Article(id=1322282160128643601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000745, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000745, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730649600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737648000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-24, onlineDate=1793186233789, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186233789, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186233789, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186233789, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281938308677669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='347', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186180903, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186267843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322282160296415762, articleId=1322282160128643601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in elastocaloric refrigeration of NiTi-based shape memory alloys, columnId=1322282006344483370, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=HIGH-PERFORMANCE SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Elastocaloric refrigeration technology based on shape memory alloys offers high efficiency, energy saving, and environmental protection, making it an ideal alternative to the traditional vapor compression refrigeration technology. Among materials exhibiting the elastocaloric effect, NiTi-based shape memory alloys have become the most promising elastocaloric materials for both scientific research and engineering application, due to their excellent mechanical properties and elastocaloric performance. However, the challenges, such as large stress hysteresis, relatively high transformation stress, and limited cycling stability, hinder largely their commercial applications. This review discusses first the thermodynamic fundamentals and characterization methods of elastocaloric effect, followed by a summary of the recent advancements on enhancing the elastocaloric performance of NiTi alloys through mechanical processing, heat treatment, elemental doping, additive manufacturing, and strain glass, as well as the development of the elastocaloric refrigeration devices and prototypes based on NiTi alloys. Finally, this review discusses the research perspectives, such as the improvement of the material fatigue life, cycling stability and elastocaloric effect by doping elements, microstructure modulation, introduction of strain glass transition, and crystallographic compatibility adjustment; developing new NiTi-based or other alloys with small driving force and large elastocaloric effect; designing and optimizing the material structure to improve the heat transfer efficiency; designing new type of elastocaloric refrigeration devices with high cooling efficiency, long fatigue life, high adaptability of working conditions to broaden their application range.

, authors=Weimei CHEN1, 2, Hao JIANG1, 2, Ze PU3, Xiebin WANG1, 2, authorsList=Weimei CHEN, Hao JIANG, Ze PU, Xiebin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiebin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322282163588944422, articleId=1322282160128643601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=NiTi基形状记忆合金弹热制冷研究进展, columnId=1322282006491284012, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=高性能形状记忆材料专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于形状记忆合金的弹热制冷技术具有高效、节能、环保等显著优势,被认为是传统蒸气压缩制冷技术的理想替代方案。在所有弹热材料中,NiTi基形状记忆合金因其优异的力学性能和弹热效应,成为最具研究价值和应用潜力的弹热材料。然而,NiTi基合金仍面临一些挑战,例如应力滞后较大、相变应力较高以及循环稳定性较差等,阻碍了其应用。本文综述了NiTi基合金的弹热效应机理及表征方法,总结了通过热机械处理、合金元素添加、增材制造、应变玻璃等方法提高NiTi基合金弹热效应的研究,同时,还介绍了基于NiTi合金的弹热制冷装置或原型机。最后,本文展望了未来的研究方向:通过掺杂元素、微观结构调控、引入应变玻璃转变和晶体学相容性调节,进一步研究提高材料疲劳寿命、循环稳定性以及弹热效应;开发新型驱动力小且弹热效应大的NiTi基合金或其他合金;通过结构优化设计,提高换热效率;设计新型高制冷效率、高疲劳寿命以及高工作场景适应性的弹热制冷装置,拓宽其应用范围。

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王协彬(1984—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为激光增材制造NiTi形状记忆合金,联系地址:山东省济南市历下区经十路17923号山东大学千佛山校区材料科学与工程学院(250061),E-mail:
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(a)冷轧和低温退火处理制备高密度位错纳米晶[45];(b)激光表面退火处理制备组织梯度结构[48-49]

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NiTi基形状记忆合金弹热制冷研究进展
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陈薇玫 1, 2 , 姜浩 1, 2 , 蒲泽 3 , 王协彬 1, 2
材料工程 | 高性能形状记忆材料专栏 2026,54(7): 1-18
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材料工程 |高性能形状记忆材料专栏 2026 , 54 (7) : 1 -18
NiTi基形状记忆合金弹热制冷研究进展
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陈薇玫1, 2, 姜浩1, 2, 蒲泽3, 王协彬1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.山东大学 金属成形高端装备与先进技术全国重点实验室,济南 250061
  • 2.山东大学 材料液固结构演变与加工教育部重点实验室,济南 250061
  • 3.香港理工大学 工业及系统工程学系,香港 999077
通讯作者:
王协彬(1984—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为激光增材制造NiTi形状记忆合金,联系地址:山东省济南市历下区经十路17923号山东大学千佛山校区材料科学与工程学院(250061),E-mail:
Research progress in elastocaloric refrigeration of NiTi-based shape memory alloys
Weimei CHEN1, 2, Hao JIANG1, 2, Ze PU3, Xiebin WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State key Laboratory of Advanced Equipment and Technology for Metal Forming,Shandong University,Jinan 250061,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education),Shandong University,Jinan 250061,China
  • 3.Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hong Kong 999077,China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000745
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基于形状记忆合金的弹热制冷技术具有高效、节能、环保等显著优势,被认为是传统蒸气压缩制冷技术的理想替代方案。在所有弹热材料中,NiTi基形状记忆合金因其优异的力学性能和弹热效应,成为最具研究价值和应用潜力的弹热材料。然而,NiTi基合金仍面临一些挑战,例如应力滞后较大、相变应力较高以及循环稳定性较差等,阻碍了其应用。本文综述了NiTi基合金的弹热效应机理及表征方法,总结了通过热机械处理、合金元素添加、增材制造、应变玻璃等方法提高NiTi基合金弹热效应的研究,同时,还介绍了基于NiTi合金的弹热制冷装置或原型机。最后,本文展望了未来的研究方向:通过掺杂元素、微观结构调控、引入应变玻璃转变和晶体学相容性调节,进一步研究提高材料疲劳寿命、循环稳定性以及弹热效应;开发新型驱动力小且弹热效应大的NiTi基合金或其他合金;通过结构优化设计,提高换热效率;设计新型高制冷效率、高疲劳寿命以及高工作场景适应性的弹热制冷装置,拓宽其应用范围。

形状记忆合金  /  NiTi合金  /  弹热效应  /  马氏体转变  /  固态制冷

Elastocaloric refrigeration technology based on shape memory alloys offers high efficiency, energy saving, and environmental protection, making it an ideal alternative to the traditional vapor compression refrigeration technology. Among materials exhibiting the elastocaloric effect, NiTi-based shape memory alloys have become the most promising elastocaloric materials for both scientific research and engineering application, due to their excellent mechanical properties and elastocaloric performance. However, the challenges, such as large stress hysteresis, relatively high transformation stress, and limited cycling stability, hinder largely their commercial applications. This review discusses first the thermodynamic fundamentals and characterization methods of elastocaloric effect, followed by a summary of the recent advancements on enhancing the elastocaloric performance of NiTi alloys through mechanical processing, heat treatment, elemental doping, additive manufacturing, and strain glass, as well as the development of the elastocaloric refrigeration devices and prototypes based on NiTi alloys. Finally, this review discusses the research perspectives, such as the improvement of the material fatigue life, cycling stability and elastocaloric effect by doping elements, microstructure modulation, introduction of strain glass transition, and crystallographic compatibility adjustment; developing new NiTi-based or other alloys with small driving force and large elastocaloric effect; designing and optimizing the material structure to improve the heat transfer efficiency; designing new type of elastocaloric refrigeration devices with high cooling efficiency, long fatigue life, high adaptability of working conditions to broaden their application range.

shape memory alloy  /  NiTi alloy  /  elastocaloric effect  /  martensite transformation  /  solid-state refrigeration
陈薇玫, 姜浩, 蒲泽, 王协彬. NiTi基形状记忆合金弹热制冷研究进展. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (7) : 1 -18 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000745
Weimei CHEN, Hao JIANG, Ze PU, Xiebin WANG. Research progress in elastocaloric refrigeration of NiTi-based shape memory alloys[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (7) : 1 -18 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000745
制冷技术作为现代社会的重要基础,广泛应用于航空航天、食品保存、生物医药、居住和工业空间的空调以及冷链物流等领域[1]。尽管目前主流的传统蒸气压缩制冷技术已相对成熟,但其能耗高、噪声大以及造成臭氧空洞和温室效应等缺点日益呈现。调查显示,全球制冷相关的耗电量占总耗电量的20%,且这一比例仍在持续上升,这对环境和能源带来了严峻挑战。因此,亟须开发环境友好且节能环保的制冷技术,以替代难以可持续发展的传统蒸气压缩制冷技术。
固态制冷技术以其绿色、高效、环保的特点,为应对能源危机和环境问题提供了新的解决思路。该技术通过对固体材料施加或改变外场源(磁场、电场及应力场),引起材料熵的变化,从而产生巨大的热效应[2]。根据外场源的不同,固体材料的热效应可分为磁热效应、电热效应和机械热效应,其中机械热效应又可细分为压热效应和弹热效应。尽管磁热效应在低温制冷领域显示出巨大潜力,但其应用受限于高昂的设备成本和复杂的磁场产生机制[3]。电热制冷技术则因材料加工限制和较低的制冷效率而受到制约[4]。压热效应虽然可行,但由于加载和热交换的复杂性,难以在实际应用中普及[5]。
与上述固态制冷技术相比,基于形状记忆合金的弹热效应(elastocaloric effect,eCE)因其制冷效率高、驱动方式简便、成本低廉等优势,被认为是最具替代潜力的制冷技术之一[6]。目前,弹热制冷技术的研究主要集中在Cu基、Fe基、NiTi基和铁磁形状记忆合金。Cu基合金的特点是宽温域、成本低、热传导性能好,但其脆性较大,在循环加载情况下的疲劳性能欠佳,限制了其在对长期稳定性有要求的弹热制冷领域的应用[7-10]。Fe基合金驱动力小、应力滞后小,但制冷能力相对较差[11-13]。铁磁形状记忆合金具有较大的潜热和弹热制冷能力,但合金脆性较大,限制了其在制冷材料领域的应用[14-17]。相比之下,NiTi基形状记忆合金具备优良的力学性能、较大的相变潜热及良好的超弹性[18],因而成为目前应用前景最广、研究最为深入的弹热制冷材料[19,20]。然而,NiTi基合金的弹热应用仍存在一些挑战,如提升疲劳性能、减小相变滞后、提升制冷效率等。因此,研究者们通过各种方法来提高NiTi基合金的功能疲劳寿命和弹热效应,增强其在弹热制冷应用中的可行性和可靠性。
本文综述了NiTi基合金弹热效应的研究进展,总结了通过热机械处理、合金元素添加、增材制造、应变玻璃等方法提高NiTi合金的疲劳性能和弹热效应的工作。同时,介绍了基于NiTi基合金弹热效应的制冷装置或原型机开发,讨论了NiTi基合金弹热效应的未来发展和应用方向。
1805年,英国科学家Gough在天然橡胶中首次发现了弹热效应[21]。50多年后,Thomson对该现象进行了热力学解释[22],后续焦耳的实验进一步验证了这一现象[23],因此该效应也被称为高夫-焦耳效应。然而,由于弹热效应在常见材料中的表现并不显著,加之应用场景的限制,这一领域的研究在随后的一百多年里并未受到较大关注。直到20世纪90年代,研究人员[24-25]在研究NiTi合金应力诱导马氏体相变时,才重新关注其伴随的热量变化。进入21世纪后,研究者[26]开始深入探究NiTi合金弹热效应的物理机制,以及成分、显微组织对弹热效应的影响。随后,研究者[27-28]通过合金元素添加、热机械处理等手段来优化NiTi合金的弹热效应,还设计开发了基于NiTi合金弹热制冷的装置或原型机,探究其在实际制冷系统中的应用潜力。形状记忆合金在经历循环加载/卸载时,发生应力诱导马氏体转变和逆转变,宏观上表现出应变的产生与回复以及相变潜热的释放和吸收,研究者分别将应变的可逆变化和伴随的热效应称为超弹性和弹热效应。尽管超弹性与弹热效应的表现形式有所区别,但它们的本质是相同的,均源于材料内部的相变过程。因此,当提高二者中的任意一个性能时,另一个性能也会相应地得到提升。图1[29]为NiTi基形状记忆合金Brayton循环中的弹热制冷原理图,分为四个步骤:
(1)状态1→状态2,将处于奥氏体状态的NiTi合金快速施加应力并达到合金临界相变应力后,发生绝热应力诱导马氏体转变,熵增加的同时会释放相变潜热,使得合金温度由环境温度T升高至T+ΔTad。其中,ΔTad表示材料在绝热条件下的温度变化。
(2)状态2→状态3,在恒定应力作用下,合金维持状态并向环境释放热量Qout,直至恢复环境温度T。
(3)状态3→状态4,快速卸载应力,马氏体逆转变为奥氏体,合金熵减小的同时会吸收相变潜热,导致合金温度由环境温度T降低至T-ΔTad。
(4)状态4→状态1,在无应力状态下,低于环境温度的NiTi合金从外界吸收热量Qin,使其自身温度回升至T,从而实现制冷效果。
值得注意的是,在实际应用的制冷设备中,弹热材料也可以经历其他热力学循环,如Ericsson循环、Stirling循环或二者的混合[30-31]。这些循环各有特点,为弹热制冷技术提供了多样化的设计和应用途径。
弹热效应的量化通常依据两个关键参数:等温熵变(ΔSiso)和绝热温变(ΔTad)。ΔSiso可以采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测量并计算获得。ΔTad则往往通过附着在试样表面的热电偶进行测量。然而,由于大部分弹热材料在相变过程中温度分布不均匀,单一热电偶的测量无法全面反映整个样品的温度场。因此,需要部署多个热电偶进行测量,但也增加了实验的复杂性,并且实验结果误差较大。此外,与试样接触的热电偶会干扰材料的热边界条件,影响实验结果的准确性。研究者通常采用非接触式的红外热成像进行测量,操作简单、精度高,可以实时记录材料的全场温度变化,结果更加准确。
材料的ΔSiso根据式(1),(2)计算得到[32]:
ΔSiso≈ΔHT0
T0=Ms+Af2
式中:ΔH为相变焓,单位为J·mol-1,可由DSC测得;T0为相变的平衡温度,K;Ms为马氏体相变开始温度,K;Af为奥氏体相变结束温度,K。然而,在实际应用中,更多地采用间接测量方法来评估形状记忆合金的热特性。形状记忆合金中应力诱导一阶段马氏体相变的ΔSiso可通过Clausius-Clapeyron方程(式(3))或Maxwell方程(式(4))近似表示[33-34]:
ΔSiso(0→σ)=-ΔεT·dσTdT
ΔSiso(0→σ)=∫0σ∂ε∂Tσdσ
式中:∂ε∂Tσdσ为材料的应变量;ε为材料的应变;σ为材料受到的单轴应力,MPa;T为实验过程的环境温度,K;dσ/dT为相变临界应力与实验温度的关系。
Cazorla[35]推导了弹热材料的ΔTad和ΔSiso之间的关系:
ΔTad≈-ΔSiso·Tcp
式中:cp 为材料比热容,J·kg-1·K-1。式(5)表明等温熵减小会导致温度升高,等温熵增加会导致温度降低,符合材料在加载卸载过程中的温度变化。需要注意的是,由于相变滞后造成的能量消耗和热交换,实验测得的ΔTad与理论值存在差异。
材料性能系数(coefficient of performance of material,COPmat)是评估弹热材料制冷性能的另一关键指标,可用式(6)~(8)[36]计算得到:
COPmat=QinΔW
Qin=ρ·cp·ΔTad
ΔW=∮σdε
式中:Qin为材料循环过程从环境中吸收的热量,J;ρ为材料密度,kg·m-3;ΔW为应力-应变曲线围成的面积,表示材料循环中所输入的功,即在单轴应力作用下的能量损耗,J。由此可见,COPmat值越大,说明材料的制冷效率越高。值得注意的是,COPmat值仅考虑了材料本身的性质,如需计算整个系统的制冷性能系数,还要考虑导热介质和工作频率等其他因素。
通常来说,可以依据以下标准来评估弹热材料的潜能[37]:(1)大的绝热温变ΔTad或等温熵变ΔSiso;(2)低的能量损耗ΔW(即较小的应力滞后);(3)高的材料性能系数COPmat;(4)优异的抗疲劳性能;(5)较大的工作温度区间;(6)均匀的温度分布;(7)较小的驱动力。从应用角度来看,所有制冷指标都是重要的。然而,各指标之间往往存在较大的冲突,提高绝热温变或等温熵变的同时会导致能量损耗增大、工作温度范围缩小和疲劳性能变差等问题[38-40]。反之,过分降低能量损耗可能会牺牲材料的热效应。因此,单一指标的优化可能会对其他性能指标产生不利影响,这就要求在材料设计和应用过程中,必须综合考虑这些指标,寻求它们之间的最佳平衡点。下面将详细介绍通过热机械处理、合金元素添加、增材制造和应变玻璃等方法提高NiTi合金的疲劳性能、弹热效应等各项性能指标。
疲劳性能是限制NiTi合金弹热制冷技术应用的关键因素,即在工作过程中不能发生疲劳断裂(机械疲劳)和功能特性的衰减(功能疲劳)。NiTi合金弹热效应(超弹性)的衰减主要源于母相奥氏体和马氏体之间的晶格不匹配,导致塑性变形和残余马氏体的产生。细晶强化和析出强化可以提高NiTi合金基体强度,抑制相变过程中的塑性变形,从而提升循环稳定性。因此,研究者通常采用剧烈塑性变形技术(如冷轧、冷拉拔、挤压等)以及退火、时效等热机械处理工艺以调节晶粒尺寸、引入大量位错或第二相。
经剧烈塑性变形后的NiTi合金会形成特定的织构,导致合金的力学性能和弹热效应会表现出明显的各向异性,即随着加载方向与轧制方向之间夹角的增大,NiTi合金的相变应变和绝热温变逐渐减小[41-42]。尽管冷轧后合金晶粒尺寸减小,基体强度得到提升,但该过程引入的高密度位错和非晶组织也会抑制马氏体转变[32],从而影响合金的弹热效应。具体而言,随着晶粒尺寸的减小,导致残余马氏体、晶界和非晶相的比例增加,一方面可以阻碍位错的运动,有效抑制塑性变形的发生,从而提高NiTi合金的循环稳定性;另一方面也会抑制马氏体转变,从而降低弹热效应[43]。例如,Chen等[44]采用冷轧制备了含有大量位错的纳米晶NiTi基合金,在1 GPa的拉应力作用下,实现了3.4%的可回复应变,COPmat值为13,但ΔTad仅为-5 ℃。因此,需要通过热处理进一步优化NiTi合金的组织、相变行为和弹热效应。
冷变形结合低温短时退火处理,能够在获得纳米晶的同时保有高密度位错,可有效提升NiTi合金的强度和功能稳定性。Lin等[45]通过冷轧(厚度减小38%)和退火处理(310 ℃,2 min),制备了平均晶粒尺寸为31 nm且具有高密度位错的纳米晶NiTi合金,细晶强化和位错强化结合显著提升了合金强度(屈服强度为2.09 GPa),并保持了良好的功能稳定性(超106次循环)和弹热效应(ΔTad为-17.3 ℃),如图2(a)所示。研究表明,晶粒尺寸对NiTi合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为[46]和弹热效应[47]有显著影响。较大晶粒尺寸的NiTi合金通常具有更强的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力和更高的绝热温降。然而,粗晶也会导致应力滞后增加,进而导致材料性能系数降低。为解决这一问题,研究者对NiTi合金冷轧板进行表面激光退火处理,沿拉伸试样宽度[31]和厚度方向[48-49]形成组织梯度结构,如图2(b)所示。随着晶粒尺寸减小,应力诱发马氏体相变的力学特征由具有平台的不均匀变形逐渐转变为准线性的均匀变形。与冷轧制备的均匀显微组织相比,组织梯度结构不仅具有较小的应力滞后和更均匀的相变特性,还表现出良好的循环稳定性和更大的绝热温变。
此外,第二相的引入和调控在NiTi合金的弹热效应中扮演着重要角色。通过不同的热处理工艺,可以调控NiTi合金中的第二相类型、分布以及体积分数以调节NiTi合金的相变温度,从而优化工作温度区间[50]。此外,第二相的引入能够提高NiTi合金基体强度,抑制马氏体相变过程中的塑性变形,减小相变滞后,进而改善循环稳定性和超弹性[51-52]。例如,Chen等[53]将热轧态的NiTi合金经时效处理后再进行冷轧,制备了含有Ni4Ti3析出相的纳米晶,同时利用析出强化和细晶强化获得了优异的弹热效应,经过100次循环后ΔTad稳定在-23.5 ℃。第二相Ni4Ti3的析出还可以引入具有较小相变滞后R相,其具有极高的功能稳定性[54-55]。虽然B2↔R相变的等温熵变(ΔSiso≈18 J·kg-1·K-1)仅为B2↔B19′相变(ΔSiso≈65 J·kg-1·K-1)的1/3,但B2↔R相变滞后远小于B2↔B19′相变[56]。
引入第三、四合金元素能够有效调控NiTi合金的相变行为与功能特性,进而提高循环稳定性和弹热效应。在二元NiTi合金中添加适量的Fe元素后可呈现出B2↔R↔B19′两阶段相变,尽管该相变过程的绝热温降低于B2↔B19′相变,但应力滞后显著减小,且在更宽的温度范围内表现出良好的弹热效应,如图3(a)所示[57]。此外,B2→R相变也具有独特的优势,仅0.4%的相变应变,ΔTad可达-5.8 ℃,同时还具备良好的疲劳性能[58]。
Cu作为NiTi合金中常用的添加元素,能够有效减小相变滞后,尤其是通过引入B19相可显著提升循环稳定性。与二元NiTi合金相比,NiTiCu合金在循环加载/卸载过程中的残余应变极小,超弹性和弹热效应几乎不衰减[59-60],如图3(b)所示。这主要归因于引入的中间相B19与B2相之间良好的晶格匹配度,减小了相变过程中的塑性变形和残余马氏体,从而提高了循环稳定性和疲劳性能。然而,B2→B19相变的弹热效应较差,远低于B2→B19′相变所获得20~30 ℃的制冷能力。研究表明,当Cu元素掺杂量超过7.5%(原子分数,下同)时,出现B19相变,且随Cu含量增加,B2与B19相之间的晶格相容性逐步改善[50]。但过量添加Cu元素会显著降低NiTi合金的加工性能,并且相变温度也会上升至远高于室温[61-62]。因此,许多研究者通过添加第四种合金元素(例如Al、Co、V)调节NiTiCu合金的相变温度以及提高弹热效应[63-65]。
Al元素的添加可在不改变B2→B19→B19′两阶段相变的前提下,极大改善NiTiCu合金的加工性能,还可以降低马氏体转变温度[66]。Chen等[32]对冷轧态Ti-44Ni-5Cu-1Al合金进行时效处理后,应力滞后为90 MPa,在经5000次循环后ΔTad仍稳定在-25 ℃,性能优于二元NiTi合金,如图3(c)所示。同样,Co和Fe元素的添加也能降低NiTiCu合金的相变温度,提升其循环稳定性,且能够维持较高的相变潜热,使NiTiCu合金在室温下具有良好的弹热效应,如图3(d),(e)所示[68-69]。Bumke等[70]通过多层溅射沉积的方法制备了Ti52.8Ni22.2Cu22.5Co2.5合金,并在650 ℃退火15 min后析出了Ti2Cu相,经2×107次循环后仍能保持良好的超弹性,室温下测得ΔTad为-11.2 ℃,COPmat为11.2。这得益于薄膜的细晶组织(≈ 300 nm)和弥散分布的Ti2Cu析出相,有效阻碍了位错的运动,从而减小了相变滞后并提高了循环稳定性。
V元素的添加也可以提高NiTi合金的弹热效应和疲劳性能[71]。由于V和Ti之间的混合焓为正,V的添加能够加速Cu原子的聚集和富Ti相的析出,通过短时时效即可实现显著的析出强化效果[72]。这种强化作用不仅提升了合金的力学性能,还改善了其循环稳定性和弹热效应。
综上所述,通过合理添加第三、四合金元素,可以有效调控NiTi合金的相变行为、相变温度、相变滞后以及循环稳定性,进而优化其弹热效应和力学性能。Cu元素的引入能够减小相变滞后并提升循环稳定性,而Al、Fe、Co和V等元素的添加则在降低相变温度的同时改善疲劳寿命,使NiTi合金在室温下具备优异的超弹性和弹热效应。这些调控策略为满足特定应用需求提供了重要的设计思路和理论指导,进一步拓展了NiTi合金在功能材料领域的应用潜力。
通过逐层堆积材料,增材制造技术可以制备具有复杂形状的构件[73-75]。在弹热制冷领域,引入具有大比表面积和多孔特性的材料,可增加换热面积和减小应力诱导相变所需的驱动力,从而提高制冷效率,这为弹热制冷技术的发展提供了新方向。点阵结构是通过节点连接支柱构成的轻量化结构,其设计自由度较高,通常表现出较低的相对密度和较好的力学性能[76-77]。相比于块体,点阵结构的NiTi合金在较小的驱动力下可实现较大的弹热效应,制冷性能更优,如图4(a)所示[78]。这归因于点阵结构的较大表面积有利于传热,以及内部空腔可循环更多传热介质。三重周期性极小曲面(triply periodic minimal surface,TPMS)结构是具有三重周期性、连续且无边界的几何形状,主要包括Primitive型、Gyroid型和Diamond型三种类型,其应力分布和弹热效应如图4(b)所示[79]。该结构的优势在于高度的对称性和均匀性,在各个方向上的性能均能保持一致,能够提供优异的力学性能和传热性能,对于要求均匀应力分布和热传导的弹热制冷应用尤其适用[80]。仿生结构的设计通常基于自然界中的优化机制,如植物的叶脉结构、骨骼的蜂窝结构等,仿生结构能够在保持轻量化的同时,提升其强度和传热性能。例如,Peng等[81]提出并采用激光粉末床熔融技术制备了一种具有手性特征和梯度结构的NiTi弹热仿生构件,该构件在149.11 N的驱动力下实现-2.3 ℃的ΔTad,如图4(c)所示。然而,目前多孔NiTi合金结构存在变形不均匀等问题,限制了其在弹热制冷方面的应用。如何设计能够均匀变形的多孔结构是未来开发高性能NiTi弹热制冷构件的重点方向。
此外,由于在制造过程中的快速熔化/凝固和复杂的热历史,增材制造合金通常表现出一些独特的显微组织[82-85],为调控NiTi合金的功能特性提供了新的手段。通过改变工艺参数(激光功率、扫描速度)调控熔池形状,可以优化NiTi合金的Ni含量和晶粒尺寸,以提高弹热效应[86]。具体而言,适当提高Ni含量有助于减小相变滞后,而较小晶粒尺寸则可改善相变均匀性和可逆性,使合金在多次加载/卸载过程中保持较高的弹热效应。此外,NiTi合金沿平行和垂直于打印方向的弹热效应和循环稳定性有所差异,平行于打印方向加载的试样具有更大的残余应变,在循环加载/卸载过程中弹热效应明显发生衰减,而垂直于打印方向加载的弹热效应几乎未衰减[87]。
利用增材制造制备复合材料是优化NiTi合金性能的一种有效途径[88]。通过原位冶金和调节粉末比例,可以在NiTi基体中引入不同的相和纳米结构,从而调控合金的微观组织和性能。这些复合材料结合了NiTi基体的可逆相变特性与强化相(如Ti2Ni、Ni3Ti、Ti2Cu等)机械变形之间的应力传递机制,使得合金展现出优异的超弹性和弹热效应。例如,通过调节Ni和Ti粉末的比例,制备的Ni51.5Ti48.5/Ni3Ti纳米复合结构表现出较窄的应力滞后和线性超弹性,经过106次循环后其弹热效应稳定,如图5(a)所示[89];采用粉末床熔融制备的NiTiCuCo合金,因快速熔化/凝固形成的复杂树枝状Ti2Ni-NiTi结构及Ti2Cu纳米相,有效促进了应力诱导马氏体转变的均匀性,使得该合金在400次循环后仍保持稳定的弹热效应,如图5(b)所示[90]。
热处理是改善增材制造NiTi合金性能的重要手段,通过调控微观组织和相变行为,可以提升其弹热效应和循环稳定性。研究表明,增材制造的NiTi合金经过固溶和时效处理后,析出大量与基体共格的Ni4Ti3二相粒子,能够有效抑制相变过程中的塑性变形,从而提高合金的弹热效应(ΔTad为-23.2 ℃)和循环稳定性[91]。
这些研究表明,通过调控增材制造过程中的参数以及后续的热处理机制可以优化NiTi合金的显微组织和相变行为,从而实现更高效、更稳定的弹热制冷性能。未来的研究将继续探索新的合金设计和制造策略,以进一步提升NiTi合金弹热制冷性能。
NiTi合金中的应变玻璃现象对弹热效应的影响主要体现在其对相变行为、力学性能及热-机械耦合效应的调节作用。应变玻璃是通过引入大量缺陷(如位错、掺杂、析出相等)在马氏体相变材料中形成的,这些高浓度缺陷严重抑制了马氏体相变的长程晶格切变,导致母相仅发生局部晶格切变(即形成纳米马氏体畴),呈现短程有序而长程无序的冻结特性。
应变玻璃状态下的NiTi合金在外部应力的作用下,可以转变为马氏体状态,产生形状记忆效应和超弹性,这一过程涉及晶格畸变和热-机械耦合效应。具体来说,应变玻璃在加载过程中由于缺陷的作用,材料的晶格发生局部变化,局部马氏体转变未能引发大范围的晶格重排,因此表现出较小相变滞后的准线性超弹性,可减小NiTi合金的能量损耗,提高弹热制冷效率;同时可以有效改善循环稳定性,降低弹热效应衰减的可能[92-93]。在热机械处理工艺优化下,NiTi合金可以形成“双晶种应变玻璃”的独特显微组织,实现高强度和超低模量的力学性能,同时展现出较大的超弹性应变、良好的温度稳定性和优异的高应变疲劳抗力[94]。图6(a)[94]为加载/卸载过程中应变玻璃、R相和B19′马氏体相的体积分数变化及应力-应变曲线。对于冷轧NiTi合金,相变行为受变形影响,当变形量较大(≥27%)时可表现出连续的B2→B19′应变玻璃转变(图6(b)[93])。通过元素掺杂制备富Ni的NiTi合金,可以同时引入应变玻璃相变和马氏体相变特性,基于两种相变机制的协同作用,显著增强合金的弹热效应(图6(c)[95])。
调控应变玻璃的形成能够优化NiTi合金的相变行为,在较宽的工作温度范围内表现出较小应力滞后的准线性超弹性、优异的抗疲劳性能和良好的弹热效应,为提升NiTi基合金的弹热性能提供了新的研究思路。
除了前面提到影响NiTi合金疲劳寿命的因素外,加载模式、应变速率和表面质量等也会对疲劳寿命产生影响。研究表明,采用压缩加载模式可以有效减少与裂纹扩展相关的表面产生[96-97],是提高疲劳寿命的有效策略之一。在应变速率方面,研究表明[98-99],在较低应变速率条件下,NiTi合金的疲劳性能通常不受加载速率的影响,而应变速率较高时,会对合金的疲劳寿命产生负面影响。此外,试样的表面质量也是影响NiTi合金疲劳寿命的重要因素。表面越粗糙,越容易产生裂纹,从而导致疲劳寿命降低。通过表面处理如抛光,可以显著改善表面质量,延长疲劳寿命[100]。
弹热制冷装置性能的评估通常依据系统工作温度跨度、制冷功率(cooling power,CP)或比制冷功率(specific cooling power,SCP)以及制冷性能系数(coefficient of performance,COPdev)等参数进行衡量。系统工作温度跨度一般表示流体冷侧出口与热侧出口之间的温差,值越大表明装置的制冷能力越强;而COPdev则综合考虑装置的制冷效率,是指单位功耗所能获得的冷量。弹热制冷装置的SCP表示单位质量的弹热材料在单位时间吸收或释放的能量,计算公式为[101-104]:
SCP=cfm˙fmstperiod∫0tflow(Tc,in-Tc,out(t))dt
式中:cf为流体比热,J·kg-1·K-1;m˙f为流体流动的质量流量,kg·s-1;ms为装置中弹热材料的质量,kg;tperiod为一个循环的时间,s;tflow为流体流动的时间,s;Tc,in和Tc,out分别为装置冷侧入口和出口处的温度,K。
与材料性能系数不同,装置的制冷性能系数需要考虑传热介质、工作频率和泵功等多种因素。弹热制冷装置的COPdev通常根据式(10)~(12)计算得到[103,105]:
COPdev=CPwench+wpump
wmech=fV∮σdε
wpump=m˙fΔpρf
式中:CP为制冷功率,W;wmech为基于应力-应变曲线围成的面积计算得出的机械输入功,W;wpump为装置运行期间泵送流体流动所需的功率,W;f为工作频率,Hz;V为装置中弹热材料的体积,m3;Δp为装置中流体入口和出口之间的压降,Pa;ρf为流体的密度,kg·m-3。值得注意的是,该公式假定完全恢复功耗,不考虑执行器的效率。
迄今为止,弹热装置的开发仍处于起步阶段,世界上仅报道了一些弹热制冷原型机。由于NiTi合金丝材、板材、管材、薄膜以及箔材等不同形式用于弹热制冷时,其应用场合有所差异,弹热装置的设计也存在区别,例如丝材、板材通常用于拉弯或加捻驱动型设计,管材一般用于压缩加载模式制冷器,尺寸较小的薄膜和箔材可用于设计微型制冷器。因此本部分将以弹热材料的不同形式进行分类讨论。
由于丝材和板材自身的结构特征,在实际应用中通常采用拉伸加载模式。2012年,美国马里兰大学[106]设计了首台拉伸驱动NiTi合金丝的弹热制冷原型机,通过两个不平行圆环的同步旋转对NiTi合金进行加载/卸载,以空气作为传热介质,如图7(a)所示。该原型机的缺点是固定NiTi丝的圆环在旋转时受到拉伸的轴向力而产生较大的摩擦,制约了其的应用。因此,研究者将NiTi丝的一端固定在旋转凸轮盘上的凸轮上,另一端固定在旋转盘上,传动轴和同向旋转盘的旋转过程中,凸轮在轨道的梯度作用下发生轴向偏移,导致NiTi合金的长度发生变化,从而在加载和卸载过程中产生相变和温度变化,整个装置以及流体管道的温度分布示意图如图7(b)所示[37]。该装置最大应变为4.7%时,可实现250 W的制冷功率和10 ℃的温度跨度。Snodgrass等[107]将NiTi合金丝夹在线性驱动器和称重传感器之间,以水作为传热流体,研制出三级弹热制冷系统,最大温度跨度可以达到28.3 ℃,其中冷端温度比室温低12.3 ℃,如图7(c)所示。2016年,丹麦技术大学Tušek等[101]报道了世界首台基于主动回热式弹热制冷循环的原型机,采用9个NiTi合金薄板堆叠后焊为一体作为弹热材料,传热流体从板间流动换热。在工作过程中,通过控制蠕动泵的正反转改变水流方向,实现加载过程中流体从左上端流入吸收NiTi合金热量并以温度升高状态从右下端流出;在卸载过程中,流体从左下端流入,被NiTi合金吸收热量后并以温度降低状态从右上端流出,实物图以及工作过程中的温度分布图如图7(d)所示。该装置在运行频率为0.25 Hz的拉伸驱动下,温度跨度和COPdev分别为15.3 ℃和7。随后,为进一步提高制冷性能,Engelbrecht等[102]将10块厚度为0.35 mm的 NiTi合金薄板组装而成作为弹热材料,通过减少系统流体体积和管道长度,在应变为3.5%时实现了19.9 ℃的温度跨度。尽管该原型机表现出较高的制冷能力,但其疲劳寿命较短(5500次循环),限制了其实际应用。
使用管材作为弹热制冷装置的主要构件具有以下优势:(1)管材结构简单、相对易于加工,能够有效承受反复的压缩加载/卸载循环,相比于拉伸变形,压缩变形可以有效抑制裂纹的萌生与扩展,提高疲劳寿命[96];(2)管道内流体的流动能够高效地实现热交换,使得制冷系统具有较好的温度控制和较高的工作效率。因此,基于NiTi合金管材设计的弹热制冷系统受到了越来越多的关注[108]。
Qian等[109]设计了基于单级Brayton循环的弹热制冷装置,采用螺旋千斤顶压缩驱动两个对称布置机床内的NiTi管束,热交换流体在管内流动换热,该装置结构示意图和实物图如图8(a)所示。驱动装置不工作时,两组NiTi合金均处于50%的最大压缩应变状态,当任意一组合金被加载至完全相变时,另一组恰好处于完全卸载状态。该装置可实现65 W的制冷量以及4.7 ℃的温度跨度。此后,在该原型机的基础上进行改进,使用两个单向液压缸驱动4个对称布置的机床,通过电磁阀控制导热流体网实现热传递和热回收,其结构示意图如图8(b)所示[110]。与原设计相比,质量减少了54%,体积减小了74%,制冷能力提高了4倍。
Ahčin等[111]设计了由不锈钢管和杆组成的壳管式结构的弹热制冷器,研究了热效率、努塞尔数、压力降(摩擦因数)以及不同结构参数(管壁厚度、管径以及管间距和通道高度)对制冷性能的影响规律,并建立了相关的经验关联式。该装置可以达到相对较高的工作效率(0.92),并且在传热和压降特性之间能达到良好的平衡。随后,Ahčin等[103]进一步探讨了该装置在实际应用中的制冷性能与相关参数的影响,设计了由插入支撑元件(挡板)的NiTi管组成的一种类壳管式制冷器,其结构示意图以及工作过程中的温度分布图如图8(c)所示。该装置在热泵模式下工作时温度跨度达到了31.3 ℃,以及超过 60 W(相当于4400 W/kg)的加热/冷却功率。
最近,香港科技大学Zhang等[27]研究了压缩式NiTi合金管材制冷装置的制冷能力,通过数值模拟和实验发现提高制冷材料的利用率,比制冷功率由0.65 W/g提高至0.85 W/g,最大温度跨度由3 ℃提升至5 ℃。该装置在工作过程中,蠕动泵持续工作,通过电磁阀调节流体流向,实现在加载阶段流体吸收NiTi管热量并流出时温度升高,卸载阶段流体释放热量并流出时温度降低,该制冷装置以及两个工作阶段的示意图如图8(d)所示。
Zhou等[105]基于Brayton循环的主动回热式原理,设计并组装了由11个级联单元构成的制冷装置,每个单元采用特殊结构设计的螺旋截面管状NiTi合金,增加了换热面积和防止了工作过程中的局部屈曲,如图8(e)所示。该装置可实现50.6 ℃的温度跨度和203 W的冷却功率,且能承受超100万次的压缩循环。为进一步提升制冷性能,扩大装置的超弹性温度窗口,Zhou等[104]将三种不同Af温度(-2.5、28 ℃和48 ℃)的NiTi合金按其与热交换流体温度的匹配,将较低Af温度的合金靠近冷侧流体回路、较高Af温度的合金靠近热侧流体回路。与原设计相比,这种多材料级弹热制冷装置实现了超100 ℃的超弹性温度窗口、温度跨度提升至75 ℃,并在50 ℃温度跨度下表现出高达0.42 W/g的比冷却功率。
上述制冷装置主要采用单级循环或主动回热循环两种技术路线:单级循环效率高、制冷量大,但温度跨度较小;主动回热式循环则能获得大的温度跨度,但效率和制冷量受到限制。为了充分发挥两种技术路径的优势,Qian等[28]采用4组管内流动、轴向加载的弹热工质管束,研发出多模式弹热制冷装置,实现单级循环和主动回热循环两种模式的切换,系统最大温度跨度和制冷功率分别为22.5 ℃和260 W,结构示意图如图8(f)所示。
随着新型微机电系统的应用以及狭小空间内功能的大幅提升,局部产生大量热量,需要将这些热量散发出去。而目前最常见的热电技术性能系数却很难超过2[112],NiTi合金薄膜和箔材等小尺寸制冷材料的开发为解决这一问题提供了新方案。相比于大尺寸材料,NiTi合金薄膜具有更高的比表面积和更快的热响应能力,能够在微小尺度下实现更高效的热交换。此外,由于薄膜材料较低的重量和较高的可集成性,能够更好地适应狭小空间应用,是解决小型系统散热问题的理想选择。
2015年,Schmidt等[113]采用固-固接触式传热和拉伸加载的设计制备了弹热制冷原型机,使用厚度为0.5 mm 的NiTi合金作为弹热材料,60次循环后温度跨度接近5 ℃。固-固接触式传热设计提高了制冷系统的紧凑性,避免了复杂的热交换流体网络,只需两个线性电机控制材料和热源与热汇之间的接触,是微型制冷系统的理想选择。Ossmer等[114]将形状记忆合金电桥(厚度为30 μm的Ni49.1Ti50.5Fe0.4箔材)、铜制热源和热汇组成设计了微型热泵,根据NiTi合金的组数设计了单桥和双桥结构。驱动装置只需对记忆合金电桥进行加载/卸载,而不用驱动热源/热汇交替接触弹热材料,减少了输入功,提高了系统效率。当工作频率为0.66 Hz时,单桥结构中的温度跨度在65次循环后达7 ℃。而对于双桥结构则需通过周围的空气进行热交换,导致更长的热交换时间,降低了传热效率。因此,Ossmer等[112]在双桥系统的基础上进行改进,将热源和热汇的形状分为凸双桥和凹双桥结构,如图9所示。例如在凹双桥结构中,当耦合的电桥向下移动至下部电桥完全加载并与热汇接触,上部电桥恰好放松并与平面热源接触。由于热源是两个电桥的共用热源,每次循环可冷却两次,提高制冷效率。此外,由于电桥的耦合作用,每个电桥在卸载过程中获得的功都会被回收并用于抵消加载电桥所需的功,进一步减少了输入功。系统最大温度跨度在2 min内达到9.4 ℃,相应的设备COPdev分别为4.9(加热)和3.1(冷却)。为补偿记忆合金电桥的对齐误差和塑性变形,Bruederlin等[115]将立体光固化技术制备复杂结构的聚合物支撑采用类似弹簧的布局,便于机械接触过程中获得足够的压缩性。此外,聚合物的换热系数较低,减小了热源与热汇对周围环境的热损耗,制冷系统在运行后的30 s就实现了13 ℃的温度跨度。
通过不同设计和结构的优化,如固-固接触式传热设计和形状记忆合金电桥结构,研究者们不断提升制冷系统的性能,尤其是在提高温度跨度、制冷效率和减小输入功方面取得了显著进展。例如,通过改进的双桥结构和采用聚合物支撑的设计,不仅提升了系统的制冷能力,还增强了循环稳定性。未来,随着材料技术和制造工艺的不断进步,NiTi合金薄膜和箔材有望在更广泛的微型系统中发挥重要作用,推动新一代高效、低能耗制冷技术的发展。
综上所述,基于丝材和板材的拉伸驱动型弹热制冷装置,适用于低频、高效率运行,但疲劳寿命限制其长期应用;基于管材的制冷装置可承受压缩压力,适用于长时间的高频稳定运行,特别是在需要高疲劳寿命和高效换热的场景;而基于薄膜和箔材的制冷装置弹热材料尺寸较小,所需的驱动力较小,适用于微型化和高紧凑性的制冷装置,主要针对局部散热需求,如电子器件和微机电系统等。
近年来,在全球生态环境面临严峻挑战的大背景下,臭氧空洞的持续扩大与温室效应的不断加剧,使得节能环保的固态弹热制冷技术受到广泛关注。NiTi 基合金以其较高的制冷效率、良好的循环稳定性和快速的响应速度,成为弹热制冷材料的首选。目前,关于 NiTi 基合金弹热效应的理论研究已经取得了一定的进展。许多研究人员通过不同的热机械处理、合金元素添加以及增材制造等方法,提高了NiTi 基合金的弹热性能,包括疲劳寿命、循环稳定性、相变滞后、制冷效率等。此外,应变玻璃现象的发现也为优化NiTi合金弹热效应提供了新思路。然而,弹热制冷原型机的开发仍处于初始阶段,未来NiTi基合金的弹热性能以及弹热制冷装置的制冷性能仍有待设计优化,可从以下几点出发探索:
(1)材料创新:通过掺杂元素、显微组织调控、引入应变玻璃相变和晶体学相容性调节进一步研究优化材料疲劳寿命、循环稳定性、相变滞后、制冷效率等性能,加快其在弹热制冷中的广泛应用。此外,开发新型的低驱动力和高制冷性能的NiTi基或其他合金,为弹热制冷技术的广泛应用提供材料支持。
(2)材料结构设计优化:对材料结构设计优化是提高弹热效应和换热效率的重要途径。利用增材制造等先进技术制备复杂结构的NiTi基合金制冷构件,可以有效增大换热面积并减小应力集中,从而提高换热效率和应力分布的均匀性。
(3)装置设计优化:设计新型的高制冷效率、高工作/变形场景适应性、高工作寿命弹热装置。这包括改进NiTi基合金制冷材料的布局、提高热交换效率和优化力学循环。通过设计NiTi基合金构件在装置中的布局,可以提高制冷效率和装置的整体性能。探索不同的循环模式,包括单向和双向形状记忆效应的循环,以及利用不同温度水平的热源进行的多级制冷循环。此外,结合先进的传感器技术和控制系统,实现装置的智能化运行和性能优化。
(4)应用领域拓展:随着人们对环保、节能的要求不断提高,NiTi 基合金弹热制冷技术在众多领域展现出了广阔的应用前景。例如,在家电领域,可用于冰箱、空调等产品的高效制冷,提高能源利用效率;在工业制冷领域,为各种工业过程提供精准的温度控制,降低能源消耗;在新能源领域,可应用于新能源汽车的电池组散热、太阳能发电的电池组冷却等,提高新能源系统的稳定性和可靠性。
总之,NiTi基合金弹热制冷技术作为一种新型的制冷技术,具有广阔的应用前景和发展潜力。未来,随着材料科学、理论研究和系统集成技术的不断进步,NiTi 基合金弹热制冷技术有望在各个领域得到广泛应用,为推动节能、环保事业的发展作出贡献。弹热制冷装置需要集成弹性热材料、驱动器、传热系统以及系统布局等多个关键要素,这也需要材料、物理、工程和数学等多学科领域专业人士的跨学科紧密合作与协同创新,推动NiTi基合金弹热制冷技术的不断发展和完善。
  • 山东省自然科学基金重大基础研究项目(ZR2022ZD08)
  • 山东省泰山学者青年专家经费(tsqn202211002)
  • 济南市“新高校20条”自主培养创新团队项目(202333038)
  • 中央高校优秀青年团队项目(2023QNTD002)
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2026年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000745
  • 接收时间:2024-11-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-04
  • 录用日期:2025-01-24
基金
山东省自然科学基金重大基础研究项目(ZR2022ZD08)
山东省泰山学者青年专家经费(tsqn202211002)
济南市“新高校20条”自主培养创新团队项目(202333038)
中央高校优秀青年团队项目(2023QNTD002)
作者信息
    1.山东大学 金属成形高端装备与先进技术全国重点实验室,济南 250061
    2.山东大学 材料液固结构演变与加工教育部重点实验室,济南 250061
    3.香港理工大学 工业及系统工程学系,香港 999077

通讯作者:

王协彬(1984—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为激光增材制造NiTi形状记忆合金,联系地址:山东省济南市历下区经十路17923号山东大学千佛山校区材料科学与工程学院(250061),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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