Article(id=1245389868264702682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0202, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1669046400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-22, revisedDate=1676908800000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774853682818, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774853682818, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774853682818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774853682818, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245389858412282468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='232', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774853680470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774854277127, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245392361031840387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245392361031840388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245389858412282468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245389868797379311, articleId=1245389868264702682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Research on floor acceleration response distribution of complex building structure based on shaking table scale models, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The floor acceleration amplification (FAA) reflects the amplification effect of the main structure on the ground acceleration, but the current specification and research mostly rely on historical floor records or finite element analysis results. When complex building structures are involved, the results of calculation analysis and actual earthquake damage are often different. Based on the recorded data of the shaking table test of the scaled model of the integral structure, the FAA distribution of prototype structures along the height are obtained by fitting analysis. Using the shape model of quasi seismic response spectrum, the FAA distribution surface with a certain guarantee rate is obtained, and the corresponding calculation formulas for different structural types are proposed respectively. It can better reflect the FAA distribution characteristics of complex building structures compared with the specification. Finally, the influence of site predominant period change on FAA distribution characteristics of this type of building structure is qualitatively explored.

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楼面加速度放大系数(floor acceleration amplification,FAA)能够反映结构对地面加速度的放大,而当前的规范与研究多是依赖于历史楼面记录或者有限元分析结果,在涉及复杂体型建筑结构时计算分析和实际震害结果往往存在较大差异。以整体结构缩尺模型振动台试验记录数据为基础,通过拟合分析得到各条记录下原型结构沿高度的FAA分布。基于类拟地震反应谱形状模型,得到具有一定保证率的FAA分布曲面,针对不同结构类型分别提出了相应的计算公式,相比于规范能够更好地反映出复杂体型建筑结构的FAA分布特征。定性地探索了场地卓越周期变化对该类型建筑结构FAA分布特征的影响。

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任祥香(1988—),女,工程师,博士,主要从事建筑隔震减震研究。E-mail:
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吴治邦(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事非结构构件地震研究。E-mail:

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吴治邦(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事非结构构件地震研究。E-mail:

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吴治邦(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事非结构构件地震研究。E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Network traffic anomaly detection based on iForest and LOF, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245389881061523884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, awardId=52178501, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52178501), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245389881178964401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, awardId=2021KCSZYJ02, language=CN, fundingSource=同济大学教改项目(2021KCSZYJ02), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245389874891703265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245389874904286179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, companyId=1245389874891703265, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245389874912674788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, companyId=1245389874891703265, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=同济大学 土木工程防灾国家重点实验室,上海 200092)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1245389878733685007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=FAA regression distribution curves for partial frame shear wall structure along the period, figureFileSmall=Y/f08YdPjA3GthkspeZlQQ==, figureFileBig=qtHR6BWUsHD3jByZA3+CwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389878855319835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=CN, label=图1, caption=部分框剪结构沿结构周期方向FAA回归曲线, figureFileSmall=Y/f08YdPjA3GthkspeZlQQ==, figureFileBig=qtHR6BWUsHD3jByZA3+CwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389879115366705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=FAA distribution surface and specification comparison diagram of frame shear wall structure, figureFileSmall=zt5GrCEgHA+VdlSJxakDDQ==, figureFileBig=73DG1m66B4VhMamsxN4Fgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389879241195832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=CN, label=图2, caption=框剪结构FAA分布曲面及规范对比图, figureFileSmall=zt5GrCEgHA+VdlSJxakDDQ==, figureFileBig=73DG1m66B4VhMamsxN4Fgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389879396385093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparison of results between two types of sites with frame shear wall structure, figureFileSmall=BXI6wgIzm99mqRpHkcKPiQ==, figureFileBig=X4poTHbVr0CLMMFBGK7QUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389879505437006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=CN, label=图3, caption=框剪结构两类场地结果对比, figureFileSmall=BXI6wgIzm99mqRpHkcKPiQ==, figureFileBig=X4poTHbVr0CLMMFBGK7QUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389879631266132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=FAA distribution surface and specification comparison diagram of cylinder structure, figureFileSmall=yiHufGdb4yfOk5ITZEDlQg==, figureFileBig=o3n4DgDywmEArGMp1Zqk/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389879773872480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=CN, label=图4, caption=筒体结构FAA分布曲面及规范对比, figureFileSmall=yiHufGdb4yfOk5ITZEDlQg==, figureFileBig=o3n4DgDywmEArGMp1Zqk/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389879903895913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=FAA distribution surface and specification comparison diagram of two types of structures, figureFileSmall=IK45JP30/4QpzDVq+HgeIw==, figureFileBig=YZjtFnuDl5w0C1IH8PVd0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389880038113651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2种结构FAA分布曲面及规范对比图, figureFileSmall=IK45JP30/4QpzDVq+HgeIw==, figureFileBig=YZjtFnuDl5w0C1IH8PVd0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245389880151359866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information statistics of shaking table data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原型结构关键参数复杂体型建筑结构类型
框剪结构筒体结构
记录总数/条314482
四类场地记录数量/条264392
周期区间/s1.1~6.91.0~7.7
二类场地记录数量/条5090
周期区间/s1.7~4.61.7~7.0
结构高度区间/m50~200141~492
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880268800385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

振动台数据基本信息统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原型结构关键参数复杂体型建筑结构类型
框剪结构筒体结构
记录总数/条314482
四类场地记录数量/条264392
周期区间/s1.1~6.91.0~7.7
二类场地记录数量/条5090
周期区间/s1.7~4.61.7~7.0
结构高度区间/m50~200141~492
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880382046600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Regression results of coefficients under each normalized height of frame shear wall structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
归一化高度ϕz/H)(μψz/H)(μϕz/H)(μ+2σψz/H)(μ+2σ
0.92.80-1.934.90-1.14
0.82.37-2.183.88-1.20
0.71.98-1.963.60-1.30
0.61.54-1.413.04-1.14
0.51.38-1.362.88-0.95
0.41.25-1.242.57-0.88
0.31.21-1.472.30-0.88
0.20.97-1.871.81-0.90
0.10.48-2.290.93-0.72
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880482709898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

框剪结构各归一化高度下系数回归结果

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归一化高度ϕz/H)(μψz/H)(μϕz/H)(μ+2σψz/H)(μ+2σ
0.92.80-1.934.90-1.14
0.82.37-2.183.88-1.20
0.71.98-1.963.60-1.30
0.61.54-1.413.04-1.14
0.51.38-1.362.88-0.95
0.41.25-1.242.57-0.88
0.31.21-1.472.30-0.88
0.20.97-1.871.81-0.90
0.10.48-2.290.93-0.72
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880591761809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ψ(z/H) coefficients ratio of two site coefficients

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归一化高度ψz/HTgψz/Hψz/HTgz/H
0.9-3.421-1.1403.00
0.8-3.863-1.2043.21
0.7-4.301-1.3003.31
0.6-3.659-1.1383.22
0.5-3.121-0.9533.27
0.4-2.710-0.8793.08
0.3-2.632-0.8763.00
0.2-2.891-0.8983.22
0.1-2.246-0.7203.12
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880679842201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两类场地ψz/H)系数比值

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归一化高度ψz/HTgψz/Hψz/HTgz/H
0.9-3.421-1.1403.00
0.8-3.863-1.2043.21
0.7-4.301-1.3003.31
0.6-3.659-1.1383.22
0.5-3.121-0.9533.27
0.4-2.710-0.8793.08
0.3-2.632-0.8763.00
0.2-2.891-0.8983.22
0.1-2.246-0.7203.12
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880784699806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

ψ(z/H) coefficients ratio of two sites

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归一化高度ψz/HTgψz/Hψz/HTgz/H
0.9-2.536-0.9002.82
0.8-2.800-1.0002.80
0.7-3.050-1.0702.85
0.6-3.301-1.1402.90
0.5-3.144-1.2002.62
0.4-3.676-1.2802.87
0.3-3.593-1.3402.68
0.2-1.400
0.1-1.480
), ArticleFig(id=1245389880876974495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245389868264702682, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两类场地ψz/H)系数比值

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归一化高度ψz/HTgψz/Hψz/HTgz/H
0.9-2.536-0.9002.82
0.8-2.800-1.0002.80
0.7-3.050-1.0702.85
0.6-3.301-1.1402.90
0.5-3.144-1.2002.62
0.4-3.676-1.2802.87
0.3-3.593-1.3402.68
0.2-1.400
0.1-1.480
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基于振动台缩尺模型的复杂体型建筑结构楼面加速度反应分布研究
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吴治邦 , 樊圆 , 任祥香 , 程春兰 , 卢文胜
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(2): 10-18
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(2): 10-18
基于振动台缩尺模型的复杂体型建筑结构楼面加速度反应分布研究
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吴治邦 , 樊圆, 任祥香 , 程春兰, 卢文胜
作者信息
  • 同济大学 土木工程防灾国家重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 吴治邦(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事非结构构件地震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

任祥香(1988—),女,工程师,博士,主要从事建筑隔震减震研究。E-mail:
Research on floor acceleration response distribution of complex building structure based on shaking table scale models
Zhibang WU , Yuan FAN, Xiangxiang REN , Chunlan CHENG, Wensheng LU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0202
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楼面加速度放大系数(floor acceleration amplification,FAA)能够反映结构对地面加速度的放大,而当前的规范与研究多是依赖于历史楼面记录或者有限元分析结果,在涉及复杂体型建筑结构时计算分析和实际震害结果往往存在较大差异。以整体结构缩尺模型振动台试验记录数据为基础,通过拟合分析得到各条记录下原型结构沿高度的FAA分布。基于类拟地震反应谱形状模型,得到具有一定保证率的FAA分布曲面,针对不同结构类型分别提出了相应的计算公式,相比于规范能够更好地反映出复杂体型建筑结构的FAA分布特征。定性地探索了场地卓越周期变化对该类型建筑结构FAA分布特征的影响。

加速度反应  /  分布曲面  /  保证率  /  整体结构  /  缩尺模型

The floor acceleration amplification (FAA) reflects the amplification effect of the main structure on the ground acceleration, but the current specification and research mostly rely on historical floor records or finite element analysis results. When complex building structures are involved, the results of calculation analysis and actual earthquake damage are often different. Based on the recorded data of the shaking table test of the scaled model of the integral structure, the FAA distribution of prototype structures along the height are obtained by fitting analysis. Using the shape model of quasi seismic response spectrum, the FAA distribution surface with a certain guarantee rate is obtained, and the corresponding calculation formulas for different structural types are proposed respectively. It can better reflect the FAA distribution characteristics of complex building structures compared with the specification. Finally, the influence of site predominant period change on FAA distribution characteristics of this type of building structure is qualitatively explored.

acceleration response  /  distribution surface  /  assurance rate  /  integral structure  /  scaled model
吴治邦, 樊圆, 任祥香, 程春兰, 卢文胜. 基于振动台缩尺模型的复杂体型建筑结构楼面加速度反应分布研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (2) : 10 -18 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0202
Zhibang WU, Yuan FAN, Xiangxiang REN, Chunlan CHENG, Wensheng LU. Research on floor acceleration response distribution of complex building structure based on shaking table scale models[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (2) : 10 -18 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0202
地震作用下,与主体结构直接承受地震作用的受力机理不同,非结构构件主要承受通过主体结构传来的地震作用,因此获得准确的地震作用是非结构构件抗震设计的关键。目前相关设计规范中指出,对于非结构构件的抗震设计,可以采用控制构件变形能力或计算等效地震力的方式来实现[1-4],主要的参数包括楼面加速度放大系数(floor acceleration amplification,FAA)、层间位移角、地震动加速度峰值和部件重要性系数等。其中,FAA指楼面加速度峰值与地面加速度峰值的比值,是建筑主体结构在受到地震作用时对地面加速度的放大,其取值很大程度上影响着非结构构件的抗震设计荷载,是最重要的参数之一[5]
国内外学者对FAA的研究最早开始于20世纪末。DRAKE等[6]最早分析了加州150栋房屋在1971年以后经历的数十次地震的楼面加速度记录,总结了FAA沿结构高度线性增长的规律,这一规律迅速被美国国家减轻地震灾害计划(national earthquake hazards reduction program,NEHRP)采用,成为了当今世界各国规范FAA的取值参考形式[7]。LU等[8]通过对高层结构记录的研究发现,部分特殊结构顶部的FAA值可以超过10.0。SINGH等[9]发现相同归一化高度下高层结构的FAA要比低矮结构更大,规范的取值在高层建筑方面适用性下降。MIRANDA等[10]通过研究发现,结构高度、阻尼比以及高度等参数也会对FAA产生一定的影响。一些研究人员也因此针对结构形式以及高度等参数对FAA的分布形式进行了研究,提出了双参数模型以及双折线模型[11-12],但是其参数的取值偏小。近些年也有学者通过非线性的方式来描述FAA的分布特征[13],但是在特征描述的吻合度上有待更深入的研究。
既有的部分研究也考虑了建筑高度、结构类型、阻尼比等因素对于FAA分布的影响,其对于FAA的研究方式多是基于有限的实测数据或者对结构的精细化有限元模型进行分析[14-17]。其中分析采用的实测数据来源于世界各地的建筑结构台阵记录,台阵数据库中记录数量普遍较少,缺少强震的记录,且作用的场地类型以及结构类型较为分散,难以定量评估多因素影响下各因素对FAA分布的影响,而精细化有限元模型精确度浮动较大,其对于边界条件以及荷载工况的模拟不一定能反映实际结构的特征。这也使得该方面的研究多是以分析研究为主,难以直观的反映出FAA分布与各因素之间的关系。地震观测和震害调查虽然可以对地震发生后的结构损伤及地震过程中的响应机制进行观测,同时有较多的真实数据,但针对复杂体型建筑结构在较强地震作用下楼层地震反应方面,依旧存在局限性。
模拟地震振动台试验通过向振动台输入地震波,激励起振动台上结构的反应,可以直接模拟真实地震对结构造成的地震响应,研究结构在真实地震作用下结构的构件损伤和破坏机理等,因此振动台的记录可以作为研究结构楼面加速度反应分布特征的重要参考[18]。本文以复杂体型整体结构缩尺模型振动台试验记录数据集为基础,针对不同结构形式,考虑结构周期以及高度的影响,拟合出复杂体型建筑结构FAA表达公式以及分布曲面,分析探讨了其分布特征,并与规范的表达公式进行了对比。同时在研究成果的基础上分析了场地卓越周期对FAA分布特征的影响,为非结构构件的抗震设计提供参考。
振动台试验是一种研究地震作用下工程抗震机理的重要手段,它将实际结构简化为缩尺模型,以一种可控的方式观察试验现象并处理数据。通过施加各种形式的合成地震波,或者施加简谐波、高斯白噪声等功能波来模拟地震中的各种工况,不仅可以验证理论计算的正确性,还可以分析得到地震响应规律,对相关的作用机理进行分析。
国内外规范的FAA计算模式针对的是量大面广的规则结构,但在考虑多因素(如结构类型或结构周期)对FAA的分布特征影响时,记录的数量会不足,数据缺乏代表性,可能导致分析结果与实际不符。而振动台数据库中有大量针对同一结构类型的记录,结构周期的分布范围更广,如框剪结构的记录数量有314条,周期范围在1.1~6.9 s之间,有充分的数据能够考虑多因素下FAA的分布特征。在FAA数值方面,与规范基于的实测数据不同,振动台数据库中包含大量结构处于强震下的数据,FAA的数值区间会更大,分析得到的结果包络性更强。而振动台数据库中除了规则结构还有大量非规则的结构,规则以及非规则的结构中有部分为超限结构,涉及的类型更多,针对复杂体型建筑结构得到的结论会更具有代表性。因此本文采用土木工程防灾国家重点实验室振动台的部分历史数据作为复杂体型整体结构楼面加速度反应分布研究的数据库。
在数据库中,复杂体型建筑类型有筒体结构以及框架剪力墙结构。模型的缩尺比通常在1/50~1/15之间,模型在一条三向地震动时程的激励下得到的加速度反应作为一条地震记录,获取到具有完整数据的有效振动台地震记录共计916条。加速度峰值由设防等级和不同水准决定,PGA范围为0.035~0.620 g。其中框剪结构314条,占比为34.3%,四类场地的记录共264条,占框剪结构记录总条数的84.0%;筒体结构482条,占比为52.6%,四类场地的记录共392条,占筒体结构记录总条数的81.3%。通过相似关系可以推算出对应的原型结构在不同水准地震下的自振频率和振动形态[19],其中框剪结构的周期分布范围为1.1~9.1 s,筒体结构的周期分布范围为1.0~7.7 s。原型结构关键参数统计结果如表1所示。
美国规范《ASCE7/SEI-16》中首次提出了FAA的计算公式[2],其参考的数据来源于对150栋建筑不区分地震强度的统计结果。本文的目的在于研究不同结构类型和不同场地类别对FAA分布的影响,且对于所有结构,均采用小震、中震、大震的三水准地震动输入,依据试验中分析得到的结构频率,这些结构的整体非线性表现相似,在小震、中震下基本保持弹性或轻微非线性,在大震下部分进入非线性,因此本文采用与参考文献相似的不区分地震动强度的统计方式。
振动台数据库中的数据来源于各个缩尺模型试验,所使用的缩尺结构均为全过程相似,通过相似关系推算出对应的原型结构在不同水准地震下的自振频率和振动形态等结果能够与实际结构保持统一。本文的FAA分布用于指导非结构构件的设计,对于复杂体型建筑结构可能在不同的位置设置伸臂桁架,导致局部加速度的突变的情况,在振动台试验时对相关问题进行了综合的考虑,所采集到的楼面加速度数据已经反映了伸臂桁架、加强层对主体结构的贡献,局部的突变造成的FAA变化在后续的统计中进行了平滑处理。
由于不同模型的传感器沿高度的分布不统一,难以获得实测特定归一化高度下FAA的值。采用三次贝塞尔插值方法计算回归曲线[20],将原始测量数据作为控制点,通过分段插值的方式在满足原始数据分布趋势的前提下对未知点数据进行预测,得到各条记录任意高度处的FAA值,如式(1)所示:
式中:P0为起始点;P1P2为2个相互分离的中间点;P3为终止点;t为位置参数。
取各个周期归一化高度为0.1整数倍时对应FAA值(0.1,0.2,...,0.9)进行回归分析。由于鞭梢效应,部分记录的顶部加速度放大系数非常大(最大值达到12.0),该部分的加速度放大系数分布需要开展专门的深入研究,本文不做讨论,因此分析中所有工况均去除了归一化高度为1.0的数据。
为了消除数据采集系统离群数据对结果的影响,需要通过离群点检测算法来寻找离群点。采用基于密度的离群点检测方法:局部离群因子算法[21],根据周围数据的密集程度,计算每个数据的局部可达密度,通过局部可达密度进一步计算得到离群因子,离群因子越大,表示离群程度越高,通过计算各点的离群因子来去除离散点。本文视离群因子大于2.0的点为离群点,p的第k局部可达密度lrdkp)计算公式和离群因子LOFkp)的计算公式如式(2)、式(3)所示:
式中:Nkp)为p的第k距离领域,指点p的第k距离内的所有点的集合;reach_diskkop)为点p到点o的第k可达距离,指点o的第k距离和点o到点p距离中的较大值;lrdkp)为p的第k局部可达密度。
单参数直线形的FAA公式具有一定的合理性,一方面该形式的公式可以快速的对任意形式建筑的FAA进行评估,方便应用到实际工程中;另一方面其在建筑顶部达到最值的特点也符合实际。但实测的一些数据反映,该形式的公式仅能包络部分的数据。
针对此类问题也有学者提出了改进的双参数直线形公式。此类方法针对不同的工况对参数赋予对应的值可以实现对更多数据点的包络,但是该方法在参数取值方面缺少一定的规律性,在包络更多数据点的同时又难以反映实际数据的分布特征。
FAA本身的取值不仅仅是由归一化高度决定,其还与结构周期、场地卓越周期等因素有关。本文主要通过对结构类型进行分类,考虑各结构类型下结构周期、高度以及场地卓越周期对于FAA的影响,采用的回归公式形式参考GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》[1]中的地震反应谱公式,取消了上升段,保留了平台段和曲线下降段,具体的公式如式(4)所示:
式中:ϕz/H)、ψz/H)为与归一化高度相关的函数;T为建筑卓越周期;Tt为平台段与曲线下降段的交界处周期。
本文数据库中数据多处于四类场地,其他类型场地仅占20%左右,由于数据量有限,本文对于场地卓越周期Tg的考虑以分析研究为主。
本章节按照结构类型,分别统计和分析了复杂体型框剪结构与筒体结构在考虑结构周期、高度以及场地卓越周期下的FAA分布特征,同时将分布特征与部分国家的现行规范公式进行了对比。
数据库中框剪结构的记录共有314条,其中四类场地记录有264条,占比约为84%。对框剪结构处于四类场地的数据沿高度进行分类,得到各归一化高度(z/H)结构周期方向的FAA分布情况。计算各周期段的FAA平均值与标准差,按照提供的回归模型,对各周期段均值以及均值加2倍标准差的结果进行拟合,得到一系列归一化高度下均值以及具有97.7%保证率的FAA回归公式,部分归一化高度下的回归结果如图1所示,其中圆圈半径表示离群因子大小。
图1可知,计算模型能够很好地反映框剪结构的FAA分布特征。各高度下回归得到的均值以及均值加2倍标准差的ϕz/H)和ψz/H)结果如表2所示,其中ϕz/H)虽然是随着归一化高度增大而增大,但是其并不是线性的增长方式,而ψz/H)则是随着高度增加在某些区段出现减小的现象。
沿归一化高度方向对均值加2倍标准差下得到的系数结果进行拟合,函数形式为一元三次方程,可以得到具有97.7%保证率的ϕz/H)与ψz/H)沿归一化高度分布计算公式,具体的公式如式(5)、式(6)所示:
将回归得到的ϕz/H)与ψz/H)代入公式(4),可以得到曲线段FAA、建筑卓越周期与归一化高度之间的分布关系,并将其与各国规范取值进行对比,具体如图2所示。
图2可知:①在四类场地下,平台段的长度较短,在周期小于等于1.0 s时便会进入曲线段,在归一化高度大于0.1时,FAA沿周期方向的整体变化趋势为随着结构周期的增加而减小,且随着结构周期的增加,FAA减小的速率降低,与公式的特征相符。而在归一化高度为0.1时,各周期段FAA值较小,变化的趋势与上述高度相比不明显;②FAA沿高度分布的形状类似于三次函数形式,在靠近顶部时增长的速率最大,且到达结构顶部时FAA达到最大值。该特征不会随着结构周期的改变而改变,但随着结构周期的增长,FAA沿归一化高度的变化率会有所减小;③各国规范对FAA的表达均为随着高度的增加而增加,但实际FAA分布特征为在中间高度附近会有减小的现象,说明采用线性增长的方式并不能描述复杂体型建筑结构的FAA真实分布特征;④复杂体型框剪结构FAA分布沿结构周期方向变化较大,在周期为1.0~2.0 s区间时,FAA在归一化高度大于0.3时最大值普遍大于3.0,而结构周期大于3.0 s时,FAA沿归一化高度的最大值多是小于2.0,说明其FAA在结构周期较短时敏感度较大;⑤复杂体型框剪结构FAA曲面对不同现行规范有较好的包络性,且清晰表征了地震下楼层放大系数的变化特征。
前文提到,四类场地记录条数占比达到了80%以上,其他类型场地数据较少,因此本文主要是通过已有数据分析场地卓越周期对于回归公式参数的影响,为后续的相关研究提供一定的研究参考。
数据库中二类场地的框剪结构记录共50条,由于数据有限只考虑场地卓越周期对于曲线段的影响。以0.7归一化高度下的记录为例,对比二类场地与四类场地的数据,如图3所示。与四类场地回归曲线相比,二类场地FAA下降较快区段对应的结构周期更大,大约在2~3 s区段,且数值变化的速率增加,因此假设场地卓越周期只影响曲线段的形状与位置。根据数据特征,曲线段公式的形式可以修改为
式中:C为常数,其取值与场地卓越周期有关;Tg为当前场地卓越周期,四类场地时取1.0。
图3可知,C的取值范围大致在0~2.0之间,此处C取0.7。ϕz/H)取值与四类场地结果相同,结合实测振动台数据代入修改后回归公式得到ψz/HTg)取值,同时对比一系列归一化高度下ψz/HTg)与四类场地下ψz/HTg)的比值,结果如表3所示。
表3中两系数的比值结果可以看出,不同场地卓越周期下ψz/HTg)和ψz/H)的比值相近,其均值为3.16,比值标准差为0.11,说明对于不同的场地,该参数的比值基本为一个定值,场地卓越周期与ψz/H)存在关联,验证了提出的假设。即对于不同的场地,只需要对四类场地对应的ψz/H)乘以相应的系数便可得到对应场地下的ψz/HTg)值。
数据库中筒体结构的记录共有482条,其中处四类场地的记录共有392条,占比为81.3%。采用与框剪结构类似的分析方法,得到具有97.7%保证率的ϕz/H)与ψz/H)沿归一化高度分布计算公式,具体如式(8)、式(9)所示:
同理可以得到曲线段FAA、建筑卓越周期与归一化高度之间分布关系,并将其与各国规范取值进行对比,具体如图4所示。
由由4可知:①采用的类地震反应谱计算模型依旧能够较好地反映筒体结构的FAA分布;②筒体结构ϕz/H)的变化特征以及FAA沿结构周期方向和高度方向的变化特征与框剪结构相似,而ψz/H)则是随着高度增加而增加,且沿高度增加的幅度较框剪结构要更小;③复杂体型筒体结构FAA曲面与框剪结构相同,对不同现行规范有较好的包络性和适用性。
数据库中二类场地的筒体结构记录共90条,在筒体结构数据中占比小于20%,分析的方法与框剪结构相同。C的取值取为0.2,ϕz/H)取值与四类场地结果相同,结合数据回归得到ψz/HTg)取值,同时对比一系列归一化高度下四类场地的ψz/H)值,结果如表4所示。可见,不同场地卓越周期下ψz/HTg)和ψz/H)的比值相近,其均值为2.79,标准差为0.10,比值较为稳定,与框剪结构的结果类似,再次验证了假设的正确性。
不同的结构类型对于结构的FAA分布曲面也会产生影响,将2种结构类型的分布曲面与规范的计算公式进行对比,如图5所示。
在曲线段同一结构周期下,筒体结构的FAA取值要大于框剪结构,归一化高度大于0.6时,筒体结构的FAA增长速率也远大于框剪结构,说明筒体结构在结构顶部附近对地面加速度的放大作用要强于框剪结构,且结构类型的差别会带来FAA特征的改变。出现这种现象主要是因为筒体结构结构形式较多,高层建筑偏多且部分结构外形不规则,这些因素均会在一定程度上放大FAA值。另外通过模型的计算,框剪结构和筒体结构在结构周期较短时顶部的FAA值均能达到5.0以上,而如果考虑实际的鞭梢效应,FAA值会更大,因此对于结构周期较短的结构以及复杂的筒体结构,在计算靠近顶部处的FAA值时建议予以适度放大。
中欧规范的FAA计算方式对复杂体型建筑的2种结构类型均没有很好的适用性,只有在结构周期大于8.0 s时具有一定的包络性。美国规范的计算方式对于框剪结构周期大于3.0 s的结构具有很好的适用性,但是对于筒体结构的适用性又普遍较差。而新西兰规范的适用性最好,在一定结构周期区段对2种结构类型都有很好的包络性。规范对FAA的特征描述不到位的主要原因是低估了结构中部以及顶部的取值,即FAA在增长较快的区段主要靠近结构底部以及顶部,而线性增长的方式如果要在结构下部包络尽可能多的点,则需要顶部取值偏大,但实际上各国的规范对于FAA的最大取值普遍仅有2.0或者3.0。同时规范缺少对其他相关因素,如结构周期、结构类型以及场地周期的考虑,对结构实际的FAA分布特征描述较差。新西兰规范对FAA的分段描述方式在各国规范中最合理,能够在一定程度上体现结构中部以下的分布特征,但是对于顶部的FAA取值需要有所增大,建议采用三折线的方式,对FAA的分布特征描述更准确。
各国规范的公式形式主要是参考DRAKE等[6]在70年代的研究成果,而其成果的数据主要是基于加州150栋房屋在1971年以后经历的数十次地震的楼面加速度记录,可以参考的数据十分有限。而从图5(b)的对比中可以发现,规范的曲线都处于FAA分布特征曲线的包络范围内,且部分结构周期对应的特征曲线与规范的公式有较高的重合度,规范的不足主要是受限于有限的实测数据,因此本文的特征曲面实际上是对规范的一种补充,规范的不足主要是受限于有限的实测数据,同时也说明采用整体结构缩尺模型振动台试验记录数据用以研究复杂体型结构的FAA分布特征的合理性。
FAA是计算非结构构件的地震作用的重要参数之一,既有的规范以及研究受限于缺乏强震下结构加速度反应实证数据,对复杂体型建筑结构FAA的分布特征分析不够充分。本文以整体结构缩尺模型振动台试验记录数据为基础,研究了复杂体型建筑结构在强震下的加速度反应,分析了高度、结构周期和场地卓越周期对FAA分布特征的影响,并与现行规范进行了对比,主要结论如下:
1)采用类地震反应谱分布模式可以较准确地描述复杂体型框剪与筒体结构类型具有包络性的FAA的分布特征。对整体结构缩尺模型振动台试验记录数据进行回归分析,按照结构类型,分别给出了取值公式及特征曲面。
2)对于同一结构类型,随着结构周期的增长,FAA取值呈现减小的趋势;随着楼层所在高度增大,FAA取值呈现类似三次函数的变化趋势,且结构周期越长,FAA的变化率越小,并通常在结构顶部达到最大值。
3)筒体结构FAA曲面要大于框剪结构,沿高度方向的增长速率也更大。对于结构周期较短的结构以及复杂的筒体结构,在计算靠近顶部楼层处的FAA值建议适度放大。
4)场地卓越周期主要影响结构FAA的分布形状以及位置,场地卓越周期变化对回归公式的影响方式主要表现为对参数T加减常数以及对ψz/H)值乘以固定的比例系数。
5)对比规范公式与复杂体型建筑结构2种结构类型特征曲面,证明本文提出的FAA分布曲面能较好地适应并包络现行规范分布曲线,并清晰表达了结构FAA取值与相关因素的关联。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52178501)
  • 同济大学教改项目(2021KCSZYJ02)
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0202
  • 接收时间:2022-11-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-22
  • 修回日期:2023-02-21
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52178501)
同济大学教改项目(2021KCSZYJ02)
作者信息
    同济大学 土木工程防灾国家重点实验室,上海 200092

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任祥香(1988—),女,工程师,博士,主要从事建筑隔震减震研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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