Article(id=1322282236561445076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000314, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000314, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748534400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1752076800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-10, onlineDate=1793186252012, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186252012, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186252012, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186252012, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281938308677669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='347', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186180903, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186267843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=83, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322282236762771669, articleId=1322282236561445076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Stress-induced martensitic transformation and elastocaloric performance of TiZrMoSn alloy, columnId=1322282006344483370, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=HIGH-PERFORMANCE SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Developing shape memory alloys with well-balanced comprehensive elastocaloric performance is essential for advancing solid-state refrigeration technologies. Given the excellent mechanical properties and superelasticity of TiZrMoSn alloys, their crystal structure, martensitic transformation, superelasticity, and elastocaloric effect are systematically investigated. By introducing a textured, coarse-grained microstructure to enhance the elastocaloric response and reduce stress hysteresis, alongside a Mo-alloying strategy to tune the stability of austenite and optimize phase transformation reversibility and critical stress, a TiZrMoSn alloy with superior comprehensive performance is successfully developed. The results show that the Ti76Zr18Mo3Sn3 alloy exhibits a dual-state grain structure (columnar and equiaxed grains) with a dominant 〈001〉A texture. Under a strain of 4.5%, the alloy reaches a maximum superelastic stress of 700 MPa, a critical transformation stress of 211 MPa, and a stress hysteresis of about 100 MPa, demonstrating high-stress superelasticity with low energy dissipation. At room temperature, the alloy exhibits a peak adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) of -7 K, approaching the highest values reported for Ti-based alloys. After 103 elastocaloric cycles, ΔTad only decays by 8%, showing excellent cycling stability. Moreover, the alloy exhibits a wide theoretical working temperature window of up to 220 K, with ΔTad remaining stable (≈7.5 K) across the 300-370 K range, highlighting its outstanding temperature stability and broad applicability in elastocaloric refrigeration.

, authors=Huayou XIANG, Jinhan YANG, Zongbin LI, Bo YANG, Nan JIA, Haile YAN, Liang ZUO, authorsList=Huayou XIANG, Jinhan YANG, Zongbin LI, Bo YANG, Nan JIA, Haile YAN, Liang ZUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haile YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322282239371628768, articleId=1322282236561445076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=TiZrMoSn合金应力诱发马氏体相变与弹热性能, columnId=1322282006491284012, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=高性能形状记忆材料专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

开发综合性能优异的弹热形状记忆合金对推动弹热固态制冷技术的发展具有重要意义。鉴于TiZrMoSn合金优异的力学性能和超弹性,本工作系统研究了TiZrMoSn合金的晶体结构、马氏体相变、超弹性和弹热效应。通过构筑织构化粗晶组织以增强弹热效应并降低应力滞后,同时采用Mo合金化策略调控奥氏体相稳定性以优化相变可逆性和临界应力,从而获得综合性能优异的TiZrMoSn合金。研究表明,Ti76Zr18Mo3Sn3合金呈现双态晶型(柱状晶和等轴晶)形貌,并具有以〈001〉A为主的织构特征。在4.5%应变下,该合金的最大超弹性应力为700 MPa,临界转变应力为211 MPa,应力滞后约100 MPa,表现出低应力滞后的高应力超弹性。在室温下,最大绝热温变ΔTad为-7 K,已接近目前Ti基合金中的最高值。在承受103次弹热循环后,ΔTad仅衰减8%,表现良好的循环稳定性。此外,该合金的理论工作温度窗口可达220 K,ΔTad在300~370 K的温区内始终稳定在7.5 K附近,展现出优异的ΔTad稳定性,在弹热制冷应用中具有广泛的前景。

, authors=向话友, 杨谨菡, 李宗宾, 杨波, 贾楠, 闫海乐, 左良, authorsList=向话友, 杨谨菡, 李宗宾, 杨波, 贾楠, 闫海乐, 左良, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=闫海乐, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
闫海乐(1988—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事相变功能材料的第一性原理计算与实验研究,联系地址:辽宁省沈阳市和平区文化路3号巷11号东北大学知行楼516(110819),E-mail:
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G, WANG H, LI Z, et al. Giant elastocaloric effect covering a wide temperature region in a directionally solidified Ni50Mn30Ti20 alloy [J]. 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caption=固溶态Ti79-x Zr18Mo x Sn3合金的晶体结构与马氏体相变行为(a)室温XRD图谱;(b)DSC曲线;(c)压缩应力-应变曲线;(1)2.5Mo;(2)3.0Mo;(3)3.5Mo, figureFileSmall=3226mbIKSQVkJbUWhgRElQ==, figureFileBig=wExrJ+obuHaTXU7NX6Cr9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282243645624593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282236561445076, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Room temperature microstructure of 3.0Mo alloy(a)EBSD orientation micrograph (IPF contrast);(b){001}A pole figure;(c)inverse pole figure, figureFileSmall=VoIRmpISrWaSKr1DC2QCSQ==, figureFileBig=FsEyhllmD8tT5A5xQaUXnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282243712733458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282236561445076, language=CN, label=图2, caption=3.0Mo合金的室温微观组织结构(a)晶体学取向分布图;(b){001}A极图;(c)反极图, figureFileSmall=VoIRmpISrWaSKr1DC2QCSQ==, figureFileBig=FsEyhllmD8tT5A5xQaUXnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282243784036627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282236561445076, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Room temperature superelasticity of 3.0Mo alloy(a)superelastic stress-strain curves under different compressive strains;(b)relationship curves of εtr and ΔW with applied strains, figureFileSmall=KXDfrMqCoAUO22jLED5lkQ==, figureFileBig=NbyKYBxx1EWwsH/t/Tf0IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282243851145492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282236561445076, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3.0Mo合金的室温超弹性(a)在不同压缩应变下的超弹性应力-应变曲线;(b)εtr和ΔW与施加应变的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=KXDfrMqCoAUO22jLED5lkQ==, figureFileBig=NbyKYBxx1EWwsH/t/Tf0IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282243922448661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282236561445076, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Room temperature elastocaloric effect and cycling stability of 3.0Mo alloy(a)variation of ΔTad under different strains;(b)variation of ΔTad under different strain rates;(c)evolution of ΔTad during 103 mechanical cycles, figureFileSmall=nINDJAaIxmmERm3WTk3ipQ==, figureFileBig=OaKBuvPQH/bvjLTS0IAaKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282243981168918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282236561445076, language=CN, label=图4, caption=3.0Mo合金的室温弹热效应与循环稳定性(a)在不同应变下的ΔTad变化;(b)在不同应变速率下的ΔTad变化;(c)在103次机械循环过程中ΔTad的演变, figureFileSmall=nINDJAaIxmmERm3WTk3ipQ==, figureFileBig=OaKBuvPQH/bvjLTS0IAaKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282244106998039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282236561445076, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Superelasticity and elastocaloric effect of 3.0Mo alloy within temperature range of 300-370 K(a)variation of superelasticity stress-strain curves with test temperature;(b)temperature dependences of critical stress;(c)temperature dependences of adiabatic temperature change |ΔTad|;(d)variations of ΔTad and applied strain 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TiZrMoSn合金应力诱发马氏体相变与弹热性能
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向话友 , 杨谨菡 , 李宗宾 , 杨波 , 贾楠 , 闫海乐 , 左良
材料工程 | 高性能形状记忆材料专栏 2026,54(7): 83-89
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材料工程 |高性能形状记忆材料专栏 2026 , 54 (7) : 83 -89
TiZrMoSn合金应力诱发马氏体相变与弹热性能
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向话友, 杨谨菡, 李宗宾, 杨波, 贾楠, 闫海乐 , 左良
作者信息
  • 东北大学 材料科学与工程学院 材料各向异性与织构教育部重点实验室,沈阳 110819
通讯作者:
闫海乐(1988—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事相变功能材料的第一性原理计算与实验研究,联系地址:辽宁省沈阳市和平区文化路3号巷11号东北大学知行楼516(110819),E-mail:
Stress-induced martensitic transformation and elastocaloric performance of TiZrMoSn alloy
Huayou XIANG, Jinhan YANG, Zongbin LI, Bo YANG, Nan JIA, Haile YAN , Liang ZUO
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education),School of Materials Science and Engineering,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110819,China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000314
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开发综合性能优异的弹热形状记忆合金对推动弹热固态制冷技术的发展具有重要意义。鉴于TiZrMoSn合金优异的力学性能和超弹性,本工作系统研究了TiZrMoSn合金的晶体结构、马氏体相变、超弹性和弹热效应。通过构筑织构化粗晶组织以增强弹热效应并降低应力滞后,同时采用Mo合金化策略调控奥氏体相稳定性以优化相变可逆性和临界应力,从而获得综合性能优异的TiZrMoSn合金。研究表明,Ti76Zr18Mo3Sn3合金呈现双态晶型(柱状晶和等轴晶)形貌,并具有以〈001〉A为主的织构特征。在4.5%应变下,该合金的最大超弹性应力为700 MPa,临界转变应力为211 MPa,应力滞后约100 MPa,表现出低应力滞后的高应力超弹性。在室温下,最大绝热温变ΔTad为-7 K,已接近目前Ti基合金中的最高值。在承受103次弹热循环后,ΔTad仅衰减8%,表现良好的循环稳定性。此外,该合金的理论工作温度窗口可达220 K,ΔTad在300~370 K的温区内始终稳定在7.5 K附近,展现出优异的ΔTad稳定性,在弹热制冷应用中具有广泛的前景。

Ti-Zr-Mo-Sn  /  形状记忆合金  /  弹热效应  /  固态制冷

Developing shape memory alloys with well-balanced comprehensive elastocaloric performance is essential for advancing solid-state refrigeration technologies. Given the excellent mechanical properties and superelasticity of TiZrMoSn alloys, their crystal structure, martensitic transformation, superelasticity, and elastocaloric effect are systematically investigated. By introducing a textured, coarse-grained microstructure to enhance the elastocaloric response and reduce stress hysteresis, alongside a Mo-alloying strategy to tune the stability of austenite and optimize phase transformation reversibility and critical stress, a TiZrMoSn alloy with superior comprehensive performance is successfully developed. The results show that the Ti76Zr18Mo3Sn3 alloy exhibits a dual-state grain structure (columnar and equiaxed grains) with a dominant 〈001〉A texture. Under a strain of 4.5%, the alloy reaches a maximum superelastic stress of 700 MPa, a critical transformation stress of 211 MPa, and a stress hysteresis of about 100 MPa, demonstrating high-stress superelasticity with low energy dissipation. At room temperature, the alloy exhibits a peak adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) of -7 K, approaching the highest values reported for Ti-based alloys. After 103 elastocaloric cycles, ΔTad only decays by 8%, showing excellent cycling stability. Moreover, the alloy exhibits a wide theoretical working temperature window of up to 220 K, with ΔTad remaining stable (≈7.5 K) across the 300-370 K range, highlighting its outstanding temperature stability and broad applicability in elastocaloric refrigeration.

Ti-Zr-Mo-Sn  /  shape memory alloy  /  elastocaloric effect  /  solid-state refrigeration
向话友, 杨谨菡, 李宗宾, 杨波, 贾楠, 闫海乐, 左良. TiZrMoSn合金应力诱发马氏体相变与弹热性能. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (7) : 83 -89 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000314
Huayou XIANG, Jinhan YANG, Zongbin LI, Bo YANG, Nan JIA, Haile YAN, Liang ZUO. Stress-induced martensitic transformation and elastocaloric performance of TiZrMoSn alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (7) : 83 -89 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000314
在可持续发展目标的引领下,固态制冷技术应运而生并得到迅速发展[1]。基于弹热效应的固态制冷技术是指固态材料在单轴应力作用下,通过与外界的可逆热交换实现制冷效果的一种技术,通常用等温熵变(ΔSiso)和绝热温变(ΔTad)来衡量[2-4]。由于其清洁环保、高效低耗等特点,弹热固态制冷被广泛认为是最具潜力替代传统气体压缩制冷的新技术,具有广阔的应用前景[3]。然而,目前制约弹热制冷技术发展的关键瓶颈在于缺少综合性能优异的弹热材料,尤其是在绝热温变、临界应力(σcr)、应力滞后(Δσhys)、工作温度窗口(Tspan)和循环稳定性等性能指标的平衡。
β型Ti基合金作为一种兼具优异力学性能、高疲劳抗性、高耐腐蚀性、易冷变形加工和良好超弹性等综合特性的形状记忆合金[5-7],在弹热制冷领域展现出巨大的潜力,被视为一种极具前景的候选材料。近期,Ti基合金的弹热效应受到越来越多的关注。Kong等[8]报道了Tspan可达200 K的细晶TiZrNbSn合金,在室温下该合金的ΔTad为5.3 K。随后,该课题组研究了Cr元素添加对TiZrNbSn合金弹热效应的影响[9],发现尽管合金力学性能得到提升,但其σcr和Δσhys大幅增加且ΔTad下降至4.2 K。Zhu等[10-11]报道了一种Δσhys小于50 MPa的〈110〉β织构化TiNbZrTa合金,并通过数字图像相关(DIC)和红外成像技术表征了其宏观均匀的相变及热响应,其室温弹热效应为4.4 K。然而,这些Ti基合金的ΔTad都较小,通常约5 K。Xiang等[12]报道了一种ΔTad为6.5 K且Tspan高达200 K的固溶态粗晶TiZrCrSn合金,但该合金在室温下的弹热循环稳定性较差,仅能承受200次循环。Lv等[13]报道了在室温可承受2000次超弹性循环的TiZrNbAl合金,其优异的循环稳定性主要归因于Al元素的固溶强化效应,有效提高了合金的屈服强度。迄今,尽管已有Ti基合金在某些弹热性能参数上表现优异,但其多指标协同设计仍面临显著挑战,尚未实现综合性能的均衡调控。
本工作选定TiZrMoSn作为基础合金体系,该合金不仅能够在液氮温度和室温下展现超弹性[14],还具有优异的力学性能[15],为其实现良好的弹热循环稳定性和宽Tspan奠定了坚实基础。为了获得良好且均衡的综合弹热性能,关键在于确保所设计的TiZrMoSn合金具备大ΔTad、窄Δσhys以及低σcr。基于此,本工作一方面通过制备织构化的粗晶组织结构,增强晶粒间相变的协调性,从而使合金具有窄Δσhys和大ΔTad;另一方面,通过Mo合金化策略,调控Ti79-x Zr18Mo x Sn3合金的奥氏体相稳定性,成功获得了室温下具有由低σcr驱动完全可逆相变的Ti76Zr18Mo3Sn3合金。针对该合金,本工作对其微观组织结构、室温及变温条件下的超弹性、弹热效应和弹热循环稳定性进行了系统研究。
本实验采用纯度不低于99.9%的Ti、Zr、Mo和Sn作为原料,在高纯Ar气氛保护下,通过电弧熔炼技术制备了名义成分为Ti79-x Zr18Mo x Sn3(x=2.5、3.0和3.5,原子分数/%,下同)的合金。为确保成分均匀性,每个铸锭在熔炼过程中均翻转重熔6次。将铸锭密封在充满高纯Ar气的石英管中,在1000 ℃进行2 h均匀化退火,然后置于冰水中快速淬火。
采用X射线衍射仪(XRD,Rigaku Smartlab 9)测定合金的晶体结构,X射线源为CuKα(波长λ = 0.154056 nm),扫描角度为20°~90°,扫描速度为4 (°)/min。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC,TA DSC25)测量样品的马氏体相变特征温度,样品质量约48 mg,测试温度范围为150~390 K,加热/冷却速率为10 K/min。利用配备了电子背散射衍射探头(EBSD,Oxford Symmetry S2)的扫描电镜(SEM,ZEISS GeminiSEM 460)表征多晶样品的微观组织。采用配备了温控箱的万能试验机(Shimadzu AG-XPlus 50 kN)对样品进行单轴压缩实验,表征样品的超弹性与弹热效应。采用分辨率为0.1 μm的微计位移传感器(Mitutoyo LG100-0110)记录加载/卸载过程中的位移数据。样品表面的温度变化通过数据采集单元进行监测,该采集单元以10 Hz的采样频率记录粘接在样品表面的Pt100热敏电阻发出的信号。
图1(a)展示了固溶态Ti79-x Zr18Mo x Sn3(x = 2.5、3.0和3.5)合金的室温XRD图谱。为便于表述,3种合金分别简称为2.5Mo、3.0Mo和3.5Mo。由衍射峰可见,2.5Mo合金(图1(a-1))在室温下由体心立方结构的β奥氏体相(空间群:Im3m)与正交结构的α″马氏体相(空间群:Cmcm)共同组成;当Mo含量增加到3.0以上时(图1(a-2),(a-3)),α″相特征峰完全消失,仅观察到单一的β相衍射峰。在TiZrMoSn合金中,Mo(价电子数6)取代Ti(价电子数4)含量的增加会导致合金价电子浓度升高,这有利于提高β奥氏体相的热力学稳定性,从而降低马氏体相变温度[16]。
为了揭示2.5Mo,3.0Mo和3.5Mo合金的马氏体相变特性,分别研究了它们在温度场(图1(b))和应力场(图1(c))作用下的响应行为。由图1(b-1)~(b-3)可知,在150~390 K的升降温DSC曲线上,3种合金均未出现与一阶结构相变对应的吸/放热峰,表明温度场在所检测温度区间不能诱导马氏体相变的发生。图1(c-1)~(c-3)展示了3种合金在施加2.5%应变下的加/卸载力学响应。由图1(c-1)可知,2.5Mo在卸载后产生了0.7%残余应变(εres)和0.5%超弹性可恢复应变(εse),这表明室温下具有β和α″的双相2.5Mo合金在外加应力作用下发生了部分β→α″可逆马氏体相变。相比之下,3.0Mo(图1(c-2))和3.5Mo(图1(c-3))合金则表现出完全可逆的超弹性,且伴随明显的应力滞后环,符合一阶马氏体相变的特征。该结果表明,应力场可诱导3.0Mo和3.5Mo合金发生应力诱发马氏体相变行为。通过切线法,测定3.0Mo和3.5Mo的相变临界应力(σcr)分别为211 MPa和375 MPa,表明随着Mo含量增加,σcr呈上升趋势,进一步证实了Mo对β奥氏体相的稳定作用。此外,结合图1(b-1)~(b-3)和图1(c-1)~(c-3)结果可知,尽管温度场未能诱导合金发生马氏体相变,但所设计3.0Mo和3.5Mo合金具有应力驱动型马氏体相变特性,且其相变可逆性和σcr可通过Mo含量进行精确调控。
Mo合金化通过调控TiZrMoSn合金的室温相组成,精确调节β相奥氏体的热力学稳定性,从而实现对相变可逆性和超弹性临界应力的有效调控。与2.5Mo和3.5Mo合金相比,3.0Mo合金因其良好的相变可逆性和低的相变驱动应力,显示出更大的弹热制冷应用潜力。这种良好的相变可逆性有助于材料在反复弹热循环过程中保持结构与功能的稳定性,从而提升其使用寿命与能效。而较低的σcr则意味着诱导相变所需的外部载荷较小,有利于减小装置体积和能耗,特别适合应用于对空间与能效要求较高的微型或纳米级电子器件中。因此,基于上述优点,后续研究将围绕3.0Mo合金展开。
采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对固溶态3.0Mo合金的形貌和晶体学特征进行表征。图2(a)展示了铸锭靠近水冷铜模的中心区域(见图2(a)右侧示意图)的晶体学取向分布图。由图2(a)可见,试样的晶粒形貌沿着水冷方向自下而上呈现梯度变化,由底部粗大的柱状晶(宽度>200 μm,长径比>4∶1)逐渐过渡至顶部近等轴晶(平均晶粒尺寸>300 μm),这种双态晶粒形貌与合金典型凝固组织特征符合。从晶粒取向分布来看,底部柱状晶呈现明显的〈001〉A∥冷却方向(CD)择优取向,而顶部晶粒的取向则相对随机。由图2(b),(c)所示的极图和反极图可知,试样整体具有较强的〈001〉A∥CD织构。这种微观组织的形成与凝固过程中的温度梯度和生长速率密切相关[17]:底部区域由于较大的温度梯度和较高的生长速率,促使晶粒沿立方晶体中热导率最高的〈001〉A方向择优生长,从而形成柱状晶织构;而在顶部区域,随着温度梯度减小和生长速率减缓,最终形成近等轴晶组织。值得一提的是,弹热性能对材料的微观组织特征高度敏感。相比无明显取向的等轴晶,具有〈001〉A织构的柱状晶更有利于获得优异的弹热性能。原因在于,取向一致的柱状晶能够有效减弱晶界对晶格变形的约束,提升相变过程中晶粒间的协调性,从而增强应力诱导马氏体相变的体积分数,进而提高弹热效应[18-20]。
为了定量表征3.0Mo合金的最大完全可逆应变,本工作采用了应变增量式循环压缩方法,获得的应力-应变曲线如图3(a)所示。初始加载应变设定为2.5%,此后每个加载循环应变依次增加0.5%,直到检测出不可逆残余应变。由图3(a)可知,当外加应变增加至4.5%时,3.0Mo可承受高达710 MPa的压应力,且在卸载后仅产生约0.1%的残余应变,表现出优异的高应力超弹性。超弹应力滞后Δσhys随着外加应变增大而增大,最大约100 MPa,远小于NiMnTi[21-22]、NiTi[23-24]等合金。不同应力条件下的转变应变εtr和能量损耗ΔW统计在图3(b)中。随着应变的增加,εtr的上升趋于缓和,而ΔW呈加速上升趋势,在4.5%应变时εtr和ΔW分别达到最大值2.1%和2.7 MJ·m-3。因此,在实现较大εtr的同时,应合理控制ΔW的增长,以获得更高的能效比,提升材料的综合弹热性能。
图4(a)给出了3.0Mo合金在不同应变下发生应力诱导可逆马氏体相变过程中所伴随的温度变化。实验采用1.4 s-1的高卸载速率,以抑制热扩散效应,尽可能获得材料本征的绝热温变ΔTad。由图4(a)可知,随着外加应变从2.0%增加至4.5%时,卸载阶段的ΔTad由-2.3 K逐渐升高至-7.0 K。这一趋势归因于随应变增强而增加的马氏体相变体积分数,与图3(b)中εtr的变化趋势相符。值得指出的是,-7.0 K的ΔTad是目前Ti基形状记忆合金所报道的最高值,优于细晶TiZrNbSn(-5.3 K)[8]和TiNbZrTa(-4.4 K)[11]合金。除外加应变外,应变速率对弹热效应同样有显著影响,如图4(b)所示。当应变速率由0.03 s-1提高至0.50 s-1时,加载阶段的ΔTad由5.0 K增加至7.7 K,卸载阶段的ΔTad则由-4.6 K提升至-6.7 K,这主要是因为样品与环境之间的热扩散随速率升高而被有效抑制。在0.50 s-1速率下获得的-6.7 K已非常接近于1.4 s-1条件下的-7.0 K,表明该速率已接近理想的绝热条件。这种低临界应力驱动下的优异弹热效应进一步验证了Mo合金化与〈001〉A织构在实现优良综合弹热性能方面的协同促进作用。此外,在图4(b)中还可发现,加载段的ΔTad值始终大于卸载段,这可能与相变滞后对应的能量损耗相关。在加载时,大部分机械功用于驱动相变,其他能量通过界面摩擦或位错滑移转化为热能释放。而卸载时的逆相变需要同时吸收相变潜热和克服能量耗散,导致吸收热量降低,从而使加卸载ΔTad产生了明显差异性。
弹热制冷材料的综合性能不仅取决于单次加/卸载循环的最大温变值ΔTmax,更依赖于在持续应力循环下保持结构完整性与功能稳定性的能力。为此,测量了3.0Mo合金在4.0%应变下,以0.03 s-1应变速率循环103次的温度变化曲线。由图4(c)可知,在承受103次循环后,ΔTmax仅从初始值8.3 K衰减至7.6 K,其衰减速率低至7×10-4 K/次,性能保持率高达91.6%。这一结果表明,该合金具有良好的弹热循环稳定性,在循环次数和性能保持方面均优于TiZrCrSn(200次)[12]和TiNbTaZr(240次)[10]合金。
本工作对3.0Mo合金在室温以上的超弹性与弹热效应进行了表征。测试过程中,温度以10 K为步长阶梯式递增,直至试样在卸载后产生不可逆的塑性变形。图5(a)给出了在300~370 K温度区间内获得的超弹性应力-应变曲线,其中在370 K下观察到微小的残余应变。由图5(a)可见,σcr随温度升高而逐渐增加,其变化趋势在图5(b)中进行了汇总。线性拟合结果表明,σcr对温度的敏感性(dσcr/dT)为1.92 MPa·K-1,高于TiZrCrSn合金的1.81 MPa·K-1[12]和TiZrNbAl合金的1.77 MPa·K-1[13]。由线性外推可知,在约150 K时,3.0Mo的σcr为0 MPa,因而理论上可获得高达220 K的工作温度窗口,这为其在宽温域固态制冷提供了保障。图5(c)展示了3.0Mo在300~370 K温度区间内以4%应变进行绝热卸载时的温度变化。所有测试均重复3次,以确保该温度区间内弹热效应测量结果的准确性和可重复性。可以发现,ΔTad呈现出非单调变化趋势,随着测试温度的升高先增加后减小,在350 K达到最大值-8.0 K(相应的温度-时间变化曲线见图5(d))。值得关注的是,在70 K的宽温域跨度内,ΔTad始终稳定在(7.5±0.5) K区间,相对波动小于10%。相比之下,传统的NiTi[25]和NiMnTi[26]合金在相同温域内ΔTad的相对波动均大于50%。这种优异的ΔTad温度稳定性使3.0Mo合金在极端环境下展现出独特的应用价值。
基于所测得的温度依赖性超弹性应力-应变曲线,可利用克劳修斯-克拉佩龙关系式[25]估算不同温度下的等温转变熵变(ΔSσ )和理论绝热温度变化(ΔTcal),这两者决定了合金弹热效应的理论上限,见式(1):
ΔSσ=1ρdσcrdTΔεtr
式中:ρ为质量密度;Δεtr为转变应变。随后,ΔTcal可通过式(2)估算:
ΔTcal=T·ΔSσcp
式中:cp为比热容。对于3.0Mo合金,其dσcr/dT为1.92 MPa·K-1,ρ为5.3 g·cm-3。基于TiZr基形状记忆合金的比热容cp 通常在400~450 J·kg-1·K-1之间[8],可计算出该合金在300 K和350 K时的理论绝热温变ΔTcal分别约为7.2 K和8.5 K,与实际测量值较为接近,表明理论估算具有较好的参考价值。
(1)在Ti79-x Zr18Mo x Sn3(原子分数/%)合金中,随着Mo含量由2.5增加至3.5,合金从α″和β双相转变为β单相,超弹性响应由部分可逆转变为完全可逆。
(2)3.0Mo合金在室温下呈现双态晶型特征,由强〈001〉A织构的柱状晶区和弱织构的近等轴晶区组成,符合金属合金的典型凝固组织特征。
(3)3.0Mo合金展现良好的弹热性能均衡性:低临界应力(211 MPa)、窄应力滞后(100 MPa)、高超弹性应变(4.5%)、大绝热温变(ΔTad=-7.0 K),以及良好的循环稳定性(103次循环后温变保持率>90%)。
(4)3.0Mo合金的理论工作温度窗口可达220 K,且在300~370 K范围内,ΔTad稳定在7.5 K左右,展现出优异的宽温域ΔTad稳定性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52471003)
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2026年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000314
  • 接收时间:2025-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-30
  • 录用日期:2025-07-10
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国家自然科学基金项目(52471003)
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    东北大学 材料科学与工程学院 材料各向异性与织构教育部重点实验室,沈阳 110819

通讯作者:

闫海乐(1988—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事相变功能材料的第一性原理计算与实验研究,联系地址:辽宁省沈阳市和平区文化路3号巷11号东北大学知行楼516(110819),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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