Article(id=1245390010183168047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682438400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-26, revisedDate=1689177600000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853716654, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853716654, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853716654, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853716654, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390004252426256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='230', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853715241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854338522, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=116, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390010518712374, articleId=1245390010183168047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Resonance response analysis of horizontal layered slope based on shaking table tests, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Resonance phenomena have been found many times in Wenchuan earthquake damage surveys, and they have been extensively studied in structural engineering, but in-depth research has not yet been carried out in slope engineering. In this paper, the inherent vibration characteristics and resonance response of horizontal layered slopes are studied by shaking table model tests. Firstly, the natural frequency of the slope is obtained by white noise excitation, sinusoidal sweep wave excitation and natural wave excitation, and the advantages and disadvantages of different methods in obtaining the natural frequency of the slope are discussed. Secondly, by entering sine wave excitations of different frequencies and different amplitudes, the dynamic response characteristics of the slope are studied, focusing on the acceleration and displacement response characteristics of the slope at the resonance frequency. The results show that the results of the white noise excitation and sweep tests are relatively close, and the white noise excitation is more sensitive to the change of the natural frequency of the slope, and the determination of the natural frequency is blurred due to the occurrence of multiple peaks in the natural spectral ratio curves. The resonance response phenomenon of slope appears at its natural frequency, showing that the amplification coefficient of peak acceleration and peak displacement of slope will peak in the resonance frequency segment. Compared with the elevation effect, resonance plays a leading role in the amplification effect of slope response, which will aggravate the deformation and failure of slope under vibration. This work helps to reveal the seismic response characteristics of slopes from the perspective of slope resonance, and can also provide ideas for slope seismic mitigation studies.

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共振现象已经多次在汶川震害调查中被发现,其在结构工程中已经得到了广泛的研究,但在边坡工程中尚未开展深入的研究。采用振动台模型试验开展水平层状边坡的固有振动特性及其共振响应研究。首先分别通过白噪声激振、正弦波扫频和天然波激振获取边坡的固有频率,讨论不同方法在获取边坡固有频率方面的优劣性。其次,通过输入不同频率、不同幅值的正弦波激励,研究边坡的动力响应特征,重点关注边坡在共振频率处的加速度和位移响应特征。结果表明:白噪声激振和扫频试验分析结果较为接近,且白噪声激振对于边坡固有频率的变化识别更为敏感,天然波谱比曲线由于出现多个峰值,导致固有频率的确定较为模糊。边坡在其固有频率处存在共振响应现象,表现为边坡加速度峰值放大系数和位移响应峰值在共振频率段会出现峰值集聚,且相较于高程效应,共振对边坡响应的放大效应具有主导作用,会加剧边坡在振动作用下的变形破坏。研究有助于从边坡共振的角度揭示边坡的地震响应特征,也可以为边坡的抗减震研究提供思路。

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刘汉香(1986—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事岩土动力学及边坡地震工程研究。E-mail:
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文钊(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事边坡地震工程研究。E-mail:

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文钊(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事边坡地震工程研究。E-mail:

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Parameters of model materials

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质量配合比/%含水率/%密度/(kg/m3弹性模量/MPa泊松比
黏土粉细砂重晶石粉膨润土
56.76.327102023431.870.35
), ArticleFig(id=1245390020849283737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390010183168047, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质量配合比/%含水率/%密度/(kg/m3弹性模量/MPa泊松比
黏土粉细砂重晶石粉膨润土
56.76.327102023431.870.35
), ArticleFig(id=1245390020958335650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390010183168047, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Loading sequence of shaking table tests

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加载阶段工况代号加载波形振幅/g频率/Hz加载阶段工况代号加载波形振幅/g频率/Hz
阶段一1白噪声0.10阶段四40白噪声0.10
2扫频0.01
3El Centro波0.101.4241扫频0.01
4~13正弦波0.101~1042El Centro波0.40
阶段二14白噪声0.10
15扫频0.0143~52正弦波0.401~10
16El Centro波0.201.42阶段五53白噪声0.10
17~26正弦波0.201~10
阶段三27白噪声0.1054扫频0.01
28扫频0.01阶段六55El Centro波0.501.42
29El Centro波0.301.42
30~39正弦波0.301~1056~65正弦波0.501~10
), ArticleFig(id=1245390021067387557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245390010183168047, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

振动台模型试验加载顺序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加载阶段工况代号加载波形振幅/g频率/Hz加载阶段工况代号加载波形振幅/g频率/Hz
阶段一1白噪声0.10阶段四40白噪声0.10
2扫频0.01
3El Centro波0.101.4241扫频0.01
4~13正弦波0.101~1042El Centro波0.40
阶段二14白噪声0.10
15扫频0.0143~52正弦波0.401~10
16El Centro波0.201.42阶段五53白噪声0.10
17~26正弦波0.201~10
阶段三27白噪声0.1054扫频0.01
28扫频0.01阶段六55El Centro波0.501.42
29El Centro波0.301.42
30~39正弦波0.301~1056~65正弦波0.501~10
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基于振动台试验的水平层状边坡共振响应分析
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文钊 1 , 刘汉香 1 , 李欣 2 , 魏应松 1 , 王铭萱 1
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(3): 116-126
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(3): 116-126
基于振动台试验的水平层状边坡共振响应分析
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文钊1 , 刘汉香1 , 李欣2, 魏应松1, 王铭萱1
作者信息
  • 1.成都理工大学 环境与土木工程学院,四川 成都 610059
  • 2.中国五冶集团有限公司,四川 成都 610063
  • 文钊(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事边坡地震工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘汉香(1986—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事岩土动力学及边坡地震工程研究。E-mail:
Resonance response analysis of horizontal layered slope based on shaking table tests
Zhao WEN1 , Hanxiang LIU1 , Xin LI2, Yingsong WEI1, Mingxuan WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2.China MCC5 Group Corp. Ltd., Chengdu 610063, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0311
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共振现象已经多次在汶川震害调查中被发现,其在结构工程中已经得到了广泛的研究,但在边坡工程中尚未开展深入的研究。采用振动台模型试验开展水平层状边坡的固有振动特性及其共振响应研究。首先分别通过白噪声激振、正弦波扫频和天然波激振获取边坡的固有频率,讨论不同方法在获取边坡固有频率方面的优劣性。其次,通过输入不同频率、不同幅值的正弦波激励,研究边坡的动力响应特征,重点关注边坡在共振频率处的加速度和位移响应特征。结果表明:白噪声激振和扫频试验分析结果较为接近,且白噪声激振对于边坡固有频率的变化识别更为敏感,天然波谱比曲线由于出现多个峰值,导致固有频率的确定较为模糊。边坡在其固有频率处存在共振响应现象,表现为边坡加速度峰值放大系数和位移响应峰值在共振频率段会出现峰值集聚,且相较于高程效应,共振对边坡响应的放大效应具有主导作用,会加剧边坡在振动作用下的变形破坏。研究有助于从边坡共振的角度揭示边坡的地震响应特征,也可以为边坡的抗减震研究提供思路。

水平层状边坡  /  振动台试验  /  固有振动特性  /  共振响应

Resonance phenomena have been found many times in Wenchuan earthquake damage surveys, and they have been extensively studied in structural engineering, but in-depth research has not yet been carried out in slope engineering. In this paper, the inherent vibration characteristics and resonance response of horizontal layered slopes are studied by shaking table model tests. Firstly, the natural frequency of the slope is obtained by white noise excitation, sinusoidal sweep wave excitation and natural wave excitation, and the advantages and disadvantages of different methods in obtaining the natural frequency of the slope are discussed. Secondly, by entering sine wave excitations of different frequencies and different amplitudes, the dynamic response characteristics of the slope are studied, focusing on the acceleration and displacement response characteristics of the slope at the resonance frequency. The results show that the results of the white noise excitation and sweep tests are relatively close, and the white noise excitation is more sensitive to the change of the natural frequency of the slope, and the determination of the natural frequency is blurred due to the occurrence of multiple peaks in the natural spectral ratio curves. The resonance response phenomenon of slope appears at its natural frequency, showing that the amplification coefficient of peak acceleration and peak displacement of slope will peak in the resonance frequency segment. Compared with the elevation effect, resonance plays a leading role in the amplification effect of slope response, which will aggravate the deformation and failure of slope under vibration. This work helps to reveal the seismic response characteristics of slopes from the perspective of slope resonance, and can also provide ideas for slope seismic mitigation studies.

horizontal layered slope  /  shaking table tests  /  natural vibration characteristic  /  resonance response
文钊, 刘汉香, 李欣, 魏应松, 王铭萱. 基于振动台试验的水平层状边坡共振响应分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (3) : 116 -126 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0311
Zhao WEN, Hanxiang LIU, Xin LI, Yingsong WEI, Mingxuan WANG. Resonance response analysis of horizontal layered slope based on shaking table tests[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (3) : 116 -126 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0311
边坡的地震动力响应问题研究旨在揭示各类边坡在地震波作用下边坡各部位加速度、速度、位移、应力及应变等的变化情况及边坡的失稳变形特性,是开展边坡地震稳定性评价的基础。目前国内外学者已经采用数值模拟[1-2]、物理模拟[3-4]和野外监测[5-6]等多种手段在边坡地震动力响应方面开展了广泛的研究,涉及的边坡类型包括天然边坡(不同岩土体类型[7-10]、不同结构类型[11-12]及复杂组合类型[13])和工程加固边坡[14-15]。这些研究充分揭示了边坡地震响应行为的一些规律性特征,比如边坡响应的高程放大效应、趋表放大效应、结构面效应和地震动参数效应等。为了解释这些现象产生的原因,除了常见的从工程地质学[16]和岩土体力学[17]的角度去分析,近些年来,结构动力学理论也被逐渐应用其中,对边坡振动特性参数(自振频率、阻尼比和振型等)的获取也成为开展边坡地震动力响应研究的第一步。其中,自振频率是决定边坡在各类地震波作用下会作出何种反应的关键参数,当地震波的卓越频率和边坡的自振频率相近时,边坡的地震响应将增大。因此,在不少有关边坡地震响应的研究中,都有涉及边坡固有频率的计算以及基于此结果的地震响应分析。
现有边坡固有频率的计算方法主要包含基于数值计算的边坡模态分析、基于白噪声激励试验或扫频试验的边坡固有频率计算以及基于现场监测数据的傅里叶谱比值分析。在数值计算模态分析方面,许多学者利用数值模拟软件对各种类型的边坡进行模态分析,对边坡的固有频率及振型的影响因素以及固有频率与动力响应特征的关系展开了大量的研究。张学东等[18]采用ANSYS软件对不同高度和坡度的岩质边坡进行了模态分析,研究了边坡自振频率和坡高、坡度的关系。言志信等[19]运用ANSYS软件研究了边坡在双向地震作用下的共振规律及其固有频率,认为边坡在双向地震作用下的共振响应存在垂直放大和临空面放大作用,且阻尼越大共振峰值越小,共振曲线越平缓。王秒等[20]将含有控结构面的顺层边坡简化为单一节理边坡模型,采用ANSYS软件对简化模型进行模态分析和谐响应分析,来研究结构面剪切刚度的变化对边坡振型的影响。宋丹青等[21]采用有限元方法对岩质边坡进行模态分析,获取了边坡的固有频率及相应的振型,在小应变范围内研究了均质岩质边坡的动力响应特征与其固有模态的关系。
用白噪声激励试验或扫频试验获取边坡固有频率的研究集中在边坡振动台模型试验方面,利用振动台试验对边坡施加白噪声激励或正弦波扫频波激励,而后通过传递函数或频谱分析对边坡的固有频率进行识别。蒋良潍等[22]专门探讨了振动台模型试验中传递函数的计算方法。范刚等[23]利用场地大型振动台试验,基于传递函数理论,计算得到场地的相对传递函数和绝对传递函数,并对两类传递函数特征以及利用两类传递函数计算场地动力特性参数的差异性进行了对比,进而对采用传递函数进行场地频域动力响应估算的可行性和准确性进行了分析。FAN等[24]在振动台模型试验过程中的不同阶段,采用白噪声激励计算出了边坡的传递函数,获得了边坡的固有频率随地震波强度变化的规律,并由此解释了试验中观察到的一些地震响应现象。MURAO等[25]在振动台试验中采用正弦波扫频试验率先获得了饱和土质边坡的自振频率,随后开展了边坡与地震波的共振响应分析,比较深入地阐述了共振在边坡地震变形破坏中所起的作用。
除了计算模态和试验模态分析方法,采用现场监测加速度傅里叶谱比值获取边坡共振频率的方法在场地地震反应分析中得到了广泛应用[26],并逐渐用于边坡的地震响应研究。典型的研究工作包括LUO等[27]基于边坡地震响应的现场监测数据,对加速度时程信号进行傅里叶谱变换,通过谱比值曲线的峰值识别出边坡的共振频率。STOLTE等[28]利用环境噪声数据计算的谱比识别出的边坡固有频率与理论计算出的固有频率基本一致。ALBARELLO[29]和DEL GAUDIO[30]的研究表明,采用现场监测数据计算的谱比曲线识别出的边坡共振频率具有一定的可靠度,可用于数值模拟中分析边坡的稳定性以及失稳破坏特征。
由此可见,边坡共振响应已经逐渐受到人们的关注,然而,这部分研究仍存在一些不足,主要体现在:①前人多是使用单一方法获取边坡共振频率,对于不同方法在边坡固有频率识别的差异性和适用性还有待研究,各种方法的可靠性与准确性有待验证;②目前,涉及地震作用下边坡共振响应问题的研究还比较少,且主要集中于边坡固有振动特性的研究。在这一类研究中,固有频率的变化与边坡结构扰动被联系在一起,并且通过固有振动频率与输入地震波频率的比较结果来判断是否发生共振,以此作为解释边坡地震破坏的一种辅助手段,而不是像结构振动那样,将边坡的共振问题当作一个相对独立的科学问题去研究。鉴于此,本研究以结构较为简单的水平层状边坡为研究对象,采用振动台模型试验,探讨了试验中获取边坡共振频率的3种方法。在确定出边坡共振频率之后,施加不同频率的正弦波激励,研究边坡在共振作用下的响应,并观察共振响应与高程效应之间的差异。
本试验采用的设备为RX/ZDT-1-1500型单自由度电动振动台,其台面尺寸为1.6 m×1.2 m,工作频率为0.01~10 Hz,加载波形包括白噪声、天然波、扫频波和正弦波等。最大水平向加速度为0.5 g,最大水平向位移为150 mm。
本振动台系统配备有刚性模型箱,如图1所示。刚性模型箱主体框架由可拆卸组合的铝合金杆件组成,两侧为透明有机玻璃,可满足可视化试验需求,并在有机玻璃内侧涂刷凡士林以降低边坡模型与箱体侧壁的摩擦力。模型箱通过四周的螺栓固定于台面上。
本次模型试验的主要目的为探究边坡的共振响应特征。为了保证边坡模型能在振动台工作频率范围内发生共振,边坡模型的固有频率不能超过10 Hz。为了满足这一基本要求,本研究所采用的边坡模型弱化了边坡的岩性和结构特征,且未考虑任何原型。在综合考虑模型箱尺寸、振动台设备性能、模型制作工艺和边界效应等因素的基础上,从2个途径控制边坡的固有频率,首先对模型的尺寸进行限制,使模型尽量“瘦高”,其次是采用弹性模量较低的材料堆砌模型。因此最终选定了水平层状边坡作为本次的试验模型特征,边坡模型长×宽×高 = 1.2 m×0.6 m×1.0 m,坡角45°。为配出较低弹性模量的材料,采用黏土作为主料,重晶石粉、粉细砂和膨润土为辅料,通过调整各材料间的配比来调节弹性模量、密度、黏聚力和内摩擦角等参数,并进行正交试验确定最适合的材料配比,主要物理力学参数如表1所示。各层之间通过约厚2 mm的薄层材料进行粘结,该材料由膨润土、粉细砂和水按照一定比例配制而成。模型的主要制作过程及最终成型结果如图2所示。
在边坡模型内共设置14个三分量加速度计和5个激光位移计用于监测边坡坡表和坡内的动力响应,传感器均沿着模型中轴线上的同一纵向剖面布置。模型的加速度计按高程均匀布置于坡表和坡内,以测定边坡相应位置的水平向加速度响应值。其中振动台面的加速度计(A0)布置于振动台面的一侧,用于记录振动台台面的加速度情况。激光位移计布置在模型箱的框架上,用于测定边坡坡面相应位置的水平位移响应值。传感器及其布置情况,如图3所示。
本试验所采用的加载波形主要有4种类型,分别为白噪声、正弦扫频波、正弦波和天然波,加载方向均为水平向。在试验过程中,整体加载顺序按照输入波幅值由小到大对模型进行激振。试验共安排5级加载,每级13个工况,其中正弦波激振工况有10个,频率范围为1~10 Hz,每个工况间隔1 Hz。白噪声激振、正弦扫频波激振和天然波激振的主要目的在于对边坡的固有频率进行识别,在每一级正弦波加载之前进行。正弦波的加载目的在于之后从激振频率和边坡地震响应关系的角度进一步确定边坡共振频率、分析边坡共振现象以及进行后续的边坡共振分析。白噪声、正弦扫频波、天然波和正弦波的时程曲线及相应的快速傅里叶(fast Fourier transformation,FFT)幅值谱如图4所示。振动台模型试验具体加载顺序如表2所示,表中的El Centro波频率为卓越频率。
本研究分别采用白噪声激振、扫频波激振和天然波激振3种方法探究并获取边坡的固有频率。本试验共进行了5次白噪声激振、扫频波激振和天然波激振,如表2所示。基于白噪声激振下的加速度响应数据,按照蒋良潍等[22]的方法计算了边坡的传递函数,图5(a)和(b)分别给出了边坡模型在工况1和工况53白噪声激振下的传递函数曲线。在本试验所考虑的频率范围内,通过传递函数曲线识别出边坡的一阶固有频率,在初始状态下,边坡的固有频率为8.73 Hz,如图5(a)所示。随着加载的不断进行,至加载临近结束时,边坡的固有频率为8.32 Hz,如图5(b)所示。图5(c)给出了边坡模型在加载过程中水平方向固有频率的变化曲线。由图可知,随着加载的不断进行,边坡的固有频率出现了一定程度的降低,此现象表明边坡在激振的过程中其内部结构发生了变化,导致边坡的刚度减小,从而导致了其动力特性的变化。
正弦波扫频激振下边坡模型初始状态下的动力响应曲线如图6(a)和(b)所示。从曲线上看,坡体不同位置的动力响应趋势基本一致,但响应的幅值有所差异,即边坡动力响应表现为高程放大效应。从边坡模型的傅里叶幅值曲线可知,正弦波扫频时,边坡模型的最大响应发生8.09 Hz处。图6(c)给出了边坡模型在加载过程中水平方向固有频率的变化曲线。由曲线可知,随着加载的进行,模型的固有频率虽有一定变化,但量值很小,固有频率的变化特征不明显。
按照周逸飞等[31]采用的方法计算边坡的加速度傅里叶幅值谱谱比(边坡加速度响应傅里叶幅值谱与台面加速度傅里叶幅值谱比值),图7(a)和(b)给出了天然波(El Centro)激振下边坡模型初始状态下的水平向加速度的傅里叶幅值谱和相应的谱比。与图5图6相比,天然波傅里叶幅值谱谱比在边坡固有振动频率方面的识别效果不如白噪声和扫频波,谱比曲线出现多个波峰,且不同监测点出现波峰的频率并不完全一致。如图7(b)所示,边坡模型在8.0~9.4 Hz频率范围内也出现了峰值,与另2种方法识别出的固有频率值较为接近。若以该频率范围作为边坡模型固有频率的近似取值,则边坡模型在加载过程中水平方向固有频率的变化曲线如图7(c)所示。由曲线可知,模型的固有频率在加载过程中表现为减小趋势,反映了边坡在激振过程中由于其内部结构的变化导致了动力特性的变化。
为验证试验获得的固有频率的准确性,同时采用ABAQUS软件对边坡模型进行了计算模态分析,数值模型的几何特征和材料的物理力学参数与振动台模型保持一致,本构模型选用弹性模型,在荷载模块中按照实际情况对边坡的边界进行约束,以进行约束模态分析,约束条件具体为限制边坡底部XYZ这3个方向的位移和转角、限制边坡背面X向的位移和转角,限制边坡两侧面Z向的位移和转角。网格划分如图8所示。计算得出边坡的一阶固有频率为8.79 Hz,与通过白噪声激振、扫频试验分析获得的边坡模型初始固有频率接近,集中于8~9 Hz附近,可视为本试验模型在初始状态的一阶固有频率。
从固有频率变化曲线来看,白噪声激振对于边坡固有频率的识别更为敏感,可以明显反映出边坡在激振过程中由于内部结构的劣化而引起的边坡动力特性的变化。正弦波扫频虽也可以比较明显地给出边坡的固有频率,但在加载过程中,其识别出的固有频率变化不大,不如白噪声效果明显。相比之下,天然波谱比在识别边坡固有频率时,由于出现多个波峰且不同监测点波峰对应的频率不完全一致,使得固有频率的确定较为模糊。分析其原因为傅里叶幅值谱谱比的计算受傅里叶变换时选择的平滑尺寸和台面输入加速度傅里叶幅值谱曲线特征的影响较大,导致这种方法在本次试验中识别效果不如前2种,其可靠性还需进一步验证。
整个加载过程中,随着激振的不断进行,边坡模型的固有频率出现了一定程度的降低,其中,第一至三加载阶段,边坡的固有频率保持不变或出现少量降低,表明边坡内部结构变化较小,尚未发展为明显的宏观变形。第四至五加载阶段,边坡的固有频率降低幅度较大,在0.5 g水平向正弦波加载完毕后,边坡模型在中上部发生鼓胀变形,预示了边坡结构发生了一定程度的变化,边坡刚度有所减小,如图9所示。
在获得边坡的一阶固有频率以后,为了观察边坡在外界激励下是否会在固有频率处发生共振以及相应的共振表现,本试验还对边坡模型输入了激振频率为1~10 Hz的水平向正弦波激励,加载顺序如表2所示。图10给出了边坡模型在水平向0.1~0.5 g正弦波作用下的水平向加速度峰值(peak horizontal acceleration,PHA)放大系数(边坡坡表及坡体内任一监测点的PHA与台面监测点PHA的比值)和激振频率的关系曲线,以及动位移峰值和激振频率的关系曲线。由图5~图7可知,边坡模型在整个加载过程中的固有频率虽然发生了变化,但变化很轻微,保持在8~9 Hz的范围内,试验结束后边坡并未出现宏观裂缝或贯通的破坏面。因此,本研究虽然考虑了不同幅值的正弦波激振条件,但由于边坡结构未发生实质性的改变,仍然可以在8~9 Hz内分析边坡共振响应。
图10(a)可知,边坡模型的PHA放大系数整体规律为:在同一激振幅值条件下,在非固有频率处,PHA表现出明显的高程放大效应,放大的幅值较稳定。在固有频率附近,在同一位置处,随着加载频率的增大,边坡的加速度峰值放大系数出现先增大,达到峰值后开始减小的现象,在坡顶处和激振幅值较大的情况下,这种现象更加明显。由图10(b)可知,边坡模型的动位移峰值变化规律为:边坡在非固有频率处,在同一激振幅值下,动位移峰值随频率的增加而逐渐降低,符合正弦波条件下位移响应与加速度响应之间的理论变化关系。在固有频率附近,由于加速度响应幅值随着频率增大而先增大后减小,动位移峰值在加速度响应幅值增大(增大位移幅值)和频率增大(降低位移幅值)的双重作用下,最终也出现随激振频率的增大出现先增大,达到峰值后开始减小的现象。在这一频段,动位移峰值增大的幅值超过降低的幅值,导致了动位移峰值增大,出现“降低滞后”的现象。综上所述,相较于非固有频率处,边坡在固有频率处表现出的地震响应峰值现象可视为边坡发生了共振。
在基于前文分析识别得到的边坡固有频率即为其共振频率的基础上,以下选取正弦波激振时边坡在共振工况(8、9 Hz)和非共振工况下(6、7、10 Hz)的地震响应进行分析,以比较2种情况下边坡的加速度、位移响应差异。
图11给出了水平层状边坡模型在0.1~0.5 g正弦波激振下坡表和坡内的水平向加速度峰值放大系数随高程的变化特征以及动位移峰值随高程的变化特征。由图可知,对于水平层状边坡,其PHA放大系数整体规律为:放大系数随高程的增大而增大,即边坡的放大系数表现为高程效应;且在同一高程处,坡表的放大系数没有全部大于坡内的放大系数,坡内坡表放大系数没有明显规律,边坡的放大系数趋表效应不明显;激振强度越大,边坡的放大系数越大;在共振频率处,边坡放大系数的高程效应相较于同振幅下非共振频率处的放大效应更为显著,超过了激振频率更高工况(10 Hz)下的放大效应,且此现象在高激振幅值下更为明显。加速度响应的高程放大效应以及在共振工况和非共振工况下表现出的差异在动位移峰值响应中也得到了很好的体现。
图12给出了水平层状边坡在水平向正弦波作用下的地震响应和激振强度的关系。由图可知,在相同频率条件下,随着激振幅值的增加不会导致边坡各点的PHA放大系数的增加,共振频率附近处的PHA放大系数要大于非共振频率处的PHA放大系数。
图10(a)所示,在非共振频率处(6 Hz以下),边坡各点的PHA放大系数高程效应明显,且放大系数变化平稳,可认为在此阶段边坡未受到共振放大效应影响。前文中我们获得的边坡的固有频率约为8~9 Hz,由结构动力学可知,当施加荷载频率与结构的固有频率比值越接近0,结构共振产生的放大效应越不明显,又因本次试验的模型边坡临空面放大效应不明显,如图11(c)所示,可认为施加频率为1 Hz时,边坡各点的加速度响应仅受高程放大效应影响。将在共振频率附近工况条件下边坡各点的加速度峰值与1 Hz工况下边坡各点的加速度峰值作比值,可计算出边坡各点仅由于共振效应所产生的加速度峰值放大系数。图13给出了水平层状边坡模型各点分别由于共振效应与高程放大效应引起的加速度峰值放大系数,由图可知,共振放大效应产生的放大系数要大于高程放大效应产生的放大系数,同时共振导致的加速度放大效应随坡高的增大而增大。
综上所述,边坡在其共振频率处的加速度和位移响应都表现出了不同程度的异常增大现象,且共振放大效应所产生的加速度峰值放大系数要大于高程放大效应所产生的加速度峰值放大系数,由此说明在共振频率处,边坡共振对边坡的放大效应具有主导作用。
本文针对水平层状边坡讨论了振动台试验中边坡固有频率的获取方法及其优劣性,并从共振分析的角度揭示了边坡的地震响应特征,主要结论如下:
1)通过白噪声激振、正弦波扫频试验和天然波傅里叶幅值谱谱比获取的边坡固有频率集中在8~9 Hz,但3种方法在识别效果上有所差异。其中,白噪声激振对于边坡固有频率的变化识别更为敏感;正弦波扫频对于边坡固有频率的识别结果差异不大,且在加载过程中,固有频率的变化特征不明显;天然波谱比曲线由于存在多个峰值,使得固有频率的确定较为模糊。
2)边坡在其固有频率处存在共振现象,具体表现在共振频率附近,在同一位置,随着频率的增大,边坡的加速度峰值放大系数和位移峰值出现先增大,达到峰值后开始减小的现象,在坡顶处和激振幅值较大的情况下,这种现象更加明显。共振导致的加速度及位移放大效应随坡高的增大而增大,同时共振导致的放大效应大于高程所引起的放大效应,在放大效应中具有主导作用。边坡共振会导致坡体响应剧烈增大,进一步诱发边坡的变形破坏。
  • 四川省科技计划项目(2021YFSY0036)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3003205; 2019YFC1509602)
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2024年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0311
  • 接收时间:2023-04-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-26
  • 修回日期:2023-07-13
基金
四川省科技计划项目(2021YFSY0036)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3003205; 2019YFC1509602)
作者信息
    1.成都理工大学 环境与土木工程学院,四川 成都 610059
    2.中国五冶集团有限公司,四川 成都 610063

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刘汉香(1986—),女,副教授,博士,主要从事岩土动力学及边坡地震工程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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