Article(id=1245373257747116181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245373256329441426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0122, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1665244800000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-09, revisedDate=1678550400000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774849722563, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774849722563, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774849722563, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774849722563, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245373256329441426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774849722225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774851286407, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245379817042981204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245373256329441426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245379817042981205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245373256329441426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=225, endPage=236, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245373258023940249, articleId=1245373257747116181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Study on the influence of frozen soil layer on seismic performance of railway gravity bridge piers with pile foundation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper aimed to investigate the seismic failure characteristics of the railway gravity piers with pile foundation under the influence of frozen soil layer and the influence of different influencing factors on the seismic performance of railway gravity piers with pile foundation in the seasonal frozen soil region. Firstly, the seismic damage characteristics of the railway gravity bridge pier with pile foundations in frozen soils were investigated by quasi-static model test. Secondly, a finite element model of bridge pier with pile foundation considering frozen soil effect was established. Then, the influence of the seasonal frozen soil layer thickness, shear-span ratio, axial compression ratio and bearing depth of pile cap on seismic performance of the railway gravity bridge pier with pile foundation was discussed by numerical simulation method. The results showed that the increase of seasonal frozen soil layer thickness in a certain range is beneficial to improve the seismic performance of the railway bridge pier with pile foundations, but if the frozen soil layer thickness increased beyond this range, its influence on the lateral bearing capacity of the bridge pier is weakened and the damage of pile-soil-pier system will be accelerated. Increasing the shear-span ratio and decreasing the embedded depth of the pile cap can significantly reduce the seismic performance of the bridge pier with pile foundations in frozen soils. Increasing the axial compression ratio can increase the lateral bearing capacity of the bridge pier with pile foundations, but it will accelerate the appearance of peak load of the bridge pier with pile foundations and accelerate the damage of the pile-soil-pier system.

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为研究冻土影响下桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的地震破坏特征以及不同影响因素对季节性冻土区桩基础铁路重力式桥墩抗震性能的影响,首先通过拟静力模型试验研究了冻土影响下桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的地震破坏特征;其次建立了考虑冻土效应的桩基础桥墩有限元分析模型,采用数值模拟方法探讨了季节性冻土层厚度、剪跨比、轴压比和承台埋入深度4个参数对冻土区桩基础铁路桥墩抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明:在一定范围内季节性冻土层厚度的增加有利于提高桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的抗震性能,但当冻土层厚度超出这一范围再增加时,其对桩基础桥墩水平承载能力的影响会变弱,同时冻土层厚度的增加会加速桩-土-桥墩体系的破坏;剪跨比的增大和承台埋入深度的减少均会显著降低冻土影响下桩基础桥墩的抗震性能;轴压比的增大会提高桩基础桥墩的水平承载能力,但会加速桩基础桥墩峰值荷载的出现,同时也会加速桩-土-桥墩体系的破坏。

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张熙胤(1989—),男,教授,博士,主要从事冻土区桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
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徐振江(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事冻土区桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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徐振江(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事冻土区桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

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Basic parameters of reinforced concrete

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混凝土fcuHRB335HPB300
fyfufyfu
27.8373.9436.4300420
), ArticleFig(id=1245373270342611729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

钢筋混凝土基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混凝土fcuHRB335HPB300
fyfufyfu
27.8373.9436.4300420
), ArticleFig(id=1245373270464246554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Thermo-dynamic parameters of soil mass[16]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃传导率/(W/(m•℃))比热/(J/(kg•℃))相变潜热/(J/kg)
-101.151455.47
-51.131517.96
01.101614.9443 088
51.081528.02
101.071354.87
301.071294.52
), ArticleFig(id=1245373270673961762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土体热力学参数[16]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃传导率/(W/(m•℃))比热/(J/(kg•℃))相变潜热/(J/kg)
-101.151455.47
-51.131517.96
01.101614.9443 088
51.081528.02
101.071354.87
301.071294.52
), ArticleFig(id=1245373270791402283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Thermo-dynamic parameters of pile foundation pier[17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性密度/(kg/m3弹性模量/MPa泊松比传导率/(W/(m•℃))比热/(J/(kg•℃))
混凝土2400230260.21.58960
钢筋78002060000.310502
), ArticleFig(id=1245373270963368752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

桩基础桥墩热力学参数[17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料属性密度/(kg/m3弹性模量/MPa泊松比传导率/(W/(m•℃))比热/(J/(kg•℃))
混凝土2400230260.21.58960
钢筋78002060000.310502
), ArticleFig(id=1245373271097586490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Values of basic concrete constitutive parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性模量Ec/MPa泊松比膨胀角/(°)流动偏角双轴等压混凝土强度与单轴强度的比值拉、压子午线上第二应力不变量的比值粘性系数
230260.2380.11.160.66670.001
), ArticleFig(id=1245373271215027009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

混凝土本构基本参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性模量Ec/MPa泊松比膨胀角/(°)流动偏角双轴等压混凝土强度与单轴强度的比值拉、压子午线上第二应力不变量的比值粘性系数
230260.2380.11.160.66670.001
), ArticleFig(id=1245373271361827653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Values of soil parameters[18-19]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体类型土体温度/℃弹性模量/MPa泊松比摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/kPa
非冻土20240.35023.6049.3
0240.35023.6049.3
冻结土-0.154.800.34023.6449.5
-269.900.31824.12100
-6101.800.27425.99568
-10133.590.23030.49798
融土25.400.35019.5216
), ArticleFig(id=1245373271491851084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

土体参数取值[18-19]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体类型土体温度/℃弹性模量/MPa泊松比摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/kPa
非冻土20240.35023.6049.3
0240.35023.6049.3
冻结土-0.154.800.34023.6449.5
-269.900.31824.12100
-6101.800.27425.99568
-10133.590.23030.49798
融土25.400.35019.5216
), ArticleFig(id=1245373271617680212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Mechanical parameters of soil mass[26]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体类型温度/℃弹性模量/kPa泊松比黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/(°)
冻土-554347.820.2568.0525.99
非冻土0240000.323.6049.30
20240000.323.6049.30
), ArticleFig(id=1245373271743509340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

土体力学参数[26]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体类型温度/℃弹性模量/kPa泊松比黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/(°)
冻土-554347.820.2568.0525.99
非冻土0240000.323.6049.30
20240000.323.6049.30
), ArticleFig(id=1245373271865144164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Basic working conditions of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析模型季节冻土层厚度/mm剪跨比轴压比/%承台埋深/mm
模型13002.862.1310
模型202.862.1310
模型35002.862.1310
模型43003.862.1310
模型53004.862.1310
模型63002.865310
模型73002.8610310
模型83002.862.1155
模型93002.862.1234
), ArticleFig(id=1245373271965807467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373257747116181, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

模型基本工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析模型季节冻土层厚度/mm剪跨比轴压比/%承台埋深/mm
模型13002.862.1310
模型202.862.1310
模型35002.862.1310
模型43003.862.1310
模型53004.862.1310
模型63002.865310
模型73002.8610310
模型83002.862.1155
模型93002.862.1234
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冻土层对桩基础铁路重力式桥墩抗震性能的影响研究
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徐振江 , 张熙胤 , 管嘉达 , 于生生 , 孙斌洁 , 张益舶
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(1): 225-236
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(1): 225-236
冻土层对桩基础铁路重力式桥墩抗震性能的影响研究
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徐振江 , 张熙胤 , 管嘉达, 于生生, 孙斌洁, 张益舶
作者信息
  • 兰州交通大学 土木工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 徐振江(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事冻土区桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张熙胤(1989—),男,教授,博士,主要从事冻土区桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
Study on the influence of frozen soil layer on seismic performance of railway gravity bridge piers with pile foundation
Zhenjiang XU , Xiyin ZHANG , Jiada GUAN, Shengsheng YU, Binjie SUN, Yibo ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0122
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为研究冻土影响下桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的地震破坏特征以及不同影响因素对季节性冻土区桩基础铁路重力式桥墩抗震性能的影响,首先通过拟静力模型试验研究了冻土影响下桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的地震破坏特征;其次建立了考虑冻土效应的桩基础桥墩有限元分析模型,采用数值模拟方法探讨了季节性冻土层厚度、剪跨比、轴压比和承台埋入深度4个参数对冻土区桩基础铁路桥墩抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明:在一定范围内季节性冻土层厚度的增加有利于提高桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的抗震性能,但当冻土层厚度超出这一范围再增加时,其对桩基础桥墩水平承载能力的影响会变弱,同时冻土层厚度的增加会加速桩-土-桥墩体系的破坏;剪跨比的增大和承台埋入深度的减少均会显著降低冻土影响下桩基础桥墩的抗震性能;轴压比的增大会提高桩基础桥墩的水平承载能力,但会加速桩基础桥墩峰值荷载的出现,同时也会加速桩-土-桥墩体系的破坏。

季节性冻土  /  桩基础  /  铁路重力式桥墩  /  抗震性能  /  滞回耗能特性

This paper aimed to investigate the seismic failure characteristics of the railway gravity piers with pile foundation under the influence of frozen soil layer and the influence of different influencing factors on the seismic performance of railway gravity piers with pile foundation in the seasonal frozen soil region. Firstly, the seismic damage characteristics of the railway gravity bridge pier with pile foundations in frozen soils were investigated by quasi-static model test. Secondly, a finite element model of bridge pier with pile foundation considering frozen soil effect was established. Then, the influence of the seasonal frozen soil layer thickness, shear-span ratio, axial compression ratio and bearing depth of pile cap on seismic performance of the railway gravity bridge pier with pile foundation was discussed by numerical simulation method. The results showed that the increase of seasonal frozen soil layer thickness in a certain range is beneficial to improve the seismic performance of the railway bridge pier with pile foundations, but if the frozen soil layer thickness increased beyond this range, its influence on the lateral bearing capacity of the bridge pier is weakened and the damage of pile-soil-pier system will be accelerated. Increasing the shear-span ratio and decreasing the embedded depth of the pile cap can significantly reduce the seismic performance of the bridge pier with pile foundations in frozen soils. Increasing the axial compression ratio can increase the lateral bearing capacity of the bridge pier with pile foundations, but it will accelerate the appearance of peak load of the bridge pier with pile foundations and accelerate the damage of the pile-soil-pier system.

seasonal frozen soil  /  pile foundation  /  railway gravity pier  /  seismic performance  /  hysteretic energy dissipation characteristics
徐振江, 张熙胤, 管嘉达, 于生生, 孙斌洁, 张益舶. 冻土层对桩基础铁路重力式桥墩抗震性能的影响研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (1) : 225 -236 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0122
Zhenjiang XU, Xiyin ZHANG, Jiada GUAN, Shengsheng YU, Binjie SUN, Yibo ZHANG. Study on the influence of frozen soil layer on seismic performance of railway gravity bridge piers with pile foundation[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (1) : 225 -236 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0122
冻土在我国分布广泛,其中季节性冻土面积约占我国领土总面积的53.5%,主要分布在西北、东北和华北地区[1]。随着国家西部开发和东北振兴等发展战略的持续推进,我国西北和东北季节性冻土区建设了大规模的线性工程,其中包括哈大、哈齐和兰新等高速铁路以及川藏铁路等。桩基础桥墩由于沉降量小、承载力高以及对冻土热扰动小的优势而被广泛应用于冻土区的公路和铁路桥梁建设中[2-3]。同时,我国季节性冻土区存在许多大而密集的地层活动断裂带,地震频繁发生,如1986年5.5级德都地震、2010年7.1级玉树大地震[4]和2021年7.4级玛多大地震[5]等。当季节性冻土区发生地震时,桩基础桥墩的地震反应将受到季节冻土层的显著影响,从而导致桩基础桥梁的破坏及破坏机理发生变化。已有研究发现季节性冻土层的存在会改变场地土层的动力特性,对地震引起的地面运动将产生显著影响[6],给季节性冻土区桥梁的抗震设防带来困难。
大量研究表明桩基础桥墩的地震反应在有无冻土情况下具有显著区别,建议抗震设计中考虑冻土层的影响[7]。VAZIRI等[8]和HAN等[9]通过在模型桩的顶部施加水平激振力,发现季节性冻土层在厚度不足0.5 m的情况下亦能显著影响桩基的地震响应。SULEIMAN等[10-12]以季节性冻土区的公路桩柱式桥墩为研究对象,探究了季节性冻融对桥墩-基础-土体系在横向载荷作用下响应的影响,结果表明随着季节性冻土层厚度的增加以及土体温度的降低,桩基础桥墩的刚度有明显提高,桩基础的塑性区长度减少,并且会改变最大弯矩出现的位置。虞庐松等[13]通过对随机地震作用下桩基础桥墩的地震响应进行计算,发现随着冻土层厚度的增加,桥墩的地震响应呈减小趋势,说明冻土层的存在对桩基础桥墩抗震来说是有利的。对于季节性冻土区的桩基础桥墩来说,相对于夏季土层的融化状态,在冬季冻结状态下由于土体的刚度提高,对桩的嵌固作用较强,体系的振动周期较短[14]。随着季节性冻土层的出现及加深,场地地震反应呈减小趋势,总体表现为季节冻土层对地震具有一定的抑制作用,有利于建筑物的地震安全性[15]。不同时期土层的性质会发生很大的变化,其产生的地震力以及其对桩基础桥墩的嵌固作用也会因此改变,所以不同季节桩基础桥墩的地震反应是不同的;在抗震设计中应考虑冬夏两季桩基础桥墩地震力的变化,选取其中的最不利情况进行抗震设计[7]
目前考虑季节性冻土影响的桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的研究偏少,研究者进行考虑桩-土相互作用桩基础桥墩抗震性能研究时并未充分考虑季节性冻土层的影响,此外桩基础铁路桥墩的抗震设计也未考虑季节性冻土的影响。为了揭示季节性冻土层对桩基础铁路桥墩抗震性能的影响机理,本文首先进行了拟静力模型试验研究,并以此为基础建立了有限元分析模型,从冻土层厚度、剪跨比、轴压比及承台埋深等方面分析了各因素对冻土影响下桩基础桥墩抗震性能的影响,旨在为季节性冻土区桩基础铁路桥墩抗震设计提供理论依据。
本试验以我国高速铁路中普遍采用的重力式桩基础桥墩作为原型,以1∶8缩尺比例制作桥墩-承台-桩基础模型,模型墩、桩和承台均采用C30混凝土,模型桩的纵向钢筋采用4根直径6 mm的HPB300钢筋组成,模型墩的纵向受力钢筋则采用6根直径为12 mm的HRB335钢筋,配筋率为0.36%,桩基础和墩身的所有箍筋均采用HPB300钢筋。本次模型试验前分别预留了3个150 mm×150 mm×150 mm的标准试件和不同规格钢筋材料,通过材料试验测得混凝土及钢筋的材性参数如表1所示。模型桥墩简化为矩形,桥墩尺寸及配筋图分别如图1图2所示。试验土体选用广泛分布于我国西北季节性冻土区的粉质黏土,通过在土体表层铺设铜管与低温恒温控制器相连接实现土体的降温冻结模拟季节性冻土层。
试验装置如图3所示。通过埋设在土体上部的铜管与低温恒温控制器相连接实现土体的降温冻结现象。通过埋设在土体中心不同深度处的温度传感器来监控土体的温度数据。荷载加载系统包括水平和竖向加载。试验过程中用配重的方式在桥墩顶部施加竖向荷载,竖向配重由一个工字型的钢梁和2根可以连接地面的精轧螺纹钢组成,通过拧紧地锚螺栓来给桩基础桥墩施加指定的竖向荷载。为保证墩顶发生水平位移后仍能有效施加轴压力,墩顶和横梁之间放置有橡胶垫,同时地面处设置有活动支座来适应水平向加载;横向加载装置中的加力设备为伺服式液压千斤顶,水平液压伺服千斤顶通过位移控制的方式在桩基础桥墩的顶部施加周期性横向载荷,直至桩-桥墩-土体系发生失效破坏。本次模型试验的加载制度如图4所示。在加载位移达到20 mm之前,位移梯度为2 mm,加载位移从20 mm至破坏的期间位移梯度为5 mm,每个加载步骤重复3次,本试验中的极限加载位移为55 mm。
本次模型试验加载结束后桩基础桥墩裂缝开展如图5所示。加载位移为±12 mm时,模型桥墩西侧土体与承台出现轻微分离;加载位移为±14 mm时,南侧墩底出现轻微裂缝,加载位移为±16 mm时,西侧墩底出现细微裂缝;加载位移为±18 mm时,墩底西侧、南侧裂缝开始延伸,同时墩身东侧270 mm高度处出现裂缝并贯穿;加载位移为±20 mm时,南侧墩身出现斜裂缝并贯穿;加载位移为±25 mm时,墩身西侧裂缝延伸、扩展;加载位移为±30 mm时,西侧承台与土体之间的间隙明显增大;加载位移为±35 mm时,承台南侧土体出现八字裂缝;加载位移为±45 mm时,东北方向墩底混凝土剥落;加载位移为±55 mm时,墩身四周裂缝和墩底裂缝贯通,试件发生破坏;挖土时发现桩上也出现了微裂缝,但并未形成塑性铰。
试验的滞回和骨架曲线如图6所示。由图可知,当墩顶加载位移较小时,滞回环面积较小,此时试件能量耗散较弱,模型桥墩处于弹性阶段;随着加载位移不断增大,滞回环的形状从狭窄逐渐变成比较丰满的梭形,能量耗散增加,试件处于弹塑性阶段;随着试件墩顶位移的继续增大,滞回环的面积增大,累计耗能增大,试件进入屈服阶段,滞回环形状逐渐发生变化,从梭形慢慢的发展为倒S形出现捏拢现象;当加载位移55 mm进行到第二次循环时,侧向力急剧下降到峰值的85%以下,试件破坏。并且随着循环加载位移逐渐增大,骨架曲线在峰值出现之前斜率逐渐减小,峰值出现之后侧向力开始下降并于55 mm时出现突变。
随着加载位移的增大,桥墩顶部的侧向力越来越大,当侧向力达到峰值后再增大加载位移,侧向力会保持一段时间,之后桥墩顶部的侧向力突然下降到峰值的0.85倍以下,桥墩构件失去承载能力。在相同位移幅值下,随着循环次数的增加,试件加载曲线斜率减小,而卸载曲线斜率几乎不变,说明同级循环位移载荷下桥墩加载刚度在不断退化,而卸载刚度则保持稳定,每次循环的加载过程均会使得桥墩损伤加剧。
随着加载位移的逐渐增大,桩基础桥墩耗散的地震能量在逐渐增大,桥墩发生破坏时桩-土-桥墩体系的耗能能力出现了突然的下降如图7所示。试验过程中桩-土-桥墩体系的刚度随着加载位移的增加呈现出前期退化显著,但退化速度在不断减缓的趋势,如图8所示。
1)热力学参数
土体的热力学参数如表2所示,桩基础桥墩的钢筋和混凝土热力学参数如表3所示。
2)力学参数
混凝土和钢筋参数与试验一致,混凝土本构及土体参数取值如表4表5所示。
1)传热模型
分析步类型采用热传导,混凝土使用DC3D8单元[20-21];钢筋笼使用传热单元DC1D2模拟。土体与承台、土体与桩均采用绑定的方式进行连接[16],将钢筋笼嵌入到混凝土内部,保证模型各构件的位置和接触在热传导过程中不发生变化。
2)力学模型
桩基础桥墩和土体采用三维实体单元C3D8R模拟,钢筋采用桁架单元T3D2模拟,钢筋笼与混凝土之间使用“嵌入”功能来实现相互之间的粘结作用,暂未考虑混凝土与钢筋之间的滑移[22]。在桥墩顶面中心处设置一个参考点与桥墩顶面之间定义耦合约束,这与试验时在墩顶与工字梁之间加入橡胶垫块的目的是一致的。桩基础桥墩与土体之间的接触部分采用面与面接触的方式来模拟,切向采用“罚”函数,设置随土体温度变化而变化的摩擦系数来模拟不同温度时土体与桩基础桥墩之间的摩擦现象,法向采用“硬”接触约束类型来模拟桩基础桥墩和土体之间的接触、分离现象。
1)传热模型
在预应力场中给模型整体赋予20 ℃的初始温度,然后给模型上、下表面施加70 d的20 ℃恒温使土体模型形成稳定的地温场,以此保证土体温度场在试验开始之前处于20 ℃的恒温状态。为了尽量和试验对照,模型各部分的尺寸与拟静力试验中保持一致,随后依据试验过程中温度传感器所采集的温度数据给土体施加相应的温度边界条件,土体四周一直施加绝热边界条件。
2)力学模型
混凝土采用塑性损伤本构模型[23],钢筋采用改进的Clough模型[24],土体采用摩尔-库伦本构模型[25],土体材料属性随温度变化而变化,同时在土体材料属性中设置线膨胀系数来模拟土体的冻胀融沉现象。将土体底部设置为固定约束,侧向边界只对法向进行约束。在初始分析步加相应的约束边界条件并传递,步骤1设置为地应力分析步,在该分析步中加重力荷载,后续分析步都设置为静力分析步。步骤2中将热传导分析结果中的温度场导入到该模型中,赋予模型与试验相同的温度场,同时通过线膨胀系数使土体出现冻胀融沉现象,分析步时间与热传导分析设置一致。后续分析步在墩顶参考点分别施加竖向荷载和水平反复位移荷载对模型进行分析。水平位移加载级数与试验相同,每级循环一次。力学模型和传热模型网格划分要完全一致。
1)温度场对比
试验通过在土体表层铺设铜管与低温恒温控制器相连接实现土体的降温冻结模拟季节冻土区土体温度场。但由于开始试验前一段时间打开了土体表面保温层,外部环境温度较高,导致表层土体的温度有所回升,季节冻土表层出现了轻微融化现象。有限元模型采用与试验相同的条件设置温度边界,模拟的土体温度场如图9所示,所得土体随深度变化的温度曲线与模型试验进行对比,结果如图10所示,两者吻合较好。
2)力-位移曲线对比
将传热模型中分析得到的温度场结果导入到力学模型中,在加载前完成体系温度场的建立,并通过线膨胀系数来实现土体的冻胀融沉行为,从而在土体内部形成应力场,实现热-力耦合过程。通过图11中的试验和有限元力-位移曲线对比可以看出,模型能够较为准确地模拟冻土影响下的桩基础桥墩的力学行为,可以保证后续参数分析的合理性和可靠性。
以王万平等[26]做的静三轴试验为依据进行参数分析,土体的力学参数如表6所示,钢筋和混凝土的参数取值和试验一致。具体工况设置如表7所示。模型1是基准模型。模型2和模型3主要研究的是季节冻土层厚度对桩基础桥墩的抗震性能影响,模型2土体为常温土体,模型3土体的冻土层厚度为500 mm;模型4和模型5研究的是桥墩剪跨比对桩基础桥墩抗震性能的影响,通过调整桩基础桥墩的墩身高度来实现剪跨比的变化;模型6和模型7研究的是轴压比对桩基础桥墩抗震性能的影响,调整墩顶竖向力的大小来形成不同的轴压比;模型8和模型9研究的是承台埋深对桩基础桥墩抗震性能的影响。不同冻土层厚度下的温度场分布和温度曲线如图12图13所示,其他参数变化对土体温度场几乎没有影响,可以保证其他参数变化的模型均在表层季节冻土厚度一致的前提下进行分析。
不同参数下冻土存在的铁路桩基础桥墩的滞回及骨架曲线如图14图15所示。
季节冻土层的存在对桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的抗震性能影响较为明显,其可以大大提高桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的水平承载能力,并且滞回曲线更加饱满。冻土层厚度为0.3 m时,桩基础桥墩的极限水平承载能力是常温土工况下的2倍。但当冻土层达到一定厚度时,其影响会变弱,水平极限承载能力不再继续提升,滞回环耗能变化不大,此时桩-土-桥墩体系的水平承载能力主要由桩基础桥墩本身强度决定;在给定位移状态下,随着剪跨比的增大,冻土影响下的桩基础桥墩的极限水平承载能力逐渐降低,滞回曲线的捏拢效应逐渐显著,但是桩-土-桥墩体系侧向力下降段的出现变得越来越晚,桩-土-桥墩体系的侧向变形能力有一定提高;而且随着轴压比的增大,冻土影响下的桩基础桥墩的极限水平承载能力出现了大幅度的提高。轴压比为2.1%时的极限水平承载能力为63.88 kN,而轴压比为10%的桩基础桥墩的极限水平承载能力为94.27 kN。但是轴压比越大,桩-土-桥墩体系骨架曲线的下降段越早出现,并且下降速度越快,说明轴压比增大会加快冻土影响下的桩基础桥墩发生破坏;承台埋入深度对冻土影响下的桩基础桥墩抗震性能的影响表现为随着整体埋入深度的减小,桩-土-桥墩体系的极限水平承载能力逐渐下降,同时相同加载位移下桩基础桥墩的滞回环面积减小,这是因为承台埋入深度减少导致土体对桩基础桥墩的嵌固能力降低,从而使桩-土-桥墩体系的抗震能力降低。
桥墩的累计耗能定义为力-位移滞回曲线各封闭滞回环所包围的面积之和。桩-土-桥墩体系的累积耗能随位移变化的曲线如图16所示。
图16可知,加载初期,墩顶位移荷载均较小,同一种参数下的不同模型的累积耗能相差较小;但随着加载位移的增大,不同模型墩顶侧向力的差距会逐渐增大,从而导致同一种参数下的不同模型的累积耗能相差越来越大。
冻土层厚度的出现及增加会增大桩-土-桥墩体系在给定位移状态下耗散的地震能量,这是因为冻土层对于桩基础桥墩的嵌固作用较强,达到相同位移荷载所需的侧向力增大从而导致耗散了更多地震能量;相同加载位移下,随着剪跨比的增大,桩-土-桥墩体系的累积耗能越少,这是因为剪跨比的增大导致墩顶的横向位移荷载向下传导的路径变远,墩顶相同位移作用下墩底薄弱区变形减小,所需侧向力也会减小,从而使桩-土-桥墩体系耗散地震能量减少;相同加载位移下,轴压比越大,桩-土-桥墩体系的累积耗能越多,因为轴压比的增大会增强对桥墩的约束作用,导致相同位移下桥墩顶部的侧向力增大;承台埋入深度的减小也会极大的减小相同位移下桩-土-桥墩体系的耗散的地震能量,这是因为承台埋入深度的减少会导致土体对桩基础桥墩的嵌固作用减弱,达到相同加载位移所需的侧向力减小。
试件在反复荷载作用下的刚度退化特性,可以用割线刚度来表示。图17给出了在冻土层厚度、剪跨比、轴压比和承台埋深等因素影响下桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的刚度随加载位移变化的曲线。
总的来说,各模型的刚度退化规律基本一致,加载初期,刚度随着荷载的增加而迅速下降,随着加载位移的增大,衰减速度放缓,并在后期趋于平稳。
冻土层厚度的增加会导致桩-土-桥墩体系的整体刚度增加,但刚度退化速度会加快。土体冻结后强度和刚度均显著增加,因此冻土层存在时对桩基础桥墩约束作用增强,导致桩-土-桥墩体系的初始刚度显著增加;但是随着剪跨比的增加,桩-土-桥墩体系的初始刚度明显降低,同时刚度退化的速度明显放缓,位移加载至55 mm时,各模型的刚度相差不大;而轴压比从2.1%上升至5%时,桩-土-桥墩体系的初始刚度和整体刚度退化曲线均有明显提高,但轴压比从5%上升至10%时其影响变得微弱;承台埋深的增加会使桩-土-桥墩体系的初始刚度和整体刚度退化曲线会随着埋深增加有一定提高,但变化并不显著。
本文通过拟静力试验与有限元分析相结合的方法分析了冻土影响下桩基础铁路重力式桥墩的地震破坏特征以及不同影响因素对地震作用下桩基础-冻土相互作用过程的影响,得出以下主要结论:
1)拟静力试验过程中,在水平往复荷载作用下桥墩墩身底部形成塑性铰,最终墩身裂缝贯通导致桥墩发生破坏,同时桩身位置处也出现了轻微破坏,但并未形成塑性铰。
2)在一定范围内冻土层厚度的增大可以提高桩基础桥墩的抗震性能,但超出这一范围后继续增大对桩基础桥墩承载力的增幅效果会变的微弱,同时冻土层厚度的增加会加速桩-土-桥墩体系的破坏。
3)剪跨比的增大和承台埋入深度的减少均会显著降低冻土影响下桩基础桥墩的抗震性能,但剪跨比的变化对桥墩变形能力的影响并不明显,而承台埋深的变化对桩-土-桥墩体系的刚度退化曲线无较大影响。
4)轴压比的增大会提高桥墩的水平承载力,但会加速桩基础桥墩峰值荷载的出现,说明轴压比增大会加速冻土影响下的桩基础桥墩的破坏。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52068045)
  • 甘肃省科技计划项目-杰出青年基金项目(20JR5RA430)
  • 中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划(P2021G047)
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2024年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0122
  • 接收时间:2022-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-09
  • 修回日期:2023-03-12
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52068045)
甘肃省科技计划项目-杰出青年基金项目(20JR5RA430)
中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划(P2021G047)
作者信息
    兰州交通大学 土木工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070

通讯作者:

张熙胤(1989—),男,教授,博士,主要从事冻土区桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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