震中位于高寒偏远地区,平均海拔高度超过3 800 m,伴生滑坡、砂涌等破坏性极强的次生灾害[2-4]。截止2023年12月31日,共造成151人遇难,受灾范围近6000 km2[5-6]
积石山地震呈现出烈度高、范围广、差异大的总体特征。此次地震发震断层属拉脊山北缘逆冲断裂带,上盘效应特征显著[7],加之震源深度仅10 km,短周期震动剧烈,震中烈度达8度,地面最大峰值加速度超1.0 g[8]。震中位于青藏高原和黄土高原的过渡区域,东向大部分地区厚覆黄土,大厚度黄土覆盖层对于地震波低频率、长周期分量有选择性放大作用[9-10],地震波的传播呈现出显著的远场放大效应,距震中超760 km的西安市震感明显。此次地震中烈度相同、场地地形相近、结构体系相仿的房屋损毁程度差异显著。例如,甘肃省临夏州积石山县大河家镇陈家村、青海省海东市民和县中川乡红崖村同属8度区,两地直线距离仅7 km,但前者大量房屋倒塌,近90%的房屋无法继续居住,而后者仅少数房屋局部倒塌。
积石山地震受灾地区涉及甘肃省3个市(州)9个县(市、区)88个乡镇(街道)以及太子山天然林保护区、盖新坪林场,涉及青海省2个市(州)4个县(市)30个乡镇[11]。虽然受灾地区的基本抗震设防烈度仅为7度,低于此次地震的最高烈度,但按照7度设防的城市房屋损坏程度较轻。形成鲜明对比的是,灾区内的村镇民居多为自筹自建,抗震防灾能力普遍低,震害损毁程度远超城市房屋,大量人员伤亡集中发生在村镇地区[12]。地震发生后,相关政府部门根据房屋安全性应急排查结果,对初步判断为无法继续居住的民居,组织居民迁移至安全区域进行集中安置。对于无法通过应急排查快速判断是否可继续居住的房屋,需进一步组织专业力量进行安全性评估鉴定。由于地震发生时间临近春节,能否在家过节成为灾区广大村镇居民最为关心的问题。为支援灾区灾后快速恢复重建,快速组织专业团队赶赴灾区为受灾房屋的安全性鉴定评估提供技术支持[13]
针对房屋震害情况复杂、安全性鉴定评估难度大的青海省海东市民和县中川乡红崖村,以入户调查的方式,收集了11个生产社436户民居的建筑、结构、施工和震害等资料;针对房屋损毁严重的甘肃省临夏州积石山县大河家镇、刘集乡、柳沟乡,以实地踏勘的方式,获取了民居震损情况资料。本文依据调研资料,归纳出受灾地区村镇民居的典型结构形式和建造习惯,结合本次地震特征分析了不同结构形式房屋的震害情况及产生震害的机理,探讨了当地建造习惯对房屋抗震性能的影响,并在此基础上对灾后恢复重建工作中提高村镇民居的抗震防灾能力给出了建议。
距离积石山地震震中12.3 km的刘集乡台站(GS.B002B)记录了此次地震的地震动[8],将记录的地震动加速度反应谱和规范设计谱绘制于图1。由图可知,周期0~0.5 s时,观测站记录的地震动加速度反应谱值高于7度罕遇、8度罕遇和9度罕遇地震对应的谱值。此次震中附近分布着大量村镇,村镇低矮民居自振频率高和自振周期短,约在0.1~0.5 s,恰好与此次地震的地震动反应谱峰值段重叠,地震动幅值大,导致村镇低矮民居震害严重,如图2所示。根据甘肃积石山6.2级地震烈度图[11],此次地震最大烈度为8度,等震线长轴呈北北西走向,长轴124 km,短轴85 km,区域面积约331 km2,其中包含异常区面积15 km2,主要涉及甘肃省临夏县和青海省海东市民和县,共计12个乡镇。7度区面积1514 km2,主要涉及甘肃省临夏回族自治州23个乡镇和青海省海东市等12个乡镇。6度区面积6519 km2,主要涉及甘肃省临夏回族自治州、兰州市红古区、兰州市红古区等100个乡镇。本次调研地点主要集中于青海省民和县中川乡、官亭镇和甘肃省积石山县大河家镇、刘集乡、柳沟乡等评估烈度为8度的地区。
积石山地震8度区范围内的民居在地震中损毁严重,呈现出典型农村地区“小震致灾、中震大灾、大震巨灾”的震害特点[14]。除同频共振放大了地震动对低矮农房的惯性作用外,在民族文化和建造习惯影响下形成的建筑结构特征也是民居损毁严重的关键因素。本文分别从结构形式、建造年代、结构体系特征和围护结构特征等方面对本次调研区域内的村镇民居特征进行了梳理和总结。
本次调研资料显示,甘肃、青海两地受灾地区村镇民居结构类型相近,主要结构类型包含生土结构、砖木结构和砖混结构3种形式。以红崖村为例,该村庄民居结构体系的组成情况如图3(a)所示。红崖村民居主要以砖木结构为主,占调查民居总数的50.9%,少量房屋为生土结构,占28.2%,还有少部分砖混结构,占20.9%。红崖村民居建筑的建造年代情况如图3(b)所示,其中2014年及以后建造的房屋占31.2%,2004—2013年建造的房屋占39.7%,2004年以前建造的房屋占29.1%。红崖村民居建筑主要以单层房屋为主,占被调查房屋总数的91.7%,2层房屋占8.3%,分布情况如图3(c)所示。
调研地区的典型砖木结构房屋如图4所示。受庄廓的影响[15],回族居住区大量砖木结构房屋为典型的“虎抱头”式民居[16],平面布局如图5所示。“虎抱头”式民居大多依靠北面墙体而建,房间面宽大、进深窄,多为单层4~8开间。房屋平面呈“凹”字形布局,开口朝南,凹进处多设有封闭内廊,东西两端房间向南突出2~3 m,并在突出房间内靠窗和山墙处设置火炕。“虎抱头”式民居大多为“木框架+砌体墙”混合竖向承重体系。房屋的东西侧山墙和北墙一般为承重墙体,屋盖竖向荷载由木梁直接传导至承重墙体和内部木柱。墙体一般采用烧结普通砖和泥浆砌筑,承重墙厚度多为240 mm和370 mm,非承重墙厚度多为180 mm和240 mm。个别房屋承重墙内嵌木柱,辅助承受荷载。多数房屋采用“硬山搁檩”屋盖或木屋架-檩条屋盖,屋面为找坡3%~5%的平屋顶,屋面构造自下至上依次为椽子、望板、茅草层、覆土层、塑料布和覆土层,如图6所示。少数房屋采用钢筋混凝土预制板或现浇板屋盖,分别占砖木结构房屋总数的1.4%和0.9%。
调研地区典型的砖混结构房屋如图7所示。当地砖混结构房屋多为1~2层,根据屋主的使用需求,部分房屋底层尽可能减少横墙设置,以获取更大的使用空间放置生产资料和生产工具;部分房屋在二层通过两端房间的对称缩进获得可供晾晒的露台。房屋主要竖向承重构件为烧结黏土砖和泥浆砌筑的砖墙和砖柱,个别房屋局部采用钢筋混凝土柱承重。承重墙体厚度一般为240 mm,非承重墙体厚度多为120、180 mm。大部分房屋楼板及屋盖采用预制楼板,约占50.5%,少数采用钢筋混凝土现浇楼板和屋盖,约占29.7%,其余房屋采用木屋架-檩条屋盖和彩钢板屋盖,约占19.8%。
调研地区的生土结构房屋主要分为土坯墙承重、夯土墙承重和混合墙体承重3种类型,个别房屋为局部混杂烧结黏土砖和泥浆砌筑的砖柱承重。调研地区的生土结构民居大多为20世纪90年代之前建造,2000年后新建的生土建筑较少。调研地区典型的生土结构房屋,见图8。当地常用土坯大多为干打坯,未掺入稻草和麦秸等纤维加筋材料,土坯尺寸约为300 mm(长)×180 mm(宽)×60 mm(厚)。土坯承重墙多采用立砌,墙体厚度大于300 mm,部分土坯非承重墙体采用裱砌,灰缝采用与土坯相同的土料填充。调研地区夯土承重墙体较少,墙体从底部至顶部有作适当斜收,平均厚度约500 mm,墙体材料多为素土,未掺入加筋材料。当地生土结构房屋屋盖大多为木屋架-檩条屋盖,屋面多为人字形坡屋顶,构造与砖木结构房屋相近,通过“硬山搁檩”的方式将屋面荷载直接传导至承重墙。
调研地区村镇民居多以院落形式存在,院墙和院门是院落的主要围护结构。院墙下部多采用石材砌筑,墙体上部材料通常与民居主体结构墙体材料一致,包含夯土、土坯和烧结砖等。其中土坯、烧结砖砌筑的院墙多采用泥浆填充灰缝,且未进行抹面处理,仅有少数砖墙采用水泥砂浆砌筑和抹面。院墙高度3500 ~ 4000 mm,夯土院墙下宽上窄,平均厚度600 mm左右;土坯院墙多采用立砌,厚度为单块土坯长度,约300 mm;烧结砖砌筑院墙多采用“一顺一丁”组砌,厚度约240 mm,少数院墙采用全顺组砌,墙厚仅120 mm。
调研地区村镇民居的院门构造大多精致复杂,其竖向承载构件多为两面与院墙正交的砌体墙,墙顶部通常放置一块钢筋混凝土板,板上采用木材、砌体或钢筋混凝土构建仿古四坡顶的基础造型,并在其上部铺设瓦片形成风格各异的院门样式,如图9所示。院门整体高度高于院墙1000 mm左右,其中院门承重墙体约高于院墙500 mm,屋面造型高度约500 mm,门洞尺寸一般约2000~2500 mm高、2000 mm左右宽。院门承重墙多采用梅花丁组砌,厚度约360 mm,宽2000 mm。
积石山地震中,除因房屋直接遭受地震作用产生的受力构件开裂、局部倒塌和整体倒塌等破坏形式外,在青海省民和县中川乡草滩村和金田村还发生了因地震引发的泥石流灾害造成的民居冲毁、掩埋[417-18]。考虑到宏观地质灾害与微观房屋结构特征间的关联性较弱,仅对遭受地震直接破坏的村镇民居震害特征和破坏机理进行分析。
积石山地震在相同烈度区造成的村镇民居震损程度呈现出显著差异。甘肃省临夏州积石山县大河家镇陈家村、刘集乡阳洼村和青海省海东市民和县中川乡红崖村,海拔和地形特征相近,同属8度区,但同类结构形式的村镇民居震害情况差异巨大。陈家村、阳洼村两地的生土结构房屋几乎全部倒塌,砖木结构和砖混结构房屋主要承重构件普遍开裂、部分承重墙体倒塌,约90%民居在震后无法继续居住。红崖村仅个别常年无人居住的生土结构房屋墙体发生局部倒塌,少数砖木结构房屋填充墙体歪闪或局部倒塌、山墙开裂,砖混结构主要受力构件轻微开裂。图10为位于阳洼村和红崖村的“虎抱头”式民居震害情况,两处民居均为单层砖木结构,木屋架-檩条屋盖,建筑结构形式相近。位于阳洼村的民居端部房间墙体在地震中全部倒塌、屋顶瓦片脱落,破损情况严重,如图10(a)所示;位于红崖村的民居破坏轻微,仅山墙与屋架搭接处出现竖向裂缝,如图10(b)所示。结合中国地震局工程力学研究所强震动观测中心公布的积石山地震峰值加速度分布图[5]可知,陈家村、阳洼村周边观测站测得的地震动峰值加速度高达700~900 cm/s2,红崖村周边观测站测得的地震动峰值加速度仅为300~400 cm/s2
依据2019年住房和城乡建设部印发的《农村住房安全性鉴定技术导则》[19],对红崖村436户民居进行震后安全性鉴定。根据房屋场地安全性和地基基础、承重构件、围护构件和屋(楼)盖危险程度将调研民居的整体危险程度划分为A、B、C、D这4个等级,安全等级分布情况如图11所示。由图11可知,大部分调研民居的安全等级为B级和C级,占比超90%,仅有少数房屋的安全等级为A级和D级。其中A级指整体结构未出现明显破损点,满足安全使用的要求,该级别民居仅1户,占比0.2%;B级指个别承重构件出现了不至影响结构整体使用安全的破损,结构基本满足安全使用要求,该级别民居125户,占比28.7%;C级指部分承重构件出现了影响结构整体使用安全的破损,结构无法满足安全使用要求,具备加固修复后继续使用的条件,该级别民居281户,占比64.5%;D级指承重构件及围护构件出现了影响结构使用安全的严重破损,整体结构无法满足安全使用要求,不具备加固修复后继续安全使用的条件,该级别民居29户,占比6.6%。需要注意的是,本次调研工作未能收集材料强度、隐蔽构造等数据和图纸,调研的民居中仍可能存在更多的潜在危险性因素,危险程度可能比上述调研结果更高。图12给出了不同安全等级房屋中结构体系和建造年代的分布情况。
图12(a)可知,砖混结构震后破损程度最轻、砖木结构次之、生土结构最差。砖混结构房屋安全等级主要集中在B级,砖木结构房屋安全等级主要集中在C级,安全等级为D级的房屋主要为生土结构。由图12(b)可知,建造年代对于震后房屋破损程度影响显著,10 a内建造的房屋安全等级主要集中在B级和C级,建造时间超过20 a的房屋中D级房屋占比明显增多。文中分别从生土结构、砖木结构、砖混结构和围护结构四个方面,分析调研民居在积石山地震中的破坏机理,评析当地民居建造习惯对结构抗震性能的影响。
积石山地震造成了8度区内、尤其是烈度异常区内的部分砖木结构倒塌。图13为陈家村在此次地震中倒塌的砖木结构民居。该类结构多为“木框架+砌体墙”混合竖向承重体系,并采用“硬山搁檩”直接将屋盖竖向荷载传导至承重墙体和木柱,普遍存在纵横墙连接弱、填充墙与木框架无拉结、屋盖与承重墙体间弱拉结等问题。地震荷载作用下,混合结构异质材料构件间的运动相位差引起屋盖、木框架和砌体墙等不同构件相互碰撞,最终导致结构倒塌。
此次地震中位于红崖村的砖木结构民居未出现整体倒塌的案例,大多数民居出现山墙转角处和纵横墙交接处开裂、屋盖与墙体搭接处开裂、山墙倒塌或歪闪、梁柱节点处脱榫等典型单层砖木结构民居震害破坏特征[20],如图14所示。图14(a)为红崖村某砖木结构民居,该民居一侧山墙局部倒塌。由于当地砖木结构民居在山墙转角和纵横墙交接处大多不设置专门的拉结构造措施,双向地震作用下该部位易沿搭接部位出现竖向贯穿裂缝,如图14(b)所示。同时,地震作用下,大部分砖木结构民居的卯榫连接处出现了不同程度的脱榫现象,如图14(c)所示。砌体山墙由于缺乏平面外的有效约束,极易发生歪闪倒塌,如图14(d)所示。当地习惯以“硬山搁檩”方式将屋盖直接支撑在房屋两侧山墙和后墙上,导致砌体墙在与屋盖搭接处因局部承压强度不足,出现劈裂裂缝,如图14(e)所示。
受地域风俗和民族文化影响,灾区民居整体呈现出“重装饰、轻结构”的特点,这种现象在存量最多的砖木结构民居中尤为明显。大部分砖木结构民居的木结构虽选用上等木材建造并设有精美装饰图案,但承重和填充墙体却采用泥浆和烧结砖砌筑,且泥浆未经任何改性工艺处理,强度低、耐水性差。调研中发现,部分民居外墙灰缝泥浆流失严重,大部分灰缝长期处于欠饱满状态。灰缝泥浆的低强度和持续流失不仅可能引发墙体在静力荷载下因薄弱部位压溃引发的倒塌,更是进一步削弱了砌体墙整体性[21],增大了墙体在地震荷载作用下歪闪倒塌的风险。图15为阳洼村和陈家村两处代表性砌体墙震损情况对比,2个村庄距离相近,房屋整体震害情况相近,但采用泥浆和水泥砂浆砌筑的墙体破坏情况却差异显著。图15(a)为阳洼村某民居外墙,采用水泥砂浆和烧结砖砌筑,灰缝填充饱满,在地震中未出现明显受力裂缝;图15(b)为陈家村某民居外墙,采用泥浆和烧结砖砌筑,灰缝欠密实,在地震中出现了明显的斜向剪切裂缝。
此次积石山地震震中区域干旱少雨、海拔高、全年平均温度低,当地居民为了用尽可能低廉的造价提升房屋的保温隔热性能,习惯就地取材,在屋盖上覆多层泥土,覆土厚度通常超过300 mm。砖木结构房屋竖向承载构件中含有大量木柱,屋盖下部支撑结构重量较小,厚覆土使整体结构变为“上重下轻”的抗震不利结构,加之木屋架抗侧刚度小、屋盖和支撑结构连接弱,导致大重量屋盖在地震荷载下产生的位移远超支撑构件,最终引发房屋整体倒塌。
积石山地震中砖混结构民居发生整体倒塌的案例较少。位于陈家村的某砖混结构民居二层墙体发生歪闪倒塌,屋盖因丧失竖向支撑出现局部坍塌,如图16(a)所示;民居底层墙体出现典型的“X”形剪切裂缝,墙体转角处严重破损,如图16(b)所示。当地砖混结构民居大多不设置圈梁、构造柱,且纵横墙交接处不设置拉结构造措施,综合导致该类结构房屋整体性差,墙体缺乏平面外的有效约束,极易在地震中倒塌。因屋盖搭接部位拉结较弱,导致个别砖混结构房屋的大重量屋盖在地震中因位移远超下部结构而发生整体滑落,如图16(c)所示。
震中地区砖混结构房屋通常按照由下至上逐层平面缩进的方式建造,以获得可供晾晒的露台。该建筑形式使房屋顶层形成上小下大的“炮楼”结构,受损明显比底层结构更加严重。图17为陈家村二层砖混结构民居典型震害情况,两处房屋的二层破坏程度均重于底层。图17(a)为民居在二层两端对称缩进,并在二层承重墙体上大面积开设门窗洞口,导致二层结构刚度和质量相较于底层显著减小,地震中二层横墙沿门窗洞口角部斜45°方向产生剪切裂缝,局部墙体歪斜濒临倒塌;房屋底层墙体虽出现明显受力裂缝但开展宽度小、延伸长度短,整体受损程度轻于二层。图17(b)为民居在第二层角部设置的独立房间,该房间开窗一侧墙体在地震作用下开裂严重,未开窗一侧墙体在双向地震作用下也出现明显剪切裂缝,局部屋盖坍塌。
积石山地震灾区砖混结构民居大多建造年代较晚,整体抗震性能优于砖木结构和生土结构民居。但仅凭借工匠经验建造的砖混结构民居在此次地震中也暴露出结构竖向刚度、质量突变,平面刚心、质心偏心大等加剧地震作用效应的不利设计。图18为红崖村某二层砖混结构民居。该民居东侧结构在此次地震中出现多处破损点,但与该民居相邻的相同砖混结构民居却并未发生明显破坏。经入户踏勘后发现,初次建造时,该民居二层东西两侧各缩进一个开间形成左右对称的2个露台,并在露台上设置彩钢雨棚,后因使用需求变化,在东侧露台二次砌筑墙体形成封闭房间,且楼梯设置在紧邻东侧山墙。由于东侧楼梯质量、刚度均较大,结构平面质心、刚心已存在较大初始偏心,后在二楼东侧修建的房间进一步增大了偏心问题,进而导致房屋在地震荷载下发生大扭转变形。扭转变形造成房屋承重构件普遍开裂、装饰构造大量破损掉落,如楼梯间门洞处纵墙出现斜向裂缝、饰面瓷砖剥落,楼梯间顶板装饰掉落,楼梯间上覆彩钢板屋盖与山墙搭接处开裂严重、抹灰层剥落,二楼横墙插座洞口和门窗洞口处出现斜向贯穿裂缝等。
积石山地震中大量位于8度区的生土结构民居发生整体倒塌。陈家村发生整体倒塌的生土结构民居如图19所示。此次震中附近的生土结构民居大多建于上世纪90年代前,且在使用过程中经历多次修缮,土坯与夯土墙体在长时间服役过程中侵蚀严重,削弱了墙体的承载力。同时,该类墙体自重大,地震反应剧烈。在地震荷载作用下,生土墙体多是由于局部薄弱部位率先压溃而引起的墙体垮塌,进而导致硬山搁檩屋盖失去有效支撑发生坍塌。
此次震中地区尚未完全倒塌的生土结构民居大多存在较大安全隐患无法继续居住。当地土坯结构民居的承重墙体多为立砌,灰缝泥浆欠密实是普遍现象,部分土坯墙体竖向灰缝甚至已无泥浆填充,呈干垒状态,墙体承载力、稳定性极差。房屋山墙与屋盖、纵墙间无有效拉结,导致山墙在缺乏有效约束和大静载下破坏严重。图20(a)为民居虽然在地震中未发生整体倒塌,但在山墙转角处土坯几乎全部掉落,屋盖与山墙搭接部位土坯被压溃,山墙出现明显歪闪趋势;图20(b)为民居纵墙无明显破损点,但房屋一侧山墙在地震中完全倒塌,局部屋盖也随之出现了塌陷。当地夯土结构民居建造年代大多早于土坯民居,在长期使用过程中经历了多次修缮。因不同阶段房屋修缮选材的差异,形成了夯土、土坯、砖砌体的竖向混合承重墙体,如图21所示。相较于土坯墙体,该类混合墙体底部的夯土墙体高度低、厚度大,位于顶部的砖砌体墙体强度高、整体性好。因此地震中混合墙体的破损主要集中在中部的土坯部分。地震荷载下,混合墙体中部的土坯压溃引发上部砖砌体破坏和局部屋盖塌落的连锁反应。
当地的承重生土墙体常采用多种横向组合墙体,例如:土坯或夯土墙体内部设置砖砌体构造柱(图22),砖墙或土坯墙外裹夯土墙体(俗称“金包银”)。该类横向组合墙体往往在异质材料组件间不设置任何连接措施,整体性极差,部分组合墙体已在2种墙材间形成竖向贯穿通缝,在地震中易发生歪闪倒塌。
调研地区村镇民居的围护墙体在此次地震中的倒塌比例远高于主体结构。为了控制建造成本,当地围护墙体的建造质量普遍较差,主要体现在墙材降级选用、灰缝饱满度差等问题。调研发现,灾区大量砖砌体围护墙采用“一顺一丁”的组砌方式,墙体中竖向灰缝多且密集,如图23(a)所示。地震作用下,该类墙体极易沿着竖向灰缝形成贯穿通缝,导致墙体发生倒塌。调研结果显示,砂浆抹面对提升围护墙体抗倒塌性能作用显著,同一村庄内未采用砂浆抹面的砌体墙在地震中局部倒塌,如图23(a)所示,而进行砂浆抹面的同类砌体墙仅轻微开裂,未发生倒塌,如图23(b)所示。
由于上部仿古造型重量远大于下部砌体承重墙,灾区民居院门多为“上重下轻”的抗震不利结构,在此次地震中也出现了明显的震害。图24(a)为阳洼村某民居院门,该院门遭受地震后在院门门盖和支撑墙体搭接部位出现了明显的横向滑移裂缝。图24(b)为红崖村某民居院门,该院门上部四坡顶部分在地震中出现了严重滑移。为避免门盖在余震中掉落伤人,户主采用吊车将其移至平地。与受灾地区典型砖木结构民居类似,当地院门的大重量门盖在地震中产生了远大于下部墙体的位移,加之两者间未设置拉结措施,导致院门门盖与支撑墙体间产生相对滑移,滑移严重的门盖可能发生掉落。
积石山地震受灾地区是汉族、回族、东乡族、保安族、撒拉族和土族等多民族聚集地,在民族文化和生活习俗的碰撞下,当地村镇民居形成了独具特色的建筑风貌。灾区的恢复重建工作应充分保留当地传统建筑风貌、尊重不同民族生活习俗,以经济可行、易于推广、低碳环保的方式快速、高效地提升受灾地区村镇民居的抗震防灾能力。基于上述前提,根据对积石山地震灾区村镇民居结构特征、建造习惯、震损情况的调研与分析,提出如下灾后恢复重建的建议:
1)此次地震中,砖木结构民居整体表现出较好的抗震性能,位于红崖村(8度)的砖木结构民居未出现整体倒塌的情况。尤其是砖木结构中的木框架部分,除少数节点轻微脱隼外,未发现其他严重破损,表现出良好的抗震性能。同时,以砖木结构为主的“虎抱头”式民居不仅承载着当地的少数民族文化,而且与居民生活习惯高度契合。建议在恢复重建中,继续延用该结构体系,但需进行如下改进:①在屋架支承处、檩条支承处采用加壁柱、设刚性垫块或柔性垫梁等措施,提升承重墙体局部承压强度;②木框架与墙体连接部位、屋盖搭接部位设置铁件、扒钉和铁丝等可靠拉结措施;③采用轻质保温屋面板代替厚覆土屋面保温构造;④采用水泥砂浆砌筑墙体并进行砂浆抹面。对于既有砖木结构房屋的加固改造,应结合具体破损点和隐患点,按照上述改进建议逐一摸排,加强抗震构造。
2)本次调研范围内的大部分砖混结构民居虽未经正规设计,但整体倒塌案例较少,表现出强于砖木结构和生土结构的抗震防灾性能。但仍存在烧结砖能耗高、废弃处理难度大,建筑形式单一、传统民居风貌遗失,结构布置欠合理、震损加剧等诸多问题。建议:①采用环保免烧砌块代替烧结砖;②沿用传统民居建筑布局和装修装饰特色,保留当地民居风貌、传承民族建筑文化;③合理设置楼梯间位置,将楼梯间对称布置于结构平面外围(尽量避开边跨布置);④排查民居使用过程中的二次搭建结构,对于明显引起结构平面不规则、竖向质量与刚度突变的二次搭建结构进行拆除。
3)受灾地区富存黄土资源,为生土结构民居的建造提供了先决优势。但当地土坯制备工艺和夯土墙体建造工艺长时间未得到更新,导致生土结构房屋抗震性能较差,在此次地震中损毁严重。建议恢复重建过程中保留和传承这种传承千年的绿色结构体系,通过融入现代科研成果使其焕发出新的活力。一是依托当地丰富的黄土资源,采用新型生土基材料改性工艺,实现生土力学性能和耐久性能的同步提升;二是优化传统土坯制备工艺,引入简易化免烧砌块生产设备,实现生土砌块的低成本高效生产;三是改进墙体建造方式,融合互锁砌块机制和薄灰缝砌筑工艺,提升墙体整体性,实现该类结构抗震防灾性能的显著提升。
4)本次地震暴露出院落围护墙体和入户大门是村镇民居的抗震薄弱环节。建议:①可采用增设壁柱的方式快速、低成本的实现围护墙体抗倒塌性能的有效提升;②可采用木结构或轻钢结构构建院门门盖上部仿古四坡顶造型,同时加强院门盖板与支撑墙体的拉结,降低盖板滑落风险。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52308204; 42301156)
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2024年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0320
  • 接收时间:2024-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-10
  • 修回日期:2024-04-14
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52308204; 42301156)
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    西安石油大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710065
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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