Article(id=1321967853755024311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000128, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000128, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741190400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1743523200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-02, onlineDate=1793111297310, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793111297310, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793111297310, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793111297310, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321967818057298402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='248', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793111288799, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793111414358, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321968344765411750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321968344765411751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967818057298402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=189, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321967853947962296, articleId=1321967853755024311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Cu-doped RuO2 nanorod array electrode for efficient hydrogen evolution, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nanostructured electrodes,due to the fast reaction kinetics,enhanced mass transfer,and good electron conductivity,have been highlighted as a promising candidate for the electrocatalysis of hydrogen evolution. Herein,we demonstrate a one-step pyrolysis synthesis of Cu-doped RuO₂ nanorod arrays (RCO/NF) on nickel foam,demonstrating exceptional electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. The engineered electrode architecture combines three critical advantages: Cu doping-induced charge buffering stabilizes RuO₂ active sites;vertically aligned nanorods with superhydrophilic character (contact angle <18°),optimize mass transport while mitigating bubble shielding;and a CuO interlayer reinforces mechanical stability. Electrochemical evaluation in 1.0 mol·L-1 KOH reveals outstanding activity,achieving an ultralow overpotential of 5 mV at 10 mA·cm-2 and maintaining 42% lower overpotential than commercial Pt/C at industrial current densities (200-400 mA·cm-2). The developed synthesis strategy establishes a scalable approach for high-performance non-precious metal electrocatalysts,offering significant potential for green hydrogen production technologies.

, authors=Mingxuan CHEN1, Wenyong WANG1, Zhangtao YU1, Baoping ZHANG1, Desong QIAN1, Zhenhai YU1, Qinglin MENG2, Xinyu WANG3, Zhengping ZHANG3, authorsList=Mingxuan CHEN, Wenyong WANG, Zhangtao YU, Baoping ZHANG, Desong QIAN, Zhenhai YU, Qinglin MENG, Xinyu WANG, Zhengping ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhengping ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321967857697670095, articleId=1321967853755024311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=用于高效析氢的Cu掺杂RuO2纳米棒阵列镍基电极, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

纳米结构电极因其可同步优化反应动力学、传质效率和电子导电性的独特优势,在电催化析氢领域展现出重要应用前景。热解法其创新性体现在工艺简化、结构多功能集成及活性-稳定性协同优化三方面。该技术不仅为绿氢产业化提供了具有竞争力的电极材料,其可扩展的制备思路也为其他能源转换器件的工业化设计提供了借鉴。本研究通过一步热解法在泡沫镍基底上成功制备了Cu掺杂RuO2纳米棒阵列电极(RCO/NF),该电极通过3个关键特征实现卓越性能:Cu掺杂产生的多价态电荷缓冲效应维持了RuO2的高活性表面状态;纳米棒阵列结构提供了高比表面积和超亲水特性(接触角<18°),显著改善了传质效率并缓解气泡屏蔽效应;CuO中间层有效增强了电极的界面结合强度。电化学测试表明,该电极在1.0 mol·L-1 KOH电解液中表现出优异的析氢性能,10 mA·cm-2电流密度下过电位仅5 mV,在200~400 mA·cm-2工业级电流密度范围内过电位较商用Pt/C催化剂降低42%。这种简便、可扩展的制备方法为开发高性能非贵金属析氢催化剂提供了新范式。

, authors=陈明轩1, 王文雍1, 郁章涛1, 张宝平1, 钱德松1, 于镇海1, 孟庆林2, 王欣雨3, 张正平3, authorsList=陈明轩, 王文雍, 郁章涛, 张宝平, 钱德松, 于镇海, 孟庆林, 王欣雨, 张正平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张正平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张正平(1989—),男,教授,博士,主要从事电催化材料的研究,联系地址:北京市朝阳区北三环东路15号北京化工大学材料科学与工程学院(100029),E-mail:
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process of RCO/NF nanorods array electrode(a),TG curves of dried powders of RuCl3,Cu(NO3)2 and RuCu coating solutions(b),XRD spectra of RuO2/NF,CuO/NF,and RCO/NF electrodes(c), figureFileSmall=z8dKRvtYIWqLyiHDmhyCkw==, figureFileBig=szZbxcmmA+J2NwVv7vS90Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967862424649744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=CN, label=图1, caption=RCO/NF纳米棒阵列电极的制备过程示意图(a),RuCl3、Cu(NO3)2和RuCu涂层溶液的干燥粉末的TG曲线(b),RuO2/NF、CuO/NF及RCO/NF电极的XRD谱图(c), figureFileSmall=z8dKRvtYIWqLyiHDmhyCkw==, figureFileBig=szZbxcmmA+J2NwVv7vS90Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967862613393425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SEM images of electrodes, figureFileSmall=AEpIYSnYw0wE8dYoen1+hQ==, figureFileBig=KeNKjMPhUIULPajGTGaq8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967862684696594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电极的SEM图(a)Cu100/NF;(b)Ru20Cu80/NF;(c)Ru35Cu65/NF;(d)Ru65Cu35/NF;(e)Ru80Cu20/NF;(f)Ru100/NF

(a)Cu100/NF;(b)Ru20Cu80/NF;(c)Ru35Cu65/NF;(d)Ru65Cu35/NF;(e)Ru80Cu20/NF;(f)Ru100/NF

, figureFileSmall=AEpIYSnYw0wE8dYoen1+hQ==, figureFileBig=KeNKjMPhUIULPajGTGaq8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967862802137107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Morphology of RCO/NF electrode(a)low magnification SEM image;(b)high magnification SEM image of Cu-doped RuO2 nanorods;(c)high magnification TEM image;(d)lattice fringe pattern;(e)-(i)EDX elemental mapping images, figureFileSmall=7iSpqZV7KtfesmPeBYfO8g==, figureFileBig=aagZ1nAtfyDM+pvhzxPt9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967862886023188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=CN, label=图3, caption=RCO/NF电极的形貌(a)低倍SEM图;(b)Cu掺杂RuO2纳米棒的高倍SEM图;(c)高倍TEM图;(d)晶格条纹图;(e)~(i)EDX元素映射图, figureFileSmall=7iSpqZV7KtfesmPeBYfO8g==, figureFileBig=aagZ1nAtfyDM+pvhzxPt9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967862961520661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SEM images of different RCO/NF constituencies, figureFileSmall=vXiwtGf+RmvbNf9aY+Tojw==, figureFileBig=5Ex7pPvBlmBccpC8U2RR9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967863041212438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=CN, label=图4, caption=RCO/NF不同选区的SEM图, figureFileSmall=vXiwtGf+RmvbNf9aY+Tojw==, figureFileBig=5Ex7pPvBlmBccpC8U2RR9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967863137681431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=XPS spectra of RCO/NF and RuO2/NF electrodes(a)survey spectra;(b)Ru 3p spectra;(c)O 1s spectra;(d)Cu 2p spectrum, figureFileSmall=Bj1KOhbE85DLmJpb+Vovzw==, figureFileBig=ryrpb0hcHYaw3jkMyyr74g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967863271899160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=CN, label=图5, caption=RCO/NF和RuO2/NF电极的XPS谱(a)总谱;(b)Ru 3p谱;(c)O 1s谱;(d)Cu 2p谱, figureFileSmall=Bj1KOhbE85DLmJpb+Vovzw==, figureFileBig=ryrpb0hcHYaw3jkMyyr74g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967863418699801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=RuO2(110) crystal plane model(a),Cu-doped RuO2(110) crystal plane model(b),and hydrogen adsorption free energy(c), figureFileSmall=YJH/AyMmDkbbdcngu3zOGQ==, figureFileBig=Gs7UyveY60EF4u7KLWG7tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967863498391578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=CN, label=图6, caption=RuO2(110)晶面模型(a),Cu掺杂RuO2(110)晶面模型(b),及氢吸附自由能(c), figureFileSmall=YJH/AyMmDkbbdcngu3zOGQ==, figureFileBig=Gs7UyveY60EF4u7KLWG7tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967863569694747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967853755024311, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=XPS spectra of RCO/NF and RuO2/NF electrodes after HER reaction

(a)survey spectra;(b)Ru 3p spectra;(c)O 1s spectra;(d)Cu 2p spectrum

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(a)总谱;(b)Ru 3p谱;(c)O 1s谱;(d)Cu 2p谱

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Fitting parameters of EIS data for RCO/NF,RuO2/NF,and Pt/C

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ElectrodeRsol/ΩCPE-T,QCPE-P,nRct/Ω
RCO/NF2.357.913×10-20.58739.90
RuO2/NF2.301.834×10-30.783970.04
Pt/C3.013.672×10-30.835424.87
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RCO/NF、RuO2/NF、Pt/C的EIS数据拟合参数

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ElectrodeRsol/ΩCPE-T,QCPE-P,nRct/Ω
RCO/NF2.357.913×10-20.58739.90
RuO2/NF2.301.834×10-30.783970.04
Pt/C3.013.672×10-30.835424.87
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用于高效析氢的Cu掺杂RuO2纳米棒阵列镍基电极
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陈明轩 1 , 王文雍 1 , 郁章涛 1 , 张宝平 1 , 钱德松 1 , 于镇海 1 , 孟庆林 2 , 王欣雨 3 , 张正平 3
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(6): 189-199
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (6) : 189 -199
用于高效析氢的Cu掺杂RuO2纳米棒阵列镍基电极
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陈明轩1, 王文雍1, 郁章涛1, 张宝平1, 钱德松1, 于镇海1, 孟庆林2, 王欣雨3, 张正平3
作者信息
  • 1.三峡科技有限责任公司,北京 101199
  • 2.天津市大陆制氢设备有限公司,天津 301609
  • 3.北京化工大学,北京 100029
通讯作者:
张正平(1989—),男,教授,博士,主要从事电催化材料的研究,联系地址:北京市朝阳区北三环东路15号北京化工大学材料科学与工程学院(100029),E-mail:
Cu-doped RuO2 nanorod array electrode for efficient hydrogen evolution
Mingxuan CHEN1, Wenyong WANG1, Zhangtao YU1, Baoping ZHANG1, Desong QIAN1, Zhenhai YU1, Qinglin MENG2, Xinyu WANG3, Zhengping ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Three Gorges Technology Co. ,Ltd. ,Beijing 101199,China
  • 2.Tianjin Mainland Hydrogen Equipment Co. ,Ltd. ,Tianjin 301609,China
  • 3.Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029,China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000128
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纳米结构电极因其可同步优化反应动力学、传质效率和电子导电性的独特优势,在电催化析氢领域展现出重要应用前景。热解法其创新性体现在工艺简化、结构多功能集成及活性-稳定性协同优化三方面。该技术不仅为绿氢产业化提供了具有竞争力的电极材料,其可扩展的制备思路也为其他能源转换器件的工业化设计提供了借鉴。本研究通过一步热解法在泡沫镍基底上成功制备了Cu掺杂RuO2纳米棒阵列电极(RCO/NF),该电极通过3个关键特征实现卓越性能:Cu掺杂产生的多价态电荷缓冲效应维持了RuO2的高活性表面状态;纳米棒阵列结构提供了高比表面积和超亲水特性(接触角<18°),显著改善了传质效率并缓解气泡屏蔽效应;CuO中间层有效增强了电极的界面结合强度。电化学测试表明,该电极在1.0 mol·L-1 KOH电解液中表现出优异的析氢性能,10 mA·cm-2电流密度下过电位仅5 mV,在200~400 mA·cm-2工业级电流密度范围内过电位较商用Pt/C催化剂降低42%。这种简便、可扩展的制备方法为开发高性能非贵金属析氢催化剂提供了新范式。

Cu掺杂RuO2  /  纳米棒阵列  /  电催化  /  析氢反应

Nanostructured electrodes,due to the fast reaction kinetics,enhanced mass transfer,and good electron conductivity,have been highlighted as a promising candidate for the electrocatalysis of hydrogen evolution. Herein,we demonstrate a one-step pyrolysis synthesis of Cu-doped RuO₂ nanorod arrays (RCO/NF) on nickel foam,demonstrating exceptional electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. The engineered electrode architecture combines three critical advantages: Cu doping-induced charge buffering stabilizes RuO₂ active sites;vertically aligned nanorods with superhydrophilic character (contact angle <18°),optimize mass transport while mitigating bubble shielding;and a CuO interlayer reinforces mechanical stability. Electrochemical evaluation in 1.0 mol·L-1 KOH reveals outstanding activity,achieving an ultralow overpotential of 5 mV at 10 mA·cm-2 and maintaining 42% lower overpotential than commercial Pt/C at industrial current densities (200-400 mA·cm-2). The developed synthesis strategy establishes a scalable approach for high-performance non-precious metal electrocatalysts,offering significant potential for green hydrogen production technologies.

Cu-doped RuO2  /  nanorod array  /  electrocatalysis  /  hydrogen evolution reaction
陈明轩, 王文雍, 郁章涛, 张宝平, 钱德松, 于镇海, 孟庆林, 王欣雨, 张正平. 用于高效析氢的Cu掺杂RuO2纳米棒阵列镍基电极. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (6) : 189 -199 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000128
Mingxuan CHEN, Wenyong WANG, Zhangtao YU, Baoping ZHANG, Desong QIAN, Zhenhai YU, Qinglin MENG, Xinyu WANG, Zhengping ZHANG. Cu-doped RuO2 nanorod array electrode for efficient hydrogen evolution[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (6) : 189 -199 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000128
氢能(H₂)作为零碳排放的二次能源载体,在能源转型中具有重要战略意义[1-2]。碱性电解水制氢因其与可再生能源的兼容性,是绿氢规模化生产的关键技术[3]。开发高效阴极析氢反应(HER)电极对降低能耗、提升经济性至关重要[4]。自Raney Ni电极问世以来,镍基催化剂因其碱性稳定性、催化活性和成本优势,一直是碱性电解槽的主流阴极材料[5]。近年来,研究从单一组分转向多组分优化,显著提升了镍基电极的催化性能[6-7]。然而,HER过程中H₂气泡在电极表面的黏附与积聚(“气泡屏蔽效应”)严重制约能效[8]。该效应不仅阻碍活性位点与电解质的接触,还会导致电流分布不均、欧姆极化加剧及活性层剥落,最终降低电解效率[9]。解决这一问题的关键在于设计具有高效传质通道的电极结构,因此,优化Ni基电极表面构型对提高能量转换效率至关重要[10]。
当前电极结构优化研究主要沿两个技术路径展开:表面微纳结构设计与界面工程调控[11-12]:(1)在表面结构设计方面,基于仿生原理构建的松针状Pt纳米晶[13]、FeCoNi三元纳米管阵列[14]及Rh/CuO异质纳米线[15]等三维多级结构,通过调控固-液-气三相接触角(如实现超疏氧表面接触角>150°)显著降低了气泡黏附功,其高曲率表面产生的局部湍流效应可加速气泡成核-脱离的动态平衡过程[11]。这类具有亚微米级孔隙的阵列结构不仅提供了指数级增长的活性位点密度,其定向电子传输通道更使表观交换电流密度提升2~3个数量级[16]。(2)在界面强化方面,引入梯度过渡中间层(如TiN等陶瓷层)的夹层电极结构展现出显著的机械-电化学协同增强效应[17]。中间层与基底间形成的金属-共价混合键可强化涂层与基底之间的界面结合作用[18],有效抑制高电流密度工况下的涂层剥离现象。
本研究创新地将两种策略耦合:采用简单的一步热解法在泡沫镍基底上原位生长了由CuO作为中间增强层的Cu掺杂的RuO2纳米棒阵列涂层(RCO/NF),通过Cu掺杂有效调控了RuO2的电子结构,大幅提升本征催化活性,优化其对析氢反应中间体的吸附能。所获得的RCO/NF电极具有高度有序的纳米棒阵列形貌,有效增大了活性比表面积,提高了电极的亲水性,促进了反应传质,该结构对构建纳米棒阵列析氢电极具有重要意义。
硝酸铜水合物(Cu(NO3)2·xH2O,纯度99.99%),购自阿拉丁生化科技有限公司。水合氯化钌(RuCl3·xH2O,纯度99.9%)和商业Pt/C催化剂(20%,质量分数,下同),购自百灵威科技有限公司。甲醇(CH3OH,纯度99.9%)、乙醇(CH3CH2OH,纯度99.9%)和泡沫镍(NF,纯度99.99%),购自北京英诺化学科技有限公司。盐酸(HCl,30%),购自北京通光精细化工公司。从水净化系统(TTL-6B型)获得超纯水(18.2 MΩ·cm),无需进一步净化。
首先将泡沫镍(0.5 cm×4 cm,厚度1 mm)置于乙醇中超声清洗1 h去除表面污染物,再在3 mol·L-1 HCl水溶液中超声清洗15 min去除表面氧化物,最后用去离子水洗涤3次至洗涤液成中性。
将1.5 mg(7.2×10-3 mmol)的RuCl3与1.5 mg(6.2×10-3 mmol)的Cu(NO3)2·3H2O溶解于0.4 mL甲醇溶液中,超声30 min以形成均匀涂层反应液。将预处理后的泡沫镍浸泡在上述涂层溶液中20 s后垂直提起,在80 ℃下干燥3 min,再放置于马弗炉中在450 ℃下煅烧5 min。重复上述煅烧程序10次,最后在450 ℃的马弗炉中持续煅烧1 h,获得RCO/NF电极(质量比Ru∶Cu=65∶35)[19]。
为了进行比较,采用类似工艺,将2.32 mg的RuCl3溶于0.4 mL甲醇中用作涂层反应液,制得Ru100/NF电极;将4.2 mg Cu(NO3)2·3H2O溶于0.4 mL甲醇中用于涂层反应液,制得Cu100/NF电极;将1.87 mg RuCl3与0.84 mg Cu(NO3)2·3H2O溶于0.4 mL甲醇中用作涂层反应液,制得Ru80Cu20/NF电极;将0.81 mg RuCl3与2.73 mg Cu(NO3)2·3H2O溶于0.4 mL甲醇中用作涂层反应液,制得Ru35Cu65/NF电极;将0.46 mg RuCl3与3.36 mg Cu(NO3)2·3H2O溶于0.4 mL甲醇中用作涂层反应液,制得Ru20Cu80/NF电极。
使用手持X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF,XL2800型)测定Ru的负载量,其中RuO2/NF为0.36 mg·cm-2,RCO/NF为0.23 mg·cm-2。
采用X射线衍射仪(XRD,D-MAX 2500型,Cu-Kα1射线源,λ=0.154 nm)表征样品的物相结构,采用8 (°)·min-1的扫描速率,在20°~70°的2θ范围内对电极材料进行测试,以分析其晶体结构特征;
用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,FE-JSM-6701F型)和高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM,JSM-2100型)表征样品的形貌和微观结构,电极片通过导电银胶黏附于铜制样品台表面,从而完成SEM样品的制备;将电极片置于无水乙醇中超声处理30 min以剥离活性物质,随后将剥离所得粉末与乙醇溶液充分混合形成均匀分散体系。取适量混合悬浊液滴加至铜微栅上,待溶剂自然挥发干燥后,完成透射电子显微镜样品制备;
用能量色散X射线能谱仪(EDX,JSM-2100型)表征样品特定区域的元素空间分布信息,电极片经乙醇超声剥离30 min,所得粉末与乙醇混合形成均匀悬浊液后滴加至铜微栅,干燥后完成制样;
用热重分析仪(STA7300型)测试金属盐的热分解温度,在空气氛围中,以恒定升温速率10 ℃·min-1进行热处理,进而分析其结晶行为及成核生长机理;
用接触角测量仪(OCA20型)表征样品表面的液体接触角,在室温环境空气中测定电极表面2.5 µL电解液的液-固接触角(LCA),每组数据至少重复测量5次;
用X射线光电子能谱(XPS,ESCALAB 250型)表征样品中元素的化学价态,将电极材料精密加工为0.5 cm×0.5 cm的标准测试样品。
本研究基于密度泛函理论(DFT)构建了RuO2(110)晶面模型及其Cu掺杂的RuO2(110)表面模型。为准确描述体系中的弱相互作用,采用DFT-D3方法进行校正。为避免周期性边界条件导致的层间相互作用,沿非周期性方向引入15 Å的真空层。布里渊区积分采用Γ中心Monkhorst-Pack方法,设置5×5×1的K点网格以确保计算精度。经收敛性测试,平面波基组的截断能设定为500 eV,自洽场(SCF)计算的能量收敛标准设为10-5 eV,原子几何优化的力收敛阈值取0.02 eV/Å。最后,利用P4vasp和VASPkit软件对计算结果进行后处理分析。
电化学性能测试采用标准三电极体系,在电化学工作站CHI760E进行,电解液采用1 mol·L-1 KOH溶液,工作电极采用所制备的电极试样,与电解液的接触几何面积为0.5 cm2,参比电极采用饱和甘汞电极(SCE),对电机采用形稳钛阳极。
为形成对比,将商业20% Pt/C的乙醇分散液涂敷于泡沫镍上,控制Pt含量为0.5 mg·cm-2。为测试样品的双电层电容以评估电化学活性面,采用循环伏安(CV)法进行曲线测试,电压区间为0.17~0.27 V(vs. RHE),扫描速率分别为20、40、60、80、100、120 mV·s-1。为评估样品的电催化析氢活性,采用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)进行测试,电压区间为0.25~-0.3 V(vs. RHE),扫描速率为10 mV/s。所有的LSV曲线均使用工作站的iR补偿功能对溶液电阻Rsol进行补偿。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)的测试电压为0 V(vs. RHE),测试频率为0.1~100 Hz。恒定电流下的电势-时间曲线(E-t曲线)的电流密度分别为50、100、200、400 mA·cm-2,测试时长均为5 h。本工作中所有电势均相对于可逆氢电极(reversible hydrogen electrode,RDE)电势进行计算,即根据能斯特方程[20]:
E(vs. RHE)=E(vs. SCE)+0.241+0.059pH
本研究采用一步热解工艺制备带有CuO中间层的Cu-RuO2涂层(图1(a))。所使用的金属前驱体盐(RuCl3和Cu(NO3)2)在空气气氛下的热重曲线如图1(b)所示,Cu(NO3)2的第一失重阶段出现在100~155 ℃,此时伴随着水分子的挥发以及部分Cu(NO3)2逐渐转变为Cu(OH)2[19];当温度进一步升高,在180~270 ℃的温度区间内快速失重(39%),Cu(NO3)2·2Cu(OH)2被进一步分解生成CuO[21]。而对于Ru盐来说,Ru前驱体的脱水在第一失重阶段(70~200 ℃)占主导地位,这是由于RuCl3的强吸湿水合作用,失重率为24%。随着温度的不断升高,发生了氯离子的分解和钌的氧化[19]。在400 ℃以上时,最终质量分数稳定在48%[22]。因此,钌盐的脱水会与铜盐在第一失重阶段的分解过程形成竞争,此结果将导致在双金属RuCu前驱体的热分解过程的第一失重阶段移动到更高的温度区域(100~220 ℃)。基于以上分析,在RCO/NF电极涂层的形成过程中,Cu盐首先分解,在基底上形成CuO中间层,随后Ru盐形成RuO2。
对所制备的电极(RuO2/NF、CuO/NF、RCO/NF)进行了XRD测试。如图1(c)所示,28.0°、35.1°、54.3°的衍射峰属于RuO2的(110)、(101)、(211)晶面,35.5°、38.7°、48.7°的衍射峰属于CuO的(002)、(111)、(2¯02)晶面,RCO/NF样品中同时展现出RuO2和CuO的特征衍射峰,且RCO/NF中RuO2的衍射峰向高角度发生偏移,这可能是由于部分Cu进入了RuO2晶格中[23-24]。
进一步优化了热解过程所使用的Ru/Cu的质量比,发现元素成分对其形貌有重大影响(图2)。单一组分的氧化物涂层(即CuO/NF+Ru0Cu100、RuO2/NF+Cu0Ru100)表现出相对光滑的电极表面,主要是由纳米颗粒组成。而随着Ru/Cu比例的增加,涂层逐渐显示出纳米棒结构,这可能是由于在RuO2形成过程中受到CuO的影响,改变了其应变能和表面能,进而使得形貌发生变化。图2(d)表明Ru65Cu35/NF具有最佳形貌,其涂层表现出具有均匀直径和长度的纳米棒阵列结构,因此使用Ru∶Cu质量比为65∶35的RCO/NF用于后续表征。
图3为RCO/NF的形貌表征。图3(a)~(c)为RCO/NF的表面形貌,根据单个纳米棒的SEM图像可知,其直径约为24.4 nm(图3(c))。进一步使用HR-TEM来观察纳米阵列的晶面间距及取向,如图3(d)所示,晶格条纹之间的距离为0.318 nm,对应RuO2的(110)晶面,其纳米棒沿着[001]晶向生长。根据一定区域内EDX测量结果可知(图3(e)~(i)),O(红色)、Cu(蓝色)、Ru(紫色)元素在整个纳米棒中均匀分布,未发生偏聚现象,证明了部分Cu被掺入RuO2晶格当中,这也与XRD中观察到的衍射峰偏移相对应。
在此基础上,本研究选取不同电极区域进行表征分析,如图4所示。SEM结果表明,氧化钌涂层在不同观测区域均呈现出均匀的纳米棒阵列结构,其直径和长度分布均一,这一特征在多个随机选取的观测区域均得到验证,充分证实了该纳米结构在宏观尺度上的均匀性和可重复性。
为研究涂层组分的化学状态,对所制备的电极进行XPS测试。图5为RCO/NF和RuO2/NF电极的XPS谱图。图5(a)为RuO2/NF和RCO/NF电极的XPS总谱,表明RCO/NF电极中存在Cu、Ru、O元素[25]。在高分辨率Ru 3p谱中(图5(b)),位于462.1、484.4 eV处的双峰归属于Ru0的Ru 3p3/2、Ru 3p1/2,463.5、485.4 eV处的峰分别归属于Ru4+的Ru 3p3/2、Ru 3p1/2[26-27]。根据峰的积分面积计算了活性层中Ru4+和Ru0的原子分数。与RuO2/NF(Ru0原子分数5.8%)相比,RCO/NF表现出富含Ru0的表面(原子分数27.4%)。Ru 3p谱中零价钌(Ru0)峰被四价钌(Ru4+)主峰所包裹的现象,主要是由于Ru0与Ru4+的Ru 3p峰结合能极为接近(通常仅相差1~2 eV),且Ru 3p轨道本身具有较宽的自然峰宽,导致其信号重叠。
在529.7、531.2 eV附近的O 1s峰(图5(c))分别对应晶格氧(Olat)和表面吸收氧(Osur)[28]。由于形成了富含Ru0的表面,RCO/NF中的Olat含量(原子分数48.7%)低于RuO2/NF中的55.6%(原子分数)。如图5(d)所示,在Cu 2p的XPS光谱中,位于933.7、953.6 eV处的峰可归因于Cu2+,位于940.9、943.5、961.9 eV的峰为Cu 2p的卫星峰[29-30]。以上电荷重新分布可以归因于Cu较小的电负性(鲍林电负性为1.9,Ru的电负性为2.2),这使得氧更倾向于从铜中获得电子。
本研究构建了RuO2模型(图6(a))和Cu原子取代Ru原子的掺杂模型(图6(b)),并采用该模型进行了氢吸附自由能的理论计算(图6(c))。结合图5(b)的XPS表征结果,发现相较于纯RuO2(ΔGH*=0.192 eV),经Cu改性后的RuO2表面形成了富含Ru0的Cu掺杂结构,其表现出更接近理想值的氢吸附自由能(ΔGH*=0.083 eV)。这一理论计算结果与实验表征相互印证,表明Cu掺杂RuO2催化剂具有更优异的HER催化活性。
通过液体接触角(LCA)测量表征了所制备电极的表面亲水性(图7)。结果表明,RCO/NF具有较小的LCA值(0 s时为18.3°),说明其相比RuO2/NF而言具有更强的亲水性(0 s时为94.4°)[31],当液滴在电极表面停留60 s时,RCO/NF对应的LCA值为12.3°,RuO2/NF为88.5°,停留120 s时,RCO/NF对应的LCA值为10.6°,RuO2/NF仍为85.7°,这充分证明了纳米阵列结构可确保活性位点与电解液之间的充分接触[32]。
为了评估所构建的RCO/NF电极的电催化析氢性能,在饱和的1 mol·L-1 KOH水溶液中测试了所制备电极的HER活性,并与商业Pt/C涂层电极(20%)进行比较(图8)。如图8(a)所示,Ru65Cu35/NF电极在10 mA·cm-2电流密度下表现出最优异的催化活性,其过电位仅为5 mV。相比较,随着Cu掺杂比例的增加和减少,电极活性均呈现下降趋势,其中Ru20Cu80/NF在相同电流密度下的过电位升高至31.2 mV,Ru35Cu65/NF为13.2 mV,Ru80Cu20/NF为18.2 mV。这些电化学测试结果充分证实了Ru65Cu35为最佳掺杂比例。结合SEM和接触角测试结果,可以得出结论:Ru65Cu35/NF电极表面的纳米棒阵列结构显著改善了催化剂表面的亲水性,这种结构-性能的协同效应有效降低氢气泡在活性位点的黏附能,促进了气泡的快速脱附,从而显著提升催化剂在碱性介质中的HER动力学性能。这一发现为设计高效碱性HER电催化剂提供了新思路。
与商业催化剂进行比较,如图8(b)所示,RCO/NF(Ru65Cu35)电极具有最优异的催化活性,在0.05 V(vs. RHE)时具有59.28 mA·cm-2的大电流密度(Jk),显著优于Pt/C。为了进一步评估其HER过程的动力学过程,在起始电位为0 V(vs. RHE)时测试了样品的奈奎斯特曲线(图8(c))并进行等效电路的拟合。相应的等效电路由3个部分组成:溶液电阻(Rsol)、电荷转移电阻(Rct)和双层电容(表1)。其中,RCO/NF、RuO2/NF、Pt/C的溶液电阻基本保持不变(2.35、2.30、3.01 Ω)。而RCO/NF对应的Rct(9.90 Ω)显著小于RuO2/NF(70.04 Ω),甚至小于Pt/C(24.87 Ω),这表明RCO/NF的内在本征活性增强[33]。
图8(d)中的Tafel斜率显示,与RuO2/NF(65 mV·dec-1)和Pt/C(36 mV·dec-1)相比,RCO/NF表现出最高的HER动力学传递系数,具有最小的Tafel斜率(30 mV·dec-1),实验结果表明,RCO/NF电极表现出最优异的析氢反应动力学性能,其速率决定步骤为Tafel反应过程而非Volmer反应过程[34]。
通过测试在不同扫速下的循环伏安曲线,计算出电极的双电层电容值(Cdl),如图9所示。RCO/NF(Ru65Cu35)表现出最大的Cdl,为39.17 mF·cm-2,远高于RuO2/NF(Ru100Cu0,2.46 mF·cm-2)。以上结果表明,RCO/NF电极的活性增强不仅源于电极内在本征活性的提高,还源于纳米棒阵列结构中暴露出的更多的催化位点[35]。
为了预测所制备电极在实际应用中的应用潜力,开展了电极在不同电流密度下的计时电位测量。如图10所示,当电流密度增大到100 mA·cm-2以上时,与商用Pt/C电极相比,RCO/NF和RuO2/NF都保持了较低且稳定的电位。其中,RCO/NF在应对从50、100、200、400 mA·cm-2的阶跃电流密度变化时,电位响应迅速且过渡平稳,反映了RCO/NF的电极结构和涂层状态相比于单组分的RuO2涂层更稳定,可能是电极结构中纳米阵列结构、CuO中间层和涂层中的Cu掺杂共同起作用,减少了气泡堆积效应可能引发的例如涂层机械脱落等负面不可逆衰减[36]。
对反应后RCO/NF和RuO2/NF电极进行XPS谱图分析(图11)。图11(b)表明,经过析氢反应,RuO2/NF电极的Ru0原子分数(31.5%)较反应前的(5.8%)变大,说明RuO2在析氢过程中被还原为Ru,此结果导致RuO2/NF电极的法拉第效率下降,但RCO/NF的Ru0原子分数基本保持在27.9%左右,RuO2/NF电极的晶格氧原子分数的减小进一步证实了以上观点(图11(c))。如图11(d)所示,RCO/NF电极在HER反应后,出现了属于Cu+的931.9、951.6 eV峰,Cu+/Cu0的比例大大增加,这说明减少了更多的Cu2+离子,而不是Ru4+,由此得出结论,Cu的多价态起到了电荷“缓冲”的作用,有效阻碍了Ru0在HER电位下的持续形成,从而有利于维持RuO2保持高活性表面状态[37]。
(1)采用简单的一步热解法在泡沫镍基底上原位生长了由CuO作为中间增强层的Cu-RuO2异质纳米棒阵列电极(RCO/NF)。该策略一步完成了从前驱体到异质结阵列的转化,其中精心设计的CuO中间层不仅作为结构性桥梁紧密连接了NF基底与RuO2活性层,还与RuO2共同构成了独特的异质纳米棒阵列结构。
(2)RCO/NF电极在1.0 mol·L-1 KOH电解液中展现出卓越的析氢性能。在10 mA·cm-2电流密度下过电位仅为5 mV。此性能显著优于大多数已报道的Ru基电催化剂,并接近理论极限,凸显了该电极材料在实际应用中的巨大潜力。
(3)通过机理分析揭示了性能提升的三重机制:掺杂Cu的多价态起到了电荷“缓冲”的作用,有效地阻碍了Ru0在HER电位下的持续形成,从而有利于维持RuO2保持高活性表面状态;垂直取向的纳米棒阵列构建了高效的三维传质通道,其接触角(<18°)的超亲水表面可大幅缩短气泡黏附时间,缓解活性气泡层对活性位点屏蔽;CuO中间增强层可强化涂层和基底间的结合作用,缓解涂层剥离。
  • 多场景规模化电解水制氢关键技术研究及应用示范项目(CTGT/2024-LQ-03)
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000128
  • 接收时间:2025-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-06
  • 录用日期:2025-04-02
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多场景规模化电解水制氢关键技术研究及应用示范项目(CTGT/2024-LQ-03)
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    1.三峡科技有限责任公司,北京 101199
    2.天津市大陆制氢设备有限公司,天津 301609
    3.北京化工大学,北京 100029

通讯作者:

张正平(1989—),男,教授,博士,主要从事电催化材料的研究,联系地址:北京市朝阳区北三环东路15号北京化工大学材料科学与工程学院(100029),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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