Article(id=1322282073910525999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000300, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000300, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747843200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750262400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-19, onlineDate=1793186213232, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186213232, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186213232, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186213232, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281938308677669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='347', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186180903, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186267843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=62, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322282074166378544, articleId=1322282073910525999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Advanced thermal control technology based on solid-state phase transformation of Ti-Ni-based alloys and its application in thermal management of chips, columnId=1322282006344483370, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=HIGH-PERFORMANCE SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the contradiction between the high heat flux density heat dissipation requirement and the confined space of chips in the thin electronic devices, this work proposes a solid-state phase transformation thermal control technology based on the structure transformation of the alloys to meet the efficient heat dissipation requirement of chips in confined space. By comparing the thermal response characteristics of sensible thermal energy storage materials and solid-state phase transformation alloys, the effects of the type, the thickness of thermal energy storage materials and the heating power on the temperature rise behavior of the chip are systematically studied. The experiment results show that the Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys with martensite ↔ austenite structure transformation exhibit significant thermal energy storage advantages benefiting from the synergistic effect of structural sensible heat consumption and latent heat absorption of phase transformation. The thermal energy storage capacity per unit volume of the investigative Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys is 285.4 J·cm-3, which is 3.9 times and 2.8 times that of the 6061 aluminum alloys and H62 copper alloys, respectively. The test results of the chip in the working conditions show that the application of Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys can reduce the heating rate of the chip by up to 82%, and the time when the temperature of the chip reaches critical temperature is extended by up to 96% and 73% respectively compared with the architectural systems of aluminum-6061 alloys and copper-H62 alloys. The parametric analysis results indicate that the measured time (tc) when the temperature of the chip reaches critical temperature using the Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys has a quadratic functional relationship (tc∝h2) with the thickness (h) of the thermal energy storage alloy layers, and shows an exponential attenuation law (tc∝p-1.4) with the heating power (p). The solid-state phase transformation alloys are able to absorb sensible heat through intrinsic specific heat capacity and extend the duration of the slowly rising temperature of the chip through latent heat effect. Both of the two abilities form a dual-mode intelligent thermal control response mechanism of “sensible heat absorption-latent heat buffering” during the heating process. This work confirms that solid-state phase transformation alloys can achieve effective thermal buffering in millimeter-level narrow space, providing a new solution for compact thermal management of miniaturized electronic devices.

, authors=Zeyi LI1, 2, Zhuangweici SUN1, 2, Shuxin LIU3, Xueyi HUO1, 2, Guanqi LI1, 2, Zhengrui LI1, 2, Changshuo ZHANG1, 2, Peipei LI3, Mingye ZHENG3, Kaichao ZHANG2, Chao LYU2, Jun WENG3, Huilong HOU1, 2, authorsList=Zeyi LI, Zhuangweici SUN, Shuxin LIU, Xueyi HUO, Guanqi LI, Zhengrui LI, Changshuo ZHANG, Peipei LI, Mingye ZHENG, Kaichao ZHANG, Chao LYU, Jun WENG, Huilong HOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huilong HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322282077215637567, articleId=1322282073910525999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=基于钛镍基合金固态相变的先进温控技术及其在芯片热管理中的应用, columnId=1322282006491284012, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=高性能形状记忆材料专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对薄型电子器件的芯片高热流密度散热需求与受限空间之间的矛盾,本工作提出基于合金结构转变的固态相变温控技术以满足芯片在受限空间的高效散热需求。通过对比显热式储热材料与固态相变合金的热响应特性,系统研究了储热材料类型、厚度和加热功率对芯片温度的影响规律。实验结果表明,具有马氏体↔奥氏体结构转变的钛镍基固态相变合金,通过结构热容耗散与相变潜热吸收的协同效应展现出显著的储热优势,其体积储热密度可达285.4 J·cm-3,分别是6061铝合金和H62铜合金的3.9倍和2.8倍。芯片工作工况的测试结果表明,应用该合金可使芯片的温升速率降低82%,达到临界温度的时间比采用铝合金和铜合金的架构体系分别延长96%和73%。参数化分析表明:临界温度到达时间(tc)与储热合金层厚度(h)呈二次函数关系(tc∝h2),与加热功率(p)呈指数衰减规律(tc∝p-1.4)。固态相变合金通过本征比热容吸收显热,并通过潜热效应扩展温度缓升的持续时间,在温升过程中共同构成“显热吸收-潜热缓冲”双模式的智能温控响应机制。本工作证实固态相变合金可在毫米级狭小空间内实现有效热缓冲,为微型化电子器件的紧凑型热管理提供了新方案。

, authors=李泽怡1, 2, 孙庄炜慈1, 2, 刘舒昕3, 霍雪艺1, 2, 李冠奇1, 2, 李政睿1, 2, 张昌硕1, 2, 李培培3, 郑明晔3, 张凯超2, 吕超2, 翁俊3, 侯慧龙1, 2, authorsList=李泽怡, 孙庄炜慈, 刘舒昕, 霍雪艺, 李冠奇, 李政睿, 张昌硕, 李培培, 郑明晔, 张凯超, 吕超, 翁俊, 侯慧龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=侯慧龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
侯慧龙(1986—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为高性能形状记忆合金制备、固态相变性能及温控技术,联系地址:浙江省杭州市余杭区瓶窑镇双红桥街166号北京航空航天大学天目山实验室(311115),E-mail:
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Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 2024, 19(1): 24-00014., articleTitle=Temperature-leveling performance comparison of solid-solid phase change materials for thermal management of electronic chips in thin devices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282095762849994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=260, issue=null, pageStart=119310, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=23, authorNames=TREHERN W, HITE N, ORTIZ-AYALA R, journalName=Acta Materialia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TREHERN W, HITE N, ORTIZ-AYALA R, et al. NiTiCu shape memory alloys with ultra-low phase transformation range as solid-state phase change materials[J]. Acta Materialia, 2023, 260: 119310., articleTitle=NiTiCu shape memory alloys with ultra-low phase transformation range as solid-state phase change materials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282095842541771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=312, issue=1/2, pageStart=196, pageEnd=206, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=24, authorNames=REN X, MIURA N, ZHANG J, journalName=Materials Science and Engineering: A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REN X, MIURA N, ZHANG J, et al. A comparative study of elastic constants of Ti-Ni-based alloys prior to martensitic transformation[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2001, 312(1/2): 196-206., articleTitle=A comparative study of elastic constants of Ti-Ni-based alloys prior to martensitic transformation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282095909650636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=47, pageEnd=50, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=25, authorNames=阎德劲, 苏欣, 赖复尧, journalName=新技术新工艺, refType=null, unstructuredReference=阎德劲, 苏欣, 赖复尧. 相变合金温控组件的制备及循环性能研究[J]. 新技术新工艺, 2019(4): 47-50., articleTitle=相变合金温控组件的制备及循环性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282095972565197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=47, pageEnd=50, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=26, authorNames=YAN D J, SU X, LAI F Y, journalName=New Technology & New Process, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN D J, SU X, LAI F Y. Research on preparation and cyclic performance of phase change alloy thermal control module[J]. New Technology & New Process, 2019(4): 47-50., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282096031285454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=145, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=27, authorNames=DECKARD M, SHARAR D J, FISH M, journalName=Journal of Electronic Packaging, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DECKARD M, SHARAR D J, FISH M, et al. Phase change material behavior in finite thickness slabs under a step response heat[J]. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 2023, 145: 011201., articleTitle=Phase change material behavior in finite thickness slabs under a step response heat, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282096110977231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=53, issue=null, pageStart=105140, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=28, authorNames=RIBEZZO A, FALCIANI G, BERGAMASCO L, journalName=Journal of Energy Storage, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RIBEZZO A, FALCIANI G, BERGAMASCO L, et al. An overview on the use of additives and preparation procedure in phase change materials for thermal energy storage with a focus on long term applications[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 53: 105140., articleTitle=An overview on the use of additives and preparation procedure in phase change materials for thermal energy storage with a focus on long term applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282096186474704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=179, issue=null, pageStart=121731, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=29, authorNames=BABA M, NEMOTO K, OTAKI D, journalName=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BABA M, NEMOTO K, OTAKI D, et al. Temperature leveling of electronic chips by solid-solid phase change materials compared to solid-liquid phase change materials[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2021, 179: 121731., articleTitle=Temperature leveling of electronic chips by solid-solid phase change materials compared to solid-liquid phase change materials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282096257777873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=31, issue=17/18, pageStart=3827, pageEnd=3838, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=30, authorNames=HOSSEINIZADEH S F, TAN F L, MOOSANIA S M, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOSSEINIZADEH S F, TAN F L, MOOSANIA S M. Experimental and numerical studies on performance of PCM-based heat sink with different configurations of internal fins[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2011, 31(17/18): 3827-3838., articleTitle=Experimental and numerical studies on performance of PCM-based heat sink with different configurations of internal fins, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322282096345858258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=262, issue=null, pageStart=125279, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=31, authorNames=CHANG S, LIU B, MENG Y, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHANG S, LIU B, MENG Y, et al. Experimental and numerical investigations on heat transfer characteristics of cascaded PCM heat sinks for thermal management of electronics[J]. 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caption=Aluminum-6061, copper-H62, titanium-TC4, magnesium-AZ31B alloys,and the solid-state phase transformation alloy used in the performance test of temperature control, figureFileSmall=tqoOIBv5A7tAskBdD4Adhw==, figureFileBig=xTfRdIy9wJ9SSUH1KNDKZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282087416184990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=图1, caption=温控性能测试所用的6061铝合金、H62铜合金、TC4钛合金、AZ31B镁合金和固态相变合金, figureFileSmall=tqoOIBv5A7tAskBdD4Adhw==, figureFileBig=xTfRdIy9wJ9SSUH1KNDKZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282087684620447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Experimental setup in the performance test of temperature control(a)photograph of the experimental setup;(b)schematic diagram of using Ti-Ni-Cu alloys, figureFileSmall=+max/eUWVOoT43GbSjyBkg==, figureFileBig=ph5Vjz+QPred0/guORr+mQ==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1322282073910525999, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Transient temperature rise curves of the chip using different thermal energy storage materials, figureFileSmall=cgEqueMP01WjTSuTDNtUvA==, figureFileBig=pFynH287A/tEXuYcmBhPSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282088208908454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=图5, caption=使用不同类型储热材料时芯片的瞬态温升曲线(a)2 W;(b)4 W;(c)6 W

(a)2 W;(b)4 W;(c)6 W

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Overview of existing cooling technologies and physical properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cooling typeMaterial/ structure

Density/

(g·cm-3)

Latent heat

Specific heat

capacity/

(J·g-1·K-1)

Thermal conductivity/

(W·m-1·K-1)

Thermal control time

Thermal expansion/

(10-6 K-1)

Mechanical strength/MPaPackaging

Sensible heat of

structural materials

Aluminum alloy

Low

(≈2.7)

No

Medium

(≈0.9)

High

(≈144)

Short time

(seconds to one minute)

High

(≈20)

High

(>200)

No
Copper alloy

High

(≈8.4)

No

Medium

(≈0.4)

High

(≈128)

Medium

(≈15)

High

(>200)

No
Titanium alloy

Medium

(≈4.3)

No

Medium

(≈0.5)

Medium

(≈8)

Low

(<10)

High

(>200)

No
Magnesium alloy

Low

(≈1.8)

No

High

(≈1.1)

High

(≈102)

High

(≈25)

High

(>200)

No

Sensible heat of

structural materials

+latent heat of phase transformation materials

Solid-state phase transformation alloy

(Ti-Ni-based)

Medium

(≈6.4)

Yes

High

(without phase change:≈0.5;

during phase change:≈3.1)

High

(without phase change:≈12;

during phase change:≈72)

Short and medium time

(seconds to ten minutes)

Low

(≈11)

High

(>200)

No

Latent heat of

phase transformation materials

Paraffin

Low

(≈0.9)

Yes

High

(≈2.0)

Low

(<0.5)

Medium time

(five minutes and above)

High

(≈100)

Low

(<200)

Yes
KNO3

Low

≈2.1)

Yes

High

(≈1.4)

Low

(≈0.5)

High

(>100)

Yes

Liquid metal

(Ga-In-Sn)

Medium

(≈6.4)

Yes

Medium

(≈0.4)

Medium

(≈17)

High

(>100)

Yes
Polyhydric alcohols

Low

(≈1.0)

Yes

High

(≈2.0)

Low

(<1)

High

(≈60)

Low

(<200)

Yes
Air cooling

Fan/

air channel

Low

(<1.0)

No

High

(≈1.0)

Low

(<1)

Long time

(run continuously)

High

(≈34)

Yes
Liquid cooling

Coolant/

pipeline

Low

(≈1.0)

No

High

(≈4.2)

Low

(<1)

High

(≈60)

Yes
), ArticleFig(id=1322282090234757292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282073910525999, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

现有冷却技术和物性参数概览

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cooling typeMaterial/ structure

Density/

(g·cm-3)

Latent heat

Specific heat

capacity/

(J·g-1·K-1)

Thermal conductivity/

(W·m-1·K-1)

Thermal control time

Thermal expansion/

(10-6 K-1)

Mechanical strength/MPaPackaging

Sensible heat of

structural materials

Aluminum alloy

Low

(≈2.7)

No

Medium

(≈0.9)

High

(≈144)

Short time

(seconds to one minute)

High

(≈20)

High

(>200)

No
Copper alloy

High

(≈8.4)

No

Medium

(≈0.4)

High

(≈128)

Medium

(≈15)

High

(>200)

No
Titanium alloy

Medium

(≈4.3)

No

Medium

(≈0.5)

Medium

(≈8)

Low

(<10)

High

(>200)

No
Magnesium alloy

Low

(≈1.8)

No

High

(≈1.1)

High

(≈102)

High

(≈25)

High

(>200)

No

Sensible heat of

structural materials

+latent heat of phase transformation materials

Solid-state phase transformation alloy

(Ti-Ni-based)

Medium

(≈6.4)

Yes

High

(without phase change:≈0.5;

during phase change:≈3.1)

High

(without phase change:≈12;

during phase change:≈72)

Short and medium time

(seconds to ten minutes)

Low

(≈11)

High

(>200)

No

Latent heat of

phase transformation materials

Paraffin

Low

(≈0.9)

Yes

High

(≈2.0)

Low

(<0.5)

Medium time

(five minutes and above)

High

(≈100)

Low

(<200)

Yes
KNO3

Low

≈2.1)

Yes

High

(≈1.4)

Low

(≈0.5)

High

(>100)

Yes

Liquid metal

(Ga-In-Sn)

Medium

(≈6.4)

Yes

Medium

(≈0.4)

Medium

(≈17)

High

(>100)

Yes
Polyhydric alcohols

Low

(≈1.0)

Yes

High

(≈2.0)

Low

(<1)

High

(≈60)

Low

(<200)

Yes
Air cooling

Fan/

air channel

Low

(<1.0)

No

High

(≈1.0)

Low

(<1)

Long time

(run continuously)

High

(≈34)

Yes
Liquid cooling

Coolant/

pipeline

Low

(≈1.0)

No

High

(≈4.2)

Low

(<1)

High

(≈60)

Yes
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基于钛镍基合金固态相变的先进温控技术及其在芯片热管理中的应用
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李泽怡 1, 2 , 孙庄炜慈 1, 2 , 刘舒昕 3 , 霍雪艺 1, 2 , 李冠奇 1, 2 , 李政睿 1, 2 , 张昌硕 1, 2 , 李培培 3 , 郑明晔 3 , 张凯超 2 , 吕超 2 , 翁俊 3 , 侯慧龙 1, 2
材料工程 | 高性能形状记忆材料专栏 2026,54(7): 62-70
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材料工程 |高性能形状记忆材料专栏 2026 , 54 (7) : 62 -70
基于钛镍基合金固态相变的先进温控技术及其在芯片热管理中的应用
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李泽怡1, 2, 孙庄炜慈1, 2, 刘舒昕3, 霍雪艺1, 2, 李冠奇1, 2, 李政睿1, 2, 张昌硕1, 2, 李培培3, 郑明晔3, 张凯超2, 吕超2, 翁俊3, 侯慧龙1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京航空航天大学 天目山实验室,杭州 311115
  • 2.北京航空航天大学 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100191
  • 3.北京无线电测量研究所,北京 100854
通讯作者:
侯慧龙(1986—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为高性能形状记忆合金制备、固态相变性能及温控技术,联系地址:浙江省杭州市余杭区瓶窑镇双红桥街166号北京航空航天大学天目山实验室(311115),E-mail:
Advanced thermal control technology based on solid-state phase transformation of Ti-Ni-based alloys and its application in thermal management of chips
Zeyi LI1, 2, Zhuangweici SUN1, 2, Shuxin LIU3, Xueyi HUO1, 2, Guanqi LI1, 2, Zhengrui LI1, 2, Changshuo ZHANG1, 2, Peipei LI3, Mingye ZHENG3, Kaichao ZHANG2, Chao LYU2, Jun WENG3, Huilong HOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Tianmushan Laboratory,Beihang University,Hangzhou 311115,China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China
  • 3.Beijing Institute of Radio Measurement,Beijing 100854,China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000300
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针对薄型电子器件的芯片高热流密度散热需求与受限空间之间的矛盾,本工作提出基于合金结构转变的固态相变温控技术以满足芯片在受限空间的高效散热需求。通过对比显热式储热材料与固态相变合金的热响应特性,系统研究了储热材料类型、厚度和加热功率对芯片温度的影响规律。实验结果表明,具有马氏体↔奥氏体结构转变的钛镍基固态相变合金,通过结构热容耗散与相变潜热吸收的协同效应展现出显著的储热优势,其体积储热密度可达285.4 J·cm-3,分别是6061铝合金和H62铜合金的3.9倍和2.8倍。芯片工作工况的测试结果表明,应用该合金可使芯片的温升速率降低82%,达到临界温度的时间比采用铝合金和铜合金的架构体系分别延长96%和73%。参数化分析表明:临界温度到达时间(tc)与储热合金层厚度(h)呈二次函数关系(tc∝h2),与加热功率(p)呈指数衰减规律(tc∝p-1.4)。固态相变合金通过本征比热容吸收显热,并通过潜热效应扩展温度缓升的持续时间,在温升过程中共同构成“显热吸收-潜热缓冲”双模式的智能温控响应机制。本工作证实固态相变合金可在毫米级狭小空间内实现有效热缓冲,为微型化电子器件的紧凑型热管理提供了新方案。

固态相变  /  Ti-Ni-Cu合金  /  薄型电子器件  /  芯片  /  热管理

Aiming at the contradiction between the high heat flux density heat dissipation requirement and the confined space of chips in the thin electronic devices, this work proposes a solid-state phase transformation thermal control technology based on the structure transformation of the alloys to meet the efficient heat dissipation requirement of chips in confined space. By comparing the thermal response characteristics of sensible thermal energy storage materials and solid-state phase transformation alloys, the effects of the type, the thickness of thermal energy storage materials and the heating power on the temperature rise behavior of the chip are systematically studied. The experiment results show that the Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys with martensite ↔ austenite structure transformation exhibit significant thermal energy storage advantages benefiting from the synergistic effect of structural sensible heat consumption and latent heat absorption of phase transformation. The thermal energy storage capacity per unit volume of the investigative Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys is 285.4 J·cm-3, which is 3.9 times and 2.8 times that of the 6061 aluminum alloys and H62 copper alloys, respectively. The test results of the chip in the working conditions show that the application of Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys can reduce the heating rate of the chip by up to 82%, and the time when the temperature of the chip reaches critical temperature is extended by up to 96% and 73% respectively compared with the architectural systems of aluminum-6061 alloys and copper-H62 alloys. The parametric analysis results indicate that the measured time (tc) when the temperature of the chip reaches critical temperature using the Ti-Ni-based solid-state phase transformation alloys has a quadratic functional relationship (tc∝h2) with the thickness (h) of the thermal energy storage alloy layers, and shows an exponential attenuation law (tc∝p-1.4) with the heating power (p). The solid-state phase transformation alloys are able to absorb sensible heat through intrinsic specific heat capacity and extend the duration of the slowly rising temperature of the chip through latent heat effect. Both of the two abilities form a dual-mode intelligent thermal control response mechanism of “sensible heat absorption-latent heat buffering” during the heating process. This work confirms that solid-state phase transformation alloys can achieve effective thermal buffering in millimeter-level narrow space, providing a new solution for compact thermal management of miniaturized electronic devices.

solid-state phase transformation  /  Ti-Ni-Cu alloys  /  thin electronic device  /  chip  /  thermal management
李泽怡, 孙庄炜慈, 刘舒昕, 霍雪艺, 李冠奇, 李政睿, 张昌硕, 李培培, 郑明晔, 张凯超, 吕超, 翁俊, 侯慧龙. 基于钛镍基合金固态相变的先进温控技术及其在芯片热管理中的应用. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (7) : 62 -70 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000300
Zeyi LI, Zhuangweici SUN, Shuxin LIU, Xueyi HUO, Guanqi LI, Zhengrui LI, Changshuo ZHANG, Peipei LI, Mingye ZHENG, Kaichao ZHANG, Chao LYU, Jun WENG, Huilong HOU. Advanced thermal control technology based on solid-state phase transformation of Ti-Ni-based alloys and its application in thermal management of chips[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (7) : 62 -70 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000300
随着电子信息技术的高速发展,电子产品日趋小型化与智能化,但热流密度的急剧攀升导致器件散热问题愈发严峻。有统计报告指出[1],超过55%的电子器件失效是由温度过高引发的,因此热管理成为电子器件热设计的核心技术。薄型电子器件的芯片具有散热空间受限和短时发热量大的特点。风冷、液冷等主动热管理方案的散热效率受限于空气与冷却液的固有低导热性,且需配置复杂管路与驱动系统,存在能耗高、体积大等瓶颈,难以适配具有严苛空间约束要求的超薄型电子器件[2-3]。显热储热的被动热管理方案(如铝合金、铜合金结构件热容消耗式冷却)虽具备结构紧凑优势,但显热材料因热容量有限,难以应对短时高热流密度工况[4]。
相变潜热储热技术作为一种无源被动冷却方式,通过材料相变过程中的潜热吸收和释放实现高密度能量调控。常用的材料分为固-液相变材料和固-固相变材料[5],材料在相变温区内具有潜热大和近似恒温的特性,可显著提升高功率芯片的热管理效率,同时满足薄型电子器件对空间紧凑性与运行可靠性的严苛要求[6]。然而,现有的相变材料存在明显缺陷:以石蜡、无机盐为代表的固-液相变材料虽具备高潜热特性,但其转变过程中可能会引发泄漏与腐蚀问题,因而往往依赖复杂的封装工艺;同时其本征低导热率(通常<0.5 W·m-1·K-1)导致热响应迟缓,易引发局部过热[7-8]。而高分子聚合物、多元醇等固-固相变材料虽规避了漏液和腐蚀风险,却普遍存在导热率低[9](< 1 W·m-1·K-1)、力学强度不足等瓶颈。同时,传统固-液相变材料与有机固-固相变材料的力学强度普遍低于200 MPa,难以实现兼具结构承载与高效热管理的功能。因此,开发一种兼具高导热性能和优异储热能力的新型固态相变材料,对于解决芯片的热管理难题具有重要的现实意义。
基于晶体结构转变的固态相变合金,因其独特的固-固相变特性和高导热性能受到广泛关注。2019年,Sharar等[10]首次验证了Ni-Ti二元合金作为固态相变材料的可行性,其体积潜热与常规固-液相变材料相当,同时展现出17.6 W·m-1·K-1的高导热率,综合储热性能更优异。该合金兼具热弹性马氏体相变特征(低温马氏体↔高温奥氏体可逆转变)与优异的力学强度,相变过程体积变化率低于0.1%,且通过成分设计(如添加Cu、Hf等第三组元)、热处理工艺等手段,可进一步精准调控相变温度(调控范围达-50~500 ℃)与相变焓值(>20 J·g-1)[11-13]。研究显示,Ni50.28Ti49.36 (原子分数/%,下同)合金的储热量较6061铝合金提升154%,较铝合金灌装正十八醇(固-液相变材料)提升28%,而其功率密度较6061铝合金提升109%,较铝合金灌装正十八醇提升3%[14]。与VO₂等无机相变材料相比,Ni50.14Ti49.86 合金的有效储热能力提高约0.5倍,导热率提升近2倍[15],特别适用于薄型电子器件的芯片瞬态热管理。然而,传统Ni-Ti二元合金存在相变温区过宽(>50 ℃)的缺陷,导致热循环效率降低,难以适配窄温度窗口(< 20 ℃)的场景需求。近期,Trehern等[16]通过成分调控实现Ti-Ni-Cu合金的相变温区缩窄至12~20 ℃。窄的相变温区是薄型电子器件中精密温控材料实现快速响应的关键因素,具有重要的应用价值。需要指出的是,当前固态相变合金在芯片热管理领域的研究仍存在关键科学问题待解决:其一,现有研究多聚焦于材料的本征性能表征,缺乏近工况条件下(如毫米级空间约束、瞬态热冲击等)的系统性实验验证;其二,针对芯片热管理核心参数(如加热功率、储热合金层厚度等)对温控性能的定量化调控机制尚未阐明,制约着固态相变合金的工程化应用进程。
本工作针对上述科学问题开展系统性研究:创新性构建应用Ti-Ni基合金的芯片热管理参数化模型,系统揭示加热功率(2~8 W)与储热层厚度(2~6 mm)对瞬态温升行为的耦合作用机制。对比6061铝合金、H62铜合金等传统显热材料与Ti-Ni基合金的热管理特性,阐明固态相变合金进行热管理时相变潜热与高导热的协同强化机理,实现结构承载与智能热调控功能的一体化集成,可为高性能芯片热管理系统的微型化设计提供理论依据与工程指导。
实验所用固态相变合金的名义成分为Ti50.0Ni50-x Cu x(x= 5,7,7.5,8,10)。采用真空感应熔炼炉进行合金熔炼,在氩气保护气氛下(减少元素在熔炼时的氧化和挥发),熔炼高纯度Ti (99.97%)、Ni (99.99%)、Cu (99.99%)原料制备铸锭,重熔四次以保证成分均匀。铸锭冷却后取出,置于箱式电阻炉中,在约为1000 ℃条件下均匀化处理24 h后水淬。之后,铸锭经850~950 ℃处理并进行热轧,每道次轧下量为0.1~0.5 mm,最终制得厚度为3 mm的板材。为对比分析温控性能,采用商业的6061铝合金、H62铜合金、TC4钛合金和AZ31B镁合金。利用线切割加工出直径为10 mm、厚度为1 mm的试样(图1)。
通过实验测试了Ti-Ni-Cu固态相变合金和6061铝合金、H62铜合金、TC4钛合金、AZ31B镁合金的热物性参数。采用阿基米德法测试合金的密度(YDK03),具体过程为:测试试样在空气中的质量(wa)和利用吊篮浸没在去离子水中后的质量(wl),并根据测试环境温度(23.3 ℃)确定去离子水的密度(ρl),合金材料的密度(ρ)由公式ρ=ρl∙wa/(wa-wl)计算得到,重复测试3次取平均值。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC,TA250)以测试试样的相变温度和相变潜热,扫描温度范围在-50~150 ℃,升降温速率为10 K·min-1,氮气保护。然后针对DSC曲线,采用切线法确定Ti-Ni-Cu合金的相变温度,并通过曲线积分法确定合金的相变潜热。以蓝宝石为标准试样,采用三步法测试试样的比热容(cp)。激光导热仪(LEA467)测试试样的热扩散系数(α),合金试样的导热系数(κ)由公式 κ=ρ∙cp∙ α 计算得到。测得的密度、比热容和导热系数见表1。
本实验采用Ti50.0Ni43.0Cu7.0合金作为代表性固态相变合金,利用自主搭建的多参数温控测试平台进行该合金和显热材料的温控性能对比实验。测试平台(见图2(a))主要由稳压电源、电加热片、储热材料、热电偶、数据记录仪、防风盒、玻璃纤维绝热材料等组成。稳压电源和电加热片模拟芯片热源,采用T型热电偶测试芯片的表面温度,并由数据记录仪采集。防风盒可以减小周围空气对流对实验的影响,同时在防风盒上布置一根热电偶用于监测环境温度。如图2(b)所示,芯片与Ti-Ni-Cu合金、绝热材料之间,以及多个直径10 mm×厚度1 mm的合金圆片试样之间,分别均匀涂抹一层导热硅脂 (导热系数为14 W·m-1·K-1)以减少接触热阻。连接不同数量的试样和改变电源参数,可形成不同储热合金层厚度和加热功率条件。初始条件为室温,记录在不同温控条件下芯片的温度-时间曲线,每种条件下进行2次测试。
图3为Ti-Ni-Cu合金和4种显热材料的相变特性。Ti-Ni-Cu合金试样在升温和降温过程中表现出明显的吸热峰和放热峰,表明合金发生了相转变。Ti-Ni-Cu合金具有一阶可逆马氏体相变特性,能够发生由低温马氏体↔高温奥氏体的固-固相变[17]。4个相变温度点分别为:升温时的奥氏体相变开始温度(As),64 ℃,奥氏体相变结束温度(Af),83 ℃;降温时的马氏体相变开始温度(Ms),60 ℃,马氏体相变结束温度(Mf),48 ℃。相变潜热分别为:马氏体相变潜热(∆HA→M),29.7 J·g-1和奥氏体相变潜热(∆HM→A),29.6 J·g-1。其余4种显热合金试样的DSC曲线均为水平直线,表明没有发生相转变。
根据材料的密度、比热容和相变潜热等热物性参数计算得到Ti-Ni-Cu固态相变合金与4种显热材料在60~90 ℃升温过程中的理论储热量,作为判断储热材料温控性能的定性参考[18],对比结果如图4所示。从图4(a)可以看出,Ti-Ni-Cu合金的单位体积储热量达285.4 J·cm-3,显著高于4种显热材料的单位体积储热量,分别是6061铝合金、H62铜合金储热量的3.9倍和2.8倍。因此,为达到相同的储热效果,采用Ti-Ni-Cu固态相变合金时所占用的空间更小[19]。H62铜合金的单位体积储热量在4种显热材料中较大,这是由于铜合金的体积比热容相比其他显热材料更高(见表1)。图4(b)中单位质量储热量的对比结果同样显示出,Ti-Ni-Cu合金具有显著的储热优势。对于固态相变材料,在整个温度区间内,其储存的总热量为显热和潜热的总和[20]。Ti-Ni-Cu合金叠加了本征比热容和固态相变带来的等效比热容,其中本征比热容为0.5 J·g-1·K-1,最终实现44.6 J·g-1的综合储热量(约为铝合金的1.7倍,铜合金的3.7倍)。
固态相变合金在薄型电子器件的热管理中展现出动态自适应特性。以中央处理器(CPU)为例:在低功率稳态运行时,合金维持马氏体态,通过显热储热与自然对流协同散热;当功率升高从而使器件温度达到As点时,合金触发马氏体→奥氏体转变,利用相变潜热吸收瞬时热流,可有效抑制芯片温升,直至相变完成(器件温度达到Af点)。在此过程中,合金的导热率随相变进程动态提升(见表1),形成“显热吸收-潜热缓冲”协同机制。当温度回落至Ms点以下时,合金通过逆向相变释放储存的热量,逐渐恢复至马氏体态,从而实现对电子器件的循环冷却调控。
相比之下,6061铝合金、H62铜合金等显热材料仅依赖自身的热容储热,无法通过相变潜热来缓冲瞬态热冲击,导致高功率下芯片的温升速率显著加快。而Ti-Ni-Cu合金的独特优势在于:其一阶可逆相变特性使其兼具显热材料的结构强度(与铝合金/铜合金相当,见表1)与相变材料的高储热密度,既可承载机械应力,又能在宽功率范围内通过“显热吸收-潜热缓冲”双模式自适应调控芯片的热流。这种“力学-热学”功能一体化特性,使其在毫米级电子器件中展现出传统材料难以实现的瞬态热管理潜力。
本实验采用的Ti-Ni-Cu合金适配于典型工作温区(50~90 ℃)的薄型电子器件。基于此,设定芯片的临界温度Ts为90 ℃以评估材料的温控性能。图5给出储热合金层厚度为5 mm时采用不同类型储热材料的情况下芯片的瞬态温升曲线,分别展示了加热功率为2、4、6 W时的热响应特性。由图5(a)可知,无储热材料时曲线的斜率较大,芯片仅依靠自身结构自然散热,温度随时间的延长快速升高,在36 s时即突破Ts。添加储热材料后,曲线的斜率变小,芯片的温升速率显著降低,其中Ti-Ni-Cu合金的温控延时效果最为突出,达到Ts的时间延长至200 s,是无储热材料情况时的近6倍,温升速率降低约82%。对于显热材料,H62铜合金(127 s)、6061铝合金(101 s)等虽可延缓温升,但其性能仍与固态相变合金存在显著差距。
进一步分析发现,采用不同材料时芯片的温升曲线斜率差异源于材料比热容与导热率的综合作用[21]。例如,H62铜合金虽具有高导热性,但其低比热容导致显热储热能力有限。在相变温区内,Ti-Ni-Cu合金通过马氏体→奥氏体相变过程中高比热容(3.1 J·g-1·K-1)与高导热率(72 W·m-1·K-1,见表1)的协同,形成“温度缓升平台”(见图5),从而实现更长效的热缓冲。
采用Ti-Ni-Cu固态相变合金时的瞬态温升曲线呈现上升-平缓-上升的典型三阶段特征(见图5),显著区别于采用显热材料时的情况。具体而言:在0~75 s内,合金处于马氏体态,芯片的温度随时间的增加而快速上升(温升速率0.69 ℃·s-1,见图5(a)),其产生的热量主要被合金以显热的形式储存;75~160 s期间,合金触发奥氏体相变,利用相变潜热开始大量吸收热量,使得芯片的温升速率降至0.08 ℃·s-1,形成明显温升平台;随着合金逐渐转变为奥氏体态,在160 s时芯片的温度再次开始随时间增加而快速上升(温升速率0.26 ℃·s-1)。温升平台的形成与晶体结构转变的潜热调控机制直接相关:相变过程中,晶格重构消耗大量热源产生的热量,同时相变伴随的高导热率加速热量扩散,形成动态热缓冲效应。
对比不同功率工况发现,在2 W和4 W条件下合金在芯片升温至90 ℃时已完成奥氏体转变(图5(a),(b)),而在6 W高功率时,部分合金仍维持马氏体态(图5(c)),表明储热合金层厚度(5 mm)与导热率限制了相变进程的全局同步性。尽管如此,Ti-Ni-Cu合金的温控性能仍然优于显热材料:温控性能排序为Ti-Ni-Cu合金> H62铜合金> 6061铝合金> TC4钛合金> AZ31B镁合金,与材料单位体积储热量的大小趋势(图4(a))一致。因此,固态相变合金通过“显热吸收-潜热缓冲”协同机制可有效减缓芯片的温升速率,对于芯片的瞬态热管理具有明显的优势。
图6展示了加热功率与储热合金层厚度对Ti-Ni-Cu合金温控性能的影响规律。横向对比不同加热功率(2~8 W)下的瞬态温升曲线(图6左至右)可见:随着功率的增大,芯片的温升速率升高,临界温度(90 ℃)到达时间显著缩短。例如,在相同储热合金层厚度下,功率由2 W增至8 W时,临界温度到达时间缩短约87%。高功率条件下(6~8 W),合金相变速率提升且相变持续时间缩减,曲线中的温度缓升平台逐渐消失,这是因为热流密度的增加,加速了合金显热/潜热吸收进程[22]。值得注意的是,低功率(2~4 W)时合金在芯片达到临界温度前已完成奥氏体相变;而高功率下,部分合金仍维持马氏体态,导致其与铝合金/铜合金的温控性能的差异减小。
纵向对比储热合金层厚度(2~6 mm)的影响(图6上至下)表明:厚度增加可显著延缓芯片的温升,临界温度到达时间随厚度的增加呈非线性延长的变化趋势。例如,4 W功率下厚度由2 mm增至6 mm时,临界温度到达时间约延长140%。这归因于在合金本征比热容与潜热等效比热容的基础上增加厚度,系统总储热量的增加使相变起始时间推迟,相变持续时间延长[22]。此外,适当增加厚度还增强了热流分布的均匀性,从而能够抑制局部过热现象,为窄温度窗口的调控提供了优化路径。
图7揭示了储热合金层厚度(h)与加热功率(p)对临界温度到达时间(tc)的耦合影响规律。对于Ti-Ni-Cu合金、6061铝合金和H62铜合金,tc均随h增大呈二次函数增长规律,随p升高呈指数衰减规律,其中,采用Ti-Ni-Cu合金时,二次函数增长可近似为tc∝h2,指数衰减可近似为tc∝p-1.4。在相同工况下,Ti-Ni-Cu合金展现出显著的温控优势:2 W功率、5 mm厚度时,其tc较铝合金延长96%;2 W功率、4 mm厚度时,较铜合金延长73%。这表明固态相变合金通过相变潜热调控机制,可有效降低温升速率,扩展器件在临界温度下的安全窗口[23]。
值得注意的是,高功率(6~8 W)下tc-h曲线存在极值现象:当h= 5 mm时tc达到极值,继续增厚反而导致温控性能下降(见图7)。这源于过厚的储热合金层加剧了相变进程的空间非均匀性,部分区域因热阻累积未能触发有效相变。因此,实际应用中需考虑储热合金层厚度与功率载荷的匹配关系,以优化热管理效能。
(1)高密度储热性能:Ti-Ni基固态相变合金通过马氏体↔奥氏体可逆相变,协同本征比热容与相变潜热,实现单位体积储热量为285.4 J·cm-3,分别约为6061铝合金与H62铜合金的3.9倍和2.8倍;单位质量储热量达44.6 J·g-1,分别约为6061铝合金与H62铜合金的1.7倍和3.7倍。
(2)温控性能优势:在2~8 W加热功率和2~6 mm的储热合金层厚度条件下,Ti-Ni基固态相变合金可使芯片温升速率较使用前最高降低约82%,临界温度(90 ℃)到达时间较铝合金与铜合金分别最高延长约96%与73%。
(3)参数调控规律:临界温度到达时间与储热合金层厚度呈二次函数正相关,与加热功率呈指数负相关。增加固态相变合金层厚度或降低加热功率,可以增加系统总储热量或降低热传递速率,从而延迟相变起始时间,并扩展相变持续时间。
  • 浙江省自然科学基金重点项目(LZ23E010004)
  • 天目山实验室青年科学家项目(TK-2024-C-004)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52471194)
  • 国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目(2022YFB3808700)
  • 北京航空航天大学科研敢为行动计划重点项目(502GWXM2024101003)
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2026年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000300
  • 接收时间:2025-05-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-22
  • 录用日期:2025-06-19
基金
浙江省自然科学基金重点项目(LZ23E010004)
天目山实验室青年科学家项目(TK-2024-C-004)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52471194)
国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目(2022YFB3808700)
北京航空航天大学科研敢为行动计划重点项目(502GWXM2024101003)
作者信息
    1.北京航空航天大学 天目山实验室,杭州 311115
    2.北京航空航天大学 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100191
    3.北京无线电测量研究所,北京 100854

通讯作者:

侯慧龙(1986—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为高性能形状记忆合金制备、固态相变性能及温控技术,联系地址:浙江省杭州市余杭区瓶窑镇双红桥街166号北京航空航天大学天目山实验室(311115),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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