Article(id=1322281980683735214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2026.000186, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2026.000186, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1774886400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1778601600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineDate=1793186191005, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186191005, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186191005, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186191005, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281755323777794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186137276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186275878, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282336729805035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282336729805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281755323777794, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=91, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322281980906033327, articleId=1322281980683735214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Current application status and prospects of machine learning in friction stir welding and additive manufacturing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Friction stir welding and its derived solid-state additive manufacturing technologies stand as one of the effective approaches to avoid melting defects and achieve the fabrication of high-performance lightweight alloy components. However,the friction stir welding and solid-state additive manufacturing processes involve complex thermo-mechanical-fluid-microstructure couplings,posing significant challenges to traditional trial-and-error methods for process optimization. The emergence of machine learning provides a transformative solution for process understanding and intelligent control in this field. This paper presents a systematic review of machine learning applications in friction stir welding and additive friction stir deposition. It categorizes and elaborates on the current research status and data processing strategies in aspects such as performance prediction,defect detection,and in-situ control. Addressing the limitations of purely data-driven models,it focuses on investigating different fusion paradigms of physics-informed machine learning and their cutting-edge applications. Finally, it points out that future research should concentrate on further developing generalizable prediction models,achieving real-time closed-loop intelligent control,and integrating active learning for autonomous process exploration,aiming to provide references for advancing these technologies toward intelligent and high-performance development.
, authors=Lei SHI
1, 2, Guoxin DAI
1, 2, Xiankun ZHANG
1, 2, Chuansong WU
1, 2, Shitao YAN
3, authorsList=Lei SHI, Guoxin DAI, Xiankun ZHANG, Chuansong WU, Shitao YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322281983967875260, articleId=1322281980683735214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=机器学习在搅拌摩擦焊接与增材制造领域的应用现状与展望, columnId=null, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
搅拌摩擦焊及其衍生的固相增材制造技术是避免熔化缺陷、实现轻合金构件高性能制造的有效手段之一。然而,搅拌摩擦焊接与增材制造工艺涉及复杂的热-力-流-组织演变耦合过程,传统试错法的工艺优化方法面临巨大挑战。机器学习的出现,为该领域的工艺理解与智能调控提供了变革性解决方案。本文系统综述了机器学习在搅拌摩擦焊接与沉积增材制造中的应用进展,阐述了其在性能预测、缺陷检测与原位控制等方面的研究现状及数据处理策略。针对纯数据驱动模型的局限性,重点探讨了物理信息机器学习的不同融合范式及其前沿应用。最后指出未来研究方向应聚焦于进一步发展通用化预测模型、实现实时闭环智能控制、融合主动学习进行自主工艺探索,以期为推动该技术向智能化、高性能化方向发展提供参考。
, authors=石磊
1, 2, 戴国欣
1, 2, 张贤昆
1, 2, 武传松
1, 2, 颜世涛
3, authorsList=石磊, 戴国欣, 张贤昆, 武传松, 颜世涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=石磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
石磊(1987—),男,教授,博士,主要从事搅拌摩擦焊接与增材制造研究,联系地址:山东省济南市经十路17923号山东大学材料科学与工程学院焊接研究所(250061),E-mail:
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1.山东大学 金属成形高端装备与先进技术全国重点实验室,济南 250061
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1.山东大学 金属成形高端装备与先进技术全国重点实验室,济南 250061
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3.山东泰开成套电器有限公司,山东 泰安 271000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322281984404082883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322281984420860100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, companyId=1322281984404082883, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Classification of ML algorithms in the FSW/AFSD domain, figureFileSmall=29udJddl1HD81RXShKognQ==, figureFileBig=yZ2NJjY/xN+O9tPEQQdvvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281988720021744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
FSW/AFSD领域ML算法分类, figureFileSmall=29udJddl1HD81RXShKognQ==, figureFileBig=yZ2NJjY/xN+O9tPEQQdvvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281988917154033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic diagram of multi-source feature fusion and feature dimensionality reduction, figureFileSmall=95AO1vDVmx8bFRR3poD6zA==, figureFileBig=zEkrOYH/j1NGzt4PlKsOGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281989017817330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
多源特征融合与特征降维示意图, figureFileSmall=95AO1vDVmx8bFRR3poD6zA==, figureFileBig=zEkrOYH/j1NGzt4PlKsOGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281989089120499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Flowchart for in-situ control of leading-point temperature in FSW, figureFileSmall=q8Y63bX9+9tsC1Tw3eVIjg==, figureFileBig=3wfb4kfMscWmZqQ8vmeegA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281989156229364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
FSW前导点温度原位控制流程图, figureFileSmall=q8Y63bX9+9tsC1Tw3eVIjg==, figureFileBig=3wfb4kfMscWmZqQ8vmeegA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281989235921141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Physics-guided modular NN architecture customized for different thermal stages of the AFSD process, figureFileSmall=MIFMZa5Pb7KodVoO6UEIVQ==, figureFileBig=G7sx+v19jsKVkgnbBphgwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281989311418614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
针对AFSD过程不同热阶段定制的物理引导模块化NN架构, figureFileSmall=MIFMZa5Pb7KodVoO6UEIVQ==, figureFileBig=G7sx+v19jsKVkgnbBphgwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281989395304695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Correction of key CFD boundary condition parameters based on experimentally measured thermal profiles using ML methods, figureFileSmall=i21RHBmzjKuVkFPQzTPZaw==, figureFileBig=xwoWbV+Mr03TgMKykRQ/Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281989483385080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
采用ML方法通过实验获得的热循环曲线矫正CFD边界条件关键参数, figureFileSmall=i21RHBmzjKuVkFPQzTPZaw==, figureFileBig=xwoWbV+Mr03TgMKykRQ/Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281989550493945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Structural differences among five PIML methods, figureFileSmall=VbwGGZgmzFuqYF2lhxoFyg==, figureFileBig=z1TIlZjNotzMYLPbUPj1rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281989621797114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
五种PIML方法的结构差异, figureFileSmall=VbwGGZgmzFuqYF2lhxoFyg==, figureFileBig=z1TIlZjNotzMYLPbUPj1rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281989705683195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Commonly used ML algorithms for regression and classification tasks in FSW field
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Task type | Input feature | Output feature | Available ML algorithm | Reference |
|---|
| Regression | Rotational speed,welding speed,shoulder diameter | Ultimate tensile strength (UTS),tensile shear strength,yield strength (YS) | ANN,SVR,Gaussian process regression (GPR),LR,MLR,RF,gradient boosting regressor (GBR),AdaBoost regressor (ABR),RBFNN,BPNN | [21-24] |
Motor current features extracted by wavelet packet transform | |
| Classification | Rotational speed,welding speed,shoulder plunge depth | Presence or absence of defects,pin status (good,material adhesion, fracture) | BPNN,SVM,DT,KNN,RF,logical model tree (LMT),Hoeffding tree | [25-29] |
The time domain and frequency domain features of three directional welding force signals,the time frequency spectrogram converted from time series of the axial force,the statistical features of equipment vibration signals | |
Time series of three directional welding forces and torque | CNN,RNN,BPNN | [27-28] |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281989802152188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
FSW领域回归和分类任务常用的ML算法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Task type | Input feature | Output feature | Available ML algorithm | Reference |
|---|
| Regression | Rotational speed,welding speed,shoulder diameter | Ultimate tensile strength (UTS),tensile shear strength,yield strength (YS) | ANN,SVR,Gaussian process regression (GPR),LR,MLR,RF,gradient boosting regressor (GBR),AdaBoost regressor (ABR),RBFNN,BPNN | [21-24] |
Motor current features extracted by wavelet packet transform | |
| Classification | Rotational speed,welding speed,shoulder plunge depth | Presence or absence of defects,pin status (good,material adhesion, fracture) | BPNN,SVM,DT,KNN,RF,logical model tree (LMT),Hoeffding tree | [25-29] |
The time domain and frequency domain features of three directional welding force signals,the time frequency spectrogram converted from time series of the axial force,the statistical features of equipment vibration signals | |
Time series of three directional welding forces and torque | CNN,RNN,BPNN | [27-28] |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281989881843965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Commonly used meta-heuristic algorithms in FSW field
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Algorithm name | Underlying ML model | Optimization objective | Reference |
|---|
Particle swarm optimization (PSO),non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ),genetic algorithm (GA),whale optimization algorithm (WOA),beetle swarm optimization (BSO) | BPNN | Single-objective optimization,multi-objective optimization,primary objective optimization with multi-objective constraints,hyperparameter optimization,internal parameter optimization | [14,31-41] |
Grey wolf optimizer (GWO),ant colony optimization (ACO) | RBFNN | Single-objective optimization,internal parameter optimization | [42-44] |
Hunger games search (HGS),henry gas solubility optimization (HGSO),marine predators algorithm (MPA) | RVFL | Internal parameter optimization,hyperparameter optimization | [45-47] |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281989953147134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
FSW领域常用的元启发式算法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Algorithm name | Underlying ML model | Optimization objective | Reference |
|---|
Particle swarm optimization (PSO),non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ),genetic algorithm (GA),whale optimization algorithm (WOA),beetle swarm optimization (BSO) | BPNN | Single-objective optimization,multi-objective optimization,primary objective optimization with multi-objective constraints,hyperparameter optimization,internal parameter optimization | [14,31-41] |
Grey wolf optimizer (GWO),ant colony optimization (ACO) | RBFNN | Single-objective optimization,internal parameter optimization | [42-44] |
Hunger games search (HGS),henry gas solubility optimization (HGSO),marine predators algorithm (MPA) | RVFL | Internal parameter optimization,hyperparameter optimization | [45-47] |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281990091559167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of five PIML application paradigms with traditional ML methods
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Application form of PIML | Core improvement over traditional ML |
|---|
Physics‑based feature engineering | Transforming domain knowledge into input features with clear physical meaning,guiding the model to learn essential laws,thereby improving model accuracy,interpretability,and reducing reliance on data volume |
ML input/output based on numerical simulation | Using simulation data to augment or replace costly experimental data,providing key physical field variables difficult to obtain experimentally as inputs,or constructing efficient surrogate models to accelerate optimization,thereby enhancing the physical completeness and applicability of the model |
Physics‑informed ML architecture | Embedding the mathematical form of physical laws or process structures into neural network design,so that the model inherently maintains physical consistency,significantly improving prediction reliability and generalization capability under extrapolated scenarios |
Data‑driven physics model correction | Using ML to efficiently and automatically calibrate key parameters in physical models,and even inversely deriving equation forms from data,achieving rapid optimization and uncertainty quantification of physical models |
Modifying loss functions with physics | Incorporating physical constraints such as governing equations and boundary conditions as penalty terms into the loss function,achieving fused solution of physical laws and data,with advantages including mesh‑free nature,high computational efficiency,and the ability to handle sparse and irregular data |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281991752503552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281980683735214, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
五种PIML应用形式与传统ML方法的比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Application form of PIML | Core improvement over traditional ML |
|---|
Physics‑based feature engineering | Transforming domain knowledge into input features with clear physical meaning,guiding the model to learn essential laws,thereby improving model accuracy,interpretability,and reducing reliance on data volume |
ML input/output based on numerical simulation | Using simulation data to augment or replace costly experimental data,providing key physical field variables difficult to obtain experimentally as inputs,or constructing efficient surrogate models to accelerate optimization,thereby enhancing the physical completeness and applicability of the model |
Physics‑informed ML architecture | Embedding the mathematical form of physical laws or process structures into neural network design,so that the model inherently maintains physical consistency,significantly improving prediction reliability and generalization capability under extrapolated scenarios |
Data‑driven physics model correction | Using ML to efficiently and automatically calibrate key parameters in physical models,and even inversely deriving equation forms from data,achieving rapid optimization and uncertainty quantification of physical models |
Modifying loss functions with physics | Incorporating physical constraints such as governing equations and boundary conditions as penalty terms into the loss function,achieving fused solution of physical laws and data,with advantages including mesh‑free nature,high computational efficiency,and the ability to handle sparse and irregular data |
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