Article(id=1245389866817667773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0221, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706716800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-01, revisedDate=1710086400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853682474, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853682474, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853682474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853682474, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245389858412282468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='232', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853680470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854277127, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392361031840387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392361031840388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=208, endPage=217, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245389867543282374, articleId=1245389866817667773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Investigation and analysis of seismic damage of rural buildings caused by Ms6.2 earthquake in Jishishan of Gansu Province, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Jishishan earthquake caused serious damages to buildings in some areas of Gansu Province and Qinghai Province. The seismic damages of rural buildings at 11 survey points were investigated in areas with seismic intensities of 7 and 8 degrees. The seismic damage investigation shows that the earthquake disaster regions are mainly areas of towns and villages, and the main types of house structures are civil structure, brick and wood structure and unfortified brick concrete structure. In areas with intensity 8 degree, houses of civil structure mainly perform as severely damaged or collapsed. Brick wood structure and unfortified brick concrete structure houses were mainly damaged moderately and severely. Fortified brick concrete and reinforced concrete frame structure houses were damaged slightly and moderately. In areas with intensity 7 degree, civil structure houses were mainly damage moderately. Brick wood structure and unfortified brick concrete structure houses mainly damage slightly and moderately. Fortified brick concrete and reinforced concrete frame structure houses were mainly damaged slightly and basically intact. The seismic damage caused by the earthquake is more severe than that of earthquakes with the same magnitude, which is related to factors such as the amplification effect of ground-motion peak values of complex terrain in the earthquake area, poor quality of building masonry, and unreasonable structural stress of buildings. It is recommended to carry out further research on site amplification effect and spectrum impact of complex terrain, and attach importance to the earthquake resistance promotion and practical technology development of non-structural components of buildings.

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积石山地震对甘肃和青海部分地区房屋建筑造成了严重破坏。调查了地震烈度7度和8度地区的11个调查点的村镇建筑震害。震害调查表明:地震灾区主要为乡镇和农村地区,房屋结构类型主要为土木、砖木和未设防砖混结构;在烈度8度地区,土木结构房屋主要表现为严重破坏或倒塌破坏,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋主要表现为中等破坏和严重破坏,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋主要表现为轻微破坏和中等破坏;在烈度7度地区,土木结构房屋以中等破坏为主,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋以轻微破坏和中等破坏为主,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋以轻微破坏和基本完好为主。此次地震震害较同级别地震偏重,与震区复杂地形、地震动峰值放大效应、建筑砌筑质量差和结构受力不合理等因素相关。建议进一步开展复杂地形场地放大效应及频谱影响研究,重视建筑非结构构件抗震宣传与实用技术研发。

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周宝峰(1978—),男,副研究员,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
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杨永强(1983—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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Investigation and consideration of building damage in the epicenter of Sichuan Luding M6.8 earthquake[J]. Building Structure, 2023, 53(7): 1-8. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Investigation and consideration of building damage in the epicenter of Sichuan Luding M6.8 earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245389888388973330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389866817667773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=42, authorNames=中国地震局工程力学研究所, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国地震局工程力学研究所. 应急产出:甘肃积石山6.2级地震(第2报)[R/OL]. [2023-12-19]. https://www.iem.net.cn/detail.html?id=2965., articleTitle=应急产出:甘肃积石山6.2级地震(第2报), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245389888472859414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389866817667773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration. Emergency results: M6.2 earthquake in Jishishan, Gansu (2nd Report)[R/OL]. [2023-12-19]. https://www.iem.net.cn/detail.html?id=2965. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Emergency results: M6.2 earthquake in Jishishan, Gansu (2nd Report), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245389888602882842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389866817667773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=51, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=44, authorNames=王运生, 赵波, 吉锋, journalName=成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=王运生,赵波,吉锋,. 2023年甘肃积石山Ms6.2级地震震害异常的启示[J]. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版)202451 (1):1-8., articleTitle=2023年甘肃积石山Ms6.2级地震震害异常的启示, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245389888745489182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389866817667773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=51, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=45, authorNames=WANG Yunsheng, ZHAO Bo, JI Feng, journalName=Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yunsheng, ZHAO Bo, JI Feng, et al. Preliminary insights into hazards triggered by the 2023 Jishishan Ms 6.2 earthquake, Gansu Province[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition), 2024, 51 (1): 1-8. 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甘肃积石山6.2级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析
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杨永强 1, 2 , 田健叶 1, 2 , 周宝峰 1, 2 , 聂桂波 1, 2 , 王宏伟 1, 2 , 谢贤鑫 1, 2 , 戴君武 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(2): 208-217
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(2): 208-217
甘肃积石山6.2级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析
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杨永强1, 2 , 田健叶1, 2, 周宝峰1, 2 , 聂桂波1, 2, 王宏伟1, 2, 谢贤鑫1, 2, 戴君武1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 杨永强(1983—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

周宝峰(1978—),男,副研究员,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
Investigation and analysis of seismic damage of rural buildings caused by Ms6.2 earthquake in Jishishan of Gansu Province
Yongqiang YANG1, 2 , Jianye TIAN1, 2, Baofeng ZHOU1, 2 , Guibo NIE1, 2, Hongwei WANG1, 2, Xianxin XIE1, 2, Junwu DAI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0221
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积石山地震对甘肃和青海部分地区房屋建筑造成了严重破坏。调查了地震烈度7度和8度地区的11个调查点的村镇建筑震害。震害调查表明:地震灾区主要为乡镇和农村地区,房屋结构类型主要为土木、砖木和未设防砖混结构;在烈度8度地区,土木结构房屋主要表现为严重破坏或倒塌破坏,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋主要表现为中等破坏和严重破坏,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋主要表现为轻微破坏和中等破坏;在烈度7度地区,土木结构房屋以中等破坏为主,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋以轻微破坏和中等破坏为主,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋以轻微破坏和基本完好为主。此次地震震害较同级别地震偏重,与震区复杂地形、地震动峰值放大效应、建筑砌筑质量差和结构受力不合理等因素相关。建议进一步开展复杂地形场地放大效应及频谱影响研究,重视建筑非结构构件抗震宣传与实用技术研发。

积石山地震  /  村镇建筑震害  /  构造措施  /  场地放大效应  /  非结构构件

Jishishan earthquake caused serious damages to buildings in some areas of Gansu Province and Qinghai Province. The seismic damages of rural buildings at 11 survey points were investigated in areas with seismic intensities of 7 and 8 degrees. The seismic damage investigation shows that the earthquake disaster regions are mainly areas of towns and villages, and the main types of house structures are civil structure, brick and wood structure and unfortified brick concrete structure. In areas with intensity 8 degree, houses of civil structure mainly perform as severely damaged or collapsed. Brick wood structure and unfortified brick concrete structure houses were mainly damaged moderately and severely. Fortified brick concrete and reinforced concrete frame structure houses were damaged slightly and moderately. In areas with intensity 7 degree, civil structure houses were mainly damage moderately. Brick wood structure and unfortified brick concrete structure houses mainly damage slightly and moderately. Fortified brick concrete and reinforced concrete frame structure houses were mainly damaged slightly and basically intact. The seismic damage caused by the earthquake is more severe than that of earthquakes with the same magnitude, which is related to factors such as the amplification effect of ground-motion peak values of complex terrain in the earthquake area, poor quality of building masonry, and unreasonable structural stress of buildings. It is recommended to carry out further research on site amplification effect and spectrum impact of complex terrain, and attach importance to the earthquake resistance promotion and practical technology development of non-structural components of buildings.

Jishishan earthquake  /  seismic damage of rural buildings  /  construction measures  /  site amplification effect  /  non-structural components
杨永强, 田健叶, 周宝峰, 聂桂波, 王宏伟, 谢贤鑫, 戴君武. 甘肃积石山6.2级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (2) : 208 -217 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0221
Yongqiang YANG, Jianye TIAN, Baofeng ZHOU, Guibo NIE, Hongwei WANG, Xianxin XIE, Junwu DAI. Investigation and analysis of seismic damage of rural buildings caused by Ms6.2 earthquake in Jishishan of Gansu Province[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (2) : 208 -217 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0221
据中国地震台网中心测定,北京时间2023年12月18日23时59分在甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山县(35.70°N,102.79°E)发生6.2级地震,震源深度10 km。本次地震震中区域位于青藏高原东缘,是青藏高原向黄土高原过渡地带,该地震带由于受印度板块和亚欧板块挤压的影响,构造变形十分强烈,全区遍布第四纪褶皱、逆冲断裂和走滑断裂,属于我国南北地震带组成部分。该区地震活动较频繁,自1949年以来震中周边200 km范围内发生6.0~6.9级地震2次,5.0~5.9级地震14次。该次地震为逆冲断层型地震,发震断层为拉脊山北缘逆冲断裂,破裂面呈现SE-NW走向,破裂由震中向NW方向延伸[1]
震后应急管理部组织中国地震局派出地震现场工作队,依照GB/T 18208.3—2011《地震现场工作:调查规范》[2]、GB/T 17742—2020《中国地震烈度表》[3],对灾区668个调查点展开了实地震害调查,并充分参考震区断裂构造、仪器烈度、余震分布、震源机制和遥感等科技支撑成果,于2023年12月22日确定了此次地震的烈度分布,完成了《甘肃积石山6.2级地震烈度图》编制工作。此次地震最大烈度为8度,等震线长轴呈北西走向,长轴为124 km,短轴为85 km,6度区及以上面积为8364 km2,其中甘肃省为5232 km2,青海省为3132 km2。此次地震涉及甘肃省3个市(州)、9个县(市、区)、88个乡镇(街道)以及太子山天然林保护区、盖新坪林场,涉及青海省2个市(州)、4个县(市)、30个乡镇[4]。此次地震共造成甘肃、青海两省77.2万人不同程度受灾,151人死亡,其中甘肃117人,青海34人;倒塌房屋7万间,严重损坏房屋9.9万间,一般损坏房屋25.2万间;直接经济损失146.12亿元。地震不仅造成灾区较大规模的房屋倒塌和损坏,交通、电力和通信等基础设施也遭受不同程度破坏,还造成了罕见的大规模黄土液化流滑和大量崩塌等地质灾害[5-6]
2023年12月25日至30日,对甘肃积石山Ms6.2级地震造成的建筑结构震害情况进行了现场科考调查,调查点共11个,其中地震烈度7区调查点5个,地震烈度8度区调查点6个。调查点以乡镇和农村为主,民居以自建房屋为主,主要包括土木、砖木和未设防砖混结构,公共建筑以标准设防建筑为主,主要包括钢筋混凝土框架结构和砖混结构。根据GB 18306—2015《中国地震动参数区划图》[7]可以查明,此次主要灾区的设防烈度为7度,对应的地震动峰值加速度为0.1 g,反应谱特征周期为0.45 s。
本文通过对不同类型建筑工程的震害描述,总结了此次地震中建筑震害特征,以期为类似地区的村镇房屋建设和地震灾害评估提供参考。
现场震害调查显示,土木结构是此次灾区村镇房屋的主要结构形式之一,在灾区分布较为普遍。此类房屋大多修建于20世纪,现在多数作为居住或贮藏使用。
基于墙体材料、砌筑方式和承重构件的不同,土木结构可以细分为墙体承重土木结构和混合承重土木结构[8]。墙体承重土木结构房屋是以夯土墙或土坯墙为承重主体,该类型的房屋多由农村工匠自主建造,墙体承受屋盖系统的全部荷载。相比于墙体承重土木结构房屋,混合承重土木结构房屋不依靠单一的墙体来承重,而是以土墙为外部承重构件和围护结构,以木柱为内部承重构件共同承担屋顶荷载,该类房屋的木柱多设置于房屋正面,一般情况下与墙体或屋盖系统缺乏有效连接措施。
由于材料的力学特性和传统施工工艺等因素的限制,土木结构建筑的抗震性能普遍较差,难以满足抗震要求,其主要的震害特征包括整体倒塌、局部倒塌、墙体破坏和屋盖破坏[9-11]。究其原因,一是木屋盖系统一般由木梁、檩条和上部的泥瓦层组成,木材料与泥瓦之间的变形能力不一致,地震作用下常常由于木梁、檩条变形过大导致泥瓦层破坏,屋盖系统出现漏洞现象如图1(a)所示;二是这类房屋一般由土坯墙承受竖向和水平荷载,材料强度低、延性差,而木屋盖系统与土坯墙体之间缺乏有效连接,在地震作用下难以对墙体形成约束作用和协同工作,从而导致墙体外闪倒塌破坏如图1(b)所示,严重的引起屋盖系统的连锁破坏甚至整体倒塌,如图2所示。
砖木结构是此次灾区村镇房屋的另一种主要结构形式,因其具有施工工艺简单、取材方便、造价低廉和耐久性好的优点,在灾区农村普遍存在。此类房屋为灾区的传统建筑形式,最早的房屋建于20世纪80年代,并且仍然有大量新建建筑采用此结构形式。
基于承重构件不同,砖木结构也可以细分为墙体承重砖木结构和混合承重砖木结构。普通砖木结构主要是由砖砌墙体来承重和围护,屋顶采用木椽、檩和瓦片等构筑的单坡或双坡屋盖房屋,由砖墙来承担竖向与水平荷载;混合承重砖木结构是指竖向与水平荷载由砖墙与木构架共同承担的结构,一般房屋正面为木框架,横墙和后墙为砖墙。由于砖木结构都是自建房,缺乏抗震构造措施,屋盖与墙体之间连接较弱。这导致砖木结构的整体性、抗震能力差,其震害特征为墙体外闪、开裂和错位,以及屋顶垮塌、梭瓦和掉瓦,木柱与木梁之间脱榫破坏,严重时发生整体倒塌[11-13]。甘肃积石山县大河镇康吊村某民居如图3所示,其为普通砖木结构房屋,双坡木屋盖,由于纵横墙连接较弱,纵横墙连接处开裂,前后墙外闪;因前墙门窗开洞过大,前墙砖柱错断,横墙斜裂缝,整体严重破坏。青海民和县干沟子乡某民居如图4所示,其为混合承重砖木结构,因木屋盖对墙体约束能力较差,并且房屋缺乏圈梁、构造柱等约束措施,地震作用下纵横墙连接处开裂,后墙外闪,木梁与木柱之间存在拔榫现象;此外,由于梁下无构造柱,并且缺少合理的集中荷载分配措施,梁下墙体产生竖向裂缝,整体中等破坏。
砖混结构是我国最常用的结构形式,一般采用红砖砌筑,现浇混凝土楼板或预制混凝土楼板。村镇的砖混结构一般为长方形布局,前后2道纵墙,中间为了空间布局、采光和美观,一般横墙较少,且墙体门窗开洞尺寸较大、位置较为随意、抗震性能较弱[14-17]。近年来,随着我国的经济发展,临夏地区农民的经济收入逐步提高,现代建材和建造技术开始涌入农村地区,经济条件较好的村民选择自建砖混结构房屋。建筑方式则大多是在拆除原始院落中的一栋建筑后在原址上建造,保留最初院落布局的同时也能继续利用其他房屋的使用功能。此次地震灾区,民居自建砖混结构多为1~2层,大多数未设置构造柱、圈梁等抗震构造措施,承重外墙厚度一般为240 mm,以现浇楼板为主,震害相对较重,一般表现为承重墙的贯通开裂或者局部倒塌;少数自建房有一定的构造措施,但构造措施并不完备,震害相对较轻,一般表现为墙体的轻微开裂。
此外,还有少数学校、医院等公共建筑也采用砖混结构,一般为2~4层,均按照国家相关规范标准设计建筑,有构造柱和圈梁,采用钢筋混凝土现浇楼板,墙体厚度多以240 mm为主,该类房屋整体抗震性能较好,高烈度地区一般为中等破坏或轻微破坏,主要表现为墙体贯穿性斜裂缝;低烈度地区一般为轻微破坏或基本完好,主要表现为墙体轻微开裂或装饰面破坏。
非设防砖混结构典型震害如图5所示,无约束纵横墙体出现贯通性斜裂缝或X型裂缝。
图6(a)为石塬镇石塬村的一组相邻房屋,均为一层砖砌体结构,现浇楼板,2座房屋之间间隔一条约5 m宽的水泥路。图6(b)中,房屋墙体上下设置有圈梁,并且在房屋的四角分别设置构造柱,构造措施对墙体形成了一个相对较好的约束体系,地震作用下房屋仅有前墙窗角处产生轻微斜裂缝,造成了部分墙前瓷砖脱落,整体轻微破坏;图6(c)中,房屋无构造措施,地震作用下房屋的纵横墙均产生了明显的贯通性斜裂缝,前墙窗边墙体被剪断,房屋整体严重破坏。这一震例说明,构造措施对砖混结构抗震性能至关重要,即使不太完备的构造措施(此例中构造柱设置较少,未在中间横墙和纵墙交接处设置构造柱)也能大大提升房屋的整体性,进而显著增强抗震性能。
积石山县石塬镇石塬村小学教工楼如图7所示,其为二层砖混结构,地震作用下一层两侧山墙及楼梯间处横墙出现明显贯通性斜裂缝,纵墙破坏较轻,前墙门窗洞口角部墙体出现斜裂缝,装饰层脱落。
本次地震的主要灾区位于村镇地区,仅有部分学校或医院等公共建筑采用钢筋混凝土框架结构,这些公共建筑均按照国家相关规范进行抗震设计和施工。钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋主要由钢筋混凝土梁、柱承重,楼板或屋盖采用钢筋混凝土现浇而成,填充墙多采用空心砖或混凝土砌块。因与框架梁柱建造材料的力学性能不同,在地震后变形不协调,遇强震时填充墙体易出现裂缝[17-20]。该类型房屋主体结构抗震性能良好,本次调查的这类建筑位于地震烈度7度和8度区,地震中主体结构,即梁柱承重体系基本完好,主要表现为非结构系统破坏,比如构造柱轻微破坏,空心砖填充墙、加气混凝土砌块填充墙出现交叉型贯穿斜裂缝或局部倒塌,吊顶大面积坠落,瓷砖和抹灰层大面积脱落,以及内部办公用品、教学用具的倾倒错位等破坏。
积石山县中咀岭乡庙岭村小学教学楼如图8所示,位于地震烈度7度区,3层钢筋混凝土框架结构,主体结构基本完好;一层个别构造柱柱头由于施工缺陷,发生混凝土保护层剥落,填充墙产生斜裂缝,整体上属于轻微破坏等级。积石山县石塬镇石塬村小学教学楼,如图9所示,位于地震烈度8度区,二层钢筋混凝土框架结构,主体结构基本完好,一层填充墙多数严重破坏如图9(c)所示,二层填充墙破坏较轻,仅个别墙体产生斜裂缝如图9(d)所示;教室内部墙体瓷砖和抹灰大面积脱落,教具和办公室设施破坏严重,黑板坠落、投影仪和电脑破坏等,整体上属于中等破坏等级。
本次地震灾区7度和8度高烈度区大部分为乡镇地区,房屋主要结构类型为土木结构、砖木结构和未设防砖混结构,三者占比超过90%。由上述分析可知,这三类结构的整体性较差,在强烈地震动作用下,往往发生严重破坏或倒塌,极易造成较大的人员伤亡和经济损失,这是此次地震灾害较为严重的主要原因。除此之外,还有以下三方面因素影响了本次地震灾害程度。
此次地震发生在青藏高原与黄土高原的交汇部位,属于黄河塑造的阶地沉积层,地形起伏变化较大,地震影响区地形总体由西南向东北倾斜,平均海拔2900 m。在内外营力的长期相互作用下,区域形成了侵蚀构造高中山、构造侵蚀黄土丘陵、山前冲洪积凹陷盆地及冲洪积带状宽缓河谷相间的地貌景观。从大的地形地貌的影响来看,此次地震位于孤突地形、高陡山坡上的房屋建筑结构的破坏程度远大于位于山下平坦场地上的。从小的局部选址位置影响来看,位于边坡坡顶的建筑,临坡距离越小,即距离坡肩越近,房屋破坏程度越高[6]。已有研究表明这种地形会存在较为明显的场地放大效应[21],因此,本次地震动强度大,远超当地设防水平,震中附近的强震台站记录到的最大加速度峰值为-929.8 cm/s2[22-23]。反应谱计算可知,震中附近地震动的中高频成分丰富,地震动反应谱在0.1~0.5 s周期段远超当地设防烈度7度对应的罕遇地震设计谱,甚至大大超过了9度设防烈度对应的罕遇地震设计谱(二类场地,第一组),如图10所示。地震影响区内建筑多为单层或多层结构,现场测试表明这类建筑的基本自振周期通常处于0.1~0.3 s范围内,结构基本自振周期(T =0.145 s)与地震动卓越周期正好重叠,地震动作用下结构易发生共振而产生严重损伤,如图11所示。
此次灾区的自建砖木结构和砖混结构房屋的砌筑砂浆强度极低,多为泥浆,地震破坏均为灰缝处开裂,粘结强度明显低于国内大部分地区,如图12所示。此外,砖木结构屋盖浮放在墙体上,与墙体无固定拉结,多称之为“硬山搁檩”,墙体上、下均未设置圈梁,屋盖对墙体约束能力较差,房屋整体抗震能力很低,如图13所示。砖混结构墙体施工工艺较差,砖墙砌筑方式不规范,存在明显的顺缝砌筑现象,如图14所示。纵横墙交接处无咬槎或咬槎较差,部分房屋纵横墙建造不同步,且未按照相关要求砌成斜槎,致使房屋纵横墙连接处破坏严重,如图15所示。这两类自建房屋一般在7度及以上烈度区发生明显破坏,在地震动较强时部分房屋就会发生严重破坏或倒塌。
现场调查发现,本次地震灾区房屋结构存在诸多受力不合理现象。一是建筑材料混用,除上述提到的混合承重土木结构和混合承重砖木结构外,还存在大量砖柱土墙木屋架房屋,这类房屋用2种或者3种建筑材料承受竖向和水平荷载,各种材料强度、延性均不相同,在地震作用下难以协同工作,导致抗震能力低下,如图16所示;二是存在大量墙体随意搭接,而搭接处无有效连接,比如墙体二次建造,中间无咬槎,存在竖向贯通施工缝,并且设置在梁底,如图17所示;三是灾区存在大量二层砖混民居,采用变平面布局建造,底层房屋一般4~5开间,并且采用圈梁和构造柱等措施,二层两侧或单侧收缩成2~3开间,并且无构造措施,致使结构出现竖向刚度突变,二层破坏明显重于底层,房屋底层基本完好,二层所有横墙出现贯通斜裂缝,严重破坏,如图18所示;四是门窗洞口开洞过大,导致洞口间墙宽度不足,且未设置构造柱,承载力能力明显不足,地震作用下洞口间墙破坏严重,如图3(c)所示。
通过对甘肃积石山地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析,得出如下结论:
1)本次地震震害较同级别地震偏重的原因,除了震区主要为土木、砖木和未设防砖混结构等抗震性能较差的房屋结构类型外,还与地震动场地放大效应、建筑砌筑质量差和结构受力不合理等因素相关。
2)应重视复杂地形对地震动峰值的放大作用和频谱影响研究,进一步梳理相关研究成果,在抗震设计规范中将不利地形影响系数予以细化。
3)建议在村镇地区开展抗震知识科普宣传和工匠技能培训,在民居建设过程中要采取圈梁构造柱等抗震构造措施,避免不同建筑材料混用,不同房屋之间要设置防震缝,控制结构层间刚度比和门窗开洞尺寸。
4)按照7度抗震设防的钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋,在相当于罕遇地震的8度烈度区,也能保持主体结构基本完好,但非结构构件破坏严重导致建筑功能丧失,须重视非结构构件抗震宣传和实用技术研发。
5)探索适合农村地区的房屋建设管理体系,逐步提升我国农村地区建房的规范性,分阶段分步骤降低农村地震房屋抗震隐患水平,以实现基本具备综合抵抗6级左右地震能力的防震减灾目标。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52078472)
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0221
  • 接收时间:2024-02-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-01
  • 修回日期:2024-03-11
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国家自然科学基金项目(52078472)
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    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

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周宝峰(1978—),男,副研究员,博士,主要从事地震工程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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