Article(id=1154049679835779167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.46, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706630400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-31, revisedDate=1712332800000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-06, acceptedDate=1713542400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-20, onlineDate=1753076484879, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076484879, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076484879, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076484879, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049680251015264, articleId=1154049679835779167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Development of Thermal Simulation System Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Algorithm, columnId=1154049574160294800, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Device Modeling, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As electronic devices continue to miniaturize and integrate, thermal simulation has become a critical factor during the design phase. The conventional finite element method(FEM) used for the thermal simulation of electronics packaging modules faces a trade-off between computational efficiency and accuracy, and it also encounters difficulties in handling problems of large deformation and grid distortion, which will cause errors in the results. In this paper, a thermal simulation system for electronics packaging modules based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm is proposed. The SPH algorithm is based on the meshless Lagrange numerical method, and it resolves the heat conduction equation by discretizing the simulation object into a set of particles, thus accurately predicting the heat conduction and heat dissipation in electronics packaging modules. Since it does not need to generate a large number of micro-meshes, there is no grid distortion. Compared with FEM, the SPH algorithm achieves an accuracy error between 1% and 2%, thereby improving the simulation efficiency by approximately 30 times. Therefore, this algorithm is highly suitable in simulating the thermal behavior of a dynamical system with a complex structure.

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随着电子设备日益微型化和集成化,热仿真已成为其设计中的关键因素。电子封装模块的热仿真通常使用传统的有限元法 FEM(finite element method),存在计算效率和精度之间的矛盾,在处理大变形问题和网格畸变方面也容易造成计算不收敛,从而导致结果错误。针对该问题,提出一种基于光滑粒子动力学 SPH(smoothed particle hydrodynamics)算法的电子封装模块热仿真系统。该算法基于无网格拉格朗日数值方法,通过将热仿真对象离散为1组粒子的方式求解热传导方程,从而准确地预测电子封装模块的传热与散热,无需生成并处理大量的微小网格,不用担心网格失真等问题。SPH相对于FEM,仿真精度误差保持在1%~2%,仿真效率可提升近30倍,适合用于复杂和动态系统的模拟仿真。

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朱子厚(1998-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 21210860107@m.fudan.edu.cn。

董义卓(1999-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 21210860042@m.fudan.edu.cn。

车黎明(1999-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 23110860045@m.fudan.edu.cn。

李灿灿(2000-),男,博士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail:22110860003@m.fudan.edu.cn。

李敏(1987-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件设计。E-mail:lm_ss@fudan.edu.cn。

雷光寅(1982-),男,博士,正高研究员。研究方向:功率半导体封装。E-mail:guangyinlei@fudan.edu.cn。

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朱子厚(1998-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 21210860107@m.fudan.edu.cn。

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朱子厚(1998-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 21210860107@m.fudan.edu.cn。

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董义卓(1999-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 21210860042@m.fudan.edu.cn。

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董义卓(1999-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 21210860042@m.fudan.edu.cn。

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车黎明(1999-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 23110860045@m.fudan.edu.cn。

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车黎明(1999-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 23110860045@m.fudan.edu.cn。

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李灿灿(2000-),男,博士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail:22110860003@m.fudan.edu.cn。

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李灿灿(2000-),男,博士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail:22110860003@m.fudan.edu.cn。

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2 复旦大学宁波研究院 宁波 315327, bio={"content":"

李敏(1987-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件设计。E-mail:lm_ss@fudan.edu.cn。

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李敏(1987-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件设计。E-mail:lm_ss@fudan.edu.cn。

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雷光寅(1982-),男,博士,正高研究员。研究方向:功率半导体封装。E-mail:guangyinlei@fudan.edu.cn。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049679835779167, language=CN, label=图12, caption=SPH 与 Icepak 仿真耗时对比, figureFileSmall=sTBmvxMp4VsUgko3v2sv1A==, figureFileBig=lzWdA4QOX/jy0YqHvyuTpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049728829444424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049679835779167, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Properties of materials in each layer, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称 密度/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 比热容/$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{J}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 热导率/$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$
SiC 3210 678 340
SAC305 8580 234 58
${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 3690 750 24
Al 2700 880 240
导热硅脂 3750 234 5
), ArticleFig(id=1154049728900747593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049679835779167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=各层所用材料属性, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称 密度/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 比热容/$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{J}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 热导率/$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$
SiC 3210 678 340
SAC305 8580 234 58
${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ 3690 750 24
Al 2700 880 240
导热硅脂 3750 234 5
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基于SPH 算法的热仿真系统开发
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朱子厚 1, 2 , 董义卓 1, 2 , 车黎明 1, 2 , 李灿灿 1, 2 , 李敏 1, 2 , 雷光寅 1, 2
电源学报 | 功率器件建模 2024,22(3): 46-53
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电源学报 | 功率器件建模 2024, 22(3): 46-53
基于SPH 算法的热仿真系统开发
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朱子厚1, 2 , 董义卓1, 2 , 车黎明1, 2 , 李灿灿1, 2 , 李敏1, 2 , 雷光寅1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 复旦大学工程与应用技术研究院超越照明所 上海 200433
  • 2 复旦大学宁波研究院 宁波 315327
  • 朱子厚(1998-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 21210860107@m.fudan.edu.cn。

    董义卓(1999-),男,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 21210860042@m.fudan.edu.cn。

    车黎明(1999-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail: 23110860045@m.fudan.edu.cn。

    李灿灿(2000-),男,博士。研究方向:功率半导体模块封装技术。E-mail:22110860003@m.fudan.edu.cn。

    李敏(1987-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件设计。E-mail:lm_ss@fudan.edu.cn。

    雷光寅(1982-),男,博士,正高研究员。研究方向:功率半导体封装。E-mail:guangyinlei@fudan.edu.cn。

Development of Thermal Simulation System Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Algorithm
Zihou ZHU1, 2 , Yizhuo DONG1, 2 , Liming CHE1, 2 , Cancan LI1, 2 , Min LI1, 2 , Guangyin LEI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
  • 2 Research Institute of Fudan University Ningbo 315327 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.46
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随着电子设备日益微型化和集成化,热仿真已成为其设计中的关键因素。电子封装模块的热仿真通常使用传统的有限元法 FEM(finite element method),存在计算效率和精度之间的矛盾,在处理大变形问题和网格畸变方面也容易造成计算不收敛,从而导致结果错误。针对该问题,提出一种基于光滑粒子动力学 SPH(smoothed particle hydrodynamics)算法的电子封装模块热仿真系统。该算法基于无网格拉格朗日数值方法,通过将热仿真对象离散为1组粒子的方式求解热传导方程,从而准确地预测电子封装模块的传热与散热,无需生成并处理大量的微小网格,不用担心网格失真等问题。SPH相对于FEM,仿真精度误差保持在1%~2%,仿真效率可提升近30倍,适合用于复杂和动态系统的模拟仿真。

电子封装  /  有限元仿真  /  光滑粒子动力学  /  传热方程

As electronic devices continue to miniaturize and integrate, thermal simulation has become a critical factor during the design phase. The conventional finite element method(FEM) used for the thermal simulation of electronics packaging modules faces a trade-off between computational efficiency and accuracy, and it also encounters difficulties in handling problems of large deformation and grid distortion, which will cause errors in the results. In this paper, a thermal simulation system for electronics packaging modules based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm is proposed. The SPH algorithm is based on the meshless Lagrange numerical method, and it resolves the heat conduction equation by discretizing the simulation object into a set of particles, thus accurately predicting the heat conduction and heat dissipation in electronics packaging modules. Since it does not need to generate a large number of micro-meshes, there is no grid distortion. Compared with FEM, the SPH algorithm achieves an accuracy error between 1% and 2%, thereby improving the simulation efficiency by approximately 30 times. Therefore, this algorithm is highly suitable in simulating the thermal behavior of a dynamical system with a complex structure.

Electronics packaging  /  finite element simulation  /  smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)  /  heat conduction equation
朱子厚, 董义卓, 车黎明, 李灿灿, 李敏, 雷光寅. 基于SPH 算法的热仿真系统开发. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 46 -53 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.46
Zihou ZHU, Yizhuo DONG, Liming CHE, Cancan LI, Min LI, Guangyin LEI. Development of Thermal Simulation System Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Algorithm[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 46 -53 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.46
近年来,随着电子设备不断向微型化和高度集成化发展,其对高效和有效热管理的需求日益增加。这种日益增长的需求是由于电子设备内部热流密度的高速增长引起的, 这在确保电子设备可靠和持久性能上产生了重大的挑战[1-2]。调查表明,功率器件是最容易失效的组件之一, 且导致功率器件失效的主要因素包括温度、湿度、振动冲击及污染物等。其中,约 55%功率器件的失效是由温度因素引发的。
现有的功率器件结温预测方法涵盖了多种技术和方案,其中基于有限元的计算机热仿真方法被广泛认为是一种严谨而完整的方法。该方法利用有限元分析软件(如 ANSYS、COMSOL 等)建立功率器件的几何模型, 并考虑了器件的结构、材料特性和热源分布等因素。该方法通过数值求解热传导方程、热对流方程等模拟器件内部温度场的分布和变化。计算机热仿真常常面临在结果的准确性和所需的计算资源之间的权衡, 特别是在复杂的模型结构中会经常面临这一问题[3-4]。此外,像有限元法 FEM (finite element method) 这种基于网格的数值方法在处理大变形和网格失真时会遇到诸多问题, 这限制了其在某些应用中的有效性。平滑粒子流体动力学 SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics)算法是一种无网格拉格朗日数值方法, 为电子封装模块的热仿真提供了 1 个较有前景的替代方案[5-7]。SPH 具有一些 FEM 不具备的优点, 包括能够处理大变形而不用担心网格失真, 以及更高的计算效率, 这使其非常适合复杂和动态的系统。$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 在功率器件结温预测领域仍处于新兴阶段, 目前的研究主要集中于利用$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 解决流体动力学问题上,而将$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 应用于功率器件结温预测方面的研究则较少。
本文基于 SPH 原理,分析 SPH 数值方法在热传导这一物理过程上的数学形式,并搭建基于$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 算法电子封装模块的热仿真系统。在此基础上, 讨论二维热仿真情况下的稳态与瞬态结果,并与 Fluent 热仿真结果进行准确性与效率上的对比。最后开展复杂模块稳态结温监测实验测试, 利用 SPH 系统预测模块的结温, 并与实验测量结果及基于有限元的仿真结果进行分析比较, 验证所搭建系统的准确性和高效率。
SPH 算法是一种无网格的、拉格朗日数值计算方法, 是一种多功能的数值模拟方法, 适用于多种物理场景的仿真。SPH 可以与热学相结合,用于模拟热传导、辐射传热等热学现象,能够精确地模拟功率半导体封装内部的温度变化与分布。更为重要的是,$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 还能够实现各种物理场的耦合仿真,例如流固耦合、热流体耦合等, 从而在功率半导体发热这一复杂的物理过程中提供准确的模拟结果。本节详细说明了如何在热传导方程中实现$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 算法, 以满足在电子封装模块中的热仿真需求。
SPH 的主要思想是将模型目标连续体离散化为 1 组粒子,如图1 所示,每个粒子均带有诸如质量、动量、能量和温度等属性。连续体任意一点的物理量可以根据其核支持域内的这些粒子进行插值。 核函数是$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 方法中最重要的概念之一,其作用是为这种插值提供了 1 个加权方案,可表示为简单的离散方程
${A}_{i}^{\text{smooth }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}{V}_{j}{A}_{j}{W}_{ij}$
式中:${A}_{i}^{\text{smooth }}$ 为粒子的某一待计算物理量;${V}_{j}$ 为第$j$ 个粒子的体积;${A}_{j}$ 为需要计算的粒子$i$ 上的物理量,与周围$j$ 个粒子进行核函数加权求和操作;${W}_{ij}$ 为第$i$ 个粒子和第$j$ 个粒子之间的核函数值。过去的研究中采用过许多不同类型的核函数, 如高斯内核和立方样条内核,每种内核均有其优点和缺点。
SPH 方法应用于热传导场景, 将从标准的热传导方程或傅里叶定律开始推导, 该定律规定了固体中热传递的行为。在 SPH 的背景下,该方程可以离散到粒子级别, 并为每个时间步骤反复求解。这一步骤为每个粒子生成了 1 组常微分方程, 可以随时间积分得到温度变化。
根据固体热传导场景, 可以从 SPH 流体条件中简化一些条件,推导固体热扩散方程。对于每个粒子$i$,推导出扩散方程形式,即
${\left(\frac{\mathrm{d}c}{\mathrm{\;d}t}\right)}_{i}= -{\left( c\nabla \cdot u\right)}_{i}+ {\left\lbrack \nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{D}\nabla c\right)\right\rbrack }_{i}$
式中:$c$ 为最终所得浓度函数,在热传导中即为温度;$u$ 为流体的速度;$\mathbf{D}$ 为张量 (扩散张量)。
在遇到的常见固体热传导情况中, 热传导是各向同性的,这允许将$\mathbf{D}$ 简化为 1 个标量系数。此外, 由于在固体热传导中通常不存在大尺度流动, 推导还可以消除与速度相关的项。因此,在基于$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 的热传导模型中,每个粒子的方程简化为
${\left(\frac{\mathrm{d}T}{\mathrm{\;d}t}\right)}_{i}= a\left({{\nabla }^{2}c}\right)$
式中:$T$ 为温度;$a$ 为热扩散系数。
然后, 利用 SPH 方法允许将导数移至核函数的性质, 得到了 SPH 形式的离散方程, 即
${\left({\nabla }^{2}T\right)}_{i}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}{V}_{j}{T}_{j}{\nabla }^{2}{W}_{h}\left({r}_{ij}\right)$
式中:${T}_{j}$ 为周边粒子$j$ 的温度;${W}_{h}$$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 方法中的核函数;${r}_{ij}$ 为两粒子间的距离。
利用 SPH 核函数的拉普拉斯运算可以获得具体的离散形式, 即
${\left({\nabla }^{2}T\right)}_{i}= 2\mathbf{D}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}{V}_{j}\left({{T}_{i}- {T}_{j}}\right){W}_{h}^{\prime }\left({r}_{ij}\right)$
式中:${T}_{i}$ 为周边粒子$i$ 的温度;${W}_{h}$ 为核函数的一阶导数。
这种离散形式可以直接实现在$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 系统中的编程。第 2 节将介绍基于 SPH 方法的电子封装模块热仿真系统, 并进一步详述为此目的做出的具体设计。
对基于$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 热仿真系统的具体实现进行深入探讨,整个 SPH 系统的构建结构如图2 所示。
预处理模块用于根据特定的仿真实际目标创建 CFD 仿真模型。典型的 CFD 仿真模型应包括离散方程、离散方法和离散模型。在此仿真系统中, 离散方程为研究对象的流控方程(质量、动量和能量的守恒),离散方法为$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 算法,离散模型为根据用户要求构建的粒子模型。因此, 系统将预处理模块划分为 2 个子模块:$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 算法设置和粒子模型构建。
预处理模块中的 SPH 算法设置确定了 SPH 算法的使用方式, 包括 4 个部分: 计算方法设置、SPH 算法格式设置、修正方法设置和 SPH 算法参数。粒子模型构建模块用于构建粒子模型, 包括粒子坐标、粒子属性(流体或固体)、边界条件和初始条件。 粒子坐标的生成是通过输入相应的形状参数来实现的, 而粒子属性设置是将边界粒子属性设置为固体的过程。
边界条件决定边界固体粒子对内部固体粒子的影响方式, 主要设置为温度边界条件。计算域内粒子的初始物理参数包括:温度、比热容和热导率系数。一旦预处理模块中的 SPH 算法设置和粒子模型构建完成, 数据即可导入至计算模块进行热传导计算。
计算模块用于使用$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 算法解决研究对象的流控方程, 以获得每个时间步骤各种物理参数的数值模拟结果。计算模块首先读取预处理模块建立的仿真模型, 从而获取 SPH 算法设置信息和粒子模型信息,然后开始 SPH 计算循环。所有粒子物理参数更新 1 次后,时间步完成。
后处理模块用于动态可视化计算模块输出的仿真数据, 直观地显示导热过程中温度参数的变化过程。此模块的运行过程:首先,读取计算模块输出的数据文件;然后, 根据每个时间步仿真数据中的位置和温度物理参数, 以坐标点的形式表示粒子位置分布,以获得整个计算域的粒子分布图;最后,使用所有时间步的粒子分布图和温度参数分布云图, 生成整个仿真过程的粒子运动动画和温度参数变化动画。
通过仿真 1 个简单的二维热传递模型来验证 SPH 系统的正确性,该模型涉及 2 个恒温热源和 3 层平板间的热传导, 旨在仿真封装模块中的散热情况, 并将 SPH 系统得到的结果与 Fluent 仿真的结果进行比较。
仿真模型包括 2 个恒温热源和 3 层平板, 如图3 所示。由左至右,每层的温度分别为 40、20、 10、30 和 5 °C。采用这个模型的原因在于其相对简单,并与典型电子封装模块在结构上有一定的相似性,能够模拟实际电子封装模块的发热、散热情况。
本文仿真实验在 2 个不同的软件仿真场景中进行,即基于$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 的系统和基于商业软件的 Fluent 系统。对于每个软件仿真场景, 应用相同的模型参数和边界条件。2 个仿真均运行到达给定的时间状态, 确保在相同条件下进行 2 种方法的比较。
初步观察温度分布,如图4 所示,可见 SPH 系统的结果与 Fluent 的结果良好地吻合, 表明 SPH 系统在模拟该场景中的热传递方面具有良好的准确性。
首先比较 2 个系统进行热仿真的模型在$x =$ $0 \sim 2\text{、}y = 0$ 中间层热传递板上沿线段的温度分布,结果如图5 所示, 两者温度变化趋势一致, 最大温度差在 4 ℃ 以内。
仿真继续对比了 SPH 系统和 Fluent 在相同时间步长下的仿真效率, 结果如图6 所示。可以发现, 在各个时间步长下, SPH 系统进行仿真的效率均大幅领先于 Fluent。
在已讨论了 1 个固定温度热源的热仿真场景基础上, 为了更好地模拟实际电子封装中的多芯片发热场景, 在 SPH 系统中还开发了 1 个带有恒定功率热源的热仿真模型, 如图7 所示。模型包括左侧 2 枚以 50 W 功率发热的芯片、中间的铜层及右侧带有固定温度的散热铜块, 模型中所有部分实体的初始温度均设置为室温${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
为了验证在恒定功率条件下热模型的准确性, 仿真进行了空间尺度和时间尺度的比较, 如图8 所示。使用 SPH 系统进行热仿真的结果仍与从 Fluent 获得的仿真数据基本一致, 验证了 SPH 系统所实现热仿真模型的正确性。
在此仿真对比中可以观察到, 相较于 FEM 等依赖于网格划分的技术, SPH 的独特之处在于采用基于粒子的表述方式, 因此能够避免网格划分可能带来的误差。在温度场仿真中, 这一特性使得 SPH 能够更灵活地处理复杂的几何形状和大变形情况, 同时能够更少的将注意力放在网格划分可能带来的精度损失上,因为$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 与常规$\mathrm{{CFD}}$ 相比,网格划分对仿真误差影响较小。此外, SPH 的并行化能力也为其在温度场仿真中带来了巨大优势。由于$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 的粒子之间相互独立,计算任务可以被有效地分配给多个处理单元, 从而极大地提高仿真的效率。特别是在处理大规模问题时,$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 通过并行化能够显著缩短计算时间,加快仿真过程,使工程设计和科学研究变得更加高效。SPH 虽不依赖于网格划分且具有较高的并行化效率, 但其在保证准确性方面仍然十分可靠,并且通过合适的参数选择、粒子数调节及对物理模型的精细化, SPH 能够产生与 FEM 相媲美甚至更精确的结果。综上,$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 系统与 Fluent 仿真结果的良好相关性表明, SPH 系统能够准确模拟热传导场景,并且具有极高的效率。
constant-power heat source developed in Fluent and SPH system
通过对 1 个复杂的实际封装器件模型进行仿真, 验证 SPH 系统的正确性与高效率。该模型涉及 6 个恒功率$\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 芯片、多层陶瓷基板和焊料层等。将 SPH 系统得到的仿真结果与 Icepak 仿真及实际测量结果进行比较。各层所用材料的属性见表1
在实际的实验中, 模块上方直接接触空气进行自然对流散热,模块下方采用 25 °C 液冷散热。冷却液的总流速为$6\mathrm{\;L}/\mathrm{{min}}$。在 Icepak 中设置边界条件时, 将液冷散热装置下方的表面设置为液体流的边界条件, 并选择层流作为流动类型。根据总流速与模块进水口、出水口尺寸计算, 在 Icepak 中指定流速为${0.21}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,并设置液体的初始温度为${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 系统中因为缺乏对流散热仿真模块, 只能通过热传导模拟对流散热。对流计算使用 Sieder-Tate 方程来估算层流状态下水流在光滑表面上的对流换热系数, 其适用于水或其他液体在管道内的层流对流情况, 具体表达式为
$\frac{1}{h}= {0.027}{\left(\frac{k}{D}\right)}^{0.63}{\left(\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{p}}\mu }{k}\right)}^{0.14}{\left(\frac{\rho vD}{\mu }\right)}^{0.8}$
式中:$h$ 为对流换热系数,表示单位面积上的热量传递率;$k$ 为冷却液的导热系数;$D$ 为管道直径;${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为冷却液的定压比热容;$\mu$ 为冷却液的动力粘度;$\rho$ 为冷却液的密度;$v$ 为冷却液的流速。使用 Sieder-Tate 方程计算出上述给定条件下的对流换热系数为${569.1}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 后,再通过传热方程计算实验中的液冷散热, 等价为与 1 个热导率约为${1.4}\times {10}^{-5}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 、恒温为${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的物体接触,通过热传导方式传热。
器件建模如图9 所示, 实验中, 6 个 SiC 芯片发热源以${80}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的功率恒定发热,处于${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的恒温箱内, 最后通过红外线测温仪测得的温度情况如图10 所示。
实验中使用红外测温仪进行测量并通过 SPH 系统与 Icepak 分别进行仿真, 求得模块中芯片上的最高温度如图10 所示, 可见芯片最高温度为 135.4${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。而由图11 实验与仿真结果中最高温度点对比可见, Icepak 仿真后的最高温度为${140.4}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,而$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 系统仿真后所测量的最高温度点为${142.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,可以看到 SPH 系统进行的仿真和 Icepak 完成的仿真均能较为准确地模拟出最高温度。
同时, 分别记录下完成完整的模块仿真 SPH 系统与 Icepak 系统所需的时长进行对比, 如图12 所示。可见, SPH 完成整个仿真共耗时${115}\mathrm{\;s}$,而 Icepak 完成整个仿真共耗时${3217}\mathrm{\;s}$。因此可以得出结论, SPH 系统完成的仿真在与 Icepak 完成的仿真在准确性上均有一定的保障, 但是由于 SPH 避免了大量的网格划分过程且具有良好的并行计算性, SPH 相比 Icepak 在仿真的时间上大幅缩减, 效率提高了 2800%。
综上所述可见, SPH 系统与 Icepak 的仿真结果及实验测量的结果均较为接近, SPH 系统能够准确地模拟封装模块中的散热过程, 无需网格分割。 结果进一步证实了 SPH 系统在处理复杂结构和不同热传递条件方面的可靠性和有效性, 从而为热仿真提供了一种可行的替代方案。
本文介绍了一个基于 SPH 算法的热仿真系统。 其中, FEM 和 SPH 是 2 种常用的数值仿真方法,在物理仿真领域中均具有广泛的应用。尽管二者在实现上有所不同, 但在处理复杂问题和多尺度仿真方面, SPH 方法展现出了独特的优势和前景。SPH 方法具有无网格依赖、适应多尺度、自适应分辨率和容易并行化等优点, 使其在处理复杂几何形状、大变形情况和多尺度仿真方面表现出色。然而, SPH 方法也存在一些挑战,包括边界条件处理复杂、缺乏商业软件支持和后处理功能相对不足。尽管如此, SPH 方法仍是一种强大且具有潜力的数值方法, 可以有效地应用于各种物理仿真问题的求解中。
此外, 本文通过严格的仿真场景和比较分析, 验证了$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 系统的效率和准确性:系统在保持精度误差在 1%~2%的同时,将仿真效率提升了近 30 倍。结果表明, SPH 算法可以提供高精度的仿真结果, 而粒子模型可以在不需要网格的情况下有效地模拟物理世界, 从而使过程更直观, 更易于接入, 同时大幅度提高了仿真的效率。未来的工作将重点放在将这些初步结果扩展到更复杂的模型和不同条件,最终目标是在各种热传递场景中充分验证$\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 系统的仿真能力。
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.46
  • 接收时间:2024-01-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-31
  • 修回日期:2024-04-06
  • 录用日期:2024-04-20
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    1 复旦大学工程与应用技术研究院超越照明所 上海 200433
    2 复旦大学宁波研究院 宁波 315327
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
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Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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