Article(id=1245389860463293185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0211, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1664553600000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-01, revisedDate=1673366400000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853680959, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853680959, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853680959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853680959, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245389858412282468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='232', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853680470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854277127, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392361031840387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392361031840388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=98, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245389860916278024, articleId=1245389860463293185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Study on wind vibration characteristics of rectangular concrete filled steel tube bundle wind turbine tower, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of wind power resource advantageous areas gradually saturated, the focus of wind power development has shifts to low wind speed areas with relatively poor wind resource conditions. Distributed, high power, high tower and long blades have become the trend in the wind power industry. Based on the above, a new rectangular concrete filled steel tube bundle wind turbine tower is proposed. The tower is made of rectangular concrete filled steel tube bundles, which has the advantages of high strength, rigidity and energy consumption capacity. To study the wind vibration response characteristics of this tower structure, the Kaimal pulsating wind speed power spectrum was chosen and the wind load time curve was simulated using the harmonic synthesis method to carry out the dynamic time analysis. Wind vibration coefficients and equivalent static wind loads were calculated for the tower. The results show that the maximum displacement of the top of this new tower at rated wind speed is 911.84 mm, which corresponds to a horizontal displacement angle of 1/154 and meets the code requirements. The tower components are of good strength and have a large safety margin. The wind vibration coefficient obtained by the displacement-equivalent gust load factor method is lower. Under the equivalent static wind loads calculated by the inertial wind load method, the structural displacements and basal shear forces are basically the same as those obtained from the structural random vibration analysis.

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随着风电资源优势区开发逐渐饱和,风电开发的重心开始向风资源条件相对恶劣的低风速地区转移,分布式、大功率、高塔筒和长叶片已经成为风电行业发展趋势。基于此提出了一种新型的矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒,该塔筒由矩形钢管混凝土束拼接而成,具有强度高、刚度大和耗能能力强的优点。为研究该塔筒结构的风振响应特性,选用Kaimal脉动风速功率谱,采用谐波合成法模拟风荷载时程曲线,对其进行了动力时程分析,并计算了风振系数及等效静力风荷载。结果表明:该新型塔筒在额定风速下位移塔顶位移最大值为911.84 mm,对应的水平位移角为1/154,符合规范要求。塔筒各构件的强度较好,且具有较大的安全富余度。基于位移等效的阵风荷载因子法计算得到的风振系数值较低;在惯性风荷载法计算得到的等效静力风荷载作用下,结构位移、基底剪力与结构随机振动分析得到的基本一致。

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郭宏超(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事钢结构及结构抗震研究。E-mail:
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高翔(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事钢结构及结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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高翔(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事钢结构及结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1245389878557520341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Displacement time history curves of wind turbine tower top at rated wind speed, figureFileSmall=weA2Hutd68H1bPsNaBsN1w==, figureFileBig=gwm1Qc5A7RtoAsf2EWv0tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389878700126684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=CN, label=图9, caption=额定风速下塔筒顶部位移时程曲线, figureFileSmall=weA2Hutd68H1bPsNaBsN1w==, figureFileBig=gwm1Qc5A7RtoAsf2EWv0tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389878851121641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Displacement statistics at different heights of wind turbine tower, figureFileSmall=INS7AykIkhb/040YRmLUbQ==, figureFileBig=GoGHrluXKS6sUSJcT6ULYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389878968562167, 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caption=Tower internal force cloud at rated wind speed, figureFileSmall=VEP9/WlV8pR++6atLLDRIg==, figureFileBig=p6Jl/3jAcbutUrhQJucQrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389879580930591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=CN, label=图12, caption=额定风速下塔筒内力云图, figureFileSmall=VEP9/WlV8pR++6atLLDRIg==, figureFileBig=p6Jl/3jAcbutUrhQJucQrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389879719342634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Wind vibration coefficient calculated by different methods, figureFileSmall=T3cNmcXGI5CbjY3mQfyBJw==, figureFileBig=ehHRVEeTZrDK2d68caD5wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389879895503408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同方法计算得到的风振系数, figureFileSmall=T3cNmcXGI5CbjY3mQfyBJw==, figureFileBig=ehHRVEeTZrDK2d68caD5wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389880113607228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic parameters of wind turbine generator

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
适用风区IEC II类额定功率/kW4500
转轮直径/m155额定转速/(r/min)10.2
轮毂高度/m140叶片重量/(kg/片)19200
额定风速/(m/s)10轮毂重量/kg42400
切入风速/(m/s)4机舱重量/kg27200
切出风速/(m/s)20极端风速/(m/s)42.5
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880247824963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风力机基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
适用风区IEC II类额定功率/kW4500
转轮直径/m155额定转速/(r/min)10.2
轮毂高度/m140叶片重量/(kg/片)19200
额定风速/(m/s)10轮毂重量/kg42400
切入风速/(m/s)4机舱重量/kg27200
切出风速/(m/s)20极端风速/(m/s)42.5
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880394625609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Dimension parameters of wind turbine tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标高范围/mH/m边长L/mm墙肢总厚度b/mm钢管壁厚t/mm
[0,40)0260024014
402400
[40,80)80220022012
[80,120)120200020012
[120,140]140190020010
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880495288912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

塔筒尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标高范围/mH/m边长L/mm墙肢总厚度b/mm钢管壁厚t/mm
[0,40)0260024014
402400
[40,80)80220022012
[80,120)120200020012
[120,140]140190020010
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880646283864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Frequency of the first four vibration modes of the tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振型频率/Hz最小差值/%振型描述
与1P与3P
一阶0.2249832.3431.82前后摆动
二阶0.2249832.3431.82左右摆动
三阶1.23820628.35142.78左右弯曲
四阶1.23830628.41142.80前后弯曲
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880763724381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

塔筒前4阶振型频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振型频率/Hz最小差值/%振型描述
与1P与3P
一阶0.2249832.3431.82前后摆动
二阶0.2249832.3431.82左右摆动
三阶1.23820628.35142.78左右弯曲
四阶1.23830628.41142.80前后弯曲
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880885359203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameters and equivalent static wind load

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高度/mμzμsω0/(kN/m2A/m2阵风荷载因子法《建筑结构荷载规范》《高耸结构设计标准》
GzPk/kNβzPk/kNβzPk/kN
71.0001.190.3547.0031.33026.041.00319.631.03620.27
141.1041.190.3546.4111.34828.761.02021.761.07122.86
211.2461.190.3545.1901.36632.021.05524.741.14026.73
281.3581.190.3545.2281.38435.401.09928.111.20830.90
351.4551.190.3544.6371.40337.951.14430.941.29535.03
421.5401.190.3544.0061.42140.121.20033.881.38239.01
491.6101.190.3543.3141.43941.791.27336.991.48543.13
561.6741.190.3542.7221.45743.391.35040.211.58847.30
631.7341.190.3542.1311.47544.871.44443.941.69351.51
701.7901.190.3541.5391.49346.231.54347.791.79855.68
771.8461.190.3540.9481.51147.581.64451.771.81056.98
841.8941.190.3540.2771.53448.741.68053.371.82257.89
911.9371.190.3539.6251.54949.521.87059.782.02564.74
981.9861.190.3539.0331.56950.651.98464.052.22871.95
1052.0251.190.3538.4421.58951.522.10568.232.32375.31
1122.0601.190.3537.8501.61052.272.22172.132.41778.49
1192.0951.190.3537.2591.63153.012.35076.392.50881.52
1262.1301.190.3536.6671.65253.732.47480.492.59884.51
1332.1651.190.3536.0761.67354.432.59684.462.67887.12
1402.2001.190.3535.4841.73056.242.77890.342.75889.68
), ArticleFig(id=1245389881044742764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各参数及等效静力风荷载

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高度/mμzμsω0/(kN/m2A/m2阵风荷载因子法《建筑结构荷载规范》《高耸结构设计标准》
GzPk/kNβzPk/kNβzPk/kN
71.0001.190.3547.0031.33026.041.00319.631.03620.27
141.1041.190.3546.4111.34828.761.02021.761.07122.86
211.2461.190.3545.1901.36632.021.05524.741.14026.73
281.3581.190.3545.2281.38435.401.09928.111.20830.90
351.4551.190.3544.6371.40337.951.14430.941.29535.03
421.5401.190.3544.0061.42140.121.20033.881.38239.01
491.6101.190.3543.3141.43941.791.27336.991.48543.13
561.6741.190.3542.7221.45743.391.35040.211.58847.30
631.7341.190.3542.1311.47544.871.44443.941.69351.51
701.7901.190.3541.5391.49346.231.54347.791.79855.68
771.8461.190.3540.9481.51147.581.64451.771.81056.98
841.8941.190.3540.2771.53448.741.68053.371.82257.89
911.9371.190.3539.6251.54949.521.87059.782.02564.74
981.9861.190.3539.0331.56950.651.98464.052.22871.95
1052.0251.190.3538.4421.58951.522.10568.232.32375.31
1122.0601.190.3537.8501.61052.272.22172.132.41778.49
1192.0951.190.3537.2591.63153.012.35076.392.50881.52
1262.1301.190.3536.6671.65253.732.47480.492.59884.51
1332.1651.190.3536.0761.67354.432.59684.462.67887.12
1402.2001.190.3535.4841.73056.242.77890.342.75889.68
), ArticleFig(id=1245389881153794673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Tower response under equivalent static wind load

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数阵风荷载因子法《建筑结构荷载规范》《高耸结构设计标准》风振分析
塔顶位移/mm902.291080.661125.141099.44
塔底弯矩/(kN•m)144259164646171681158676
基地剪力/kN19577.719586.819593.719546.8
), ArticleFig(id=1245389881296401016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389860463293185, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

等效静力风荷载作用下塔筒响应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数阵风荷载因子法《建筑结构荷载规范》《高耸结构设计标准》风振分析
塔顶位移/mm902.291080.661125.141099.44
塔底弯矩/(kN•m)144259164646171681158676
基地剪力/kN19577.719586.819593.719546.8
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矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒风振特性研究
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高翔 1, 2 , 郭宏超 1, 2 , 郭品彰 2 , 梁刚 1, 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(2): 98-107
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(2): 98-107
矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒风振特性研究
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高翔1, 2 , 郭宏超1, 2 , 郭品彰2, 梁刚1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西安理工大学 省部共建西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710048
  • 2.西安理工大学 土木建筑工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
  • 高翔(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事钢结构及结构抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

郭宏超(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事钢结构及结构抗震研究。E-mail:
Study on wind vibration characteristics of rectangular concrete filled steel tube bundle wind turbine tower
Xiang GAO1, 2 , Hongchao GUO1, 2 , Pinzhang GUO2, Gang LIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0211
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随着风电资源优势区开发逐渐饱和,风电开发的重心开始向风资源条件相对恶劣的低风速地区转移,分布式、大功率、高塔筒和长叶片已经成为风电行业发展趋势。基于此提出了一种新型的矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒,该塔筒由矩形钢管混凝土束拼接而成,具有强度高、刚度大和耗能能力强的优点。为研究该塔筒结构的风振响应特性,选用Kaimal脉动风速功率谱,采用谐波合成法模拟风荷载时程曲线,对其进行了动力时程分析,并计算了风振系数及等效静力风荷载。结果表明:该新型塔筒在额定风速下位移塔顶位移最大值为911.84 mm,对应的水平位移角为1/154,符合规范要求。塔筒各构件的强度较好,且具有较大的安全富余度。基于位移等效的阵风荷载因子法计算得到的风振系数值较低;在惯性风荷载法计算得到的等效静力风荷载作用下,结构位移、基底剪力与结构随机振动分析得到的基本一致。

风机塔筒  /  矩形钢管混凝土束  /  风振响应  /  动力时程分析  /  等效静力风荷载

With the development of wind power resource advantageous areas gradually saturated, the focus of wind power development has shifts to low wind speed areas with relatively poor wind resource conditions. Distributed, high power, high tower and long blades have become the trend in the wind power industry. Based on the above, a new rectangular concrete filled steel tube bundle wind turbine tower is proposed. The tower is made of rectangular concrete filled steel tube bundles, which has the advantages of high strength, rigidity and energy consumption capacity. To study the wind vibration response characteristics of this tower structure, the Kaimal pulsating wind speed power spectrum was chosen and the wind load time curve was simulated using the harmonic synthesis method to carry out the dynamic time analysis. Wind vibration coefficients and equivalent static wind loads were calculated for the tower. The results show that the maximum displacement of the top of this new tower at rated wind speed is 911.84 mm, which corresponds to a horizontal displacement angle of 1/154 and meets the code requirements. The tower components are of good strength and have a large safety margin. The wind vibration coefficient obtained by the displacement-equivalent gust load factor method is lower. Under the equivalent static wind loads calculated by the inertial wind load method, the structural displacements and basal shear forces are basically the same as those obtained from the structural random vibration analysis.

wind turbine tower  /  rectangular concrete filled steel tube bundle  /  wind-induced response  /  dynamic time history analysis  /  equivalent static wind load
高翔, 郭宏超, 郭品彰, 梁刚. 矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒风振特性研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (2) : 98 -107 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0211
Xiang GAO, Hongchao GUO, Pinzhang GUO, Gang LIANG. Study on wind vibration characteristics of rectangular concrete filled steel tube bundle wind turbine tower[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (2) : 98 -107 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0211
我国风电资源优势区开发逐渐饱和,风电开发的重心开始向风资源条件相对恶劣的低风速地区转移。叶片越来越长、塔筒高度越来越高,已经成为风电发展的主要趋势。常见的纯钢塔筒随着高度的增加,抗弯刚度略显不足,容易失稳破坏,同时钢塔筒作为高柔结构,摆幅大、涡激振动和疲劳等问题突出。塔筒高度的增加同样带来塔筒制造、运输吊装及施工的难度和成本增加。基于此,本文提出了一种新型塔筒结构形式———矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒。该风机塔筒由多片矩形钢管混凝土束焊接组合成塔筒单元,环向由4个塔筒单元构成一个塔段,每个塔筒单元竖向和横向均通过双盖板穿芯螺栓连接而成。钢管混凝土结构[1]利用钢管对混凝土的套箍作用,提高了混凝土的抗压性能,又利用混凝土延缓了钢管的屈曲,具有承载力高、刚度大和抗震性能好等优点。此外,新型塔筒还可实现装配化,钢管混凝土和焊接部件均可在工厂完成预制,保证构件的加工质量,也简化了现场施工难度,缩短了建设周期,节省了成本。
目前国内外学者关于钢管混凝土的轴压、压弯和抗震等性能已开展了较为全面的研究[2-6],但在风电塔筒这类高耸构筑物的应用较少。例如王宇航等[7]提出了装配式钢板-混凝土组合塔筒,并研究了双钢板-混凝土组合塔筒中钢板的轴压稳定承载性能。李斌等[8-9]、高春彦等[10]则研究了格构式钢管混凝土风电塔架的相关力学性能以及风振响应。塔筒作为高耸结构,应对其在风场作用下的力学性能进行研究,确保结构的安全性并指导结构的优化设计。王文达等[11]对中空夹层钢管混凝土(concrete filled double skin steel tubes,CFDST)塔筒与和其承载力相等的纯钢塔筒的风振响应进行对比分析,发现CFDST塔筒抗变形能力良好,稳定性好。黄帅等[12]、楚晨辉[13]、刘香等[14]通过建立风力发电机的有限元模型,对其进行脉动风速谱下风致动力响应分析,结果表明我国建筑规范中的相关规定偏于保守。黄帅等[12]的研究还表明常规风荷载作用下的应力和位移的数值仿真结果与监测结果吻合较好。柯世堂等[15-16]建立了考虑SSI效应的风力机一体化模型,通过分析认为SSI效应对风力机结构的风振响应有较大影响。李峰等[17]通过风洞试验得到了格构式塔架横风向脉动风荷载及脉动风速的相干函数并分析比较了脉动风荷载及脉动风速的相干函数特点与变化规律。
为了更好地了解本文提出的矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒风振特性,对其在风场作用下的力学性能进行研究,确保结构的安全性并指导结构的优化设计,为矩形钢管混凝土束在风电领域的推广应用提供参考。
矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒构造如图1所示,本文以功率为4.5 MW的水平轴风力发电机为研究对象,风力机基本参数如表1所示。采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立塔筒模型,混凝土强度等级为C50,钢材选用Q355钢。塔筒横截面为正八边形,每条边由5个矩形钢管混凝土束连接而成,塔筒总高度为140 m,塔筒截面随高度增加而不断变小。各段塔筒截面尺寸的详细信息如表2所示,塔筒结构示意图如图2所示。
考虑上部结构质量对塔筒自振频率的影响,将塔筒上部结构简化为中心与上部结构质心重合的集中质量点[10]。通过定义耦合约束连接质量点与塔筒顶部。风轮旋转产生的气动荷载通过计算得到,直接作用于质量点,计算过程见2.2节。塔筒在设计时按照等强原则考虑,即要求构件的破坏早于连接节点,因此在建模过程中直接对各段塔筒进行整体建模,不考虑连接节点。塔底与基础固定,不考虑塔筒基础及土体与结构之间的相互作用。模型中钢板、混凝土均采用C3D8R实体单元,钢材的弹性模量E = 2.06×105 MPa,泊松比取0.3。混凝土采用文献[18]提出的核心混凝土等效受压应力-应变曲线,泊松比取0.2。定义钢管与混凝土间的接触为“面面接触”,法向采用硬接触,切向采用摩擦接触,取摩擦系数为0.25,对风机塔筒有限元模型底部施加完全固定约束,顶部无约束,仅将塔筒顶面与质点耦合,以便施加荷载。
采用ABAQUS中的Lanczos法计算塔筒的模态振型。风机塔筒等高耸结构的振动主要以低阶模态频率控制,塔筒的前4阶模态振型,如图3所示。模态频率如表3所示。塔筒的第一阶振型为塔顶沿前后方向(沿X轴)摆动,第二阶振型为塔顶沿左右方向(沿Y轴)摆动,第三阶振型为左右方向弯曲,第四阶振型为前后弯曲。塔筒的一、二阶模态频率接近,三、四阶模态频率接近,这与塔筒关于XOZ平面对称一致。由风轮转动的1PP为风轮振动频率)和3P范围分别为0.11~0.17 Hz、0.33~0.51 Hz。结合表3可知,塔筒前4阶模态频率与1P、3P的最小差值为31.82%,表明塔筒在正常工作时的转动频率不会与结构固有频率发生共振。
脉动风速时程可用具有各态历经性的零均值高斯平稳随机过程来描述[19]。脉动风速功率谱是描述脉动风概率分布特性的重要指标。本文采用Kaimal脉动风速功率谱来模拟顺风向脉动风速,其表达式为
式中:Svf)为脉动风速功率谱;f为脉动风速频率;为高度为z处的平均风速。考虑竖直相关性相关系数的经验表达式为
式中,zizj分别为ij两点的高度。则风速互功率谱为
本文脉动风速模拟的总时长T =10 min,步长Δt =0.05 s,地面粗糙度指数α =0.2,参考高度为轮毂高度,即zr =140 m,参考风速取轮毂处的平均风速,即Vr =Vhub
为更好的与目标谱吻合,通过Matlab编写代码实现AR线性滤波法与谐波合成法模拟脉动风速时程,AR模型阶数取5。采用2种方法计算得到的140 m处脉动风速功率谱与目标谱的对比图如图4所示。由图可知,2种方法模拟得到的脉动风速与目标谱的吻合程度都较好,尤其是在高频段吻合程度最好。在低频段,谐波合成法与目标谱的误差明显小于线性滤波法。因此本文采用谐波合成法模拟所有工况下塔筒的脉动风速。限于篇幅,仅给出谐波合成法模拟的140 m处脉动风速时程,如图5所示。
风力发电机工作环境复杂导致其所受荷载情况也很复杂,主要包括自身所受风荷载、上部结构传至塔筒顶部的重力荷载和偏心弯矩,以及来自风轮旋转产生的气动荷载等,风机塔筒受力情况计算示意图如图6所示,其中FXFYFZMXMYMZ分别为将塔筒顶部沿3个方向的合力和合力矩。塔筒顶部受到的荷载均作用于集中质量点处。
将塔筒视为多自由度质点体系,如图6(b)所示,对塔身风荷载进行简化。沿塔筒高度取20个计算点,每7 m一个,将塔身所受风荷载简化为计算点处的集中荷载。每个计算节点的风荷载Fxi用式(4)计算,得
式中:ρ为空气密度;vi为第i个计算节点的瞬时风速;Ai为第i段塔筒的迎风面积。
叶片旋转平面上受到的水平推力为
式中:Ct为推力系数;V为轮毂处风速;A为风轮的扫掠面积。
由于风向变化引起的偏转力Fy,其表达式为
式中δ为风速与风轮轴线间的夹角。
由于风速沿叶片高度分布不均而产生的仰俯力矩My1
式中:B为叶片数量;V1V2分别为叶片扫掠中心下、上叶片2/3半径处的风速;R为风轮直径。
叶轮产生的偏转力矩是塔架扭矩的主要荷载,文献[11]将偏转力矩计算公式简化为
式中e为风轮中心距塔筒轴线距离。
转矩Mx1可用式(9)计算:
式中:P为风力发电机功率;n为风轮转速。
风力发电机的结构阻尼取值大多在0.2%~1.5%之间[20],本文钢管混凝土束剪力墙的结构阻尼比取1%,采用有限元软件中的Rayleigh阻尼设置。假设结构质量矩阵和刚度矩阵的线性组合,表达式如式(10)~式(12)所示。通过推导可得到Rayleigh阻尼与频率的关系,为
式中:MK分别为质量矩阵和刚度矩阵;ηδ为阻尼系数,由模态分析第一阶、第二阶自振频率ω1ω2及阻尼比ξ确定,计算得η =0.02392,δ =0.00218。
风力发电机运行过程中,由叶片旋转产生的气动阻尼力对塔筒的振动具有很大影响,参考文献[21],阻尼比ξaero可定义为
式中,ccr为系统临界阻尼,ccr =2 n,其中m为单自由度系统的质量,ωn为固有频率,可通过求解塔架固有动力特性获得;cd为阻尼系数,与结构运动速度相关,其表达式为
式中:ρ为空气密度;V为风速;c为截面弦长;C为升力系数与入流角的函数关系[21]。整个风轮的气动阻尼比[21]
式中:N为叶片数目;Ω为叶轮转速;R为风轮旋转平面半径;Rroot为叶根处风轮半径;M0为塔架模态质量;cr)为叶片半径r处的翼型弦长。
计算求得在切入风速至切出风速之间,来自整个风轮的气动阻尼比如图7所示。由图可知,在风力机正常工作时,顺风向的气动阻尼比位于6.0%~7.4%之间。气动阻尼发生在塔筒定顶部通过轮毂传至塔筒,因此在有限元模型中通过在集中质量点处设置弹簧来模拟顺风向气动阻尼[20],如图8(a)弹簧的阻尼系数与结构阻尼系数相等。将气动阻尼比ξaero、塔筒模态质量M0、塔筒一阶固有频率ω1代入式(13)即可求得阻尼系数cd。有限元模型中气动阻尼的模拟如图8(b)所示。
额定风速下塔筒顶部位移时程曲线如图9所示。塔筒的风致振动形式为“抖振”,变化范围在500~900 mm之间。额定风速下塔筒不同高度处的位移时程曲线如图10所示。塔筒位移随高度的增高呈现出抛物线式增大,沿高度方向呈“弯曲型”。塔筒顶端位移统计值随风速的变化趋势如图11所示。GB 50135—2019《高耸结构设计标准》[22]规定,对于以风荷载为主的自立式塔,按非线性分析时,钢结构塔的水平位移角限值为1/50,混凝土塔为1/100;T/CECS 546—2018《钢管混凝土束结构技术标准》[23]规定,钢管混凝土束剪力墙结构按弹塑性方法计算的风荷载作用下的最大水平位移角限值为1/100。本文中风力发电机正常工作时,钢管混凝土束风机塔筒顶端位移的最大值和均值均在额定风速下最大,分别为911.84 mm和715.49 mm,塔筒的最大水平位移角为1/154,满足规范要求,表明结构刚度较好。风轮轴向推力是塔筒顶部产生位移的主要原因,当风速小于额定风速时,随着风速的增加使得风轮轴向推力增大,塔筒顶端位移的均值呈现抛物线式增加的趋势;而当风速大于额定风速时,气动阻尼对塔筒顶部位移的影响愈发明显,随着风速增加阻尼力也增大,使得塔筒顶端位移的均值随着风速的增大逐渐减小。塔筒顶部最大位移与位移均值的变化规律相似,但随着风速的增大,脉动风湍流强度不断增大,使塔架振动的波动性增强,最终导致顶端位移最大值与均值的差值不断增加。塔筒顶端位移均方根随风速增加呈线性增加。
额定风速下钢管混凝土束风机塔筒的应力云图,如图12所示。塔筒的应力随高度上升而不断降低,在塔筒变截面处未发生应力突变,表明塔筒沿高度方向刚度分布均匀。钢管最大应力发生在底部受压区,为95.49 MPa,混凝土的最大拉应力位于迎风面100 m高度处,拉应力值为2.78 MPa,小于混凝土峰值拉应力σp = 3.41 MPa。混凝土的受拉损伤主要集中在迎风面100 m以下处,最大损伤因子为0.898,小于设定值1。综上,风力机正常运行时,塔筒在风致振动过程中一直处于弹性状态,表明塔筒的强度较好,且有一定的安全富余度,在实际工程中可适当优化。
采用阵风荷载因子法与惯性风荷载法计算得到的风振系数,如图13所示。由图可知,在高度低于40 m时,基于位移等效的阵风荷载因子法得到的风振系数大于惯性风荷载法计算得到的,40~60 m高度处2种方法计算得到的风振系数相差不大,高度大于60 m时,惯性风荷载法计算得到的风振系数明显大于阵风荷载因子法,并且阵风荷载因子法得到的风振系数随高度变化较小,分析原因应该是由于气动阻尼的存在大大降低了塔筒的振动幅度,使得塔筒各位置的位移均方根大幅降低,从而导致阵风荷载因子整体偏低。我国GB 50009—2012《建筑结构荷载规范》[24]与GB 50135—2019《高耸结构设计标准》[22]均采用惯性风荷载法计算风振系数,由图可知,2本规范计算得到的风振系数随高度变化的规律一致,且GB 50135—2019《高耸结构设计标准》[22]计算得到的风振系数略微大于GB 50009—2012《建筑结构荷载规范》[24]
作用于塔身的风荷载用式(16)计算,其表达式为
式中:βz为风振系数;μs为风荷载体型系数;μz为风压高度变化系数;ω0为基本风压,取0.35 kN/m2A为结构迎风面面积。
通过查阅规范和计算得到塔筒各计算节点处的风荷载参数,以此求得塔筒的等效静力风荷载,各参数及荷载取值如表4所示。将等效静力荷载作用于结构上,得到结构塔顶位移、基底剪力和弯矩如表5所示。基于阵风荷载因子法的等效静力风荷载作用下,顶部位移为902.29 mm、基底剪力为144 259.00 kN,较随机风振分析得到的结构响应小了17.93%、9.08%,计算结果不安全,建议用阵风荷载因子法计算阻尼较大的结构时,可适当的增大位移峰值因子的取值。惯性风荷载法与结构随机振动分析得到的结构位移、基底剪力响应基本一致,但GB 50009—2012《建筑结构荷载规范》与GB 50135—2019《高耸结构设计标准》计算得到的基底弯矩分别比随机振动分析的提升了3.76%和8.19%。综上,GB 50009—2012《建筑结构荷载规范》计算塔筒的等效静力风荷载较为准确,误差较小,GB 50135—2019《高耸结构设计标准》计算得到的塔底等效弯矩计算有一定的安全保障,而阵风荷载因子法计算偏小,建议适当的增大位移峰值因子的取值。
本文提出了一种新型的矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒,并研究了该塔筒结构的风振响应特性,主要结论如下:
1)塔筒在额定风速下的振动形式为抖振,塔筒顶端位移响应随平均风速的增大先增大再减小,随高度的增高而增大。
2)塔顶位移最大值为911.84 mm,对应的水平位移角为1/154,符合规范要求。塔筒各构件的强度较好,且具有较大的安全富余度,可进一步优化。
3)对于矩形钢管束混凝土风机塔筒等效静力风荷载的计算,建议采用惯性风荷载法。按照高耸结构设计规范取值偏于安全。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51978571)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2022SF-199; 2022SF-121)
  • 陕西省杰出青年基金项目(2021JC-41)
  • 陕西省自然科学基金项目(2020JQ-628)
  • 西安理工大学优硕种子基金项目(310-252082110)
  • 中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M712562)
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0211
  • 接收时间:2022-10-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-01
  • 修回日期:2023-01-11
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51978571)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2022SF-199; 2022SF-121)
陕西省杰出青年基金项目(2021JC-41)
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2020JQ-628)
西安理工大学优硕种子基金项目(310-252082110)
中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M712562)
作者信息
    1.西安理工大学 省部共建西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710048
    2.西安理工大学 土木建筑工程学院,陕西 西安 710048

通讯作者:

郭宏超(1981—),男,教授,博士,主要从事钢结构及结构抗震研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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