Article(id=1322281971955381094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000363, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000363, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715961600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1720713600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-12, onlineDate=1793186188924, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793186188924, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793186188924, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793186188924, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322281938308677669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='347', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793186180903, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793186267843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322282303045349605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1322281938308677669, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=161, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322281972160901991, articleId=1322281971955381094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in additive manufacturing of copper alloys, columnId=1220689389424919062, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Copper is widely used in conventional industries owing to its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. With the growing demand for complex copper components featuring higher manufacturing accuracy, lower cost, and improved material utilization, additive manufacturing (AM) has opened up new opportunities for processing copper and its alloys. This review summarizes the major production routes for copper powders and wires, including electrolytic methods, plasma rotating electrode processing, atomization, wire drawing, and wire fabrication method,and compares their advantages, limitations, and suitable application scenarios. It further highlights recent progress in AM technologies for copper alloys, such as powder bed fusion, directed energy deposition, binder jetting, cold-spray additive manufacturing, and wire-based electron beam additive manufacturing, and systematically discusses their advantages, bottlenecks, and key technical challenges in fabricating copper parts. In addition, the effects of copper’s intrinsic material characteristics—high reflectivity, high thermal conductivity, susceptibility to oxidation, and high thermal expansion coefficient on AM processes are analyzed. Finally, potential mitigation strategies are proposed, including appropriately increasing scan spacing and laser power, switching laser sources, surface modifications, and post-processing treatments.
, authors=Zhengxin ZHENG, Yichuan ZHANG, Wenwen YUE, Youbin LAI, authorsList=Zhengxin ZHENG, Yichuan ZHANG, Wenwen YUE, Youbin LAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Youbin LAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322281975566676851, articleId=1322281971955381094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=铜合金增材制造研究进展, columnId=1220689389663994406, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
铜因其优异的导电与导热性能在传统工业中得到广泛应用。随着复杂铜部件对高制造精度、低成本与高材料利用率的要求不断提高,增材制造为铜及铜合金的加工提供了新的发展契机。本文综述了铜粉与铜线的主要制备方法,包括电解法、等离子旋转电极制粉法、雾化法、拉丝法及丝材制备法,并归纳了各方法的优缺点与适用场景,重点讨论了当前应用于铜合金增材制造技术的发展现状,如激光粉末床熔融、定向能量沉积、黏结剂喷射、冷喷涂增材制造和线材电子束增材制造,系统评述了其在制备铜部件时的优势、瓶颈及技术挑战,探讨了铜的高反射率、高导热性、易氧化性及高热膨胀系数等材料特性对增材制造工艺过程的影响,并提出适当增加扫描间距和激光功率、切换激光源、表面改性、后处理等可供参考的应对策略。
, authors=郑正鑫, 张艺川, 岳雯雯, 来佑彬, authorsList=郑正鑫, 张艺川, 岳雯雯, 来佑彬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=来佑彬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
来佑彬(1988—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为增材制造和表面工程,联系地址:广东省汕头市金平区大学路243号汕头大学(515063),E-mail:
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Schematic diagrams of typical metal powder production processes, figureFileSmall=METeUyeZzVWtnxwq6yeDMQ==, figureFileBig=6t+lu1hZBhD/9QZRGbmbtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281979345744789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
金属粉末制备典型工艺原理示意图(a)PREP[13];(b)atomization[10];(c)combined water and air atomization[10]
, figureFileSmall=METeUyeZzVWtnxwq6yeDMQ==, figureFileBig=6t+lu1hZBhD/9QZRGbmbtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281979538682774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Micro-morphologies of copper powders prepared by chemical reduction method(a)[20] and physico-mechanical method(b)[21], figureFileSmall=GILnp9U8Ty7i9hP+TqowwQ==, figureFileBig=K7rFX4q9bshod/VtzOv7iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281979609985943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
采用化学还原法(a)[20]和物理机械法(b)[21]制备的铜粉微观形貌, figureFileSmall=GILnp9U8Ty7i9hP+TqowwQ==, figureFileBig=K7rFX4q9bshod/VtzOv7iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281979702260632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Schematic diagrams of different additive manufacturing processes, figureFileSmall=Eg8dVuLhlXJfMCc9Y35SQw==, figureFileBig=+ygjHqwI+RIFMdA57EFg3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281979773563801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
不同增材制造工艺示意图(a)LPBF;(b)EBM[26];(c)LDED;(d)WAAM[27];(e)铜铝合金工艺设置[28];(f)BJ[29](a)LPBF;(b)EBM[26];(c)LDED;(d)WAAM[27];(e)copper-aluminium alloy process setup[28];(f)BJ[29]
, figureFileSmall=Eg8dVuLhlXJfMCc9Y35SQw==, figureFileBig=+ygjHqwI+RIFMdA57EFg3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281979844866970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Relative density of pure copper cubic samples as a function of line energy[49], figureFileSmall=RPkaoB+OHvv+E6ZZTvpX9g==, figureFileBig=Bv4bkJbjmazWG4EHamMapw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281979916170139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
纯铜立方体样品的相对密度与线能量关系[49], figureFileSmall=RPkaoB+OHvv+E6ZZTvpX9g==, figureFileBig=Bv4bkJbjmazWG4EHamMapw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281979991667612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Schematic diagram of specialised powder coating PVD system for preparation of Zn coated powders[79], figureFileSmall=I6lVqf+uMkZek4LBIAUoSQ==, figureFileBig=ECNatOzZLQlEndC54otR5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281980079747997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
用于制备锌涂层粉末的专用粉末涂层 PVD 系统示意图[79], figureFileSmall=I6lVqf+uMkZek4LBIAUoSQ==, figureFileBig=ECNatOzZLQlEndC54otR5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322281980151051166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Classification of copper alloy additive manufacturing technology
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Process | Materials used | Energy source | Application field |
|---|
| LPBF | Powder | Laser | Aerospace,medical |
| EBM | Powder | Electron beam | Aerospace |
| LDED | Powder/Wire | Laser | Repair |
| WAAM | Wire | Wire electron beam | Ship or construction industry |
| BJ | Powder | | Complex sand molds and ceramic parts |
| CSAM | Powder | | Repair |
| WEBAM | Powder/Wire | Electron beam | Aerospace,energy |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281980230742943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
铜合金增材制造技术分类
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| Process | Materials used | Energy source | Application field |
|---|
| LPBF | Powder | Laser | Aerospace,medical |
| EBM | Powder | Electron beam | Aerospace |
| LDED | Powder/Wire | Laser | Repair |
| WAAM | Wire | Wire electron beam | Ship or construction industry |
| BJ | Powder | | Complex sand molds and ceramic parts |
| CSAM | Powder | | Repair |
| WEBAM | Powder/Wire | Electron beam | Aerospace,energy |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281980297851808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Summary of properties research results of SLM copper alloy
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Copper alloy | Result | Reference |
|---|
| Cu-Cr-Nb | The sample density of the fabricated alloy is higher than 99.5% and the addition of Y2O3 nanoparticle reinforcement significantly increases the hardness of the Cu-Cr-Nb alloy. | [5] |
| Cu-4Sn | The relative density and Vickers hardness of the samples were mainly determined by the laser power. The highest relative density exceeded 93 percent of the theoretical density and the Vickers hardness reached 118HV0.3/5(the hardness was measured on the polished cross-section using a Vickers hardness tester under a 2.94 N load applied for 5 s). The optimum tensile strength was in the range of 316-320 MPa. | [35] |
| Cu-Sn10 | There is a non-linear relationship between the density and mechanical properties of the tin-bronze strip samples and the laser energy density, with the best performance being obtained at 220 J/mm². The yield and final strengths of the SLM samples were increased from 120 MPa and 180 MPa for the cast samples to 220 MPa and 420 MPa, respectively, and the elongation was also increased from 7% to 17%. | [36-38] |
| Cu-10Zn | The parts achieved an ultimate tensile strength of 269.2 MPa, a yield stress of 203.4 MPa, an elongation of 26.4% and an electrical conductivity of 43.19%ICAS. Experimentally, it was found that the highest relative density (99.97%) was achieved when using a laser power of 1800 W, a scanning speed of 300 mm/s and a powder spreading distance of 0.14 mm. | [39] |
| Cu-15Ni-8Sn | The yield strength Rp0.2, ultimate tensile strength Rm, elongation A and modulus of elasticity E of the SLM samples increased by 67%, 24.6%, 360%,and 7%, respectively, compared with those of ingots. | [40] |
| Cu-15Sn | The unannealed samples have higher tensile strength and hardness, whereas the annealed samples show better ductility (elongation over 20%), but with reduced strength and hardness. | [41] |
| CuCrZr | The samples exhibit excellent mechanical properties. The average tensile strength is 321 MPa, the average yield strength is 244 MPa, the average modulus of elasticity is 98.9 GPa, and the elongation at break is up to about 25%. | [42-43] |
| Cu-Cr-Zr-Ti | The relative density of the samples was as high as 97.9%, and the tensile strength and elongation at break at 20 ℃ were 195-211 MPa and 11%-16%, respectively. Both parameters were decreased at increasing temperature. | [44] |
), ArticleFig(id=1322281980373349281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1322281971955381094, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=
SLM铜合金性能研究结果总结
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Copper alloy | Result | Reference |
|---|
| Cu-Cr-Nb | The sample density of the fabricated alloy is higher than 99.5% and the addition of Y2O3 nanoparticle reinforcement significantly increases the hardness of the Cu-Cr-Nb alloy. | [5] |
| Cu-4Sn | The relative density and Vickers hardness of the samples were mainly determined by the laser power. The highest relative density exceeded 93 percent of the theoretical density and the Vickers hardness reached 118HV0.3/5(the hardness was measured on the polished cross-section using a Vickers hardness tester under a 2.94 N load applied for 5 s). The optimum tensile strength was in the range of 316-320 MPa. | [35] |
| Cu-Sn10 | There is a non-linear relationship between the density and mechanical properties of the tin-bronze strip samples and the laser energy density, with the best performance being obtained at 220 J/mm². The yield and final strengths of the SLM samples were increased from 120 MPa and 180 MPa for the cast samples to 220 MPa and 420 MPa, respectively, and the elongation was also increased from 7% to 17%. | [36-38] |
| Cu-10Zn | The parts achieved an ultimate tensile strength of 269.2 MPa, a yield stress of 203.4 MPa, an elongation of 26.4% and an electrical conductivity of 43.19%ICAS. Experimentally, it was found that the highest relative density (99.97%) was achieved when using a laser power of 1800 W, a scanning speed of 300 mm/s and a powder spreading distance of 0.14 mm. | [39] |
| Cu-15Ni-8Sn | The yield strength Rp0.2, ultimate tensile strength Rm, elongation A and modulus of elasticity E of the SLM samples increased by 67%, 24.6%, 360%,and 7%, respectively, compared with those of ingots. | [40] |
| Cu-15Sn | The unannealed samples have higher tensile strength and hardness, whereas the annealed samples show better ductility (elongation over 20%), but with reduced strength and hardness. | [41] |
| CuCrZr | The samples exhibit excellent mechanical properties. The average tensile strength is 321 MPa, the average yield strength is 244 MPa, the average modulus of elasticity is 98.9 GPa, and the elongation at break is up to about 25%. | [42-43] |
| Cu-Cr-Zr-Ti | The relative density of the samples was as high as 97.9%, and the tensile strength and elongation at break at 20 ℃ were 195-211 MPa and 11%-16%, respectively. Both parameters were decreased at increasing temperature. | [44] |
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