Article(id=1245390004843823120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0301, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692028800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-15, revisedDate=1693843200000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853715381, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853715381, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853715381, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853715381, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245390004252426256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='230', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853715241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854338522, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392618545332492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245390004252426256, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245390005078704145, articleId=1245390004843823120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Review on pulse-component models of earthquake ground motions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

By reviewing literature in the field of earthquake engineering, the pulse-component models of earthquake ground motions are collected and organized. The characteristics of various pulse models are compared and discussed. The research significance of these pulse-component models is concluded and organized to form a systematic research framework. According to the existing research results, it is pointed out that the seismic hazard analysis considering the pulse effects in earthquake ground motions is the core in the research framework. Although the pulse models use different mathematical expressions to describe the same pulse characteristics, their performance is similar in structural dynamics. There are similarities between the pulse models with the forward directivity effect and those with the fling-step effect. At last, the details on considering the pulse effects in ground-motion selections for seismic design of structures are discussed.

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通过回顾地震工程研究领域的文献,对研究中采用的地震动脉冲分量表征模型进行了收集与整理。针对各类模型的特点进行了比较与讨论,并对其研究意义以及在结构抗震研究中所发挥的作用进行梳理总结,提炼出了研究框架。根据现有的研究结果指出:考虑地震动脉冲效应的地震危险性分析是研究框架中的核心环节;对于反映相同脉冲特征的不同脉冲表征模型,尽管它们采用的数学表达形式存在差异,但是在动力学上的表现是接近的;具有滑冲效应特征的脉冲表征模型和具有前方向性效应特征的脉冲表征模型之间存在相似性。最后,对结构地震反应计算分析中地震动选取的相关考虑因素进行了讨论。

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李歆(1988—),女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
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高文俊(1988—),男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

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地震动脉冲分量表征模型研究综述
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高文俊 1, 2 , 李歆 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(3): 1-16
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(3): 1-16
地震动脉冲分量表征模型研究综述
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高文俊1, 2 , 李歆1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学 土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 2.同济大学 结构防灾减灾工程系,上海 200092
  • 高文俊(1988—),男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李歆(1988—),女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
Review on pulse-component models of earthquake ground motions
Wenjun GAO1, 2 , Xin LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2.Department of Disaster Mitigation for Structures, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0301
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通过回顾地震工程研究领域的文献,对研究中采用的地震动脉冲分量表征模型进行了收集与整理。针对各类模型的特点进行了比较与讨论,并对其研究意义以及在结构抗震研究中所发挥的作用进行梳理总结,提炼出了研究框架。根据现有的研究结果指出:考虑地震动脉冲效应的地震危险性分析是研究框架中的核心环节;对于反映相同脉冲特征的不同脉冲表征模型,尽管它们采用的数学表达形式存在差异,但是在动力学上的表现是接近的;具有滑冲效应特征的脉冲表征模型和具有前方向性效应特征的脉冲表征模型之间存在相似性。最后,对结构地震反应计算分析中地震动选取的相关考虑因素进行了讨论。

地震动脉冲分量表征模型  /  地震动脉冲分量  /  脉冲型地震动  /  地震工程

By reviewing literature in the field of earthquake engineering, the pulse-component models of earthquake ground motions are collected and organized. The characteristics of various pulse models are compared and discussed. The research significance of these pulse-component models is concluded and organized to form a systematic research framework. According to the existing research results, it is pointed out that the seismic hazard analysis considering the pulse effects in earthquake ground motions is the core in the research framework. Although the pulse models use different mathematical expressions to describe the same pulse characteristics, their performance is similar in structural dynamics. There are similarities between the pulse models with the forward directivity effect and those with the fling-step effect. At last, the details on considering the pulse effects in ground-motion selections for seismic design of structures are discussed.

pulse-component model of earthquake ground motions  /  earthquake pulse component  /  pulse-type ground motion  /  earthquake engineering
高文俊, 李歆. 地震动脉冲分量表征模型研究综述. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (3) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0301
Wenjun GAO, Xin LI. Review on pulse-component models of earthquake ground motions[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (3) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0301
地震工程领域的学者们认识到,脉冲型地震动可以分解为脉冲分量(pulse component)与非脉冲分量(non-pulse component)[1],或者可以将脉冲型地震动视为脉冲分量与非脉冲分量的叠加组合[2-3],这自然也触发了对两类地震动分量作用效果分别进行研究的关键思路与实践探索。MUKHOPADHYAY等[2]认为脉冲型地震动可以视为多个脉冲和一个非脉冲运动的叠加,可以从脉冲型地震动中分离出脉冲分量,再单独对其进行研究。YADAV等[1]开展的研究也建立在脉冲型地震动可以分解为脉冲与非脉冲2种分量的基础之上。
脉冲型地震动对建筑结构的作用机理与所含脉冲分量的特征直接相关,与远场地震作用有显著区别[4-5]。为了表示地震动所含的脉冲分量以及研究其作用特征,不同学者提出了多种理想化的脉冲模型,这些模型统称为地震动脉冲分量表征模型(pulse-component model of earthquake ground motions),或简称为脉冲表征模型(pulse model)。脉冲表征模型采用数学表达式描述地震动位移、速度和加速度的时程,并且可以通过改变模型中的关键参数实现对脉冲幅值、脉冲周期和脉冲相位等属性的调整。
脉冲表征模型被用于:地震动脉冲分量的识别与提取[26]、探究地震动脉冲分量的基本特征[17-9]、探究脉冲分量对结构地震反应的影响[410-11]、探究地震动脉冲分量对反应谱的放大作用[12-13]、人工生成含脉冲分量的地震动(即地震动模拟)[14]、建立脉冲分量特征与近场条件下地震危险性之间的定量关系[15]、建立脉冲分量关键特征参数与震源机制之间的关系[1416-20]和研发针对地震动脉冲分量作用的结构减震技术[21]等方面。这些研究为提升近场条件下土木工程结构的抗震能力奠定了基础。
本文对与脉冲表征模型相关的文献资料进行了整理与回顾。首先,简要回顾了脉冲型地震动与地震动脉冲特征的相关概念。然后,对多种脉冲表征模型进行了整理,梳理了各类模型之间的继承、改进和衍生关系,并对脉冲表征模型的研究意义与其在结构抗震研究中所发挥的作用进行了总结与概括。同时,针对各类脉冲表征模型的特点进行了比较与讨论。最后,以现有文献中的研究结果为依据,对结构抗震设计中考虑脉冲型地震动影响的方法进行了探讨。
具有速度脉冲特征的地震动被称为脉冲型地震动(pulse-type ground motions或pulse-like ground motions[12])或速度脉冲型地震动(velocity pulse-type ground motions),其引发机制有2种[12]:一种是前方向性效应(forward directivity effect);另一种是滑冲效应(fling-step effect),也被称为永久位移效应(permanent displacement effect)[8]。SHAHI等[15]认为,只要地震动某一方向的分量含有脉冲特征,那么该地震动即为脉冲型地震动。然而,应注意到,并非所有近场区域内的地震动都具有脉冲特征。
前方向性效应引起的脉冲型地震动,其速度时程具有双向双峰的脉冲特征。该脉冲特征被称为前方向性效应特征。滑冲效应引起的脉冲型地震动,其速度时程具有单向单峰的脉冲特征,并且在速度脉冲的结束阶段,相应的位移时程则具有明显的残留位移(或称为永久位移)。该脉冲特征被称为滑冲效应特征。对于倾滑断层,前方向性效应和滑冲效应可能在垂直于断层面的方向上形成叠加[22],可导致地震动具有2种脉冲形式叠加的特征。此外,虽然具有前方向性效应特征的速度脉冲在垂直于断层的方向上出现的可能性较大,但也可以在偏离垂直方向的范围内出现[1523-24]。因此,区分两类速度脉冲的主要依据是地震动记录中速度时程与位移时程的形状。
根据模型的建立方式,已有的脉冲表征模型分为两类:一类是基于地震动加速度建立的加速度脉冲表征模型(acceleration pulse model);另二类是基于地震动速度建立的速度脉冲表征模型(velocity pulse model)。加速度脉冲表征模型的速度和位移可以分别通过1次积分和2次积分获得;速度脉冲表征模型的加速度和位移可以分别通过1次微分和1次积分获得。
CLOUGH等[25]总结了半正弦脉冲荷载、矩形脉冲荷载以及线性递减脉冲荷载作用下无阻尼单自由度(single degree of freedom,SDOF)系统的动力反应,并推导了解析表达式。由于这3种脉冲荷载作用可以简单地通过牛顿第二定律(a = f/m)转化为输入SDOF系统的加速度,所以这3种脉冲荷载形式也可以看作是3种不同的加速度脉冲表征模型,如图1(a)、(b)和(c)所示。MYLONAKIS等[26]采用了如图1(d)所示的线性三角形加速度脉冲模型。此外,CUESTA等[27]以及MYLONAKIS等[28]采用了多种不同形式的加速度脉冲表征模型。脉冲型地震动中脉冲分量的形式更接近正余弦形式,限制了其在地震工程实际应用中的有效性。
RICKER[29-30]提出了一种加速度脉冲表征模型(Ricker模型,1943年),该模型有2种形式:一种是对称形式,简称为Ricker对称模型;另一种是非对称形式,简称为Ricker反对称模型。Ricker对称模型可以采用VASSILIOU等[31]改写后的简洁形式,其加速度时程可表示为
式中:ap为加速度时程的峰值,并且有ü(0)= apüt)在(-∞,+∞)上关于t = 0对称;参数β,其中Tp为脉冲周期。
Ricker非对称模型的加速度时程表达式为
式中:参数βR取1.38时,有|üt)|max = |ap|;参数β,其中Tp是脉冲周期。
可通过对加速度时程表达式(1)和式(2)进行数值积分得到Ricker对称模型与Ricker反对称模型的速度时程曲线与位移时程曲线,如图2所示。由图2(a)可知,Ricker对称模型的速度、位移时程曲线具有前方向性效应特征。
MAKRIS等[1032]基于三角函数,建议了2种速度脉冲表征模型,简称为Makris-I模型(1997年)与Makris-II模型(1997年)。Makris-I模型模拟的是具有滑冲效应特征的速度脉冲,速度时程为半个周期的单峰正弦波,加速度时程为一个完整周期的正弦波,位移时程具有阶跃特征,具有永久位移。在文献[33]中Makris-I模型被称为“单半波速度脉冲模型”。KAMAI等[14]针对Makris模型中的具体参数提出了确定方法。Makris-I模型的速度时程u•(t)、加速度时程üt)以及位移时程ut)的表达式分别为
式中:ωp = 2π/Tp为脉冲周期Tp对应的圆频率;Vp为速度脉冲的幅值。该模型仅有2个关键参数为ωpVp
Makris-II模型模拟的是具有前向性效应特征的速度脉冲。Makris-II模型的速度时程u•(t)、加速度时程üt)以及位移时程ut)的表达式分别为
式中:ωpVp参考式(3);该模型仅有2个关键参数:ωpVp。Makris-I模型与Makris-II模型的加速度、速度和位移时程曲线绘制于图3;注意到,图3(b)中Makris-II模型的加速度时程曲线是不连续的。
蒲武川等[3]在Makris模型的基础上进行了改进,提出了考虑正负速度峰值差异的脉冲表征模型。PARK等[11]在模拟跨断层高架桥的输入地震动时,采用了Makris模型模拟前方向性脉冲分量,并与实际地震动记录结合生成宽频带地震动。
ALAVI等[34]提出了三段式线性速度脉冲表征模型,简称为Alavi模型(2000年),该模型的速度时程表达式为
式中:Tp为脉冲周期;Vp为速度脉冲的幅值,可取为地面运动速度时程的最大值;该模型仅有2个关键参数:TpVp。通过对速度时程进行1次微分和1次积分,可以分别得到Alavi模型的加速度时程曲线与位移时程曲线,如图4所示。由图可知,Alavi模型的位移时程曲线具有前方向性效应特征,也注意到其加速度时程曲线是不连续的。
MENUN等[35]提出了带包络函数的速度脉冲表征模型,简称为Menun模型(2002年),该模型的速度时程表达式为
式中:Tp为脉冲周期;Vp为速度脉冲的幅值;t0为脉冲的起始时刻;n1n2为形状参数。该模型共有4个关键参数:TpVpn1n2。式(10)中所含的指数项exp[•]为包络函数,其目的是为了让脉冲在达到峰值之前逐渐增强,而在峰值过后,进入一个衰减过程。
根据Menun模型的速度时程表达式(10),通过1次微分和1次积分可以分别得到加速度时程曲线与位移时程曲线,如图5所示。由图可知,Menun模型的位移时程曲线具有滑冲效应特征,也注意到其加速度时程曲线是不连续的。
MAVROEIDIS等[36]基于Gabor小波提出了一种速度脉冲表征模型,该模型属于一种幅值可调的三角函数,简称为Mavroeidis模型(2003年),该模型速度时程的表达式为
式中:Vp为速度脉冲幅值;fp为用于幅值调制的简谐函数的频率;γ为控制振荡过程的参数;φ为相位角;tp为速度脉冲峰值对应的时刻。Mavroeidis模型的位移时程表达式与加速度时程表达式较为复杂,可以参考文献[36]。
根据Mavroeidis模型的速度时程表达式(11),通过1次微分和1次积分可以分别得到加速度时程曲线与位移时程曲线,如图6所示。由图可知,当参数γ = π/2且φ = 0时,Mavroeidis模型的位移时程曲线具有滑冲效应特征。
DICKINSON等[37]直接使用Gabor小波作为脉冲表征模型,其中的调制函数为指数形式的高斯函数。MAVROEIDIS等[36]认为如果直接以Gabor小波作为速度脉冲,那么在该脉冲作用下,将无法得到单自由度系统动力反应的闭合解,但是,若将Gabor小波表达式中的调制函数(指数形式的高斯函数)替换为余弦函数,则可以得到闭合解。MAVROEIDIS等[38]对式(11)所示的速度脉冲模型进行了改进,并推导了在其作用下无阻尼SDOF系统的动力反应;而ALONSO-RODRIGUEZ等[39]则推导了在其作用下有阻尼SDOF系统的动力反应。DABAGHI等[40]建议的近断层地震动模拟方法中使用了Mavroeidis模型。曾聪等[41]使用Mavroeidis模型替代地震动中的低频分量,并与地震动中的高频分量合成,得到人工生成的断层地震动;李帅等[42]也采用了类似的方法,获得了用于分析苏通长江大桥地震反应的输入激励。ZHANG等[43]通过调整Mavroeidis模型中的关键参数获得多种低频脉冲,并将这些低频脉冲与地震动高频分量叠加,最终得到具有不同永久位移的人工脉冲型地震动。
在Mavroeidis模型的基础上,HOSEINI等[44]对脉冲速度时程的幅值函数进行了修正,将式(11)中用于调幅的三角函数0.5 [1+cos(2πfpt-tp)]替换为更加复杂的多项式函数,构成一种新的速度脉冲表征模型,用于模拟具有滑冲效应特征的速度脉冲,简称为Hoseini模型(2013年)。Hoseini模型的速度时程u•(t)和加速度时程üt)的表达式分别为
式中:Ap为幅值调控系数;fpφ分别为三角函数的圆频率和相位角;参数γ调控速度时程穿零的振荡特征;t0为速度脉冲峰值对应的时刻;该模型共有3个关键参数:Apγfp。Hoseini模型的位移时程表达式,可以通过对式(12)进行积分得到,积分计算结果可参考文献[44]。
HE等[45]基于Belarge小波提出了一种速度脉冲表征模型,简称为He模型(2008年),该模型的速度时程表达式为
式中:Tp为脉冲周期,ωp = 2π/Tp是脉冲周期对应的圆频率;C为脉冲调幅系数;Θ为脉冲相位角;a为衰减系数;n为偏斜系数,取非负整数;t0为脉冲的起始时刻。
He模型的加速度时程üt)与位移时程ut)的表达式分别为
式中:参数ρ•sin β = ωpρ•cos β = –a,其他参数同式(14)。He模型的参数较多,但这些参数对应的物理意义并不明确,特别是当偏斜系数n≥1时。He模型的加速度、速度、位移时程曲线如图7所示,其中相关的参数为:n = 0,a = 0.9,wp = 1.5。
MUKHOPADHYAY等[2]基于Mexican hat函数以及Mexican hat函数的积分形式建立了2种速度脉冲表征模型,简称为Mukhopadhyay-I模型(2013年)与Mukhopadhyay-II模型(2013年)。
Mukhopadhyay-I模型的速度时程与加速度时程üt)的表达式分别为
式中:Vp为速度脉冲的幅值;σ为脉冲周期的控制参数。该模型仅有2个关键参数:σVp。根据Mukhopadhyay-I模型绘制的时程曲线如图8所示,可以看出,当t = 0时,;而当t = σ时,
Mukhopadhyay-II模型的速度时程与加速度时程üt)的表达式分别为
式中:Vp为速度脉冲的幅值;σ为脉冲周期的控制参数。该模型仅有2个关键参数:σVp。根据Mukhopadhyay-II模型绘制的时程曲线如图9所示,可以看出,当t = 0时,;而当t = σ时,
YADAV等[1]基于正态分布函数建立了一种反映滑冲效应特征的速度脉冲模型,简称为Yadav模型(2017年),该模型中速度时程与加速度时程üt)的表达式分别为
式中:σ为脉冲周期的控制参数;tp为脉冲峰值对应的时刻;Ap为脉冲幅值调控系数。该模型仅有2个关键参数:Apσ。参数σ既影响脉冲周期,又影响脉冲幅值。Yadav模型的加速度、速度和位移时程曲线如图10所示。
EZZODIN等[46]基于一类多项式函数,即一种钟形函数(bell-shaped function),建立了一种反映滑冲效应特征的速度脉冲模型,简称为Ezzodin模型(2021年),该模型的速度时程表达式为
式中:Vp为速度脉冲的幅值;参数tβ控制脉冲周期,取正值;参数n建议取2,可以使得速度时程具有滑冲效应特征;t0为脉冲的起始时刻;该模型仅有2个关键参数:Vptβ。Ezzodin模型的加速度、速度和位移时程曲线如图11所示。EZZODIN等[47]将Ezzodin模型用于生成具有滑冲效应特征的脉冲型地震动。
除了较为明确的单脉冲形式,研究[3748]认为地震动可含有多个脉冲;但是,目前对于地震动记录中脉冲数量的确定方法并没有统一的标准,不同研究资料对脉冲数量的定义不尽相同。在文献[3748]中,采用地震动速度时程的半循环个数来衡量地震动记录中所含有的脉冲数量。ZHAI等[48]在研究中使用与地震动能量有关的准则,从地震动速度时程中识别出多个脉冲。王东升等[9]认为,具有多脉冲特征的地震动分量也是地震动信号中低频、短持时的组成部分。但是,对于多脉冲情况目前暂时缺乏深入研究,在结构抗震分析中也未给予充分考虑。
具有多脉冲形式的脉冲表征模型有:李新乐模型、He模型和Mavroeidis模型。在Mavroeidis模型中,当振荡过程控制参数γ取较大的数值时,速度时程曲线会出现振荡特征,正负峰值多次交替出现,可以看作含有多个脉冲。MAKRIS等[10]基于三角函数对地震动时程中多个低频位移循环的情况建议了一种多脉冲表征模型,并认为需注意多个脉冲幅值之间的衰减关系。
李新乐等[49]基于三角函数,建立了一种速度脉冲表征模型,简称为李新乐模型,该模型允许设定脉冲的个数,属于多脉冲模型。李新乐模型的速度时程表达式为
式中:ωp = 2π/Tp为脉冲周期Tp对应的圆频率;Vp为速度脉冲的幅值;αi为第i个脉冲的峰值折减系数,取值范围为[0,1];N为多个脉冲波峰、波谷的总数,可取0,1,2,3,…。根据式(25)可知,李新乐模型可以通过调整脉冲峰值折减系数(αi)的值体现不同时间段脉冲幅值的增减变化。应注意,李新乐模型采用了分段函数,式(25)在函数分段处只保证了函数的连续性,却不可微分。因此,李新乐模型的加速度时程是不连续的。
脉冲表征模型在结构抗震研究中所发挥的作用以及研究意义,共涉及以下七个方面,分别是:①地震动脉冲分量识别;②描述地震动脉冲分量关键特征;③地震危险性分析;④地震动速度脉冲作用下的结构反应规律与特征;⑤脉冲型地震动模拟;⑥近场条件下结构抗震、防震性能评估;⑦近场条件下结构抗震、防震设计。这些研究方向或应用之间的关系可以构成具有系统性的框架,如图12所示。
在部分基于拟合原理的脉冲分量识别(提取)方法中,识别出的脉冲波形以及关键脉冲表征参数均依赖于识别方法中采用的脉冲表征模型。例如,MENUN等[35]采用非线性回归,获得最佳的脉冲表征参数;DICKINSON等[37]通过使用脉冲表征模型对地震动记录进行了非线性最小二乘拟合,从而获得关键的脉冲表征参数。另外,通过对识别与提取的关键脉冲表征参数进行分析与归纳可以进一步得出地震动脉冲分量的基本属性与特征。在此基础之上,可以建立脉冲分量特征参数与震源机制的关系[1416-18],为明确脉冲分量特征与近场条件下地震危险性之间的定量关系奠定基础[15]
也有学者针对多脉冲的情况进行了研究。LU等[50]采用基于小波分析的累次提取方法对含有多个脉冲分量的地震动时程进行脉冲识别与提取。CHEN等[51]采用基于HHT的自动化提取方法对地震动时程进行多脉冲识别与提取,并将提取出的多脉冲参数与地震参数进行统计,从而分析它们之间的相关性。应注意到,文献[454852]研究表明,脉冲型地震动中脉冲分量的识别结果并不完全相同,而是依赖于研究者使用的脉冲识别与提取方法。
在近场条件下地震危险性分析(seismic hazard analysis)[1553-55]中,需要统计分析出脉冲型地震动的发生概率,因此,需要对地震动记录进行脉冲分量识别,从而判断其是否属于脉冲型地震动,进而完成统计分析。同时,近场条件下地震危险性分析中的地震动预测模型需要反映脉冲周期对地震动强度指标的影响[55]。为了探究脉冲周期与地震动强度指标之间的关系,首先需要识别并提取地震动记录中的脉冲分量并将脉冲特征参数化,而识别与提取过程需要建立或选择合适的脉冲表征模型。由此看出,近场条件下地震危险性分析的部分环节需要使用脉冲表征模型。
数学上,脉冲表征模型可以用解析式进行表达。如果该模型具有比较简单的形式,那么将其作为激励可以推导出单自由度(SDOF)系统脉冲反应的解析解。例如,ALONSO-RODRIGUEZ等[39]获得了Mavroeidis模型作用下的解析解;MYLONAKIS等[28]给出了简单脉冲表征模型作用下非线性SDOF系统动力反应的解析结果;CLOUGH等[25]给出了半正弦脉冲荷载、矩形脉冲荷载以及三角形脉冲荷载作用下无阻尼SDOF系统的动力反应解析表达式。
一方面,通过单自由度系统脉冲反应的解析形式,可以更加深入地把握关键脉冲参数与反应峰值之间的内在关系,从而可以更好地揭示地震动脉冲作用下结构动力反应的特征与规律(例如,地震动脉冲分量对反应谱的放大作用[12-13]),启发减小峰值反应的减震方法。
另一方面,单自由度系统脉冲反应的解析解可以为复杂结构在脉冲型地震动激励下的动力反应(振动台试验结果或时程分析计算结果)提供动力学解释,为脉冲型地震动作用下的结构反应规律提供理论依据。
此外,以脉冲表征模型作为复杂结构地震反应时程计算分析的输入激励,可以更直接地反映出地震动脉冲分量作用下结构的动力反应特点以及可能存在的抗震薄弱环节,为完善相应的结构抗震设计方法指明方向。
脉冲型地震动可以分解为低频、高频2种成分,或者分解为脉冲分量与非脉冲分量[13356]。脉冲表征模型可以用于替代地震动中的低频成分,然后与高频成分组合,合成新的人工脉冲型地震动(artificial pulse-type motion),用于模拟近断层地震动[14]、构造断层地震动[3357-58]。例如,EZZODIN等[47]合成了具有滑冲效应特征的脉冲型地震动。杨怀宇等[59]采用不同的脉冲表征模型模拟地震动脉冲分量,用于合成人工地震动,并将其作为跨断层隔震桥梁的时程计算输入激励。
脉冲表征模型也被用于替代脉冲型地震动作为输入激励,结构在其激励下的反应结果可以用于结构抗震设计和抗震能力评估[33945]。MAKRIS等[1032]和HE等[45]认为用脉冲表征模型作为对隔震结构的输入激励,其动力反应结果可以体现出隔震结构在脉冲型地震动作用下的主要反应特征。梁瑞军等[60]采用非线性时程分析研究了3种脉冲表征模型对多层结构的作用效果,并与脉冲型地震动的作用效果进行比较,最后得出结论:合理选择的脉冲表征模型可以替代实际的脉冲型地震动用于结构地震反应分析。ALAVI等[61]使用脉冲表征模型替代脉冲型地震动,计算在其作用下结构的动力反应,并将脉冲表征模型用于估计结构底部的水平抗力需求。SEHHATI等[62]使用修正后的Gabor小波作为脉冲表征模型,将其作为结构地震反应计算分析的输入激励,获得了与脉冲型地震动作用下相似的结构反应。该研究进一步指出,当结构基本周期与脉冲周期之比(TStru/Tp)在0.4~4.0的范围内时,结构地震反应由地震动脉冲分量控制,脉冲表征模型可以较好地反映出脉冲型地震动的激励特点。类似地,ALAVI等[61]的研究认为,这个周期比(TStru/Tp)的范围是0.375~3.000。
目前,国内外学者已提出多种脉冲表征模型,各种模型针对不同的研究内容与目的具有各自的特点。研究人员在选用脉冲表征模型时,也并不存在统一的标准。然而,形式简洁的脉冲表征模型,如果可以得出SDOF系统在其激励下的闭合解,则能够为理论研究中的计算推导环节提供极大便利,值得推广使用。根据脉冲分量的产生机制,建立能够反映滑冲效应特征与前方向性效应特征的脉冲表征模型是非常重要的。基于唯象的滑冲效应特征的脉冲表征模型有:Menun模型、Yadav模型、Ezzodin模型、Makris-I模型和Hoseini模型;基于唯象的前方向性效应特征的脉冲表征模型有:Alavi模型、Mukhopadhyay-II模型、Makris-II模型、Ricker对称模型以及Mavroeidis模型(需要参数取特定的值)。
根据脉冲表征模型采用的数学函数类型进行分类:
1)线性模型有:Alavi模型。
2)多项式模型有:Ezzodin模型。
3)正态分布函数模型有:Mukhopadhyay-I模型、Mukhopadhyay-II模型、Yadav模型、Ricker对称模型和Ricker反对称模型。
4)三角函数模型有:Menun模型、Makris-I模型、Makris-II模型、Hoseini模型、He模型、Mavroeidis模型和李新乐模型。
根据脉冲表征模型的加速度时程曲线是否连续(是否存在突变)进行分类,加速度时程曲线不连续的模型有:Makris-II模型、Alavi速度脉冲模型和Menun速度脉冲模型;加速度时程曲线连续的模型有:Makris-I模型、Mavroeidis模型、Ricker对称模型、Ricker反对称模型、Mukhopadhyay-I模型、Mukhopadhyay-II模型、Yadav模型以及Ezzodin模型。由于实际地震动的加速度随时间连续变化,因此加速度时程曲线连续的脉冲表征模型具有更好的物理可解释性。对于反映同一类特征的多种唯象脉冲表征模型,虽然它们在数学表达式上存在差异,但没有任何一种模型体现出关于这种差异的独特优势,这些数学表达形式上的差异也没有反映出更深刻的机理。
对于具有前方向性效应特征的脉冲表征模型,其加速度、速度和位移时程曲线分别具有:三峰(1个主正峰,2个负峰)、双峰(1个正峰和1个负峰交替出现)、单峰特征;对于具有滑冲效应特征的脉冲表征模型,其加速度、速度和位移时程曲线分别具有:双峰(1个正峰和1个负峰交替出现)、单峰、阶跃特征。由于在物理关系上,速度对时间的导数是加速度,所以具有滑冲效应特征的脉冲表征模型的加速度时程曲线与具有前方向性效应特征的脉冲表征模型的速度时程曲线是相似的;所以,在构建脉冲表征模型时,二者的数学表达式可以相互借鉴。同理,具有滑冲效应特征的脉冲表征模型的速度时程曲线与具有前方向性效应特征的脉冲表征模型的位移时程曲线是相似的,二者的数学表达式也可以相互借鉴。两类模型的相似关系可以通过图13进行总结。
根据对现有脉冲表征模型的整理结果可以看出,脉冲表征模型有3个关键表征对象,分别是:①效应特征;②脉冲幅值;③脉冲周期。
脉冲型地震动具有两类效应特征:滑冲效应特征与前方向性效应特征;脉冲表征模型应能够反映这两类效应特征,才能将理想化的激励模型与实际脉冲型地震动的激励特点结合起来,更加针对工程结构抗震问题。
通常速度脉冲和加速度脉冲分别将速度脉冲幅值和加速度脉冲幅值作为衡量脉冲强度的指标;因而,脉冲表征模型需要对相应的幅值提供显示调控参数,以便简洁且准确地反映脉冲强度。
地震动脉冲周期(Tp)与结构基本周期(TStru)的关系对结构的动力反应具有显著影响,尤其是当二者的比例接近1∶1时。CHANG等[63]的研究指出,前方向性效应可以在TStru/Tp为0.75~1.09的范围内显著放大谱加速度,并且在此范围内的平台区段,放大系数可达3.31。LI等[64]的研究指出,场地底部基岩上方的覆盖土体会对地震动脉冲周期造成影响。该研究认为,基岩处的地震动在经过覆盖土层传递至场地表面后,所含脉冲分量的周期将发生改变,导致场地表面地震动的脉冲周期趋向于覆盖土体基本周期的1.5倍。因而,近场范围内的结构抗震设计需特别关注脉冲周期为场地覆盖土体基本周期1.5倍时的结构地震反应。CHIOCCARELLI等[55]的分析指出,脉冲周期的方差随震级的提高而增大,7级地震的脉冲周期方差可达60%。
对于已有的多种脉冲表征模型,目前尚缺乏系统性的比较手段与评价方法,但仍有2种可行的方式可用于对不同脉冲表征模型的激励效果进行考察与比较。
第一种方式是以原地震动激励下的结构反应为参照,对比不同脉冲表征模型作用下结构反应与参照反应的吻合程度,吻合程度越高表明对应的脉冲表征模型能够更好地反映出原地震动中脉冲分量的作用特征,但是该吻合程度尚无统一的定量表示标准。蒲武川等[3]、HE等[45]以及梁瑞军等[60]都使用了这类比较方法。
第二种方式是以原地震动的反应谱为参照,对比不同脉冲表征模型作用下反应谱曲线与参照曲线的吻合程度,吻合程度越高表明对应的脉冲表征模型能够更好地反映出原地震动中脉冲分量的作用特征。例如,蒲武川等[3]、谢俊举等[13]以及HE等[45]都使用了类似的比较方法。脉冲表征模型与原地震动二者的反应谱相比,通常原地震动的加速度反应谱在高频段(短周期范围)内具有更高的谱值。这种差异体现出了原地震动中非脉冲分量的作用特征。
谢俊举等[13]为了研究脉冲型地震动中脉冲分量对地震动反应谱的放大作用,将脉冲型地震动中的脉冲分量分离出去,得到残余分量,然后,对比原脉冲型地震动与其残余分量二者反应谱的变化情况。该研究指出,脉冲效应对反应谱的放大作用具有窄带特征,并不是在全部周期段一致放大,而是在不同周期段具有不同的放大效果。类似地,相关文献[121563]也指出,脉冲分量对反应谱的放大作用具有窄带特征。SHAHI等[15]指出,脉冲分量对反应谱的放大作用在T≈0.8 Tp处最显著(T为反应谱的横坐标,表示周期;Tp为脉冲周期)。
目前,国内GB 55002—2021《建筑与市政工程抗震通用规范》[65](简称为《抗震通用规范》)也对近场条件下的结构抗震设计作出要求。《抗震通用规范》指出:当工程结构处于发震断裂两侧10 km以内时,应计入近场效应对设计地震动参数的影响(见4.1.1条第1款)。
GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》(2016年版)[66]在抗震性能化设计、隔震和消能减震设计中涉及近场效应的考虑范围:①在抗震性能化设计(3.10.3条第1款)中规定:对处于发震断裂两侧10 km以内的结构,地震动参数应计入近场影响,5 km以内宜乘以增大系数1.5,5 km以外乘以不小于1.25的增大系数;②在隔震和消能减震设计(12.2.2条第2款)中规定:当处于发震断层10 km以内时,输入地震波应考虑近场影响系数,5 km以内宜取1.5,5 km以外可取不小于1.25。GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[66],2016年版中采用放大地震动参数的方式(乘以放大系数)考虑近断层条件下脉冲型地震动导致的不利影响。该方法的实际效果是统一放大地震作用,没有反映脉冲效应在反应谱不同周期段具有不同放大效果的特点。
现有研究[410-11]已充分证明脉冲型地震动作用下的结构反应明显区别于远场地震动作用下的结构反应。因此,对近场范围内的土木工程结构进行抗震设计时,需在结构地震反应计算分析阶段考虑结构在地震动脉冲分量作用下的反应特点,可以在结构非线性时程计算分析的过程中选择具有脉冲作用特征的地震动作为输入激励。然而,在地震动选取时应注意对地震动中脉冲特征的识别。KOHRANGI等[56]的研究表明:对于非脉冲型地震动与脉冲型地震动,二者并不能直接通过反应谱曲线的形状进行严格区分,二者的反应谱曲线可以非常接近;在反应谱曲线吻合程度较高的前提下,二者作用下的结构反应依然可能存在显著差异。
一般情况下,复杂结构的计算分析效率有限,无法使用大量的地震动作为激励得到具有概率统计意义的地震反应,而是选择若干具有代表性的地震动作为输入激励,验证结构是否满足抗震设计要求。此时,应特别注意所选地震动中脉冲分量的周期与结构基本周期之间的关系[67-68]。HAYDEN等[67]认为,在选取的地震动数量较少的时候,所选地震动的脉冲周期应与地震作用下结构主控模态的周期范围相接近。ALMUFTI等[68]依据地震危险性分析结果,提出了一套确定所选地震动脉冲周期范围的方法。
由于在近场条件下,脉冲型地震动和非脉冲型地震动均有可能发生。因此,在选择地震动时,既要选择一定数量的脉冲型地震动,也要选择一定数量的非脉冲型地震动。在所选地震动中,脉冲型地震动的数量所占的比例也是亟待解决的问题之一。HAYDEN等[67]对该问题进行了研究,提出了确定脉冲型地震动数量占比的计算方法。
本文主要回顾了地震工程研究领域内关于脉冲表征模型的文献资料。对该研究领域内使用的脉冲表征模型进行了收集与整理,并对各类模型的特点进行了比较与归纳,收集整理的脉冲表征模型资料可供后续研究使用。在此基础之上,针对脉冲表征模型在结构抗震研究中所发挥的作用以及研究意义进行了梳理总结,提炼了清晰的研究框架,为后续相关研究提供参考。得出以下结论:
1)从梳理总结出的研究框架可以看出,考虑地震动脉冲效应的地震危险性分析是衔接专业技术与工程应用的核心环节,也是脉冲型地震动相关研究成果应用于工程结构抗震韧性提升的重要内容之一。
2)尽管不同学者针对同一类型的脉冲特征建立了多种不同的脉冲表征模型,目前尚无公认的最佳模型,或者相关的评价标准。虽然这些脉冲表征模型的数学表达形式存在差异,但是在动力学上的表现是接近的,数学表达形式上的差异并不是对本质机理的体现。此外,从计算分析的角度出发,建立的脉冲表征模型应尽可能简洁。
3)对于结构抗震问题,脉冲表征模型应能够反映两类典型的脉冲特征(前方向性效应特征和滑冲效应特征),才能将理想化的激励模式与实际脉冲型地震动的激励特点结合起来。同时指出,分别具有滑冲效应特征与前方向性效应特征的两类脉冲表征模型之间具有相似性。此外,脉冲表征模型的加速度时程应保持连续,从而具有更好的物理可解释性。
4)对于近场条件下的结构抗震设计,应在结构地震反应时程计算分析阶段选取具有脉冲特征的地震动作为输入激励,才能够更全面地反映出脉冲型地震动对工程结构的作用特点。在选取地震动时,应考虑脉冲型地震动数量所占的比例以及所选地震动的脉冲周期与结构主要周期之间的关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52208195; 51908419)
  • 上海市2022年度“科技创新行动计划”社会发展科技攻关项目(22dz1201400)
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2024年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0301
  • 接收时间:2023-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-15
  • 修回日期:2023-09-05
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52208195; 51908419)
上海市2022年度“科技创新行动计划”社会发展科技攻关项目(22dz1201400)
作者信息
    1.同济大学 土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
    2.同济大学 结构防灾减灾工程系,上海 200092

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李歆(1988—),女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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