Article(id=1322282055765967768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000714, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000714, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729440000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1733155200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-03, onlineDate=1793186208906, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186208906, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186208906, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186208906, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281938308677669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='347', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186180903, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186267843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=51, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322282055958905753, articleId=1322282055765967768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys: research progress and challenges, columnId=1322282006344483370, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=HIGH-PERFORMANCE SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS COLUMN, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys exhibit an extremely low temperature dependence of the critical stress for martensitic transformation and display an ultra-wide superelastic temperature range (from -263 ℃ to 240 ℃). Therefore, these shape memory alloys show promising applications in aerospace, space exploration, vibration and seismic damping, and other environments with variable working conditions. In this work, the main factors affecting the superelasticity of Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys are reviewed and prospected. Since the precipitation of the coherent B2 nano-phase plays a key role in the martensitic transformation from non-thermoelastic to thermoelastic in Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-based shape memory alloys. The mechanism by which the coherent B2 nano-phase modulates the martensitic transformation of Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-based shape memory alloys and the related progress of its size regulation are firstly discussed. Since the superelasticity of Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-based shape memory alloys is known to be positively correlated with the grain size, the preparation of single crystals is a prerequisite for achieving excellent superelasticity. Therefore, the single-crystal growth studies of Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-based shape memory alloys in recent years are reviewed. Then, the functional properties of single-crystal Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-based shape memory alloys are summarized. Finally, the further research and development of the Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys, such as the regulation mechanism of the coherent B2 nano-phase for martensitic transformation, the further development of large-size single crystals, and the improvement of the natural aging and cyclic superelasticity stability, are prospected.

, authors=Yang ZUO, Lixin SUN, Shiman FAN, Yu FU, Yuhua WEN, Huabei PENG, authorsList=Yang ZUO, Lixin SUN, Shiman FAN, Yu FU, Yuhua WEN, Huabei PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huabei PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322282056990704546, articleId=1322282055765967768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的研究进展和挑战, columnId=1322282006491284012, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=高性能形状记忆材料专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的临界马氏体相变应力对温度的依赖性极低,并且展现出了超宽温域的超弹性(-263~240 ℃)。因此,该类形状记忆合金在航空航天、空间探索、减振抗震等工况多变的环境下具有广阔的应用前景。本文对影响Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性的主要因素进行了回顾和展望。由于共格B2纳米相是Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金马氏体相变由非热弹性转变为热弹性的核心。因此,首先探讨了共格B2纳米相调控Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金马氏体相变的机制及其尺寸调控的相关进展。Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性与晶粒尺寸呈正相关,所以单晶的制备是获得优良超弹性的前提。因此,综述了近年来Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的单晶生长研究。然后,总结了单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的功能特性。最后,对Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金中B2纳米相对马氏体相变作用机理、大尺寸单晶的进一步开发以及自然时效和循环稳定性的改善等研究和发展方向进行了展望。

, authors=左阳, 孙礼鑫, 范世满, 付雨, 文玉华, 彭华备, authorsList=左阳, 孙礼鑫, 范世满, 付雨, 文玉华, 彭华备, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭华备, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
彭华备(1984—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事金属功能材料及其先进制备技术研究,联系地址:四川省成都市一环路南一段24号四川大学机械工程学院(610065),E-mail:
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material, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322282063835808732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, awardId=52271183, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52271183), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322282063915500509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, awardId=51971152, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51971152), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322282057208808355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322282057217196964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, companyId=1322282057208808355, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical Engineering,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610065,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322282057225585573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, companyId=1322282057208808355, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学 机械工程学院,成都 610065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322282061126288334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic illustration of three possible scenarios for the behavior of coherent nano-phase in the matrix under martensitic transformation[2,14,32,48-52], figureFileSmall=RoHLBEs+gwv0iTu1KaO4Xw==, figureFileBig=ekhZPFpYd0dK4tg9mJ3IeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282061210174415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, language=CN, label=图1, caption=马氏体相变中与母相共格的纳米第2相可能发生的3种情况的示意图[2,14,32,48-52], figureFileSmall=RoHLBEs+gwv0iTu1KaO4Xw==, 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affecting abnormal grain growth, figureFileSmall=4Hrk+EohBD2C70x+HiAdBg==, figureFileBig=SI+bticKO+m1mcc8ICVMaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282061637993428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, language=CN, label=图3, caption=循环热处理示意图及异常晶粒长大的影响因素, figureFileSmall=4Hrk+EohBD2C70x+HiAdBg==, figureFileBig=SI+bticKO+m1mcc8ICVMaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282061726073813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Superelastic stress as a function of temperature in Fe43.5Mn34Al15-Ni7.5 polycrystalline alloy and conventional Ti49.98Ni50.02, Fe40.95Ni28Co17-Al11.5Ta2.5B0.05, Cu71.9Al16.6Mn9.3Ni2B0.2, Ti74Nb26,and Co37.6Ni32.9Al29.5 polycrystalline alloys and Co49Ni21Ga30 single crystal(the stresses are in tension except for Co-Ni-Al and Co-Ni-Ga in compression) [14], figureFileSmall=1rasZ0hSBf1CLhDGLCwcxQ==, figureFileBig=K45YG02X7XNc8Ti6Q8gAwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282061788988374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Fe43.5Mn34Al15Ni7.5多晶合金和常规Ti49.98Ni50.02、Fe40.95Ni28Co17Al11.5-Ta2.5B0.05、Cu71.9Al16.6Mn9.3Ni2B0.2、Ti74Nb26和Co37.6Ni32.9Al29.5多晶合金以及Co49Ni21Ga30单晶的超弹性应力与温度的函数关系(Co-Ni-Al和Co-Ni-Ga 为压缩应力,其他为拉伸应力)[14], figureFileSmall=1rasZ0hSBf1CLhDGLCwcxQ==, figureFileBig=K45YG02X7XNc8Ti6Q8gAwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282063433155544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Abnormal grain growth behaviors of Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Alloy compositions

(atom fraction/%)

TypeSizeRef.
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5NiFlat (30 mm × 7 mm × 1 mm)Single crystal[72]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-1.5TiBar (≈6.3 mm in diameter, ≈220 mm in length)Single crystal[57]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-1.5CoFlat (200 mm × 25 mm × 4 mm)Maximum grain size exceeding 50 mm in length direction[74]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-2MoFlat (60 mm × 15 mm × 3 mm)Maximum grain size exceeding 40 mm in length direction[58]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-0CuFlat (60 mm × 15 mm × 4 mm)Maximum grain size in cross-section:≈6.4 mm[75]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-3CuFlat (60 mm × 15 mm × 4 mm)Maximum grain size in cross-section:≈28.2 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1322282063525430233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的晶粒异常生长行为

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Alloy compositions

(atom fraction/%)

TypeSizeRef.
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5NiFlat (30 mm × 7 mm × 1 mm)Single crystal[72]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-1.5TiBar (≈6.3 mm in diameter, ≈220 mm in length)Single crystal[57]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-1.5CoFlat (200 mm × 25 mm × 4 mm)Maximum grain size exceeding 50 mm in length direction[74]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-2MoFlat (60 mm × 15 mm × 3 mm)Maximum grain size exceeding 40 mm in length direction[58]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-0CuFlat (60 mm × 15 mm × 4 mm)Maximum grain size in cross-section:≈6.4 mm[75]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-3CuFlat (60 mm × 15 mm × 4 mm)Maximum grain size in cross-section:≈28.2 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1322282063638676442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Superelastic behavior of single-crystal Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys with different grain orientations deformed at room temperature with different loading states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Alloy compositions

(atom fraction/%)

OrientationσM/MPaεSE/%Εirrec/%Loaded stateHeat treatmentRef.
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni[100]4183.60.4TensileST + 200 ℃×3 h[39]
[122]64040.4TensileST + 200 ℃×3 h[77]
[123]3967.80.4TensileST + 200 ℃×3 h[39]
[100]2937.21.7CompressionST + 200 ℃×3 h[76]
[111]12321.01.0CompressionST + 200 ℃×3 h[76]
[122]8932.00.1CompressionST + 200 ℃×3 h[77]
[123]4865.71.6CompressionST + 200 ℃×3 h[76]
Fe-34Mn-17Al-7.5Ni[137]5547.12.9CompressionST + natural aging for 5 months[56]
Fe-33Mn-17Al-6Ni-0.15C[137]4548.40.5CompressionST[55]
[013]5378.00.2CompressionST
[124]5748.1<0.1CompressionST
[114]3767.7<0.1CompressionST
[236]4428.0<0.1CompressionST
[149]3937.8<0.1CompressionST
[025]5397.90.1CompressionST
[1912]3686.90.5CompressionST
Fe-34Mn-17Al-7.5Ni-1.5Ti[2312]9016.71.3CompressionST[57]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-2Mo[412]4205.51.9CompressionST[58]
[120]4104.82.5CompressionST
[143]5004.42.6CompressionST
), ArticleFig(id=1322282063714173915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055765967768, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同晶粒取向的单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金在室温以不同加载方式变形的超弹性行为

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Alloy compositions

(atom fraction/%)

OrientationσM/MPaεSE/%Εirrec/%Loaded stateHeat treatmentRef.
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni[100]4183.60.4TensileST + 200 ℃×3 h[39]
[122]64040.4TensileST + 200 ℃×3 h[77]
[123]3967.80.4TensileST + 200 ℃×3 h[39]
[100]2937.21.7CompressionST + 200 ℃×3 h[76]
[111]12321.01.0CompressionST + 200 ℃×3 h[76]
[122]8932.00.1CompressionST + 200 ℃×3 h[77]
[123]4865.71.6CompressionST + 200 ℃×3 h[76]
Fe-34Mn-17Al-7.5Ni[137]5547.12.9CompressionST + natural aging for 5 months[56]
Fe-33Mn-17Al-6Ni-0.15C[137]4548.40.5CompressionST[55]
[013]5378.00.2CompressionST
[124]5748.1<0.1CompressionST
[114]3767.7<0.1CompressionST
[236]4428.0<0.1CompressionST
[149]3937.8<0.1CompressionST
[025]5397.90.1CompressionST
[1912]3686.90.5CompressionST
Fe-34Mn-17Al-7.5Ni-1.5Ti[2312]9016.71.3CompressionST[57]
Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-2Mo[412]4205.51.9CompressionST[58]
[120]4104.82.5CompressionST
[143]5004.42.6CompressionST
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Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的研究进展和挑战
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左阳 , 孙礼鑫 , 范世满 , 付雨 , 文玉华 , 彭华备
材料工程 | 高性能形状记忆材料专栏 2026,54(7): 51-61
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材料工程 |高性能形状记忆材料专栏 2026 , 54 (7) : 51 -61
Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的研究进展和挑战
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左阳, 孙礼鑫, 范世满, 付雨, 文玉华, 彭华备
作者信息
  • 四川大学 机械工程学院,成都 610065
通讯作者:
彭华备(1984—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事金属功能材料及其先进制备技术研究,联系地址:四川省成都市一环路南一段24号四川大学机械工程学院(610065),E-mail:
Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys: research progress and challenges
Yang ZUO, Lixin SUN, Shiman FAN, Yu FU, Yuhua WEN, Huabei PENG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610065,China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000714
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Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的临界马氏体相变应力对温度的依赖性极低,并且展现出了超宽温域的超弹性(-263~240 ℃)。因此,该类形状记忆合金在航空航天、空间探索、减振抗震等工况多变的环境下具有广阔的应用前景。本文对影响Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性的主要因素进行了回顾和展望。由于共格B2纳米相是Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金马氏体相变由非热弹性转变为热弹性的核心。因此,首先探讨了共格B2纳米相调控Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金马氏体相变的机制及其尺寸调控的相关进展。Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性与晶粒尺寸呈正相关,所以单晶的制备是获得优良超弹性的前提。因此,综述了近年来Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的单晶生长研究。然后,总结了单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的功能特性。最后,对Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金中B2纳米相对马氏体相变作用机理、大尺寸单晶的进一步开发以及自然时效和循环稳定性的改善等研究和发展方向进行了展望。

Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金  /  马氏体相变  /  共格B2纳米相  /  晶粒尺寸  /  超弹性

Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys exhibit an extremely low temperature dependence of the critical stress for martensitic transformation and display an ultra-wide superelastic temperature range (from -263 ℃ to 240 ℃). Therefore, these shape memory alloys show promising applications in aerospace, space exploration, vibration and seismic damping, and other environments with variable working conditions. In this work, the main factors affecting the superelasticity of Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys are reviewed and prospected. Since the precipitation of the coherent B2 nano-phase plays a key role in the martensitic transformation from non-thermoelastic to thermoelastic in Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-based shape memory alloys. The mechanism by which the coherent B2 nano-phase modulates the martensitic transformation of Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-based shape memory alloys and the related progress of its size regulation are firstly discussed. Since the superelasticity of Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-based shape memory alloys is known to be positively correlated with the grain size, the preparation of single crystals is a prerequisite for achieving excellent superelasticity. Therefore, the single-crystal growth studies of Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-based shape memory alloys in recent years are reviewed. Then, the functional properties of single-crystal Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-based shape memory alloys are summarized. Finally, the further research and development of the Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys, such as the regulation mechanism of the coherent B2 nano-phase for martensitic transformation, the further development of large-size single crystals, and the improvement of the natural aging and cyclic superelasticity stability, are prospected.

Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloy  /  martensitic transformation  /  coherent B2 nano-phase  /  grain size  /  superelasticity
左阳, 孙礼鑫, 范世满, 付雨, 文玉华, 彭华备. Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的研究进展和挑战. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (7) : 51 -61 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000714
Yang ZUO, Lixin SUN, Shiman FAN, Yu FU, Yuhua WEN, Huabei PENG. Fe-Mn-Al-Ni based shape memory alloys: research progress and challenges[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (7) : 51 -61 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000714
形状记忆合金通过马氏体相变及其逆相变,不仅可在变形后加热恢复至变形前的形状而呈现形状记忆效应,还能在加卸载过程中呈现超弹性。由于拥有上述特殊的形状记忆功能(形状记忆效应或超弹性),该类合金已在航空航天、生物医学、机械、化工等领域获得应用[1-6]。目前,包括 Ni-Ti基[7-8]、Cu基[9-10]、Fe基[11-16]、Ni基[17-18]、Co基[19-20]、Ti基[21-22]和Mg基[23]合金等在内的多种形状记忆合金体系相继被发现。Ni-Ti基合金因拥有优异的形状记忆效应和超弹性,以及高的力学性能和生物相容性,是目前应用最广泛的形状记忆合金之一。然而,该类合金存在加工困难导致成本昂贵的问题[1-2,7,24]。与Ni-Ti基合金相比,Fe基形状记忆合金最大的优势在于材料成本低,加工相对容易,非常适合大规模工业应用。因此,Fe基形状记忆合金具有十分优良的应用前景。
在Fe基形状记忆合金中,最具应用前景的是Fe-Mn-Si基[12-13]、Fe-Ni-Co-Al基[11,16,25-26]和Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基[27-29]形状记忆合金。Fe-Mn-Si基形状记忆合金展现出γ(面心立方结构,fcc)⇌ε(密排六方结构,hcp)马氏体相变,其多晶形状记忆效应的可恢复应变大于7%[13]。然而,由于其马氏体相变为非热弹性,导致超弹性性能差(<1%)[12-13,30]。Fe-Ni-Co-Al基和Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金因析出了与母相共格的纳米第2相将马氏体相变从非热弹性诱发为热弹性,从而获得了大于5%的超弹性[11,14]。其中,Fe-Ni-Co-Al基形状记忆合金展现出γ(fcc)⇌α'(体心四方结构,bct)马氏体相变,析出的共格纳米相为L12结构的γ'相。而Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金中的马氏体相变为α(体心立方结构,bcc)⇌γ'(fcc),共格纳米相为B2结构的β-NiAl相。Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金可以在-263~240 ℃的超宽温度范围内呈现超弹性,是目前所有形状记忆合金体系中临界马氏体相变应力对温度依赖最小的合金体系,仅为0.30~0.74 MPa/℃(Ni-Ti合金约为5.7 MPa/℃,Fe-Ni-Co-Al-Ta-B合金约为3.1 MPa/℃)[14,29]。此外,Cr元素的添加使得Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的临界马氏体相变应力对温度的依赖性再度下降1个数量级,达到了0.085 MPa/℃[31]。这表明Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金在温度多变的工况条件下具有明显的应用优势。
自Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金发现以来,各国学者开展了一系列的研究工作。主要集中在以下3个方面:(1)与α母相共格的B2纳米相诱发α⇌γ′马氏体相变从非热弹性向热弹性转变的机制[14,29,32];(2)影响Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金超弹性性能的因素,如B2纳米相尺寸[33-35]、晶粒尺寸[36-37]、单晶晶粒取向[38-39]、加载方式[40]、循环变形[41-42]、室温时效[43]、添加合金元素[44-45]等;(3)Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的单晶生长。为了推动Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的进一步研究以及工程实际应用,本文进行了如下综述:探讨了B2纳米相对Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响及其调控;综述了近年来Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的单晶生长研究;总结了单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的功能特性;对Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的后续研究及发展前景进行了展望。
在Fe基形状记忆合金中,通过时效析出与母相共格的纳米第2相可以提高马氏体逆转变的能力,从而达到改善形状记忆性能的目的[2,11,14,46-47]。在1984年,Maki等[46]通过对Fe-33Ni-10Co-4Ti(质量分数)合金进行700 ℃时效处理析出了与γ母相保持共格关系的细小γ′-(Ni,Fe,Co)3Ti相,显著提高了α′马氏体逆转变的能力。通过这种方式,他们首次实现了将γ ⇌ α′马氏体相变从非热弹性诱发为热弹性。1993年,Koval等[47]在Fe-Ni-Nb合金中通过时效析出与γ母相共格的γ″-Ni3Nb相(尺寸大于10 nm)显著提高了其形状记忆效应。2010年,Kainuma等[11]通过时效析出与γ母相共格的纳米γ′-(Ni,Fe,Co)3(Al, Ta)相(L12结构)将γ⇌α′马氏体相变从非热弹性诱发为热弹性,从而在存在{035}〈100〉强织构的多晶Fe-28Ni-17Co-11.5Al-2.5Ta-0.05B(原子分数/%,下同)合金中获得13.5%的巨大超弹性。随后,在2011年,Kainuma团队[14]通过时效析出与α母相共格的纳米β-NiAl相(B2结构,以下称B2纳米相)成功地将α ⇌ γ′马氏体相变也从非热弹性诱发为热弹性,进而在Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni合金中获得了大于5%的超弹性。
据现有文献资料,在马氏体相变过程中与母相共格的纳米第2相可能发生以下3种情况(图1)[2,14,29,32,48-52]:(1)纳米第2相与母相一起发生马氏体相变,从而保持与母相的马氏体共格;(2)纳米第2相不与母相一起发生马氏体相变,仍保持原来的晶体结构,且自身晶格也不发生畸变,此时不能与马氏体维持共格;(3)纳米第2相通过自身的弹性变形保持与马氏体共格。第1和第3种情况共同之处是马氏体相变后纳米第2相均保持与马氏体共格,不同之处是前者是通过纳米第2相的马氏体相变保持共格,而后者则是通过弹性变形来维持共格。基于Fe-Ni-Co-Ti合金的研究结果,Maki等[52]提出与γ母相共格的γ′相在马氏体相变过程中发生马氏体相变(情况1)还是保持不变(情况2)取决于γ′相的尺寸。当γ′相的尺寸小于临界尺寸时,γ′相将发生第1种情况。这就是Fe-33Ni-10Co-4Ti(质量分数/%)合金经700 ℃×1 h或700 ℃×5 h时效后,α′马氏体正方度高,逆转变能力强,马氏体相变从非热弹性诱发为热弹性的原因。当γ′相的尺寸大于临界尺寸时,γ′相将发生第2种情况。因此,上述合金经700 ℃×20 h时效处理后γ′相粗化,此时α′马氏体逆转变能力显著下降(在700 ℃仍不能逆转变),马氏体相变为非热弹性。此外,Oshima等[49]在Fe-7Al-2C合金中发现与母相共格且尺寸约5 nm的Fe3AlC相与母相一起发生了马氏体相变。Himuro等[51]在Fe-Ni-Si合金中也发现了纳米γ′相与母相一起发生了马氏体相变,从而保持与马氏体共格,进而改善了合金的形状记忆性能。上述研究证实了第1种情况的发生。此外,同样有研究结果证实第2种情况的发生。Cheng等[50]在Fe-28Ni-2Ti(质量分数/%)合金中析出了与γ母相共格的γ′相(尺寸约10 nm),马氏体相变后γ′相的晶体结构没有改变,且与马氏体呈现K-S或N-W关系。Maki等[48]在Fe-31Ni-4Ti-0.18C(质量分数)合金中发现与γ母相共格的γ′相(尺寸为5~25 nm)在马氏体相变后晶体结构没有变化,但发生了偏转,不能维持与马氏体共格。
与母相共格的纳米第2相诱发热弹性马氏体相变的关键在于马氏体相变后纳米第2相仍保持与马氏体共格。如前所述,纳米第2相可以通过弹性变形或者马氏体相变2种途径来实现该关键条件。Kainuma等[32]认为B2纳米相是通过发生弹性变形(情况3)维持与马氏体共格。他们指出Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金中与α母相共格的B2纳米相通过自身弹性变形来保持与γ′马氏体共格,利用纳米β相的弹性应变能来提高γ′马氏体的逆转变能力,进而将α⇌γ′马氏体相变从非热弹性诱发为热弹性[29,32]。此外,Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni形状记忆合金形成了不同于Fe-Mn-Al三元合金的8M调制结构的γ′马氏体(Fe-Mn-Al三元合金中马氏体为2M结构),其堆垛顺序为(53¯)[14,40]。Kainuma等[32]认为Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金中γ′马氏体形成8M调制结构的原因是为了协调马氏体相变时B2纳米相弹性变形产生的应力场。Karaman等[34,53]认为Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基和Fe-Ni-Co-Al基合金中与母相共格的纳米第二相均是通过弹性变形来维持与马氏体相共格,进而将马氏体相变从非热弹性诱发为热弹性。Jin和Kainuma团队[54]发现在Fe-28Ni-17Co-11.5Al-2.5Ta-0.05B合金中,与γ母相共格的γ′相在马氏体相变过程中与α′马氏体失去共格(情况2)或者保持共格(情况3)取决于γ′相的尺寸,从而影响马氏体相变是否为热弹性。当γ′相小于临界尺寸时,与γ母相共格的γ′相可以通过弹性变形继续保持与α′马氏体共格(情况3),此时马氏体相变为热弹性;当γ′相大于临界尺寸时,在马氏体相变前γ′相与母相共格,但在马氏体相变后γ′相则不能通过弹性变形与马氏体保持共格(情况2),这就导致马氏体的逆转变能力降低,此时马氏体相变为非热弹性。
综上所述,与母相共格的纳米第2相能显著提高马氏体逆转变的能力,甚至将马氏体相变从非热弹性诱发为热弹性的关键在于马氏体相变后纳米第2相仍维持与马氏体共格。同时,纳米第2相能否通过马氏体相变或者弹性变形保持与母相的马氏体共格均主要取决于纳米第2相的尺寸。然而,在Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金中,B2纳米相是通过马氏体相变或弹性变形或者2种方式都能保持与母相的马氏体共格这一问题还有待进一步研究。
在Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金中,B2纳米相的析出能够调控其马氏体相变由非热弹性转变为热弹性,从而实现超弹性[14,32]。然而,B2纳米相与基体保持共格关系是必要前提。在对Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基多晶体的研究中,直径在10 nm左右的B2纳米相与基体保持共格[32]。Tseng等[34]研究了[001]取向单晶Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni形状记忆合金中B2纳米相尺寸与超弹性的关系,如图2所示。由图可知,超弹性随着B2纳米相尺寸的增大先上升而下降。在平均B2纳米相尺寸在8 nm左右时,获得了最为优良的超弹性。这表明此时Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金达到了第2相强化和避免共格损失的最佳平衡。当纳米相尺寸过小时,其可能不足以强化基体以抵抗塑性变形。因此,当马氏体变体的相互作用显著增加了合金内应力时,在较高的应变水平下依然可能发生塑性变形。此外,B2纳米相的尺寸过大将导致B2纳米相与基体的共格性丧失,从而会损害其超弹性。
B2纳米相的尺寸一般通过热处理调控。对于Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni形状记忆合金,经过固溶处理以及后续在200 ℃时效3 h(均为水淬)可获得较为合适的B2纳米相尺寸。合金成分与其他元素的添加会导致Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金经热处理调控后B2纳米相的尺寸发生变化。Yong等[33]研究了固溶处理后不同冷却方式(水冷/空冷)对不同Ni含量Fe-Mn-Al-Ni 形状记忆合金中B2纳米相析出行为的影响。经过1200 ℃固溶处理1 h后,水冷与空冷试样中B2纳米相的平均尺寸均随着Ni含量的升高而增大,这是由于Ni元素为B2纳米相的形成元素。因此,当Ni原子分数达到8%时,固溶处理及水淬之后即已经达到较为优良的B2纳米相尺寸,再提高Ni含量将会使得B2纳米相在固溶处理之后就超过最优尺寸(约14.6 nm)。此外,由于冷却速率较低,空冷试样的B2纳米相尺寸均大于同成分经水冷试样中的B2纳米相尺寸。Vallejos等[55]和Xia等[56]的研究表明,当Al含量提高到一定程度后,合金经固溶处理后就能够获得较为优异的B2纳米相尺寸,即使不通过时效处理,也能获得优良的超弹性。这是因为Al元素充当稳定B2纳米相的角色,并影响了其析出行为。在Vollmer等[57]的研究中,Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-Ti形状记忆合金经过固溶处理再于80 ℃水冷后,B2纳米相的尺寸已经处于8~16 nm之间。此外,添加原子分数为2%的Mo导致Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni-2Mo形状记忆合金在固溶处理水淬之后的B2纳米相的平均尺寸已经达到12.9 nm,进一步在200 ℃时效3 h后,纳米相尺寸增长至18.1 nm[58]。
Ozcan等[59]研究发现Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金处于室温无应力状态下,其临界马氏体相变应力会随着时间延长而逐渐增大。这种效应使得未表现出超弹性的固溶态合金随着时间延长而产生超弹性,说明Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金存在自然时效效应,即B2纳米相在室温状态下也会形核和长大[43]。Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的自然时效效应会影响其超弹性。B2纳米相平均尺寸由5 nm增长至7 nm仅需30天自然时效。基于此,原本没有超弹性的固溶态合金在经过自然时效后展现出了5%的超弹性。此外,即使经过200 ℃预时效,依旧不能避免自然时效的发生,导致试样性能受到影响。有研究表明,当B2纳米相的平均尺寸较大(>13 nm),后续自然时效效应会减弱,从而一定程度保持Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金组织和性能的相对稳定性[60]。
对于多晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金而言,各晶粒间变形不协调的问题会导致晶界处出现较大的不相容性,并在三角晶界附近造成应力集中,从而形成多种马氏体变体,这不利于实现良好的形状记忆性能[61-64]。因此,三角晶界和晶界分数的降低有利于实现更优良的超弹性。这也意味着多晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性随着晶粒尺寸的增大而得到改善,并且相变临界应力逐渐降低。对于片材Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状合金而言,超弹性随着晶粒厚度d/t和相对晶粒宽度d/w(其中d、t和w分别为片状试样的平均晶粒直径、厚度和宽度)等增大而增大。当d/w>1时,超弹性得到明显提高[14]。Omori等[37]研究了晶粒尺寸/丝材直径(d/D)对Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni形状记忆丝材超弹性的影响。结果表明,超弹性随着晶粒尺寸的增大而增大。然而,当d/D<1时,最大超弹性应变的增量不明显。而当d/D>1后,超弹性应变显著增加(由0.4%增至5.5%),并且临界马氏体相变应力也明显下降。这是由于d/D变大会导致变形过程中相邻晶粒之间的约束减小。因此,减少晶界以尽量获得竹节晶或者单晶是改善Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金超弹性的重要手段。换句话说,大尺寸单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的生长是该体系合金的功能特性在工程应用中充分发挥的重要条件。
促进Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金晶粒生长以获得竹节晶或大尺寸单晶结构一直都处于研究热门。传统单晶制备方式主要包括Czochralski和Bridgman技术,其成本昂贵,工艺复杂,且成型件形状及尺寸受限[65-67]。在2013年,Omori等[68]开发了一种新型单晶制备技术,其使得Cu-Al-Mn形状记忆合金仅通过简单循环热处理即可发生异常晶粒长大。异常晶粒长大的特点是某些特定晶粒迅速长大,导致合金晶粒尺寸向“双峰状”发展,促使合金形成竹节晶甚至单晶结构[69-70]。随后,Kusama等[71]通过调整循环热处理工艺制备出了直径约15 mm且长约700 mm的超大尺寸Cu-Al-Mn形状记忆合金单晶棒。Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金也能通过循环热处理发生异常晶粒长大现象,进而获得单晶[72]。
循环热处理是将合金在高温单相区间和较低温度双相区间进行往复循环,使合金发生异常晶粒长大行为并最终获得大尺寸单晶的简单热处理工艺。Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金在高温下呈现α单相结构,在较低温度下则呈现α+γ双相状态,能够通过循环热处理诱发异常晶粒长大[72]。图3给出了循环热处理示意图及异常晶粒长大的影响因素。合金最开始在T1(α单相区间)保温一定时间(t1),以R1(冷却速率)冷却至T2(α+γ双相区间)。此阶段会导致与α呈半共格关系的γ相逐渐析出,由于α基体共格性的丧失,其晶粒内部会引入一定数量亚晶。随后,合金在T2保温一段时间(t2)后,以R2(加热速率)升温至T1。最终,合金中某些晶粒在亚晶驱动力的作用下于最终固溶阶段(t3)发生异常晶粒长大。经过多次循环,最终获得较大尺寸晶粒。目前,循环热处理已成为获得较大尺寸竹节晶或单晶棒/丝材的热门方法。因此,保温温度、保温时间、升降温速率是影响单晶生长的主要工艺因素。Peng等[73]研究了不同工艺参数循环热处理对不同Ni含量Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金的异常晶粒长大行为的影响。当冷却速率从0.5 ℃/min增加至10 ℃/min,异常长大晶粒的最大尺寸呈先增大后减小的规律。另外,提高固溶处理温度和循环热处理次数可促进异常晶粒长大。然而,升温速率(1~10 ℃/min)、α+γ双相区保温时间(0~30 min)和高温固溶处理时间(30~180 min)对异常晶粒长大的影响并不显著。若将宏观单晶生长现象与微观结构联系起来,这些工艺因素是通过影响α+γ双相区γ相的析出,以及亚晶(异常晶粒长大的主要驱动力)的形成进而决定单晶生长程度的。首先,γ相的形成会影响异常晶粒长大行为。Omori等[72]认为Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni形状记忆合金经循环热处理后的异常长大晶粒尺寸与α+γ双相区中的γ相的体积分数成正比关系。Vollmer等[57]认为针状形貌的γ相的析出有利于细化亚晶尺寸,进而促进Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的异常晶粒长大行为。对于亚晶的形态,目前普遍认为异常晶粒长大行为得益于更小的亚晶粒尺寸和更大的亚晶粒取向差[71]。这是由于亚晶的形态与后续异常晶粒长大过程的驱动力密切相关,而驱动力则是影响固溶处理阶段晶粒生长时晶界迁移速率的主要因素。
虽然Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金能够通过循环热处理发生异常晶粒长大行为,但其晶界迁移率(2.5×10-6 m/s)[72]远低于Cu-Al-Mn形状记忆合金(1.6×10-5 m/s)[71],难以获得大尺寸单晶。例如,Omori等[72]对Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni形状记忆合金进行了10次设计循环热处理后,获得单晶的最大尺寸也仅为30 mm左右。此外,Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金的异常晶粒长大行为并不会随Ni含量(2.1%~6.2%)的改变而显著变化,这是因为Ni含量对两相平衡温度Tα/γ以及 γ相和亚晶粒的形成特征没有显著影响[73]。因此,学者们开始添加不同的合金元素以试图改变Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金难以通过循环热处理获得大尺寸单晶的现状。Vollmer等[57]在Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金中添加了少量Ti元素,经循环热处理后其亚晶尺寸显著细化,使得该合金异常晶粒长大的迁移速率与Cu-Al-Mn形状记忆合金相当。最终,他们通过循环热处理工艺获得了直径约6.3 mm且长约220 mm的Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-Ti单晶棒。然而,Cr元素的添加却阻碍了Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的异常晶粒长大行为,这与晶界附近形成的低密度亚晶区有关。Zhao等[74]通过定向再结晶的方式制备出了平均晶粒大小超过20 mm且最大晶粒大小超过50 mm的Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-Co形状记忆合金。Wu等[58]通过添加Mo元素也成功地在循环热处理后获得了较大尺寸Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金单晶。此外,Li等[75]发现添加适量Cu元素也能促进Fe-Mn-Al-Ni-Cu形状记忆合金在循环热处理过程中的异常晶粒长大行为。以上通过添加合金元素促进Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金异常晶粒生长的结果被汇总于表1[57-58,72,74-75]。基于此,通过添加合适的合金元素是促进Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金循环热处理过程中异常晶粒长大行为的有效方式。
晶粒取向对单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性具有很大影响。表2[39,55-58,76-77]给出了不同晶粒取向的单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金在室温状态下不同加载方式变形时的马氏体转变临界应力(σM)、最大超弹回复应变(εSE)、未回复应变(εirrec),以及对应的热处理状态[39,55-58,76-77]。可以看出,Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金中单晶的晶粒取向以及加载方式对合金的σM和εSE均有较大影响。Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金单晶试样在拉伸条件下沿[100]晶向展现出的εSE为3.6%,沿[123]晶向则展现出了7.8%的εSE。在压缩条件下,[100]晶向的单晶试样的εSE为7.2%,远高于在拉伸条件下的εSE。然而,Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni单晶沿[100]方向拉伸的理论εSE为10.5%,其实验εSE值显著小于理论εSE值,而在其他变形条件下实验值均接近理论值[39-40]。Karaman等[39-40]认为[100]方向拉伸只有1种马氏体变体来协调转变应变,所以母相/马氏体界面处容易产生位错缺陷,这些缺陷钉扎住马氏体,降低了马氏体逆转变能力。最终,导致[100]方向拉伸变形时超弹性应变显著低于理论值。在添加其他合金元素之后,Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基单晶形状记忆合金的超弹性行为仍然明显受到晶粒取向的影响。基于目前的研究,马氏体变体的选择与激活是晶粒取向和加载方式对超弹性的主要影响方式。首先,为协调相变过程中的内应力,该晶粒取向需要具有多种可动马氏体变体,以此还能减少缺陷的产生,从而展现出更好的超弹性。再者,拉伸与压缩由于加载方式不同,能够产生的马氏体变体也不同,导致相同晶粒取向试样的超弹性具有明显差异。因此,选取加载时能够激发更多可动马氏体变体的晶粒取向,有利于获得更优良的超弹性。
温度会通过影响相变过程从而对超弹性产生影响。Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金能够在-263~240 ℃表现出超弹性,在399.85 ℃以下一定温度范围内表现γ'→α的形状记忆效应,而在399.85~799.85 ℃的温度区间表现出α→γ的逆向形状记忆效应[14,78]。以上内容表明Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金随温度升高会发生由超弹性至形状记忆效应再到逆向形状记忆效应的转变。多晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金的马氏体相变临界应力随温度线性变化的斜率明显低于Ni-Ti基、Cu基、Co基和其他Fe基形状记忆合金体系(图4[14]),这说明Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金中马氏体相变的熵变极低,导致马氏体相变临界应力对温度极低的敏感性。Poklonov等[79]发现单晶和多晶态的Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金在-70.15~163.85 ℃均能稳定展现超弹性,且其马氏体相变临界应力对温度的依赖性分别为0.56 MPa/℃和0.33 MPa/℃。Xia等[80]发现Fe-36Mn-15Al-7.5Ni、Fe-34Mn-15Al-7.5Ni以及Fe-36Mn-16Al-7.5Ni等Fe-Mn-Al-Ni形状记忆合金在-263.15~173.15 ℃的温度区间均能表现出优异的超弹性。此外,Cr元素的添加使得Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的临界马氏体相变应力随温度的依赖性再度下降一个数量级,达到了0.085 MPa/℃[31]。就应用范围而言,Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性应用温度范围十分广阔,远超Ni-Ti基、Cu基和其他Fe基形状记忆合金。这使得该体系合金在温度多变的工况要求下具有优良的应用前景。
单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金在航空航天等极端环境领域拥有巨大的应用潜力。然而,Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金均存在超弹性随循环变形次数增加快速衰退的问题。Vollmer等[41]研究了具有竹节晶结构的Fe-34.8Mn-13.5Al-7.4Ni形状记忆合金中不同取向晶粒的循环变形行为。经过50个周期的循环拉伸后,他们发现试样的可恢复应变下降速度很快,而马氏体转变临界应力却比较稳定。此外,他们还对沿[001]取向的单晶Fe-34.8Mn-13.5Al-7.4Ni形状记忆合金进行了3.5%循环拉伸,当循环次数达到25次时超弹性几乎完全丧失[42]。随后,Weidner等[81]系统研究了单晶Fe-34.8Mn-13.5Al-7.4Ni形状记忆合金在循环压缩加载的超弹性衰退现象。晶粒取向为[001¯]的单晶体在高达7.5%的应变范围内表现出极佳的超弹性,然而,经过25次循环加载后,其可恢复应变仅为1%。超弹性随循环加载衰退的问题导致单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金无法适用于工程上需要反复变形的应用场景。Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金随着循环变形次数增加,残余γ′马氏体会不断增加,且在α/γ′界面附近累积大量位错缺陷[41,81]。因此,循环变形时导致Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性快速衰退的原因是:反复α⇌γ′马氏体相变时,位错缺陷不断在α/γ′界面处形成,而这些位错缺陷钉扎住了α/γ′界面,降低了该界面的移动性,最终导致残余γ′马氏体不断增加。因此,为了获得循环变形具有稳定超弹性的Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金,就必须避免α/γ′界面处位错缺陷的引入,保证α/γ′界面的高移动性。目前普遍认为母相与马氏体之间存在过渡层。在马氏体相变过程中,上述过渡层形成过高应力会促使位错缺陷的产生,导致合金功能(形状记忆效应和超弹性)衰退。Song等[82]指出马氏体的孪晶亚结构有助于减小母相与马氏体之间的过渡层,从而避免母相/马氏体界面处形成位错缺陷。幸运的是,Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的γ′马氏体内存在丰富的孪晶亚结构[32]。而γ′马氏体孪晶亚结构的细化会导致α/γ′界面间隙不断变小,当γ′马氏体孪晶亚结构细化至某种程度,α/γ′界面间隙通过两相弹性变形即可协调,这可避免α/γ′界面处位错缺陷的引入。也就是说,在Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金中,γ′马氏体的孪晶亚结构越薄,越有利于抑制α/γ′界面处位错缺陷的形成,从而获得更高移动性的α/γ′界面。因此,通过调控γ′马氏体孪晶亚结构来改善Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性循环稳定性或许是一种有效方式。
Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金具有明显的优势,例如价格廉价、加工性能优良、良好的力学性能等。另外,其临界马氏体相变应力对温度极低的依赖性使得其在多变环境下具有明显的应用优势。本文针对影响Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性的主要因素进行了相关研究综述。B2纳米相的析出诱导Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的α ⇌ γ′马氏体相变从非热弹性转变为热弹性,从而实现了超弹性。其超弹性受到B2纳米相的析出行为、晶粒尺寸、晶体取向以及环境等多种因素影响。因此,关于B2纳米相尺寸调控、 晶粒生长以及单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金功能特性的研究成为近年来的研究热点。虽然现有研究已经取得一定进展,但仍难以满足Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的发展。目前,Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金仍存在一些问题和挑战尚待解决,主要包括以下4方面:
(1)进一步明确B2纳米相对Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金马氏体相变行为的调控机理。这不但有助于认识和理解Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基合金体系中与母相共格的B2纳米相对马氏体相变和形状记忆性能的作用机制,还能为指导开发新型形状记忆合金奠定理论基础。
(2)改善Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的自然时效问题。这有利于维持Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金功能特性的稳定性,保证Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的工程应用安全。
(3)大尺寸单晶Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的进一步开发。由于单晶状态可以最大程度范围发挥Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的超弹性,单晶尺寸的增大可以进一步拓宽Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金的应用领域。
(4)改善Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金超弹性的循环稳定性。由于工程上往往需要反复利用材料的超弹性,改善Fe-Mn-Al-Ni基形状记忆合金超弹性的循环稳定性可以进一步增强其工程应用价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52271183)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51971152)
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2026年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000714
  • 接收时间:2024-10-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-21
  • 录用日期:2024-12-03
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国家自然科学基金项目(52271183)
国家自然科学基金项目(51971152)
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    四川大学 机械工程学院,成都 610065

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彭华备(1984—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事金属功能材料及其先进制备技术研究,联系地址:四川省成都市一环路南一段24号四川大学机械工程学院(610065),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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