Article(id=1154049691189764352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.62, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706630400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-31, revisedDate=1709222400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-01, acceptedDate=1710259200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-13, onlineDate=1753076487585, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076487585, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076487585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076487585, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049691743412482, articleId=1154049691189764352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Preparation and Reliability of Cu-Sn Full IMC Joints for Power Device Packaging, columnId=1154049691676303617, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Packaging Design and Optimization, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
As the service environment of power semiconductor devices becomes more and more severe, the third-generation semiconductor represented by silicon carbide (SiC) has become the mainstream of industry applications owing to its excellent high-temperature performance. However, the lack of bounding materials which not only match with SiC chips but also have a low cost and a high melting point has become a bottleneck in the development of the industry. Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are considered to be ideal bounding materials for SiC chips because of their low cost, good conductivity and characteristics that meet the requirements of low-temperature bonding and high-temperature service. Aimed at the power semiconductor device packaging, the preparation and reliability of Cu-Sn full IMC joints at home and abroad in recent years are analyzed and reviewed, and the problems to be solved at present and the development trend in the future are discussed.
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随着功率半导体器件的服役环境越来越恶劣,以碳化硅(SiC)为代表的第三代半导体凭借其优异的高温性能成为行业应用主流。但目前尚缺乏与之相匹配的低成本、耐高温的互连材料,成为了制约行业发展的瓶颈。Cu-Sn 全金属间化合物(IMC)因其成本低、导电性好且满足低温连接、高温服役的特点被认为是理想的SiC芯片互连材料之一。针对功率半导体器件封装,对国内外近年来 Cu-Sn全IMC接头的制备方法和可靠性进行了分析和综述,并讨论了目前亟待解决的问题和未来的发展趋势。
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 |
胡虎安(1995-),男,硕士。研究方向:先进电子封装材料。E-mail: huhuan@emails.bjut.edu.cn。 |
贾强(1991-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:功率器件封装。E-mail: jiaqiang@bjut.edu.cn。
王乙舒(1985-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:先进电子封装材料。E-mail: yishu.wang@bjut.edu.cn。
籍晓亮(1994-),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:先进电子封装材料。E-mail: jixiaoliang@bjut.edu.cn。
邹贵生(1966-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:微纳连接与成形制造。E-mail: zougsh@tsinghua.edu.cn。
郭福(1971-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:先进电子封装材料。E-mail: guofu@bjut.edu.cn。
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贾强(1991-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:功率器件封装。E-mail: jiaqiang@bjut.edu.cn。
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贾强(1991-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:功率器件封装。E-mail: jiaqiang@bjut.edu.cn。
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王乙舒(1985-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:先进电子封装材料。E-mail: yishu.wang@bjut.edu.cn。
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王乙舒(1985-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:先进电子封装材料。E-mail: yishu.wang@bjut.edu.cn。
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邹贵生(1966-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:微纳连接与成形制造。E-mail: zougsh@tsinghua.edu.cn。
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邹贵生(1966-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:微纳连接与成形制造。E-mail: zougsh@tsinghua.edu.cn。
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1 School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
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1 北京工业大学 材料科学与工程学院 北京 100124
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郭福(1971-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:先进电子封装材料。E-mail: guofu@bjut.edu.cn。
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郭福(1971-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:先进电子封装材料。E-mail: guofu@bjut.edu.cn。
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4 北京信息科技大学 机电工程学院 北京 100096)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154049724136022366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Three different types of joint ${}^{\left\lbrack {16}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=k7TcJoUqobjSIPi3vIzPGQ==, figureFileBig=dQrTRdDWsL6m2idU5Py+MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724186354015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
3种不同类型的接头 ${}^{\left\lbrack {16}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=k7TcJoUqobjSIPi3vIzPGQ==, figureFileBig=dQrTRdDWsL6m2idU5Py+MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724236685664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Changes in joint tissue at different ultrasonic assisted time ${}^{\left\lbrack {17}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=7AtkfVGyEv/NdXsafEXabw==, figureFileBig=JaXFlnPV3hfxUrBStRWhBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724287017313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
不同超声辅助时间下接头组织变化 ${}^{\left\lbrack {17}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=7AtkfVGyEv/NdXsafEXabw==, figureFileBig=JaXFlnPV3hfxUrBStRWhBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724337348962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Joint morphology ${}^{\left\lbrack {23}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=w5I7SMRxwIbhNBTJmbsrqQ==, figureFileBig=7cG6b5fYilBzDHvFvJQs8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724396069219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
接头形貌 ${}^{\left\lbrack {23}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=w5I7SMRxwIbhNBTJmbsrqQ==, figureFileBig=7cG6b5fYilBzDHvFvJQs8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724471566692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Evolution of joint tissue at ${300}{}^{\circ }{\mathrm{C}}^{\left\lbrack {24}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=BimH2+E9WhUwrSttwIBrCw==, figureFileBig=tmP4sCAOFL/NoioRFhRd9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724521898341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
300 ℃下接头组织演化过程 ${}^{\left\lbrack {24}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=BimH2+E9WhUwrSttwIBrCw==, figureFileBig=tmP4sCAOFL/NoioRFhRd9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724593201510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Changes in joint tissue at different temperature gradients ${}^{\left\lbrack {29}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=RgY5FqC+OlLnKzCjG+JX2Q==, figureFileBig=OopVvqR8l5WxhTqD7qkc3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724647727463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同温度梯度下接头组织变化 ${}^{\left\lbrack {29}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=RgY5FqC+OlLnKzCjG+JX2Q==, figureFileBig=OopVvqR8l5WxhTqD7qkc3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724714836328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Shear strength of Cu-Sn full IMC joint prepared using different methods ${}^{\left\lbrack {11}- {24}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=FsHZDGbMDEBj2yctXSQRWQ==, figureFileBig=mFObRfGtjqdreWCsv0EZAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724773556585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同制备方法中 Cu-Sn 全 IMC 接头剪切强度 ${}^{\left\lbrack {11}- {24}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=FsHZDGbMDEBj2yctXSQRWQ==, figureFileBig=mFObRfGtjqdreWCsv0EZAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724840665450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Micro-morphology evolution of joint when current density is $1 \times {10}^{4}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2\left\lbrack {41}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=+D7tdeWKMQdBNeTwUAz00g==, figureFileBig=LLeYtdcDwXoYexV+2bNg4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724895191403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
电流密度为 $1 \times {10}^{4}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 时接头微观形貌演变 ${}^{\left\lbrack {41}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=+D7tdeWKMQdBNeTwUAz00g==, figureFileBig=LLeYtdcDwXoYexV+2bNg4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049724953911660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Features of three common high-temperature interconnection packaging schemes ${}^{\left\lbrack 9 -{10}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 连接层材料 | 案例 | 优势 | 不足 | 主流工艺 |
| 高熔点合金焊料 | Au-Sn | 高温、高导电率,抗腐蚀能力强 | 成本高 | 回流焊等 330~410 ℃ |
| $\mathrm{{Bi}}- \mathrm{{Ag}}$ | 成本适中、无毒 | 塑性和润湿性差 |
| Pb-Sn | 良好的延展性和润湿性能 | 有毒 |
| 微/纳米金属颗粒 | 烧结 Ag | 导电率高, 烧结时不易氧化 | 成本高、有电迁移问题 | 烧结 200~300 ℃ |
| 烧结 Cu | 成本低、导电导热性好 | 制备、服役时易氧化 |
| 全 IMC | Cu-Sn | 成本低、应用广泛 | 塑性较低 | TLP 等 250~300 ℃ |
| Ag-Sn | 导电性能和抗蠕变性能优异 | 润湿性差、成本较高 |
| Cu-In | 延展性好, 扩散速率快 | 成本较高 |
| Sn-Ni | 生成物熔点高 | 扩散速度很慢 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154049725021020525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
常见 3 种耐高温互连封装方案特点 ${}^{\lbrack 9 -{10}\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 连接层材料 | 案例 | 优势 | 不足 | 主流工艺 |
| 高熔点合金焊料 | Au-Sn | 高温、高导电率,抗腐蚀能力强 | 成本高 | 回流焊等 330~410 ℃ |
| $\mathrm{{Bi}}- \mathrm{{Ag}}$ | 成本适中、无毒 | 塑性和润湿性差 |
| Pb-Sn | 良好的延展性和润湿性能 | 有毒 |
| 微/纳米金属颗粒 | 烧结 Ag | 导电率高, 烧结时不易氧化 | 成本高、有电迁移问题 | 烧结 200~300 ℃ |
| 烧结 Cu | 成本低、导电导热性好 | 制备、服役时易氧化 |
| 全 IMC | Cu-Sn | 成本低、应用广泛 | 塑性较低 | TLP 等 250~300 ℃ |
| Ag-Sn | 导电性能和抗蠕变性能优异 | 润湿性差、成本较高 |
| Cu-In | 延展性好, 扩散速率快 | 成本较高 |
| Sn-Ni | 生成物熔点高 | 扩散速度很慢 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154049725083935086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=
Material characteristics of each IMC (connection temperature $\leq {300}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料 | 产物 | 熔点/℃ | 特点 |
| Cu-Sn | ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{6}{\mathrm{{Sn}}}_{5}$ | 415 | 成本低、互连性好、 |
| ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{3}\mathrm{{Sn}}$ | 676 | 塑性较差 |
| Ag-Sn | $\mathrm{{Ag}}\mathrm{{Sn}}$ | 480 | 导电性好、成本高、 塑性较差 |
| Cu-In | ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{11}{\mathrm{{In}}}_{9}$ | 307 | 延展性好, 力学性能差. |
| ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{2}\mathrm{{In}}$ | 667 | 成本高 |
| Sn-Ni | ${\mathrm{{Ni}}}_{3}{\mathrm{{Sn}}}_{4}$ | 794 | 塑性好、形成速度 十分缓慢 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154049725134266735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
IMC 材料特点 (连接温度 $\leq {300}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料 | 产物 | 熔点/℃ | 特点 |
| Cu-Sn | ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{6}{\mathrm{{Sn}}}_{5}$ | 415 | 成本低、互连性好、 |
| ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{3}\mathrm{{Sn}}$ | 676 | 塑性较差 |
| Ag-Sn | $\mathrm{{Ag}}\mathrm{{Sn}}$ | 480 | 导电性好、成本高、 塑性较差 |
| Cu-In | ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{11}{\mathrm{{In}}}_{9}$ | 307 | 延展性好, 力学性能差. |
| ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{2}\mathrm{{In}}$ | 667 | 成本高 |
| Sn-Ni | ${\mathrm{{Ni}}}_{3}{\mathrm{{Sn}}}_{4}$ | 794 | 塑性好、形成速度 十分缓慢 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154049725226541424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=
Physical properties of $\mathrm{{Sn}},{\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{6}{\mathrm{{Sn}}}_{5},{\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{3}\mathrm{{Sn}}$ and $\mathrm{{Cu}}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料 | 硬度/GPa | 杨氏模量 /GPa | 屈服强度 /MPa | 抗拉强度 /MPa | 剪切强度 /MPa | 导热率$/\lbrack \mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{cm}}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}$ | 电阻率$/\left({{\mu \Omega }\cdot \mathrm{{cm}}}\right)$ | 熔点/℃ |
| Sn | ${0.11}\pm {0.05}$ | ${51.00}\pm {5.00}$ | ${35.0}\pm {0.4}$ | 220 | 40~50 | 0.668 | 11.50 | 232 |
| ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{6}{\mathrm{{Sn}}}_{5}$ | 5.67~6.09 | ${116.89}\pm {2.04}$ | 2009.00±63.00 | ${1130}\pm {40}$ | 670 | 0.341 | 17.50 | 415 |
| ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{3}\mathrm{{Sn}}$ | 7.00 | 133.39±4.44 | 4600.00 | 6100~17500 | 1700~4400 | 0.704 | 8.80 | 676 |
| Cu | ${1.70}\pm {0.20}$ | 110.00 | 33.30 | 210 | - | 4.000 | 1.71 | 1085 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154049725302038897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049691189764352, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
$\mathrm{{Sn}}\text{、}{\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{6}{\mathrm{{Sn}}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{3}\mathrm{{Sn}}$ 和 $\mathrm{{Cu}}$ 的物理性质, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料 | 硬度/GPa | 杨氏模量 /GPa | 屈服强度 /MPa | 抗拉强度 /MPa | 剪切强度 /MPa | 导热率$/\lbrack \mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{cm}}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}$ | 电阻率$/\left({{\mu \Omega }\cdot \mathrm{{cm}}}\right)$ | 熔点/℃ |
| Sn | ${0.11}\pm {0.05}$ | ${51.00}\pm {5.00}$ | ${35.0}\pm {0.4}$ | 220 | 40~50 | 0.668 | 11.50 | 232 |
| ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{6}{\mathrm{{Sn}}}_{5}$ | 5.67~6.09 | ${116.89}\pm {2.04}$ | 2009.00±63.00 | ${1130}\pm {40}$ | 670 | 0.341 | 17.50 | 415 |
| ${\mathrm{{Cu}}}_{3}\mathrm{{Sn}}$ | 7.00 | 133.39±4.44 | 4600.00 | 6100~17500 | 1700~4400 | 0.704 | 8.80 | 676 |
| Cu | ${1.70}\pm {0.20}$ | 110.00 | 33.30 | 210 | - | 4.000 | 1.71 | 1085 |
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