Article(id=1322282055250072273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000566, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000566, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723392000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1726070400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-12, onlineDate=1793186208783, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186208783, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186208783, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186208783, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281938308677669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='347', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186180903, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186267843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=263, endPage=271, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322282055413650130, articleId=1322282055250072273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Preparation and properties of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr rare earth magnesium alloy composite coatings, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effects of different surface treatment processes on the properties of rare earth magnesium alloys,this study employs Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr rare earth magnesium alloy as the research subject and conducts surface modification by using three processes: phosphate conversion treatment,direct electrophoresis treatment,and phosphate-electrophoresis composite treatment. The surface morphology,coating uniformity,coating adhesion and corrosion resistance of the treated samples are systematically evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),eddy current thickness gauge,pull-out adhesion tester,electrochemical techniques and salt spray test,respectively. The results show that the phosphate conversion treatment forms a thin coating with microscopic cracks on the surface;the coating formed by direct electrophoresis treatment has pores between the coating and the substrate;while the phosphate-electrophoresis composite coatings are closely combined with the substrate without obvious cracks or pores. The adhesion force between the phosphate-electrophoresis composite coatings and the substrate is the highest,mainly because the phosphate conversion treatment not only increases the surface roughness of the substrate,but also the microcracks on the surface are conducive to the penetration of the electrophoretic coating into the interior. The results of electrochemical and salt spray tests show that the corrosion current density of the phosphate-electrophoresis composite coatings is the lowest,the capacitive arc radius is the largest,and the surface morphology has no obvious change after 144 h of salt spray test,demonstrating excellent corrosion resistance and durability.

, authors=Jingjing NIE1, Xianchao XIA1, Jingli SUN1, Wende YAO1, Jing LI2, Bo LIU2, Lili WU1, Wenbing ZOU1, 2, Kun WANG1, Yong YUAN1, authorsList=Jingjing NIE, Xianchao XIA, Jingli SUN, Wende YAO, Jing LI, Bo LIU, Lili WU, Wenbing ZOU, Kun WANG, Yong YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingli SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322282056936182499, articleId=1322282055250072273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金复合膜层制备及性能, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同表面处理工艺对稀土镁合金性能的影响,以Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金为研究对象,分别使用磷酸盐、直接电泳及磷酸盐-电泳复合处理三种工艺对其进行表面改性。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、涡流测厚仪、拉脱法附着力测试仪、电化学测试及盐雾实验等方法,系统评价处理后试样的表面形貌、膜层均匀性、膜层附着力及耐蚀性能。结果表明:磷酸盐处理形成的膜层较薄,表面存在微观裂纹;直接电泳处理的膜层与基体之间存在孔隙;而磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层与基体结合紧密,未出现明显裂纹或气孔。磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层与基体间的结合力最高,主要是由于磷酸盐处理不仅增加基体表面粗糙度,而且表面微裂纹也有助于电泳膜层向内部渗透。电化学及盐雾实验结果表明,磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层的腐蚀电流密度最低,容抗弧半径最大,盐雾实验144 h后表面形貌无明显变化,表现出优异的耐蚀性与耐久性。

, authors=聂敬敬1, 夏先朝1, 孙京丽1, 姚文德1, 李靖2, 刘波2, 武丽丽1, 邹文兵1, 2, 王堃1, 袁勇1, authorsList=聂敬敬, 夏先朝, 孙京丽, 姚文德, 李靖, 刘波, 武丽丽, 邹文兵, 王堃, 袁勇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙京丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孙京丽(1985—),女,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为金属功能材料和镁合金环境适应性,联系地址:上海市松江区贵德路76号上海航天精密机械研究所(201600),E-mail:
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articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Surface morphologies of coating samples and corresponding element surface distributions

(a)phosphate conversion;(b)direct electrophoresis

, figureFileSmall=lboHlyWbu1vYHfQx7dBq/g==, figureFileBig=wJBUqT5Nm50Kl0QJMLhyIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282063479296808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=图1, caption=膜层试样表面形貌及相应元素面分布

(a)磷酸盐;(b)直接电泳

, figureFileSmall=lboHlyWbu1vYHfQx7dBq/g==, figureFileBig=wJBUqT5Nm50Kl0QJMLhyIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282063655457577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Morphologies of coating cross-section and corresponding element surface distributions

(a)phosphate conversion;(b)direct electrophoresis;(c)phosphate-electrophoresis

, figureFileSmall=pigahF1WwlM0Zjlnznnxnw==, figureFileBig=fVQH2wxZLUzngCVUhtxyXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282063718372138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=图2, caption=膜层截面形貌及相应元素面分布

(a)磷酸盐;(b)直接电泳;(c)磷酸盐-电泳

, figureFileSmall=pigahF1WwlM0Zjlnznnxnw==, figureFileBig=fVQH2wxZLUzngCVUhtxyXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282063798063915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cross-sectional morphology of phosphate-electrophoresis composite coatings(a) and EDS analysis results(b), figureFileSmall=TSqowAeIWYFXvjUnsukMTQ==, figureFileBig=7zjIgT55L5OSY5W2REvN/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282063881949996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=图3, caption=磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层截面形貌(a)和EDS分析结果(b), figureFileSmall=TSqowAeIWYFXvjUnsukMTQ==, figureFileBig=7zjIgT55L5OSY5W2REvN/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282063944864557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variation of open-circuit potential with time for samples with different surface treatments, figureFileSmall=cHwsaKANQfUsQ/gi4wcnqg==, figureFileBig=KWwi+Jt771PkL5DERlbRVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282064032944942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同表面处理方式试样的开路电位随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=cHwsaKANQfUsQ/gi4wcnqg==, figureFileBig=KWwi+Jt771PkL5DERlbRVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282064095859503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Polarization curves of samples with different surface treatments, figureFileSmall=cBF1GDLcXtwm+FjHUyeCQg==, figureFileBig=YTPeS0Z1at2A0gTNbE0yhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282064162968368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同表面处理方式试样的极化曲线, figureFileSmall=cBF1GDLcXtwm+FjHUyeCQg==, figureFileBig=YTPeS0Z1at2A0gTNbE0yhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282064242660145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=EIS of different surface treatments samples in 3.5%NaCl solution

(a)Nyquist diagram;(b)Bode diagram

, figureFileSmall=pqfutfiTR9FrJrAozgg9WQ==, figureFileBig=IkZdHZ4AVZICObg/uzuFJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282064313963314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同表面处理方式样品在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学阻抗谱

(a)Nyquist 图;(b)Bode 图

, figureFileSmall=pqfutfiTR9FrJrAozgg9WQ==, figureFileBig=IkZdHZ4AVZICObg/uzuFJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282064397849395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Equivalent circuit models of EIS fitting

(a)matrix;(b)phosphate conversion;(c)direct electrophoresis and phosphate-electrophoresis

, figureFileSmall=G7xJBAt0x6/kNn89dZqsbQ==, figureFileBig=gTzwywNvOod/qmHlROZgZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282064481735476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=图7, caption=交流阻抗拟合的等效电路模型

(a)基体;(b)磷酸盐;(c)直接电泳与磷酸盐-电泳

, figureFileSmall=G7xJBAt0x6/kNn89dZqsbQ==, figureFileBig=gTzwywNvOod/qmHlROZgZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282064582398773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Surface morphologies of coatings with different surface treatments before and after salt spray test, figureFileSmall=vuROhbdu01fyyZGyvJUSDg==, figureFileBig=4iscZ6eDghiUWORHQgJAPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282064678867766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同表面处理方式膜层盐雾实验前后表面形貌, figureFileSmall=vuROhbdu01fyyZGyvJUSDg==, figureFileBig=4iscZ6eDghiUWORHQgJAPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322282064750170935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Thickness of coatings with different surface treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test pointThickness/μm
Phosphate conversionDirect electrophoresisPhosphate-electrophoresis
18.731.132.5
28.329.931.2
38.130.727.9
48.929.229.9
510.930.028.2
610.232.730.5
79.131.530.9
89.730.128.7
99.529.929.2
108.130.828.1
Mean value9.1±0.930.6±1.129.7±1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322282064834057016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同表面处理方式膜层厚度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test pointThickness/μm
Phosphate conversionDirect electrophoresisPhosphate-electrophoresis
18.731.132.5
28.329.931.2
38.130.727.9
48.929.229.9
510.930.028.2
610.232.730.5
79.131.530.9
89.730.128.7
99.529.929.2
108.130.828.1
Mean value9.1±0.930.6±1.129.7±1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322282064917943097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Adhesion force of coatings with different surface treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleAdhesion force/MPa
Phosphate conversionDirect electrophoresisPhosphate-electrophoresis
12.642.145.96
22.962.575.42
32.752.425.75
Mean value2.78±0.162.37±0.215.71±0.27
), ArticleFig(id=1322282064993440570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同表面处理方式膜层附着力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleAdhesion force/MPa
Phosphate conversionDirect electrophoresisPhosphate-electrophoresis
12.642.145.96
22.962.575.42
32.752.425.75
Mean value2.78±0.162.37±0.215.71±0.27
), ArticleFig(id=1322282065094103867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fitting results of polarization curves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Surface treatmentEcorrvs. SCE/Vicorr/(A·cm-2)
Matrix-1.562.4×10-6
Phosphate conversion-1.549.2×10-7
Direct electrophoresis-1.485.6×10-11
Phosphate-electrophoresis-1.431.5×10-11
), ArticleFig(id=1322282065177989948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

极化曲线拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Surface treatmentEcorrvs. SCE/Vicorr/(A·cm-2)
Matrix-1.562.4×10-6
Phosphate conversion-1.549.2×10-7
Direct electrophoresis-1.485.6×10-11
Phosphate-electrophoresis-1.431.5×10-11
), ArticleFig(id=1322282065295430461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fitting results of equivalent circuit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Rs/

(Ω·cm2)

Qf1/

(F·cm-2)

Rf1/

(Ω·cm2)

Qf2/

(F·cm-2)

Rf2/

(Ω·cm2)

Qdl/

(F·cm-2)

Rt/

(Ω·cm2)

Rl/

(Ω·cm2)

L/

(H·cm-2)

Matrix8.421.47×10-3543.20105.02525
Phosphate conversion26.322.43×10-513452.12×10-4762.11
Direct electrophoresis31.344.01×10-104.19×1076.01×10-81.21×1076.54×10-81.88×104
Phosphate-electrophoresis18.232.94×10-103.88×1075.18×10-92.45×1071.14×10-93.21×107
), ArticleFig(id=1322282065379316542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322282055250072273, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

等效电路拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Rs/

(Ω·cm2)

Qf1/

(F·cm-2)

Rf1/

(Ω·cm2)

Qf2/

(F·cm-2)

Rf2/

(Ω·cm2)

Qdl/

(F·cm-2)

Rt/

(Ω·cm2)

Rl/

(Ω·cm2)

L/

(H·cm-2)

Matrix8.421.47×10-3543.20105.02525
Phosphate conversion26.322.43×10-513452.12×10-4762.11
Direct electrophoresis31.344.01×10-104.19×1076.01×10-81.21×1076.54×10-81.88×104
Phosphate-electrophoresis18.232.94×10-103.88×1075.18×10-92.45×1071.14×10-93.21×107
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Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金复合膜层制备及性能
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聂敬敬 1 , 夏先朝 1 , 孙京丽 1 , 姚文德 1 , 李靖 2 , 刘波 2 , 武丽丽 1 , 邹文兵 1, 2 , 王堃 1 , 袁勇 1
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(7): 263-271
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (7) : 263 -271
Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金复合膜层制备及性能
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聂敬敬1, 夏先朝1, 孙京丽1 , 姚文德1, 李靖2, 刘波2, 武丽丽1, 邹文兵1, 2, 王堃1, 袁勇1
作者信息
  • 1.上海航天精密机械研究所,上海 201600
  • 2.新江科技(江苏)有限公司,江苏 南通 226143
通讯作者:
孙京丽(1985—),女,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为金属功能材料和镁合金环境适应性,联系地址:上海市松江区贵德路76号上海航天精密机械研究所(201600),E-mail:
Preparation and properties of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr rare earth magnesium alloy composite coatings
Jingjing NIE1, Xianchao XIA1, Jingli SUN1 , Wende YAO1, Jing LI2, Bo LIU2, Lili WU1, Wenbing ZOU1, 2, Kun WANG1, Yong YUAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanghai Spaceflight Precision Machinery Institute,Shanghai 201600,China
  • 2.Xinjiang Science and Technology (Jiangsu) Co. ,Ltd. ,Nantong 226143,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000566
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为探究不同表面处理工艺对稀土镁合金性能的影响,以Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金为研究对象,分别使用磷酸盐、直接电泳及磷酸盐-电泳复合处理三种工艺对其进行表面改性。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、涡流测厚仪、拉脱法附着力测试仪、电化学测试及盐雾实验等方法,系统评价处理后试样的表面形貌、膜层均匀性、膜层附着力及耐蚀性能。结果表明:磷酸盐处理形成的膜层较薄,表面存在微观裂纹;直接电泳处理的膜层与基体之间存在孔隙;而磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层与基体结合紧密,未出现明显裂纹或气孔。磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层与基体间的结合力最高,主要是由于磷酸盐处理不仅增加基体表面粗糙度,而且表面微裂纹也有助于电泳膜层向内部渗透。电化学及盐雾实验结果表明,磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层的腐蚀电流密度最低,容抗弧半径最大,盐雾实验144 h后表面形貌无明显变化,表现出优异的耐蚀性与耐久性。

稀土镁合金  /  磷酸盐  /  电泳  /  复合膜层  /  腐蚀行为

To explore the effects of different surface treatment processes on the properties of rare earth magnesium alloys,this study employs Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr rare earth magnesium alloy as the research subject and conducts surface modification by using three processes: phosphate conversion treatment,direct electrophoresis treatment,and phosphate-electrophoresis composite treatment. The surface morphology,coating uniformity,coating adhesion and corrosion resistance of the treated samples are systematically evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),eddy current thickness gauge,pull-out adhesion tester,electrochemical techniques and salt spray test,respectively. The results show that the phosphate conversion treatment forms a thin coating with microscopic cracks on the surface;the coating formed by direct electrophoresis treatment has pores between the coating and the substrate;while the phosphate-electrophoresis composite coatings are closely combined with the substrate without obvious cracks or pores. The adhesion force between the phosphate-electrophoresis composite coatings and the substrate is the highest,mainly because the phosphate conversion treatment not only increases the surface roughness of the substrate,but also the microcracks on the surface are conducive to the penetration of the electrophoretic coating into the interior. The results of electrochemical and salt spray tests show that the corrosion current density of the phosphate-electrophoresis composite coatings is the lowest,the capacitive arc radius is the largest,and the surface morphology has no obvious change after 144 h of salt spray test,demonstrating excellent corrosion resistance and durability.

rare earth magnesium alloy  /  phosphate conversion  /  electrophoresis  /  composite coating  /  corrosion behavior
聂敬敬, 夏先朝, 孙京丽, 姚文德, 李靖, 刘波, 武丽丽, 邹文兵, 王堃, 袁勇. Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金复合膜层制备及性能. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (7) : 263 -271 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000566
Jingjing NIE, Xianchao XIA, Jingli SUN, Wende YAO, Jing LI, Bo LIU, Lili WU, Wenbing ZOU, Kun WANG, Yong YUAN. Preparation and properties of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr rare earth magnesium alloy composite coatings[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (7) : 263 -271 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000566
镁合金作为工程应用中最轻的金属结构材料,其具有比刚度和比强度高、阻尼减振性好和易回收等特点,被广泛应用于航空航天、交通、3C等领域[1-3]。然而,与传统的工程金属(例如钢和铝合金)相比,镁合金的平衡电位低(约为-2.37 V),导致其具有较高的电化学活性,易发生表面氧化,且生成的氧化膜层为疏松多孔结构,致使其具有较差的耐蚀性能[4-6]。因此,镁合金作为结构材料使用时必须进行适当的表面处理,以提高其耐蚀性。目前,改善镁合金耐蚀性的方法主要有化学氧化、阳极氧化、微弧氧化、磁控溅射、激光表面处理及有机涂装等[7-9]。其中,化学氧化具有设备简单、工艺成熟、成本低等优点,被广泛应用于大尺寸复杂镁合金结构件的表面处理中[7]。相对于传统的铬酸盐化学氧化,磷酸盐化学氧化处理过程无污染,在实践中取得了良好的应用效果[10-11]。Maurya等[11]采用主要成分为磷酸二氢铵和硝酸钙的转化液,在Mg-Li合金表面制备了磷酸盐转化膜,电化学测试结果表明,与基体样品相比,磷化处理后的样品腐蚀电流密度降低了6个数量级,腐蚀防护效率大于99%。Kouisni 等[12-13]研究发现,AM60合金在磷酸、磷酸盐与氟离子等混合溶液中可以形成良好的结晶层,合金经磷化处理后自腐蚀电位提高了700 mV。金华兰等[14]以压铸AZ91D合金为研究对象,对比了磷酸盐转化膜、高锰酸盐及化学镀锌对AZ91D合金的防腐性能,盐雾及湿热结果表明,磷酸盐转化膜展现出最优的防腐性能。磷酸盐化学转化膜虽在一定程度上能够改善镁合金的耐蚀性,但由于其形成的膜层较薄且孔隙较大,在高温、高湿等特殊环境中,其耐蚀性与实际需求间还存在较大的差距。
为了提高磷酸盐转化膜的致密性以及耐蚀性,研究人员综合运用封孔、超疏水改性及有机涂装等后处理方法,进一步得到了耐蚀性更优的复合膜层结构[8,15-17]。相对于其他后处理工艺,有机涂装除了能够有效提高镁合金的耐蚀性外,还能赋予其很好的外观装饰效果。电泳是近年发展起来的新型有机涂装工艺,因其具有污染小、成本较低、表面美观等特点,受到国内外研究学者的广泛关注[17-18]。陈亮朝等[19]研究了AZ31合金表面磷化工艺对后续电泳膜层的影响,研究发现,当磷化液pH值为3~4、处理温度为25~40 ℃、处理时间为3~10 min时,可以得到性能良好的复合膜层,复合膜层耐3%(质量分数,下同)盐水浸泡360 h不起泡,耐中性盐雾实验140 h无变化。类衍明等[20]在AZ31B合金磷化处理后再进行电泳涂装,同样获得了耐蚀性较好的复合膜层。目前,针对镁合金磷化及电泳复合膜层的研究多为非稀土镁合金,对于含稀土的镁合金体系还鲜有研究报道。众所周知,稀土元素添加能够提升合金强度,但也会导致合金基体电化学活性分布不均匀,影响膜层的致密性与耐蚀性,因此,研究稀土镁合金的磷化及电泳膜层对于进一步扩展其应用具有重要意义。本工作以Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金为研究对象,分别对其进行磷酸盐、直接电泳、磷酸盐-电泳复合处理,系统对比不同表面处理所得膜层的成分、微观形貌、膜层厚度、界面结合力及耐蚀性能,同时深入探究其腐蚀机理,为稀土镁合金在实际工程应用中表面处理技术的选择与优化提供实验依据与理论参考。
基体材料为Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金,其化学成分为:Nd 3.5(质量分数/%,下同),Zn 0.5,Zr 0.8,余量为Mg。在表面处理前,采用线切割将镁合金切割成 40 mm×40 mm×5 mm 的试样,在试样侧边位置钻M3 mm 的螺纹孔,用于后续表面处理夹具装配,然后依次用 600#、1000#的砂纸对线切割后的试样表面进行打磨、去油污处理,使后冷风吹干后待用。
磷酸盐化学氧化溶液配方为:磷酸二氢钠25 g/L、磷酸二氢铵 3 g/L、硝酸钠 2 g/L、硫酸锰30 g/L,使用氨水调节溶液pH值为3.5。磷化处理温度为50 ℃,处理时间10 min,去离子水漂洗,冷风吹干后待用。
将裸金属与磷化处理后的试片分别进行电泳处理,实验采用KLL-500型环氧型电泳漆,电泳工艺参数为:电压 100 V,时间30 min,电泳后的试样在170 ℃下固化烘干20 min。
采用配带有能谱仪的FEI QUANTA 450扫描电镜对不同表面处理方式膜层的表面及截面形貌、成分进行分析,加速电压20 kV,工作距离 10 mm。采用QNIX4200 型测厚仪测量膜层表面厚度,使用前在 Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr 基材表面进行校准,选取试片表面上中下区域,每个区域进行3次及以上测量,取其平均值。参考ASTM D4541标准,选用型号为Positest AT-A便携式拉拔实验仪对不同表面处理膜层附着力进行测试,加载速率0.7 MPa/s,每种表面处理状态测试3个平行样。
采用VersaSTAT 3F电化学工作站对不同表面处理样品进行电化学腐蚀性能测试,测试采用传统三电极体系,工作电极为基体与膜层试样,对电极为铂片电极(20 mm×20 mm),参比电极选取饱和甘汞电极(saturated calomel electrode,SCE),测试电解质为3.5%NaCl 溶液,整个测试过程均在室温条件下进行。首先在溶液中进行3600 s的开路电位测量,待开路稳定后,依次进行电化学阻抗谱与动电位极化曲线测试。电化学阻抗谱的测试频率为0.01 Hz~100 kHz,扰动振幅为10 mV;动电位极化测试电位扫描范围设为相对开路电位±0.4 V,扫描速率0.5 mV/s。
采用KE-60C型盐雾试验机对不同表面处理的膜层试样进行盐雾测试,用于评价膜层的耐久性能,测试标准参照GB/T 10125—2012,腐蚀介质使用5%NaCl溶液,被测试样表面与垂直方向为30°,相邻试样保持行间距不小于7.5 cm,连续喷雾,测试时间为144 h,样品尺寸为30 mm×30 mm×5 mm。根据实验前后宏观形貌的变化判断腐蚀程度,每种试样至少制备 3 个平行试样,以确保实验结果的准确性。
磷酸盐及直接电泳试样膜层表面形貌及相应的元素面分布,如图1所示。从图1(a)可以看出,磷酸盐膜层表面存在裂纹与颗粒物,颗粒物直径约为25 μm。EDS面扫描结果表明,颗粒物上主要富含O、P、Mn等元素。相对于磷酸盐膜层,电泳膜层(图1(b))表面平整,没有发现裂纹与孔洞,膜层主要由C、O、Si、Ti、Al等元素组成。
不同表面处理膜层试样的截面形貌,如图2所示。由图2(a)可以看出,磷酸盐膜层凹凸不平,厚度不一(约为(9±2) μm),且膜层中存在大量孔洞缺陷。直接电泳膜层(图2(b))较为平整,膜层厚度约为(30±3) μm,膜层与基体之间存在明显的孔隙。这主要是由于镁合金较为活泼,在室温空气中易发生氧化,生成一层疏松多孔氧化膜,在电泳过程中,疏松多孔氧化膜对电泳有机层的黏结性和均匀性存在破坏作用,导致电泳膜层不能很好地吸附在基体上[21]。磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层界面形貌如图2(c)所示,复合膜层存在明显的双层结构,即外层电泳层(层Ⅰ),内层磷酸盐膜层(层Ⅱ),总膜层厚度约为(29±3) μm。相对于磷酸盐与直接电泳膜层,复合膜层与基体之间结合紧密,没有发现明显的裂纹和气孔。这主要是因为磷酸盐保护膜的形成隔离了镁合金基体与外界的接触,防止形成新的弱边界层对电泳过程产生不利影响[19,21]。
采用QNIX4200 型涡流测厚仪测量不同表面处理膜层的厚度,结果如表1所示。可以看出,磷酸盐膜层的平均厚度为(9.1±0.9) μm,直接电泳后膜层的平均厚度为(30.6±1.1) μm,磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层的平均厚度为(29.7±1.5) μm,三种膜层均表现出良好的均匀性,此与SEM截面表征结果相一致。
不同表面处理方式的膜层结合力,如表2所示。可以看出,磷酸盐膜层与直接电泳膜层附着力接近,均低于磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层。这主要是由于前者膜层与基体之间均存在明显的孔隙(如图2(a),(b)),结合不够紧密,而磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层的附着力明显提高,达到5.71 MPa。为进一步阐明复合膜层附着力提高机制,对复合膜层截面形貌进行进一步表征,结果如图3所示。可以看出,复合膜层的外层电泳层厚度约为20 μm,内层磷酸盐膜层厚度约为10 μm。由图3(b)中Si、Al、Ti在复合膜层中的含量变化可知,在外层电泳层中,Si、Al、Ti含量逐渐增加,而内层磷酸盐膜层中Si、Al、Ti含量逐渐降低,表明电泳层在电场的作用下已渗透到磷酸盐膜层的微裂纹中。此外,由图2(a)可知,磷酸盐处理后基体截面展现出明显的凹凸不平结构,即基体表面粗糙度增加,进而增强了黏结界面上的机械啮合作用,两者共同作用使得复合膜层的结合力得到提高[21-22]。
开路电位可以从热力学上表征材料腐蚀的倾向性,一般认为,开路电位越正,材料的腐蚀倾向性越小[23]。基体与不同表面处理方式试样的开路电位随时间变化结果,如图4所示。可以看出,基体、直接电泳与磷酸盐-电泳膜层试样的开路电位均随时间的增加而增大,随后趋于稳定,表明膜层的溶解与生成速率逐渐达到动态平衡[3,23]。但磷酸盐膜层的开路电位在开始时出现短暂的降低,表明磷酸盐膜层没有起到良好的保护作用,基体出现腐蚀。此外,直接电泳与磷酸盐-电泳膜层稳定后的开路电位明显高于基体与磷酸盐膜层试样,说明电泳膜层对镁合金的腐蚀有着显著的抑制作用。
图5为不同表面处理方式试样在3.5%NaCl溶液中的动电位极化曲线测试结果。可以看出,极化曲线均表现出不对称结构。通常,阴极极化曲线代表着合金与电解质溶液反应发生的析氢过程,而阳极极化曲线分支则代表着镁合金基体的溶解[24-25]。相对于基体的极化曲线,磷酸盐表面处理后,其极化曲线的阴极分支几乎没有发生变化,而阳极分支出现轻微的左移,即阳极电流密度减小,表明镁合金基体的溶解速率降低。而对于直接电泳与磷酸盐-电泳试样来说,极化曲线的阴极分支与阳极分支均出现明显的左移,表明合金的阴极析氢反应和阳极镁合金基体的溶解反应均受到抑制[24,26]。
为了进一步比较不同表面处理方式下腐蚀速率的差异性,采用外推法对极化曲线进行拟合,结果如表3所示。可以看出,直接电泳与磷酸盐-电泳试样的自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)接近,高于基体与磷酸盐试样,这与开路电位的测试结果相一致。此外,合金的腐蚀速率通常用腐蚀电流密度(icorr)表示,腐蚀电流密度越低,表明金属材料的耐腐蚀性能越好[3,23]。基体、磷酸盐、直接电泳、磷酸盐-电泳试样的腐蚀电流密度分别为2.4×10-6、9.2×10-7、5.6×10-11、1.5×10-11 A·cm-2,即经过磷酸盐表面处理后试样的腐蚀电流密度略有降低,而经电泳处理后的试样腐蚀电流密度降低了5个数量级,表明电泳表面处理能够显著改善镁合金的耐蚀性能。磷酸盐-电泳复合处理方式的效果最好,这主要是由于复合膜层具有良好的结合力和致密性。
不同表面处理方式样品在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学阻抗谱(electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,EIS),如图6所示。从图6(a)可以看出,基体展现出高频容抗弧和低频感抗弧,低频感抗弧的出现表明基体发生了局部腐蚀(点蚀)[24,27]。对于磷酸盐、直接电泳和磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层试样表现出2个或3个容抗弧,低频感抗弧消失,表明磷酸盐或电泳表面处理能够有效抑制局部腐蚀的发生。一般来说,更大的容抗弧表明膜层更好的耐蚀性[27],即膜层耐蚀性由高至低分别为磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层、直接电泳膜层、磷酸盐膜层、基体。Bode图(图6(b))中磷酸盐-电泳、直接电泳膜层试样的低频阻抗模值(|Z|0.01 Hz)(107 Ω·cm2级别)远高于磷酸盐(103 Ω·cm2级别)和镁合金基体(1022 Ω·cm2级别),表明直接电泳膜层能够为镁合金提供高效的防护,此与Nyquist 图的分析结果一致。
为了定量描述不同表面处理方式膜层的腐蚀行为,采用如图7所示的等效电路对图6中的阻抗数据进行拟合,拟合结果如表4所示。图7中Rs为溶液电阻,Rf为磷酸盐或电泳膜层的膜电阻,Rt为膜与基体界面处的电荷转移电阻,Rl为局部腐蚀过程的电阻,L为部分表面膜破裂以及伴随的局部腐蚀过程;考虑到膜层电极极化电流的非均匀特征(弥散效应),所有等效电路中的电容都采用常相位元件(constant phase angle element,CPE)代替,其中Qf和Qdl分别代表膜层/溶液界面的电容和镁合金基体/溶液界面的双电层电容[24,27]。
通过等效电路拟合得到的Rf、Rt和Qf是评价膜层及金属材料耐蚀性能的重要参数。一般来说,极化电阻Rp(Rp=Rf+Rt)值越大,表明电子通过双电层转移越困难,即材料耐蚀性越好[28]。从表4拟合结果可知,磷酸盐-电泳、直接电泳、磷酸盐及基体试样的极化电阻分别为9.54×107、5.4×107、2.1×103、5.4×102 Ω·cm2,即磷酸盐-电泳处理后的膜层耐蚀性,优于直接电泳与磷酸盐试样,此与动电位极化曲线结果相一致。此外,膜层电容Qf一定程度上可以反映膜层的孔隙率和膜层毛细管孔中电解液的渗透扩散情况。一般来说,Qf越大,表明膜层的缺陷越多,即电解液越容易渗透到膜层中[27,29]。磷酸盐-电泳、直接电泳与磷酸盐膜层的Qf分别处于10-9、10-8、10-5数量级,即磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层的缺陷最少,具有更好的保护性能。
盐雾实验对于评估膜层在实际应用中的耐用性和可靠性具有重要意义[27,30]。不同表面处理方式膜层经盐雾144 h实验前后的表面形貌,如图8所示。可以看出,磷酸盐试样表面盐雾后产生白色腐蚀产物,即基体发生腐蚀;直接电泳膜层试样盐雾后出现膜层脱落现象,即膜层失去保护能力;而磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层盐雾后,试样表面几乎没有变化,无腐蚀痕迹,表明盐雾期间腐蚀介质没有穿透复合膜层,即磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层对腐蚀介质有很好的屏蔽性,对基体起到良好的保护作用。以上结果表明,复合膜层的耐蚀性与耐久性均高于直接电泳与磷酸盐膜层,这主要是由于磷酸盐膜的疏松多孔结构对电泳有机层起到良好的吸附和嵌合作用,导致复合膜层的附着力良好,具备高阻抗和良好的屏蔽性,进而有效隔离了镁合金基体与腐蚀介质的接触。
(1)经磷酸盐处理后膜层较薄,表面存在裂纹,直接电泳膜层与基体间存在孔隙,而磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层与基体之间结合紧密,无明显的裂纹和气孔。
(2)磷酸盐处理后基体表面粗糙度增加,同时磷酸盐表面的微裂纹有利于电泳膜层向氧化膜内部渗透,两者共同作用提高磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层与基体间的结合力。
(3)磷酸盐-电泳复合膜层的腐蚀电流密度最低,容抗弧半径最大,盐雾实验144 h后表面形貌无明显变化,表现出优异的耐蚀性与耐久性。
  • 上海航天精密机械研究所自主研发项目(202480009)
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2026年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000566
  • 接收时间:2024-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-12
  • 录用日期:2024-09-12
基金
上海航天精密机械研究所自主研发项目(202480009)
作者信息
    1.上海航天精密机械研究所,上海 201600
    2.新江科技(江苏)有限公司,江苏 南通 226143

通讯作者:

孙京丽(1985—),女,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为金属功能材料和镁合金环境适应性,联系地址:上海市松江区贵德路76号上海航天精密机械研究所(201600),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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