Article(id=1245389861729973015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0207, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1665417600000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-11, revisedDate=1684252800000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853681261, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853681261, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853681261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853681261, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245389858412282468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='232', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853680470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854277127, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392361031840387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392361031840388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245389862367507233, articleId=1245389861729973015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Research on hierarchical identification of structural damage based on dynamic characteristics by deep belief networks, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To identify structural damage efficiently and accurately, a hierarchical identification method of structural damage based on structural dynamic characteristics and deep belief network is proposed by combining machine learning with intelligent algorithm, and the damage position and degree are identified in turn. In order to identify the damage location, a 6-element vector is established by using the first three vertical vibration frequencies of the structure and the third modal displacement of a single node, and the damage location is identified by using the 6-element vector as input parameters. To identify the damage degree, the first three natural frequencies and modal displacements of vertical vibration or the 6 nodes modal curvature differences are used as parameters to input the depth confidence network to identify the damage degree. A simple-supported beam is taken as a model to verify it. It is shown that the damage position recognition accuracy can reach 100% even if the noise level reaches 10%. When identifying the damage degree, the deep belief network based on six-node modal curvature difference has strong noise resistance. The maximum relative error of damage degree prediction is less than 5.08% and the mean square error is 0.4878 under the noise of 15%. Compared with BP neural network, the prediction ability of BP neural network is better than that of deep belief network when there is no noise. Under the same noise level, the prediction ability of depth belief network is obviously better than that of BP neural network, which shows that the hierarchical identification method of structural damage based on structural dynamic characteristics and deep belief networks has strong robustness and high accuracy of identification results.

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为了高效准确地识别结构损伤,将机器学习和智能算法相结合,提出一种基于结构动力特性的结构损伤深度置信网络分层识别方法,分层依次识别损伤位置与损伤程度。为识别损伤位置,利用结构前3阶竖向振动频率和单节点3阶模态位移建立六元向量,以此六元向量作为输入参数,通过深度置信网络识别损伤位置;为识别损伤程度,分别采用前3阶竖向振动固有频率和模态位移或6节点模态曲率差为参数输入深度置信网络识别损伤程度,并以简支梁为模型进行验证。结果表明:识别损伤位置时,即使噪声程度达到10%,仍可准确识别损伤位置;识别损伤程度时,基于6节点模态曲率差的深度置信网络抗噪性强,在15%噪声水平下对损伤程度预测最大相对误差不超过5.08%,均方差为0.4878。与BP神经网络相比,无噪声时,BP神经网络的预测能力优于深度置信网络;相同噪声水平下,深度置信网络的预测能力明显优于BP神经网络,体现了基于结构动力特性的结构损伤深度置信网络分层识别方法鲁棒性强,识别结果精度高。

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杨汉青(1992—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事工程结构损伤识别研究。E-mail:
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常亮亮(1984—),男,工程师,主要从事路桥工程研究。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=WiNwjhMgr+XyWWqPqxGpKw==, figureFileBig=2WOhUQ5o1rPQbeizq4embw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389884748313368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=图14, caption=15%噪声下BP神经网络的预测值与期望值, figureFileSmall=WiNwjhMgr+XyWWqPqxGpKw==, figureFileBig=2WOhUQ5o1rPQbeizq4embw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389884836393757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Labels of damage elements and damage locations

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损伤单元号36101417
输出Y(1,0,0,0,0)(0,1,0,0,0)(0,0,1,0,0)(0,0,0,1,0)(0,0,0,0,1)
标签号12345
), ArticleFig(id=1245389884941251361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

损伤单元与损伤位置标签

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损伤单元号36101417
输出Y(1,0,0,0,0)(0,1,0,0,0)(0,0,1,0,0)(0,0,0,1,0)(0,0,0,0,1)
标签号12345
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885071274789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Partial sample data

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样本输入X标签号
一阶频率二阶频率三阶频率一阶模态位移二阶模态位移三阶模态位移
19.361737.17783.5570.889460.768410.086965
29.386437.45284.2760.890400.776860.096255
39.313037.25584.7040.88734-0.78600-0.101804
49.398437.58784.6390.890850.781160.100945
59.258937.60783.6080.88686-0.777400.095083
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885155160872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部分样本数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本输入X标签号
一阶频率二阶频率三阶频率一阶模态位移二阶模态位移三阶模态位移
19.361737.17783.5570.889460.768410.086965
29.386437.45284.2760.890400.776860.096255
39.313037.25584.7040.88734-0.78600-0.101804
49.398437.58784.6390.890850.781160.100945
59.258937.60783.6080.88686-0.777400.095083
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885251629869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

RBM training parameters

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迭代次数批处理数目学习率动量激活函数输入层单元数RBM层数隐层神经元数目
100010.010.01Sigmoid6120
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885327127344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

RBM训练参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
迭代次数批处理数目学习率动量激活函数输入层单元数RBM层数隐层神经元数目
100010.010.01Sigmoid6120
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885398430515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

DBN training parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
迭代次数批处理数目学习率动量激活函数输出层神经元数目
100010.10.05Softmax5
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885499093812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

DBN训练参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
迭代次数批处理数目学习率动量激活函数输出层神经元数目
100010.10.05Softmax5
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885587174202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Prediction results and expected values of some samples

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样本预测值期望值标签
单元1单元2单元3单元4单元5单元1单元2单元3单元4单元5
10.000190.000250.000000.000000.99955000015
20.000000.000001.000000.000000.00000001003
30.000000.000030.000000.999960.00000000104
40.000010.000080.000010.999900.00000000104
50.000000.000001.000000.000000.00000001003
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885692031804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

部分样本预测结果与期望值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本预测值期望值标签
单元1单元2单元3单元4单元5单元1单元2单元3单元4单元5
10.000190.000250.000000.000000.99955000015
20.000000.000001.000000.000000.00000001003
30.000000.000030.000000.999960.00000000104
40.000010.000080.000010.999900.00000000104
50.000000.000001.000000.000000.00000001003
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885796889406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Partial predicted values and expected values under 10% noise

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本预测值期望值标签
单元1单元2单元3单元4单元5单元1单元2单元3单元4单元5
10.000160.000100.000030.000000.99971000015
20.999520.000000.000030.000000.00044100001
30.000000.999860.000000.000120.00002010002
40.000190.000070.000030.000000.99972000015
50.000000.000000.000001.000000.00000000104
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885889164098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

10%噪声下部分预测值与期望值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本预测值期望值标签
单元1单元2单元3单元4单元5单元1单元2单元3单元4单元5
10.000160.000100.000030.000000.99971000015
20.999520.000000.000030.000000.00044100001
30.000000.999860.000000.000120.00002010002
40.000190.000070.000030.000000.99972000015
50.000000.000000.000001.000000.00000000104
), ArticleFig(id=1245389885973050181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Input and output of network sample data based on formula (17)

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样本输入X输出Y
一阶频率二阶频率三阶频率一阶模态位移二阶模态位移三阶模态位移
19.32537.61984.1340.88876-0.77980-0.0986414.4
29.35337.62484.3620.88958-0.78083-0.100079.6
39.36737.62684.4690.88996-0.78131-0.100737.2
49.37537.62884.5380.89021-0.78162-0.101155.6
59.29437.61383.8840.88786-0.77866-0.0970719.2
), ArticleFig(id=1245389886061130567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

基于式(17)网络样本数据输入与输出

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本输入X输出Y
一阶频率二阶频率三阶频率一阶模态位移二阶模态位移三阶模态位移
19.32537.61984.1340.88876-0.77980-0.0986414.4
29.35337.62484.3620.88958-0.78083-0.100079.6
39.36737.62684.4690.88996-0.78131-0.100737.2
49.37537.62884.5380.89021-0.78162-0.101155.6
59.29437.61383.8840.88786-0.77866-0.0970719.2
), ArticleFig(id=1245389886157599562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Input and output of network sample data based on formula (20)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本输入X输出Y
节点1节点2节点3节点4节点5节点6
10.0026620.002869-0.009998-0.0099630.0028910.0028698.8
20.0064390.006869-0.023887-0.0239630.0070020.00709119.0
30.0034390.003646-0.012554-0.0125190.0036680.00364610.8
40.0055500.005980-0.020776-0.0210740.0062240.00609117.0
50.0089950.009646-0.033443-0.0338520.0101130.00964625.0
), ArticleFig(id=1245389886270845773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

基于式(20)网络样本数据输入与输出

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本输入X输出Y
节点1节点2节点3节点4节点5节点6
10.0026620.002869-0.009998-0.0099630.0028910.0028698.8
20.0064390.006869-0.023887-0.0239630.0070020.00709119.0
30.0034390.003646-0.012554-0.0125190.0036680.00364610.8
40.0055500.005980-0.020776-0.0210740.0062240.00609117.0
50.0089950.009646-0.033443-0.0338520.0101130.00964625.0
), ArticleFig(id=1245389886392480595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

RBM training parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
迭代次数批处理数目学习率动量激活函数输入层单元数RBM层数隐层神经元数目
100010.0010.001Sigmoid6130
), ArticleFig(id=1245389886581224278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

RBM训练参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
迭代次数批处理数目学习率动量激活函数输入层单元数RBM层数隐层神经元数目
100010.0010.001Sigmoid6130
), ArticleFig(id=1245389886686081879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

DBN training parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
迭代次数批处理数目学习率动量激活函数输出层神经元数目
100010.10Linear1
), ArticleFig(id=1245389886774162267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

DBN训练参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
迭代次数批处理数目学习率动量激活函数输出层神经元数目
100010.10Linear1
), ArticleFig(id=1245389886883214176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Predicted values, expected values and errors of partial samples

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样本预测值期望值绝对误差相对误差
122.0022.000.00-0.00
219.0719.000.070.39
30.580.200.38191.05
424.1024.20-0.10-0.43
512.4412.400.040.29
), ArticleFig(id=1245389886988071778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

部分样本预测值、期望值及其误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本预测值期望值绝对误差相对误差
122.0022.000.00-0.00
219.0719.000.070.39
30.580.200.38191.05
424.1024.20-0.10-0.43
512.4412.400.040.29
), ArticleFig(id=1245389887080346471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Prediction results of 12% damage degree under different levels of noise

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
噪声水平预测值绝对误差相对误差
无噪声11.98-0.02-0.17
512.050.050.42
1011.89-0.12-1.00
1512.610.615.08
), ArticleFig(id=1245389887160038249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

12%损伤程度在不同水平噪声下预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
噪声水平预测值绝对误差相对误差
无噪声11.98-0.02-0.17
512.050.050.42
1011.89-0.12-1.00
1512.610.615.08
), ArticleFig(id=1245389887248118637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=EN, label=Table 13, caption=

Prediction results of DBN and BP neural networks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
噪声水平/%均方差
BP神经网络DBN
无噪声0.00030.0072
50.17350.0559
100.65370.1640
151.15860.4878
), ArticleFig(id=1245389887365559152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389861729973015, language=CN, label=表13, caption=

DBN与BP神经网络预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
噪声水平/%均方差
BP神经网络DBN
无噪声0.00030.0072
50.17350.0559
100.65370.1640
151.15860.4878
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基于结构动力特性的结构损伤深度置信网络分层识别研究
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常亮亮 1 , 姜文恺 2 , 杨汉青 3 , 孙星 4 , 何伟 3
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(2): 61-71
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(2): 61-71
基于结构动力特性的结构损伤深度置信网络分层识别研究
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常亮亮1 , 姜文恺2, 杨汉青3 , 孙星4, 何伟3
作者信息
  • 1.许昌市建设投资有限责任公司,河南 许昌 461000
  • 2.中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司,湖北 武汉 430063
  • 3.华北水利水电大学 土木与交通学院,河南 郑州 450045
  • 4.中铁十六局集团有限公司,北京 100018
  • 常亮亮(1984—),男,工程师,主要从事路桥工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨汉青(1992—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事工程结构损伤识别研究。E-mail:
Research on hierarchical identification of structural damage based on dynamic characteristics by deep belief networks
Liangliang CHANG1 , Wenkai JIANG2, Hanqing YANG3 , Xing SUN4, Wei HE3
Affiliations
  • 1.Xuchang Construction Investment Co., Ltd., Xuchang 461000, China
  • 2.China Railway Fourth Survey and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430063, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China
  • 4.China Railway 16th Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100018, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0207
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为了高效准确地识别结构损伤,将机器学习和智能算法相结合,提出一种基于结构动力特性的结构损伤深度置信网络分层识别方法,分层依次识别损伤位置与损伤程度。为识别损伤位置,利用结构前3阶竖向振动频率和单节点3阶模态位移建立六元向量,以此六元向量作为输入参数,通过深度置信网络识别损伤位置;为识别损伤程度,分别采用前3阶竖向振动固有频率和模态位移或6节点模态曲率差为参数输入深度置信网络识别损伤程度,并以简支梁为模型进行验证。结果表明:识别损伤位置时,即使噪声程度达到10%,仍可准确识别损伤位置;识别损伤程度时,基于6节点模态曲率差的深度置信网络抗噪性强,在15%噪声水平下对损伤程度预测最大相对误差不超过5.08%,均方差为0.4878。与BP神经网络相比,无噪声时,BP神经网络的预测能力优于深度置信网络;相同噪声水平下,深度置信网络的预测能力明显优于BP神经网络,体现了基于结构动力特性的结构损伤深度置信网络分层识别方法鲁棒性强,识别结果精度高。

深度置信网络  /  损伤识别  /  抗噪性  /  BP神经网络

To identify structural damage efficiently and accurately, a hierarchical identification method of structural damage based on structural dynamic characteristics and deep belief network is proposed by combining machine learning with intelligent algorithm, and the damage position and degree are identified in turn. In order to identify the damage location, a 6-element vector is established by using the first three vertical vibration frequencies of the structure and the third modal displacement of a single node, and the damage location is identified by using the 6-element vector as input parameters. To identify the damage degree, the first three natural frequencies and modal displacements of vertical vibration or the 6 nodes modal curvature differences are used as parameters to input the depth confidence network to identify the damage degree. A simple-supported beam is taken as a model to verify it. It is shown that the damage position recognition accuracy can reach 100% even if the noise level reaches 10%. When identifying the damage degree, the deep belief network based on six-node modal curvature difference has strong noise resistance. The maximum relative error of damage degree prediction is less than 5.08% and the mean square error is 0.4878 under the noise of 15%. Compared with BP neural network, the prediction ability of BP neural network is better than that of deep belief network when there is no noise. Under the same noise level, the prediction ability of depth belief network is obviously better than that of BP neural network, which shows that the hierarchical identification method of structural damage based on structural dynamic characteristics and deep belief networks has strong robustness and high accuracy of identification results.

deep belief networks(DBN)  /  damage identification  /  noise immunity  /  BP neural network
常亮亮, 姜文恺, 杨汉青, 孙星, 何伟. 基于结构动力特性的结构损伤深度置信网络分层识别研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (2) : 61 -71 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0207
Liangliang CHANG, Wenkai JIANG, Hanqing YANG, Xing SUN, Wei HE. Research on hierarchical identification of structural damage based on dynamic characteristics by deep belief networks[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (2) : 61 -71 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0207
目前绝大多数结构损伤识别方法都是基于振动理论开展的,通过计算结构固有频率[1-2]和振型[3-5]等与结构自身特性有关的参数,比较结构损伤前后振动特性的差异,判定和识别结构的损伤情况[6]。随着对结构损伤识别研究的逐渐深入,人们认识到仅使用结构振动信息的缺陷与局限[7]。随着由人工神经网络发展而带来的深度学习和人工智能技术的进步,越来越多的学者将结构的振动特性与其结合,对梁结构的损伤情况进行识别。MASRI等[8],WU等[9]将神经网络与结构振动特性结合,研究了人工神经网络对有损伤结构的识别能力,该方法存在所需样本数量过多及当样本数量不足时,神经网络不能正常工作的问题。罗超[10]将加速度响应作为卷积神经网络的输入参数,对有损伤钢梁的单损伤和多损伤工况进行了模拟识别,有较高的识别精度。但是该方法需要预先设定损伤函数大小阈值,且损伤识别结果的精确性与获取训练样本数据的模型精度相关,因此非高精度有限元模型可能导致较大的识别结果偏差。谢祥辉[11]以加速度和曲率模态为指标,使用堆栈降噪自动编码器对简支梁和连续梁进行了损伤识别。该方法的缺点在于进行训练时,需要对无噪音信号添加噪声以得到损伤信号再输入网络,增加了模型的处理时间,降低了计算效率,影响了识别精度。李帛书[12]使用径向基于神经网络(radial basis function,RBF)开展了斜拉桥损伤识别研究,建立有限元模型,以低阶曲率模态作为参数输入RBF网络,识别出主梁和拉索的损伤。GUO等[13]以模态曲率差作为输入参数,分别构造3个受限玻尔兹曼机进行预训练,随后以一座连续梁桥作为研究对象,使用深度置信网络(deep belief network,DBN)识别其损伤情况,取得了良好的效果。因此,基于曲率模态与神经网络识别损伤方法是可行的,但由于实际工程中结构曲率模态无法直接测试得到,因而影响了方法的应用。徐秀丽等[14]将声发射技术与深度置信网络结合,以声发射信号作为网络的输入参数,揭示了结构的损伤演化过程,识别了损伤程度。TENG等[15]提出了一种使用深度学习算法和数字图像相关性的结构损伤识别方法,使用数字图像相关性方法获取兴趣点(point of interest,POI),将其与卷积神经网络结合,准确识别了结构损伤,计算性能和准确率高于BP神经网络。可以看出,现有研究显示运用机器学习或智能算法进行结构损伤识别的优势,但较少研究综合运用结构动力特性与深度置信网络的结构损伤识别方法。
本文将机器学习和智能算法相结合,提出基于结构动力特性的结构损伤深度置信网络分层识别方法,探讨深度置信网络在结构损伤识别方面的应用。
深度置信网络[16]是一种由人工神经网络发展而来的,以受限玻尔兹曼机(restricted Boltzman machine,RBM)为基本组成结构的一种深度神经网络。
受限波尔兹曼机[17]是在波尔兹曼机的基础上提出的一种随机神经网络,结构模型如图1所示。RBM有可见层和隐藏层2层神经元,每个神经元随机取二进制数据0或1,分别表示神经元的未激活与激活状态,由概率统计法则确定。由图1可知,RBM同一层神经元之间无连接,可见层和隐藏层的神经元之间全连接,其连接方式使得RBM具有良好的性质[18],当可见层神经元的激活状态确定时,隐藏层各个神经元的激活状态相互独立,反之亦然。RBM是典型的无监督学习,在DBN中被当做特征提取器使用,被用来提取特征,对可见层进行重构。
图1中,vh分别为可见层和隐藏层;m为可见层v中神经元的数量;n为隐藏层h中神经元的数量;v1v2,…,vm为可见层中的神经元;h1h2,…,hn为隐藏层中的神经元,激活时取1,未激活时取0;bc分别为可见层和隐藏层的偏置值;分别用向量b =(b1b2,…,b1,…,bmTc =(c1c2,…,cj,…,cnT来表示可见层和隐藏层中神经元的偏置值。W表示可见层和隐藏层之间的连接权重矩阵,具体表示形式如式(1)所示:
RBM模型是一个基于能量的模型,任何一种状态都对应一个能量。对图1所示模型,若可见层v和隐藏层h的状态都确定,那么对于这样一个由vh共同组成的状态,RBM模型所具有的能量E
式中:θ为模型中的bcW这3个参数;向量v =(v1v2,…,vi,…,vmT;向量h =(h1h2,…,hj,…,hnT
由统计力学可知,式(2)表示的状态的联合分布的概率为
式中
对式(3)取边缘分布可以得到可见层v和隐藏层h的概率分布,其表达式为
式(4)、式(5)称为似然函数,式(4)表示输入样本的概率分布。
由上述RBM的性质可知,若可见层中所有的神经元状态已知,则隐藏层中神经元hj的激活概率为
同理,当隐藏层中的所有神经元的状态已知时,则可见层中某个神经元vi的激活概率为
式(6)、式(7)中的S为Sigmoid函数,其表达式为
对RBM进行训练,确定θ中的3个参数,以便对训练数据实现拟合,即使式(4)所表示的概率分布可以最大程度地表示输入样本。设有N个训练样本,样本集合为S =(S1S2,…,Sk,…,SN),每个样本都含有m个数据,样本之间符合独立同分布,式(4)可以表示为
对式(9)等式两边取对数得到对数似然函数,联立式(4)且对θ求偏导,应用链式求导法则和贝叶斯公式可得
对式(10),将θ分别取为bcW,计算可得
式中,Ski为第k个样本中的第i个数据。
对于式(11)~式(13)中的,采用Gibbs采样和CD-K算法[19]K =1)可以得到其近似值,分别如式(14)~式(16)所示:
式中:为某1个样本,上标0为此样本的初始值,下标k为此样本是第k个样本;中的下标ki为第k个样本中的第i个数据;为第k样本经过CD-K(K =1)算法后可见层的第一次重构值。
至此RBM完成对输入数据特征提取。
目前常用的深度置信网络结构模型如图2所示。深度置信网络由数个RBM堆叠而成,根据具体问题的不同改变最后一层的激活函数以及神经元的个数,可以分别实现分类和预测问题。图2所示的模型中最后一层为Softmax激活函数,且输出层单元多于1个,基于该模型可解决分类问题。
DBN的训练过程分为两步,首先需要对底层的RBM进行预训练,预训练是逐层贪婪无监督训练,其目的是得到神经元之间的连接权重和偏置值,使得在训练好的权重和偏置下,RBM可以更准确、更高精度地提取出训练样本的特征。随后将底层RBM的隐藏层作为下一个RBM的可见层逐个对RBM进行训练,直至完成所有RBM的预训练。第二步是在DBN的最后一层添加反向传播神经网络,以对整个DBN网络进行微调,微调阶段属于有监督学习。
结构动力特性包括固有频率和振型等。当结构损伤时,其动力特性也会发生相应的变化。本文采用结构的固有频率和振型的组合作为深度置信网络的输入,以损伤位置作为对应的输出,识别结构的损伤位置。
以长6 m的10号工字钢简支梁为例验证本文提出方法的可行性。钢梁横截面如图3所示,其弹性模量取2.11×105 MPa,密度取7 800 kg/m3,泊松比取0.3。采用有限元软件ANSYS建立钢梁有限元模型,选用Beam188单元模拟钢梁,共划分为20个单元,单元和节点分布如图4图5所示。
采用对单元的弹性模量进行折减的方式依次模拟每个单元的损伤。假设某个单元的原始弹性模量为Eu,损伤后的弹性模量为Ed,则该单元的损伤程度为1-Ed/Eu
限于篇幅,以梁跨1/6、2/6、3/6、4/6、5/6这5个位置处的单元为例进行说明,分别对应为3、6、10、14、17号单元。损伤程度从1%~25%,以1%为增量,则本例共有125种损伤工况,每种工况对应一个样本。样本的输入X按式(17)所示形式构造六元向量:
式中,fy分别为结构的固有频率和节点模态位移,下标为结构竖向振动的阶数,上标为选取的节点号。
样本的输出Y为一个1×5的由0、1组成的单位列阵。其中1对应相应的损伤单元。损伤单元与标签的对应情况如表1所示,样本的部分数据如表2所示。
以2号样本为例,Y表示标签5对应的单元有损伤,即第17号单元有损伤。由于数据之间数值差异较大,为避免数值“淹没”,可以对输入X按式(18)进行归一化处理[8]
将上述125个样本划分为100个训练样本和25个测试样本,对RBM的预训练与拓展为BP神经网络后的DBN训练参数分别如表3表4所示。
首先使用100个训练样本对网络进行训练,然后将25个测试样本输入经过训练的网络可以得到预测值,表5中的预测值表示在该样本输入下,预测各个单元的损伤概率,将概率最大值对应的单元作为预测的损伤单元;期望值表示样本的实际输出值,即期望网络对该样本的输出值。对比预测值与期望值判断预测结果正确性。以第一个样本为例,预测的5个单元各自损伤的概率分别为(0.000 19,0.000 25,0.000 00,0.99955),由此可判断第5个单元发生损伤。
在上述样本划分、输入特征的选取和参数设定下,DBN对于25个预测样本的识别正确率为100%。
在实际工程中进行数据采集时往往会受到噪声的干扰,导致数据失真,因此需要探讨DBN的抗噪性。
对于上述样本划分,使用无噪声添加的100个训练样本对网络进行训练,在25个预测样本中,以式(19)所示形式对式(17)中的参数添加噪声为
式中:Z为式(17)中的6个参数与无损伤时对应数据的差值;ε为噪声水平;R为区间[0,1]之间的随机数;为添加噪声后的输入参数。
在噪声程度为10%时,其中5个样本的预测值与期望值的具体数值如表6所在,对于25个预测样本,DBN对于损伤位置的预测正确率为100%,表明该方法具有好的抗噪性。
为识别损伤程度,分别采用前3阶竖向振动固有频率和模态位移或6个节点模态曲率差构建六元向量,作为深度置信网络的输入,实际损伤程度作为对应的输出来预测结构的损伤程度。
对于上节所述工字钢梁模型,对梁跨中(10号)单元模拟损伤,损伤程度区间取为从0.2%~25%,以0.2%为增量,共125个样本,对应125种损伤工况。
对损伤程度的预测属于回归问题,故样本由输入X和标签Y两部分组成。
对每个工况提取所需节点第一阶竖向模态位移,经过2次差分得到曲率。深度置信网络的样本输入参数X分别按照式(17)和式(20)所示形式构造:
式中,Δθ为有损伤工况与无损伤工况的曲率模态差,下标表示取6个节点曲率数据,由工字钢梁上除两端节点外等距离选取任意6个节点的模态位移得到。
以式(17)和式(20)所示参数分别作为网络的输入时,部分样本数据如表7表8所示,样本标签YX所对应的实际损伤程度。
将125个样本随机划分为100个训练样本和25个预测样本,训练参数的设定如表9表10所示。
与损伤位置的识别相同,首先使用100个训练样本训练网络,随后将25个预测样本输入网络进行预测。
以式(17)和式(20)分别作为输入参数式,25个样本的预测结果如图6图7所示,均方差分别为0.0105和0.0072,可以看出,以上述2种参数作为DBN的输入均能对损伤程度进行精确地预测。
图7中前5个样本的具体数据及其误差为例,对预测效果进行进一步说明。
表11可知,以式(20)作为输入参数时,预测绝对误差最大仅为0.38%,但除样本3外,相对误差最大为-0.435%。样本3相对误差较大,一方面是由于该样本实际损伤程度小,仅为0.2%,另一方面是该样本所对应的实际损伤程度为样本区间的下限。
在上述研究的基础上,对输入参数按式(19)添加噪声,与损伤位置的识别中的抗噪性研究相同,仅在预测样本上添加噪声。
当以式(17)作为输入参数时,在其中频率和模态位移上分别施加0.1%和1%程度的噪声,预测结果如图(8)所示。
图8所示的均方差为94.2398,可以看出,在极小程度的噪声下,该参数就已经无法对损伤程度进行准确的预测。说明考虑噪音影响时,基于结构振动频率与模态位移的深度置信网络不能识别结构损伤程度。
在式(20)所示参数上施加噪声,噪声水平ε依次取为5%、10%、15%,预测结果分别如图9图10图11所示,均方差分别为0.0559、0.1640、0.4878。
图9~图11可知,预测值与期望值之间规律一致,吻合较好。但随着噪声水平的逐渐增加,预测值与期望值之间的偏差逐渐增大。
表12可知,对于损伤程度为12%的样本,随着噪声程度的增加,绝对误差和相对误差均随之增大,在10%的噪声下,相对误差为-1.00%,由此可见,使用DBN对损伤程度进行预测时,具有很好的抗噪能力,即使在15%噪声水平下预测样本对损伤程度预测最大相对误差不超过5.08%,说明考虑噪声影响时,基于测点曲率模态差的深度置信网络也能较好地识别结构损伤程度,鲁棒性好。
以式(12)作为DBN的输入参数,在与DBN相同的参数设置下,使用BP神经网络对结构的损伤程度进行预测,在不同噪声水平下的预测结果如图12~图14所示,以全体预测样本的均方差作为预测能力的评价标准,DBN和BP神经网络对损伤程度的预测结果对比如表13所示。
分别将图9~图11图12~图14做比较,结合表13可以看出,在无噪声时,对于25个预测样本,BP神经网络的预测能力要优于深度置信网络,其均方差为0.0003,而在应用深度置信网络时均方差为0.0072。但当存在噪声时,在相同噪声水平下,深度置信网络的预测能力要明显优于BP神经网络,随着噪声水平的增加,BP神经网络的预测精度明显降低,当噪声水平为10%时,BP神经网络的均方差为0.6537,DBN的均方差为0.164,而使用DBN时噪声程度为15%时均方差为0.4878。当噪声水平为15%时,BP神经网络的均方差为1.1586,DBN的均方差为0.487 8。考虑噪声影响时DBN识别结果稳定性更好。
本文将机器学习和智能算法相结合,提出了一种根据结构动力特性及其变化的基于深度置信网络的结构损伤分层识别方法。以工字钢梁为例验证了该方法的可行性,主要结论如下:
1)以结构前3阶竖向振动频率和单节点3阶模态位移作为DBN的输入参数时,该方法能准确识别结构的损伤位置;即使添加10%程度的噪声,依然能准确识别损伤位置。
2)以结构前3阶竖向振动频率和位移模态的组合参数作为输入,在无噪声时能够精确预测损伤程度;在考虑噪声影响时预测损伤程度精度较低。
3)以6节点曲率模态差作为深度置信网络的输入,无噪声时可以精确预测结构的损伤程度;在噪声程度达到15%时仍可以准确预测结构损伤程度。与BP神经网络相比,基于结构动力特性的结构损伤深度置信网络分层识别方法识别精度高、抗噪性强、鲁棒性好。
  • 中铁十六局集团科技研发项目(K2020-7B)
  • 中铁第四勘察设计院集团科技研究开发项目(2020K161)
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0207
  • 接收时间:2022-10-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-11
  • 修回日期:2023-05-17
基金
中铁十六局集团科技研发项目(K2020-7B)
中铁第四勘察设计院集团科技研究开发项目(2020K161)
作者信息
    1.许昌市建设投资有限责任公司,河南 许昌 461000
    2.中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司,湖北 武汉 430063
    3.华北水利水电大学 土木与交通学院,河南 郑州 450045
    4.中铁十六局集团有限公司,北京 100018

通讯作者:

杨汉青(1992—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事工程结构损伤识别研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dzgcygczd/CN/10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0207
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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