Article(id=1245373260062372039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245373256329441426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0108, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1663257600000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-16, revisedDate=1668268800000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774849723115, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774849723115, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774849723115, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774849723115, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1245373256329441426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, year='2024', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774849722225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774851286407, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1245379817042981204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245373256329441426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1245379817042981205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, issueId=1245373256329441426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245373260322418897, articleId=1245373260062372039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, language=EN, title=Study on the typical damage characteristics of the Archery Tower of the Deshengmen and the influence of typical damage on the mechanical behavior of the frame, columnId=null, journalTitle=Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

After thousands of years, the Archery Tower of the Deshengmen has been damaged in different degrees and types. Through the investigation of the damages, the number, proportion and distribution of the damage types have been summarized and the causes of the typical damage characteristics and its influence on the mechanical performance of the wooden frame have been analyzed. In order to explore the influence of the typical damage characteristics on the mechanical behavior, the comparative analysis on the influence of pulling-out of tenon on the mechanical behavior of the wooden frame is made, and the FEM of the standard frame and the frame in the state of pulling-out of tenon are established. Results show that the damages are mainly concentrated in the column frame layer and the beam frame layer. The damage of the column frame layer is mainly manifested by cracking and inclination. The typical damage of beam frame layer mainly includes pulling-out of the tenon and horizontal crack of wooden beam. Besides, the moment-rotation angle curve of joint has obvious asymmetry. The failure state of the joint is the tearing failure of the cross grain at the variable section of the tenon. When the amount of pulling-out of the tenon is numerical, the amount of pulling-out of the tenon has no obvious effect on the flexural bearing capacity of the frame. When the amount of pulling-out of the tenon increases to a certain level, the flexural bearing capacity of the beam frame will decrease significantly, and the positive peak bearing capacity will decrease significantly relative to the negative loading. The positive decrease rate is 16% ~ 18%, and the negative decrease rate is 9%~15%. The study results can provide important references for the safety protection and repair of traditional wooden structures.

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德胜门箭楼古建筑群在历经千百年的沧桑后,结构和构件存在不同程度和不同类型的损伤。通过对箭楼建筑群进行残损调研,归纳其残损特征,统计各残损类型的数量、比例和分布情况,分析对应残损的成因,得到了德胜门箭楼的典型残损特征。为探究典型残损特征对结构受力性能的影响,建立了完好一榀框架和拔榫状态下一榀框架数值模型,对比分析了节点拔榫对木构架受力性能的影响。研究结果表明:德胜门箭楼木构架的残损主要集中在柱网层和梁架层。柱网层的残损主要表现为开裂及倾斜。梁架层的典型残损主要包括榫卯节点拔榫和木梁横纹开裂;透榫节点弯矩-转角曲线具有明显的不对称性,透榫节点的破坏特征为榫头变截面处的横纹撕裂破坏;当一榀框架处于小拔榫状态下,拔榫量对一榀框架的抗弯承载力无明显影响。当拔榫量增加到一定程度时,一榀框架的抗弯承载力出现跳跃式下降,正向峰值承载力相对负向的下降明显,正向下降率处于16%~18%,负向下降率处于9%~15%。研究结果可为传统木结构建筑的安全现状和保护修缮提供重要参考。

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贺俊筱(1990—),女,副研究员,博士,主要从事古建筑木结构受力性能研究。E-mail:
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朱宇华(1975—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事建筑遗产保护研究。E-mail:

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朱宇华(1975—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事建筑遗产保护研究。E-mail:

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朱宇华(1975—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事建筑遗产保护研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1245373260062372039, language=CN, label=图20, caption=不同拔榫程度下一榀框架弯矩-转角骨架曲线, figureFileSmall=SVWJ5Ouerum3pWYEPT61VQ==, figureFileBig=YRaEViW+CFxuKYaZBHR8pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245373275799400479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373260062372039, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistics of damages of column frame layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
残损构件编号方向倾斜量/mm规范/mm结论
倾斜E2向南侧2.0030.00符合
D4向南侧27.0030.00符合
D5向北侧60.1030.00不符合
D6向南侧6.0030.00符合
D7向西北21.0030.00符合
D8向西北31.0030.00不符合
E12向北侧9.0030.00符合
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柱框层残损统计

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残损构件编号方向倾斜量/mm规范/mm结论
倾斜E2向南侧2.0030.00符合
D4向南侧27.0030.00符合
D5向北侧60.1030.00不符合
D6向南侧6.0030.00符合
D7向西北21.0030.00符合
D8向西北31.0030.00不符合
E12向北侧9.0030.00符合
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Damage statistics of crack of beam

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残损构件编号裂缝/mm数量(比例/%)
开裂6-三层梁592013.3473.362(33.3)
7-三层梁496011.9573.77
5-庑座上梁44903.8937.51
5-庑座中梁44705.5964.26
6-庑座上梁44703.5884.616(75.0)
6-庑座中梁44709.57104.61
6-庑座下梁592013.3473.36
7-庑座下梁496011.9576.77
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梁开裂残损统计

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残损构件编号裂缝/mm数量(比例/%)
开裂6-三层梁592013.3473.362(33.3)
7-三层梁496011.9573.77
5-庑座上梁44903.8937.51
5-庑座中梁44705.5964.26
6-庑座上梁44703.5884.616(75.0)
6-庑座中梁44709.57104.61
6-庑座下梁592013.3473.36
7-庑座下梁496011.9576.77
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Damage statistics of pulling out of the tenon

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残损构件编号拔榫宽度/mm数量(比例/%)
拔榫雨搭梁架6.181(16.6)
5-庑座中梁23.27
6-庑座中梁12.344(50)
6-庑座上梁11.47
7-庑座中梁32.05
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拔榫残损统计

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残损构件编号拔榫宽度/mm数量(比例/%)
拔榫雨搭梁架6.181(16.6)
5-庑座中梁23.27
6-庑座中梁12.344(50)
6-庑座上梁11.47
7-庑座中梁32.05
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Damage statistics of lean of beam frame

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残损构件编号倾斜量/mm数量(比例/%)
4-五架梁31.50
4-七架梁41.10
5-五架梁36.40
5-七架梁37.50
倾斜7-七架梁35.509(75)
8-五架梁23.10
8-七架梁37.50
9-五架梁16.30
9-七架梁26.60
), ArticleFig(id=1245373276592123969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373260062372039, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

梁架倾斜残损统计

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残损构件编号倾斜量/mm数量(比例/%)
4-五架梁31.50
4-七架梁41.10
5-五架梁36.40
5-七架梁37.50
倾斜7-七架梁35.509(75)
8-五架梁23.10
8-七架梁37.50
9-五架梁16.30
9-七架梁26.60
), ArticleFig(id=1245373276709564487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373260062372039, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of the maximum bending moment of the beam frame

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峰值承载力及其变化率拔榫量/mm
0510100150200
48.5848.1548.0540.6239.9639.53
48.5849.5349.2544.2242.2441.22
δ+/%-0.9-1.1-16.6-18.0-18.9
δ-/%+1.9+1.4-9.1-13.2-15.3
), ArticleFig(id=1245373276822810699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1241701559352995854, articleId=1245373260062372039, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

一榀框架峰值承载力对比

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峰值承载力及其变化率拔榫量/mm
0510100150200
48.5848.1548.0540.6239.9639.53
48.5849.5349.2544.2242.2441.22
δ+/%-0.9-1.1-16.6-18.0-18.9
δ-/%+1.9+1.4-9.1-13.2-15.3
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德胜门箭楼典型梁架层残损特征及其对构架受力性能影响研究
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朱宇华 1 , 徐睦 1 , 贺俊筱 2 , 杨文懿 2 , 王祥津 2
地震工程与工程振动 | 2024,44(1): 84-94
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地震工程与工程振动 | 2024, 44(1): 84-94
德胜门箭楼典型梁架层残损特征及其对构架受力性能影响研究
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朱宇华1 , 徐睦1, 贺俊筱2 , 杨文懿2, 王祥津2
作者信息
  • 1.北京建筑大学 建筑与城市规划学院,北京 100044
  • 2.北京建筑大学 土木与交通工程学院,北京 100044
  • 朱宇华(1975—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事建筑遗产保护研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

贺俊筱(1990—),女,副研究员,博士,主要从事古建筑木结构受力性能研究。E-mail:
Study on the typical damage characteristics of the Archery Tower of the Deshengmen and the influence of typical damage on the mechanical behavior of the frame
Yuhua ZHU1 , Mu XU1, Junxiao HE2 , Wenyi YANG2, Xiangjin WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2.School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0108
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德胜门箭楼古建筑群在历经千百年的沧桑后,结构和构件存在不同程度和不同类型的损伤。通过对箭楼建筑群进行残损调研,归纳其残损特征,统计各残损类型的数量、比例和分布情况,分析对应残损的成因,得到了德胜门箭楼的典型残损特征。为探究典型残损特征对结构受力性能的影响,建立了完好一榀框架和拔榫状态下一榀框架数值模型,对比分析了节点拔榫对木构架受力性能的影响。研究结果表明:德胜门箭楼木构架的残损主要集中在柱网层和梁架层。柱网层的残损主要表现为开裂及倾斜。梁架层的典型残损主要包括榫卯节点拔榫和木梁横纹开裂;透榫节点弯矩-转角曲线具有明显的不对称性,透榫节点的破坏特征为榫头变截面处的横纹撕裂破坏;当一榀框架处于小拔榫状态下,拔榫量对一榀框架的抗弯承载力无明显影响。当拔榫量增加到一定程度时,一榀框架的抗弯承载力出现跳跃式下降,正向峰值承载力相对负向的下降明显,正向下降率处于16%~18%,负向下降率处于9%~15%。研究结果可为传统木结构建筑的安全现状和保护修缮提供重要参考。

德胜门箭楼  /  典型残损特征  /  拔榫  /  木梁开裂  /  受力性能

After thousands of years, the Archery Tower of the Deshengmen has been damaged in different degrees and types. Through the investigation of the damages, the number, proportion and distribution of the damage types have been summarized and the causes of the typical damage characteristics and its influence on the mechanical performance of the wooden frame have been analyzed. In order to explore the influence of the typical damage characteristics on the mechanical behavior, the comparative analysis on the influence of pulling-out of tenon on the mechanical behavior of the wooden frame is made, and the FEM of the standard frame and the frame in the state of pulling-out of tenon are established. Results show that the damages are mainly concentrated in the column frame layer and the beam frame layer. The damage of the column frame layer is mainly manifested by cracking and inclination. The typical damage of beam frame layer mainly includes pulling-out of the tenon and horizontal crack of wooden beam. Besides, the moment-rotation angle curve of joint has obvious asymmetry. The failure state of the joint is the tearing failure of the cross grain at the variable section of the tenon. When the amount of pulling-out of the tenon is numerical, the amount of pulling-out of the tenon has no obvious effect on the flexural bearing capacity of the frame. When the amount of pulling-out of the tenon increases to a certain level, the flexural bearing capacity of the beam frame will decrease significantly, and the positive peak bearing capacity will decrease significantly relative to the negative loading. The positive decrease rate is 16% ~ 18%, and the negative decrease rate is 9%~15%. The study results can provide important references for the safety protection and repair of traditional wooden structures.

Archery Tower of the Deshengmen  /  typical damage characteristics  /  pulling-out of the tenon  /  crack of wooden beam  /  mechanical behavior
朱宇华, 徐睦, 贺俊筱, 杨文懿, 王祥津. 德胜门箭楼典型梁架层残损特征及其对构架受力性能影响研究. 地震工程与工程振动, 2024 , 44 (1) : 84 -94 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0108
Yuhua ZHU, Mu XU, Junxiao HE, Wenyi YANG, Xiangjin WANG. Study on the typical damage characteristics of the Archery Tower of the Deshengmen and the influence of typical damage on the mechanical behavior of the frame[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics, 2024 , 44 (1) : 84 -94 . DOI: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0108
传统木结构建筑中的柱枋、梁、檩及其他纵横向构件之间采用榫卯连接的形式连接,共同构成了古建筑木结构的主要构架。通过对典型古建筑木结构的损伤调研发现,反复荷载作用下,节点处容易出现局部拔榫、卯口撕裂和榫头折断等现象,梁身也会出现裂缝等损伤,使整体或局部木构架歪闪倾斜甚至破坏,因此木构架的安全对整体结构的安全性来说是至关重要的。
目前,国内外学者已对传统木结构的损伤进行了大量研究。在检测方法与技术探讨方面,段春辉等[1]简述了木结构裂缝形成的原因,并根据相应的残损特点提出对应的加固修复方法。李德山等[2]对故宫大高玄殿古建筑群进行无损检测,并归纳总结了该建筑的残损分布情况。秦术杰等[3]以故宫同道堂为研究对象,归纳了其残损的成因,并提出了对应的保护建议。李鑫[4]以无损检测技术为切入点,对木结构建筑材质性能及对应的检测技术进行了研究。
在残损加固与修缮方面,张风亮[5]结合汶川地震后对现存古建筑木结构的震害调查,对古建筑木结构在地震作用下的破坏情况及破坏原因、木材性能退化等进行了详细的分析和探讨,并提出了对应的抗震加固方法。王耀国等[6]和何岩等[7]初步探讨了残损对木结构古建筑力学性能的影响,并提出了与之对应的加固方法。JIANG等[8]针对木结构梁架的残损提出了3种不同的修复方法。
在榫卯节点和木结构体系研究方面,武国芳等[9]阐述了榫卯结构力学性能的研究发展现状。张利朋等[10]通过建立木材的弹塑性损伤本构模型以及ABAQUS的运用,验证了结构模型的准确性。谢启芳等[11]通过复建榫卯节点,研究了残损对单向直榫榫卯节点抗震性能的影响。周华樟等[12]通过建立有限元模型对开裂梁架进行模拟分析,对曲梁的横纹开裂的承载力阈值做出了推断。秦术杰等[13-14]通过有限元模拟,分析了明清古建筑在残损状态下的动力特性,并采用现场调研、模型试验、数值模拟和理论计算等手段,对残损状态下古建木结构的受力性能和可靠度评估开展了相关研究。潘毅等[15]以古建筑木结构中常见的直榫节点为研究对象,对其受力情况进行了分析,并通过建立相关力学模型,给出了简化计算公式,最后通过试验数据对该力学模型进行了验证。张全景等[16]利用压电传感技术,通过模拟分析以识别榫卯节点的损伤程度。肖旻[17]以广府地区古建筑为例,通过结构安全模型研究深化残损点的评估。ZHOU等[18]通过建立实体斗拱模型,分析了斗拱榫卯节点在不同情况下的受力特性。
上述研究成果大多针对某一特定的古建筑木结构进行残损调研,由于古建筑木结构具有不同的时代背景和构造特征,其结构残损现状也有所不同。为获得德胜门箭楼古建筑群的典型残损特征,本研究以该建筑群为研究对象,对建筑进行了结构分层残损调研,归纳其残损特征,统计各残损类型的数量、比例和分布情况,进而分析拔榫对结构受力状态的影响,以期为古建筑木结构残损状态下的受力性能、安全现状和保护修缮提供参考。
德胜门箭楼始建于明正统元年(1436年),现位于北京东二环中路。现存箭楼和城圈内的真武庙,为北京市古代钱币展览馆所使用。德胜门箭楼为重檐歇山顶建筑,南出庑座为四檩单坡顶,庑座出檐与主楼下檐平齐,屋面盖青色布瓦镶绿剪边,外檐用五踩单翘单昂斗拱,如图1所示。主楼面阔7间,宽35 m,进深3间12 m,南出庑座面阔5间,宽25 m,进深7.5 m。箭楼北侧辟箭窗4排,每排12孔,东西两侧山面设4排,每排4孔,庑座山面各开1孔,全楼共计82孔箭窗。
本次勘察主要针对德胜门箭楼的大木构架,采用逐层排查的方式对其残损现状进行记录,归纳并统计其残损特征以及残损类型的数量、比例和分布情况。
德胜门箭楼系北方传统抬梁式建筑,各构件间通过榫卯紧密搭接。《工程做法注释》[19]载有重檐七檩歇山箭楼大木结构的详细做法,其中包括箭楼的木构件尺寸及梁架做法。为方便研究,现将德胜门箭楼的木结构体系按照其空间维度及传力路径的差异分为3个水平结构层:柱网层、铺作层和梁架层,如图2所示。
1)柱网层:以平面柱网为基准,各立柱自南向北依次记为A至G,自西向东记为1至12,如图3所示。
2)铺作层:柱头科及角科斗拱编号与其所在立柱编号一致,如F4立柱上方柱头科斗拱命名为“斗拱F4”。平身科斗拱编号取其相邻斗拱编号,如“斗拱F4-F5”表示立柱F4与立柱F5之间的平身科斗拱。
3)梁架层:各榀梁架按其所处轴网位置命名,如“6-三架梁”表示明间西侧三架梁。梁架层中,檩、垫板及枋沿中心对称,因此以“南、北”编号进行区分,如“6-北上金枋”表示明间西侧靠北的上金枋。
在结构受力体系中,柱网层负责将上部的荷载传递到台基,系整体结构中的核心结构体系。且由于德胜门箭楼体量较大,立柱在长期服役过程中势必会出现一定程度的残损。德胜门箭楼内部空间现作为展厅使用,部分柱子并不外露,因此只能对部分立柱进行残损检测。残损极限值的参照标准主要参考GB 50165—92《古建筑木结构维护与加固技术规范》[20]
1)材质性能检测
本次主要通过Fakkop 2D检测应力波在木构件顺纹方向的传播速度,通过和阻抗值结合预测出木构件的弹性模量,以判断其材料性能衰减程度,从而实现对德胜门柱网层的无损检测。
应力波检测结果如图4所示,红色部分木材性质为残损状态,其应力波传播速度为853 m/s,低于健康最低平均值,残损面积占整体检测面积的52%。内部的残损面积已超过立柱面积的一半,可能会对立柱整体结构的稳定性产生一定影响。必要条件下可采用新材替换旧材进行维修,更换构件应与原有构件属同一树种,可见部分纹理、色泽应与原构件下相似。
2)残损类型及特征
开裂:德胜门立柱外部保存状况良好,仅B6柱北侧开裂。
倾斜:本次采用三维激光扫描的技术手段检测是否倾斜,在提取目标范围内的点云截面后,拟合出柱头及柱脚的圆心,柱头用蓝色圆圈表示,柱脚用红色圆圈表示,进而通过测量圆心间距可知立柱的倾斜数值,如图5所示,两图圆心间距分别为6.0、60.1 mm,表示立柱的倾斜量为6.0、60.1 mm。
3)残损数量统计及分布
立柱残损类型对应的立柱编号及数量比例如表1所示,其中立柱D5和D8的倾斜量超出规定范围。此外,B6立柱存在长1400 mm,宽3.46 mm,深127.82 mm的裂缝。残损立柱的分布位置如图6所示。
柱网层的主要损伤类型包括柱脚糟朽、柱身糟朽和开裂、倾斜。导致损伤的原因包括:①柱脚和柱身易受雨水浸泡、潮湿或者木腐菌、虫蛀侵蚀而糟烂;②在长期昼夜的温湿度交替变化下,木材的弦向和径向干缩系数差异较大以及交通荷载和人群荷载作用下,柱身容易出现开裂现象;③在长期荷载作用下,木柱由于梁架拔榫或者其他横向木构件的连接变弱会出现木柱倾斜现象。
在结构受力体系中,铺作层起到承上启下的作用。结合《营造法式》[21]中对铺作的相关注解,可以将铺作层定义为:与建筑物平面相对应的、采用层叠拱枋方式相互搭接而成的水平结构层。
山面部分斗拱整体倾斜,且其构件存在轻微变形。具体成因可能是因为德胜门箭楼地处交通要道,周围的大型车辆以及地铁站产生的振动对其结构造成了一定程度的损毁。因残损情况轻微,暂不进行统计分析。
梁架层包括主楼的三架梁、五架梁、七架梁、庑座的梁架以及对应位置的檩、垫板和枋。
1)材质性能检测
本次采用阻抗仪PT-500对梁架内部残损情况进行无损检测。阻抗仪检测结果如图7所示,检测距离为210 mm,基本无残损,总体平均值为33.23。
2)残损类型及特征
开裂:德胜门箭楼的梁架开裂多集中于梁架的下部,且顺纹开裂居多,如图8所示。其裂缝产生原因一方面是木质材料因湿度问题产生的干缩,另一方面是因为剪力的作用而产生的开裂。梁架上轻微的裂缝不会对整体结构产生较大影响。
拔榫:德胜门箭楼拔榫图如图9所示。拔榫产生的原因除木质材料的干缩导致的变形之外,周边环境的振动同样对榫卯节点产生一定影响。拔榫会使榫头与卯口接触面积减小,进而降低榫卯节点的承载力。当拔榫量过大时,节点在外荷载作用下容易脱榫,此时梁柱构件连接失效。在古建筑木结构中,拔榫现象很常见,但是结构依然屹立。因此,部分节点拔榫不会引起整体结构倒塌,但是当拔榫量达到一定程度或者多个节点出现拔榫时,拔榫现象会削弱结构的整体稳定性。
梁架倾斜:梁架倾斜的检测方式与立柱倾斜的检测方式一致,通过分析点云切片来测量梁架的倾斜量,经过分析测量,五架梁倾斜量为36.4 mm,七架梁倾斜量为37.5 mm。
3)残损数量统计
梁架的残损形式主要包括梁开裂、拔榫和梁架倾斜,其残损数据分别如表2表3表4所示,由表可知,庑座与主楼梁架的连接部分残损较为严重。庑座梁架开裂占已统计梁架的75%。
木构架中透榫节点主要常见于穿插枋与檐柱和金柱的连接以及梁架结构上的双步梁与短柱的连接,如图10所示。德胜门箭楼建筑群中真武庙的透榫节点如图11所示。本文以德胜门箭楼庑座梁架节点为例,以基本受力分析和数值模拟的方法,探究拔榫节点对梁架受力性能的影响以及危害。
透榫节点的尺寸详图如图12所示,节点主要由榫头和卯口组成,榫头和卯口间的相互挤压和摩擦能为节点提供抵抗外荷载和效能减震的作用。图中,r为木柱半径,大榫头和小榫头的长度分别为l1l2,高度分别为h1h2,榫头总高为hb为榫头宽度。
未拔榫节点在正反向转动过程中的受力状态如图13所示。其中,向上转动定义为正向转动,向下转动定义为负向转动。正向转动时,节点主要由区域一,区域二和区域三挤压变形提供挤压力。反向转动时,节点主要由区域四和区域五的挤压变形提供挤压力。摩擦力由榫头与卯口侧面的切应力提供。
拔榫节点在正反向转动过程中的受力状态图如图14所示。正向转动时,节点主要由区域一和区域二的挤压变形提供挤压力。反向转动时,节点主要由区域四和区域五的挤压变形提供挤压力。摩擦力由榫头与卯口侧面的切应力提供。
对比图13图14可知,当拔榫量很小时,在拔榫状态下透榫节点的受力状态与未拔榫差别不大。当拔榫量超过一定量时,由于拔榫状态下节点的榫径与卯口接触失效(因榫头拔出)而发现小区域的挤压变形,使得拔榫节点与未拔榫节点的受力状态出现明显差异。将透榫节点的拔榫量定义为Δo,其中,正向拔榫量为,负向拔榫量限值为。根据古建筑木结构维护与加固技术标准,可知当榫头拔出榫长2/5长度或劈裂时,节点的损伤评定结果为C级或D级。
本节建立了与试验模型相同尺寸的透榫节点模型,如图15所示。在榫卯节点转动过程中,木柱和榫头的受压变形主要在卯口位置处,受压变形的范围很小,且木柱的变形主要为顺纹受压变形,榫头的变形主要为横纹受压变形。因此基于小变形弹塑性理论,木柱和枋的木材可假定为正交各向同性和均匀连续性材料,材料模型选为正交各向同性弹塑性模型,强度分别选取木材顺纹抗压强度和木材横纹抗压强度。鉴于此,采取分部位赋予材料属性的建模方法。木材的弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度分别为8.856、34.76 MPa。横纹弹性模量和横纹抗压强度为1024、4.18 MPa。柱和枋的单元网格采用六面体线性减缩积分单元C3D8R以避免剪切自锁现象[22]
本次试验装置如图16所示。试验木柱柱径390 mm,柱高2 750 mm。枋宽210 mm,枋高320 mm,枋长2625 mm。透榫节点大头长195 mm,大头高320 mm,小头长270 mm,小头高160 mm,榫宽95 mm。将木柱横置固定在实验室地面的支座上,并由铁箍抱紧,以保证转动过程中木柱的稳定性。将枋插入木柱的卯口中,由水平作动器在枋端施加水平荷载。榫头向右转动的方向定为正向加载,反之定为反向加载。在枋端距布置位移计D1、D2、D3、D4,用来测量榫头的水平位移。转角计R1布置在枋中轴线上[22]
对透榫节点数值模型施加与试验相同的水平反复位移,得到试验和有限元的弯矩-转角骨架曲线如图17所示。试验和数值模拟得到的弯矩-转角骨架曲线变化趋势几乎一致,证明了有限元模型的正确性。数值模拟的整体曲线比较均匀一致,而试验的滑移段表现出一定程度的不均匀性。这主要因为有限元模型是基于一定程度的假设和材料本构简化建立的理想模型,而试验木材材性离散性较大。例如,边材与心材材料具有一定的差异性,木材也存在糟朽、木结和裂缝等材料缺陷。试验中榫头与卯口接触面的缝隙值可能也存在加工误差和安装误差等,试验加载误差也会导致试验和模拟的滑移段具有一定偏差。此外,数值模拟没有模拟出试验中的破坏段,这是由于木材是各向异性材料,具有复杂的本构关系,在数值模拟中较难实现裂缝的出现及发展过程,但曲线整体误差较小,在可接受的范围之内,表明松动透榫节点的有限元建模方法是可行的,可以用于后文的一榀框架数值模型的分析[22]
在正向加载初期,榫头先经历少量滑移,斜率较小,如图17所示。随后,曲线斜率变大,表明榫头与卯口逐渐挤紧,弯矩随转角增加而增加,该段为弹性段;当转角达到一定角度时,榫头出现明显受压变形,榫头屈服。继续加载,榫头进入横纹受压弹塑性阶段,该段为木材受压变形强化段;正向加载时榫头的弯矩转角曲线可划分为滑移段、弹性段和弹塑性段。
在反向加载初期,榫头与卯口相互作用逐渐增强,曲线出现明显上升段,进入弹性段;当转角超过0.023 rad后,斜率下降,节点屈服;之后弯矩随转角增加而增加,曲线较平缓,进入强化段;当转角接近0.05 rad时,曲线出现明显的下降段,榫头破坏,该段为榫头破坏段;反向加载时榫头的弯矩转角曲线可划分为滑移段、弹性段、弹塑性段和破坏段。
拔榫状态下一榀框架模型的数值模型可建立在未拔榫一榀框架数值模型的基础上。将前文透榫节点的足尺试验模型应用到一榀框架模型中,其未拔榫状态和拔榫状态下的一榀框架模型分别如图18图19所示。在柱上端正上方设置参考点(RP-1和RP-2),将参考点与柱端表面耦合。随后,将竖向荷载施加到参考点上,荷载取35 kN。同时将水平荷载作用到左侧柱头参考点上。为了考虑不同拔榫量的影响,本文选取拔榫量分别为0(未拔榫)、5、10 mm(拔榫程度小)以及100、150、200 mm(拔榫程度大)3种拔榫尺度的情况。基于验证过的未拔榫透榫节点数值模型,建立了不同拔榫状态下的一榀框架数值模型。
对模型采用分级位移加载制度,每级控制位移为10 mm,逐级增加至150 mm。
通过有限元分析得到不同拔榫状态下一榀框架的滞回曲线,提取滞回曲线的峰值点,得到了一榀框架的骨架曲线如图20所示。由骨架曲线的变化规律可知,在小拔榫(5 mm和10 mm)情况下,拔榫对一榀框架的抗弯承载力影响很小,其抗弯承载力几乎和未拔榫状态下一榀框架的承载力一致。在转角处于0~0.014 rad之间时,骨架曲线斜率恒定,此时节点处于弹性节点。拔榫对框架抗弯承载力几乎没有影响。当转角达到0.02 rad后,曲线斜率增加缓慢,榫卯节点进入塑性,一榀框架承载力随拔榫量的增加而轻微减小。当拔榫量为5、10 mm时,一榀框架的抗弯承载力-转角骨架曲线几乎重合,说明当拔榫量比较小时,节点拔榫对构架承载力无影响。当拔榫量为100、150、200 mm时,框架的抗弯承载力相对完好一榀框架的呈现跳跃式下降。其中拔榫量为100 mm的框架抗弯承载力在正反向加载过程中呈现出不对称性,这是因为在正向加载时,拔榫一侧的节点抗弯承载力不影响另一侧完好节点的抗弯承载力。而反向加载时,由于完好节点在转动过程中出现一定的拔榫现象导致拔榫一侧的节点脱榫现象减弱,使得拔榫节点处的抗弯承载力增加。当拔榫量增加到150、200 mm时,节点的拔榫程度增加,对框架的抗弯承载力影响较小。
通过整体曲线趋势发现,框架的抗弯承载力随拔榫量的增加而呈现跳跃式降低。当节点拔榫量比较小时,节点拔榫对框架承载力几乎无影响。但是当拔榫量增加到一定程度时,框架的承载力首先呈现跳跃式降低,随后节点拔榫对构架承载力无明显影响。
正反向加载过程中框架的峰值承载力如表5所示。其中,分别代表正向和反向加载过程中一榀框架的峰值承载力,δ+δ-分别代表正向和反向加载过程中一榀框架的峰值承载力的变化率。从表5同样可以看出,拔榫状态下一榀框架的承载力在正反向加载过程中,呈现轻微的不对称性。当节点的拔榫量较小时,一榀框架的峰值承载力降低较小。当节点的拔榫量增加到一定程度时,一榀框架的峰值承载力出现跳跃式下降,正向峰值承载力相对负向的下降明显,正向下降率处于16%~18%,负向下降率处于9%~15%。随后节点的拔榫程度对一榀框架承载力影响变化不大。
通过对箭楼建筑群进行残损调研,得到了德胜门箭楼的典型残损特征,探究了典型残损特征对结构受力性能的影响,得出以下结论:
1)通过现场检测与统计分析,德胜门箭楼木构架的残损主要集中在柱网层及梁架层。柱网层的残损主要表现为开裂及倾斜,其中1处立柱开裂,2处立柱倾斜量超出规定范围值。梁架层残损主要表现为开裂、拔榫和梁架倾斜,其中共存在8处开裂,5处拔榫,9处梁架倾斜。
2)德胜门箭楼木构架的残损成因较为复杂,主要概括为以下几点:其一,德胜门箭楼体量大,地势高,且地处交通要道路,周边环境的振动及地震是残损形成的主要原因;其二,木结构古建筑因其木质材料性能的原因,随着时间推移,往往伴随着开裂等残损的产生;其三,长期荷载作用会导致德胜门箭楼产生各类残损。
3)通过不同拔榫程度的一榀框架的数值分析,发现当拔榫量比较小时,节点拔榫对构架承载力无明显影响。当拔榫量增加到一定程度时,节点拔榫对构架承载力影响显著,一榀框架的峰值承载力出现跳跃式下降,正向峰值承载力相对负向的下降明显,正向下降率处于16%~18%,负向下降率处于9%~15%。本文仅仅选取了箭楼病害中的拔榫梁架进行分析,后续针对文物建筑其他结构病害的受力演变,也可以采取类似的验算。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52108266)
  • 北京建筑大学建大英才项目(JDYC20220808)
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2024年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.13197/j.eeed.2024.0108
  • 接收时间:2022-09-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-16
  • 修回日期:2022-11-13
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52108266)
北京建筑大学建大英才项目(JDYC20220808)
作者信息
    1.北京建筑大学 建筑与城市规划学院,北京 100044
    2.北京建筑大学 土木与交通工程学院,北京 100044

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贺俊筱(1990—),女,副研究员,博士,主要从事古建筑木结构受力性能研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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