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Article(id=1321967799384256863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000009, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000009, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736179200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1742832000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-25, onlineDate=1793111284346, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793111284346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793111284346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793111284346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321967675631317438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='271', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793111254842, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793111405793, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321968309042532665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321968309042532666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=245, endPage=253, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321967799614943584, articleId=1321967799384256863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and properties of laser-welded joints of dissimilar 6063/A356 aluminum alloys, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Laser welding is performed on 3 mm thick dissimilar 6063/A356 aluminum alloys， and the welded joints are subjected to two different post-weld heat treatments： direct aging （DA） and solution aging （T6）. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints are analyzed using optical microscopy， scanning electron microscopy， and transmission electron microscopy， combined with microhardness testing and tensile testing. The results indicate that under appropriate welding parameters， the weld exhibits excellent formation， and the tensile strength of the as-welded joint reaches 192.5 MPa， which is 73.7% of that of the 6063-T6 base metal. After DA treatment， the tensile strength of the welded joint increases to 233.8 MPa， representing a 21.5% enhancement compared to the as-welded joint. Transmission electron microscopy analysis further reveals that after DA treatment， a large number of acicular β" phases precipitate in the heat-affected zone on the 6063 aluminum alloy side. These nano-sized precipitates exhibit a good coherent or semi-coherent relationship with the Al matrix， effectively hindering dislocation slip and significantly enhancing the joint strength. After T6 treatment， the Si-rich eutectic network in the weld seam is fragmented and spheroidized， transforming into a spherical or polygonal morphology. Consequently， although the tensile strength of the joint decreases， its elongation is significantly improved compared to that of the as-welded and DA-treated joints.

, authors=Wenqiang HUANG, Xiaoqiang LI, Haipeng CHEN, Qi JIANG, Dezhi ZHU, authorsList=Wenqiang HUANG, Xiaoqiang LI, Haipeng CHEN, Qi JIANG, Dezhi ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dezhi ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321967805327585661, articleId=1321967799384256863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=焊后热处理对6063/A356异种铝合金激光焊接接头组织与性能的影响, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用3 mm厚的6063/A356异种铝合金进行激光焊接，并对焊接接头进行直接时效（DA）和固溶时效（T6）两种焊后热处理。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜结合显微硬度、拉伸实验对焊接接头微观组织和力学性能进行分析。结果表明：在合适的焊接参数下，焊缝成形美观，接头抗拉强度达到192.5 MPa，为6063-T6母材的73.7%。经过DA处理后，焊接接头抗拉强度提升至233.8 MPa，相较于焊态接头提高了21.5%。透射电镜分析进一步揭示，经过DA处理后，6063铝合金侧热影响区中析出大量针状β"相，这些纳米级析出相与Al基体具有较好的共格或半共格关系，能够有效阻碍位错的滑移，显著提升接头强度。经过T6处理后，焊缝中的富Si共晶网络断裂并发生球化，转变为球状或多边形形态，接头抗拉强度有所下降，但伸长率较之焊态与DA态接头提升显著。

, authors=黄文强, 李小强, 陈海鹏, 蒋旗, 朱德智, authorsList=黄文强, 李小强, 陈海鹏, 蒋旗, 朱德智, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱德智, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
朱德智（1980—），男，教授，博士，研究方向为高性能铝合金的制备成形及加工技术以及先进材料与增材制造技术，联系地址：广东省广州市天河区五山路381号华南理工大学38号楼（510640），E-mail：
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caption=Microstructures in different areas of welded joint, figureFileSmall=/ZsuP2ErO7f/CsMj1MXGRQ==, figureFileBig=wRZWfJJ1DPrLUfkGkX1ElA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967810243309997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967799384256863, language=CN, label=图5, caption=焊接接头不同区域微观组织（a）A356侧熔合线附近；（b）焊缝中心区；（c）6063侧熔合线附近

（a）near the fusion line on A356 side；（b）the center area of the weld；（c）near the fusion line on 6063 side

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（a）near the fusion line on A356 side；（b）the center area of the weld；（c）near the fusion line on 6063 side

, figureFileSmall=R2pg4v3iyR1oDSZ9OP824A==, figureFileBig=ASaCympNFf1TIEa6bYXMZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967811921031599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967799384256863, language=CN, label=图6, caption=焊接接头不同区域SEM图及合金元素分布

（a）A356侧熔合线附近；（b）焊缝中心区；（c）6063侧熔合线附近

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（a）DA；（b）T6；（1）near the fusion line on A356 side；（2）the center area of the weld；（3）near the fusion line on 6063 side

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（a）DA；（b）T6；（1）A356侧熔合线附近；（2）焊缝中心区；（3）6063侧熔合线附近

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（a）AW；（b）DA；（c）T6

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（a）焊态；（b）直接时效；（c）固溶时效

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（a）AW；（b）DA；（c）T6

, figureFileSmall=aju+FCt8uJxM630hw5DMtg==, figureFileBig=fwNK6KzUDonZgdjcZeXzew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967812587925943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967799384256863, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同热处理状态下拉伸试样断裂位置

（a）焊态；（b）直接时效；（c）固溶时效

, figureFileSmall=aju+FCt8uJxM630hw5DMtg==, figureFileBig=fwNK6KzUDonZgdjcZeXzew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967812667617720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967799384256863, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Tensile fracture morphologies of welded specimens under different heat treatment conditions

（a）AW；（b）DA；（c）T6

, figureFileSmall=KGEmwP1VopXh9eZ1UzMUGg==, figureFileBig=vke9+um2oiieYw3D/Oaa8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967812751503801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967799384256863, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同热处理状态下焊接试样拉伸断口形貌

（a）焊态；（b）直接时效；（c）固溶时效

, figureFileSmall=KGEmwP1VopXh9eZ1UzMUGg==, figureFileBig=vke9+um2oiieYw3D/Oaa8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967812831195578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967799384256863, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=TEM images of HAZ on the 6063 aluminum alloy side of the AW joint

（a）microstructure；（b）diffraction spots

, figureFileSmall=CPPUV5DP1vfHH2JvmXAsWg==, figureFileBig=FYuodgOcCjPrmucQ7dw/gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967812915081659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967799384256863, language=CN, label=图12, caption=焊态接头6063铝合金侧热影响区TEM图

（a）微观形貌；（b）衍射斑点

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（a）microstructure；（b）precipitate morphology

, figureFileSmall=Mr5pL3LiOgl4ux1PmQLlNw==, figureFileBig=CfCGNhNkhkQ0T5mkvlW8Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967813116408253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967799384256863, language=CN, label=图13, caption=DA态接头6063铝合金侧热影响区TEM图

（a）微观形貌；（b）析出相形貌

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Chemical compositions of aluminum alloy base metals （mass fraction/%）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialSiFeMnMgZnCrTiAl
60630.400.270.020.380.010.010.03Bal.
A3567.530.170.010.390.010.010.12Bal.
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铝合金母材的化学成分（质量分数/%）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialSiFeMnMgZnCrTiAl
60630.400.270.020.380.010.010.03Bal.
A3567.530.170.010.390.010.010.12Bal.
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Mechanical properties of aluminum alloy base metals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialTensile strength/MPaYield strength/MPaMicrohardness（HV）
6063-T626123087
A356-T6287239108
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铝合金母材的力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialTensile strength/MPaYield strength/MPaMicrohardness（HV）
6063-T626123087
A356-T6287239108
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焊后热处理对6063/A356异种铝合金激光焊接接头组织与性能的影响
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黄文强 , 李小强 , 陈海鹏 , 蒋旗 , 朱德智
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(5): 245-253
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (5) : 245 -253
焊后热处理对6063/A356异种铝合金激光焊接接头组织与性能的影响
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黄文强, 李小强, 陈海鹏, 蒋旗, 朱德智
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学 广东省金属新材料制备与成形重点实验室，广州 510640
通讯作者:
朱德智（1980—），男，教授，博士，研究方向为高性能铝合金的制备成形及加工技术以及先进材料与增材制造技术，联系地址：广东省广州市天河区五山路381号华南理工大学38号楼（510640），E-mail：
Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and properties of laser-welded joints of dissimilar 6063/A356 aluminum alloys
Wenqiang HUANG, Xiaoqiang LI, Haipeng CHEN, Qi JIANG, Dezhi ZHU
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic Materials，South China University of Technology，Guangzhou 510640，China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000009
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采用3 mm厚的6063/A356异种铝合金进行激光焊接，并对焊接接头进行直接时效（DA）和固溶时效（T6）两种焊后热处理。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜结合显微硬度、拉伸实验对焊接接头微观组织和力学性能进行分析。结果表明：在合适的焊接参数下，焊缝成形美观，接头抗拉强度达到192.5 MPa，为6063-T6母材的73.7%。经过DA处理后，焊接接头抗拉强度提升至233.8 MPa，相较于焊态接头提高了21.5%。透射电镜分析进一步揭示，经过DA处理后，6063铝合金侧热影响区中析出大量针状β"相，这些纳米级析出相与Al基体具有较好的共格或半共格关系，能够有效阻碍位错的滑移，显著提升接头强度。经过T6处理后，焊缝中的富Si共晶网络断裂并发生球化，转变为球状或多边形形态，接头抗拉强度有所下降，但伸长率较之焊态与DA态接头提升显著。

异种铝合金  /  激光焊接  /  焊后热处理  /  显微组织  /  力学性能

Laser welding is performed on 3 mm thick dissimilar 6063/A356 aluminum alloys， and the welded joints are subjected to two different post-weld heat treatments： direct aging （DA） and solution aging （T6）. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints are analyzed using optical microscopy， scanning electron microscopy， and transmission electron microscopy， combined with microhardness testing and tensile testing. The results indicate that under appropriate welding parameters， the weld exhibits excellent formation， and the tensile strength of the as-welded joint reaches 192.5 MPa， which is 73.7% of that of the 6063-T6 base metal. After DA treatment， the tensile strength of the welded joint increases to 233.8 MPa， representing a 21.5% enhancement compared to the as-welded joint. Transmission electron microscopy analysis further reveals that after DA treatment， a large number of acicular β" phases precipitate in the heat-affected zone on the 6063 aluminum alloy side. These nano-sized precipitates exhibit a good coherent or semi-coherent relationship with the Al matrix， effectively hindering dislocation slip and significantly enhancing the joint strength. After T6 treatment， the Si-rich eutectic network in the weld seam is fragmented and spheroidized， transforming into a spherical or polygonal morphology. Consequently， although the tensile strength of the joint decreases， its elongation is significantly improved compared to that of the as-welded and DA-treated joints.

dissimilar aluminum alloy  /  laser welding  /  post-welding heat treatment  /  microstructure  /  mechanical property
黄文强, 李小强, 陈海鹏, 蒋旗, 朱德智. 焊后热处理对6063/A356异种铝合金激光焊接接头组织与性能的影响. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (5) : 245 -253 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000009
Wenqiang HUANG, Xiaoqiang LI, Haipeng CHEN, Qi JIANG, Dezhi ZHU. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and properties of laser-welded joints of dissimilar 6063/A356 aluminum alloys[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (5) : 245 -253 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000009
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在汽车轻量化发展的背景下，变形铝合金和铸造铝合金因具有减轻车身质量，减少能源消耗的优点在汽车制造中的应用日益广泛［1］，变形/铸造铝合金异种焊接结构成为该领域发展中不可避免的关键问题。激光焊接因具有焊接速度快、热输入低、热影响区窄、焊后变形小等优点，成为铝合金焊接的常用技术。然而，在激光热源的作用下，铝合金中的精细组织和纳米析出相难以保留，导致焊缝及热影响区发生软化，从而显著降低接头的力学性能［2］。
为了降低铝合金焊缝及热影响区的软化程度，研究人员采用多种焊后处理技术进行强化，如超声冲击［3］、喷丸［4］、激光冲击强化［5］等，这些方法能够改善焊接接头的性能。然而，这些工艺主要作用于焊接接头表层，强化深度有限。对于析出强化型铝合金，焊后热处理能够显著改善接头的强化范围、微观组织及力学性能。Yi等［6］研究了焊后热处理对6016铝合金焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响，结果表明，焊缝区的硬度随着焊后热处理时间和温度的增加而增大，并在达到峰值后进入稳定状态。王晨阳等［7］对使用ER5356焊丝的7075铝合金对接焊接头进行T6热处理，结果表明，由于熔池流动将母材熔化区域的Zn、Cu等合金元素引入焊缝，经过热处理后，接头抗拉强度和焊缝硬度得到提高。邓运来等［8］对AA7204-T4的铝合金板材进行搅拌摩擦焊接，并对接头进行了人工时效和固溶时效的焊后热处理，结果表明，人工时效对接头力学性能提升有限，而固溶时效可有效提升接头强度。Moradi等［9］对SiC增强的6061/2024异种铝合金焊接接头进行人工时效处理，成功获得了接近6061铝合金母材强度的焊接接头。Zhang等［10］对7075/6061异种铝合金熔焊接头进行了焊后热处理研究，结果表明，与T5处理相比，T6处理后焊缝区的硬度显著增加，接头表现出优异的屈服强度和抗拉强度。目前，铝合金焊后热处理的研究主要集中在同种或异种变形铝合金之间，对于变形铝合金与铸造铝合金异种焊接接头的研究较为匮乏。
在汽车制造领域，6000系变形铝合金［11］因比强度高和成形性能优异，已广泛应用于车顶纵梁、车门框架及电池托盘等关键结构件；而Al-Si系铸造铝合金［12］因其高流动性和抗热裂性，成为发动机缸体、缸盖等复杂铸件的首选材料。基于此，本工作选取了汽车制造中常用的6063和A356铝合金作为异种焊接母材，研究直接时效（direct aging，DA）和固溶时效（T6）两种焊后热处理（post-welding heat treatment，PWHT）工艺对6063/A356异种铝合金激光焊接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响规律，为变形/铸造铝合金异种焊接接头的焊后热处理优化提供工艺参考。
1 实验材料与方法
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1.1 实验材料
实验母材为6063和A356铝合金，两者热处理状态均为T6，尺寸均为100 mm×50 mm×3 mm。两种母材的化学成分和力学性能分别如表1和表2所示。
6063-T6［11］和A356-T6［13］铝合金的核心强化机制均为析出强化，通过固溶处理使Mg、Si等元素溶入Al基体，淬火后经人工时效析出纳米级β''相（Mg5Si6），这些析出相与Al基体存在共格或半共格关系，有效阻碍位错运动，但需要避免过时效生成β′相和β相弱化强化效果。两者差异在于：6063-T6为变形铝合金，时效温度较高，强化相以β''为主，辅以少量固溶强化；而A356-T6为铸造铝合金，时效温度较低，除β''相外，晶粒细化、共晶Si形貌与分布对强度的影响同样显著。
1.2 实验方法
采用光纤激光器对待焊铝合金进行激光焊焊接实验，根据大量工艺实验，确定了能够实现良好焊缝成形的工艺参数，并在此工艺参数下进行激光焊接。具体焊接参数如下：激光功率为2300 W，焊接速度为60 mm/s，离焦量为-1 mm。焊接时采用纯度大于99%的氩气作为保护气体，正面保护气流量为12 L/min，背面保护气流量为15 L/min。焊前使用铜刷打磨焊缝及其两侧25 mm区域内的氧化膜直至露出金属光泽，使用酒精对待焊部位进行清理然后烘干。焊后采用不同热处理工艺对焊接试样进行热处理，具体热处理工艺参数如下：DA，175 ℃×8 h；T6，525 ℃×0.5 h+175 ℃×8 h。
1.3 试样表征与制备方法
焊接接头横截面金相试样通过线切割制备，尺寸为10 mm×5 mm×3 mm，经研磨、抛光后，使用凯勒（Keller）试剂腐蚀30 s。维氏显微硬度测试沿接头横截面中部进行（方向：6063母材至A356母材），测试间距为0.25 mm（测试点示意图如图1所示）。依据ASTM-E8M-2009标准，垂直于焊缝方向截取不同热处理状态的拉伸试样（尺寸如图2所示），通过万能试验机测定抗拉强度，结果取3次重复实验的平均值。采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）分析接头组织与断裂形貌，并利用透射电镜（TEM）分析焊态（as welded，AW）与DA态6063侧热影响区的析出相特征。
2 结果分析与讨论
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2.1 焊缝宏观形貌
焊缝宏观形貌如图3所示，焊缝表面成形连续，鱼鳞纹明显，未见气孔、裂纹等缺陷，只有轻微飞溅；焊缝背面成形均匀，熔合良好，整体质量表现出色。焊缝横截面形貌如图4所示，呈现“U”形特征，焊缝两侧熔合线清晰，无明显气孔、裂纹等缺陷。
2.2 焊态接头显微组织
6063/A356异种铝合金激光焊接接头不同区域的微观组织如图5所示。图5（a）为A356铝合金侧熔合线附近的微观组织，可大致分为4个区域，不同区域的组织形貌差异显著。首先，左侧热影响区（heat affected zone，HAZ）的组织与母材相同，为α-Al基体+球形共晶Si；部分熔化区（partial melting zone，PMZ）与热影响区组织类似，主要由α-Al基体和共晶Si组织组成。可以看出部分熔化区和热影响区组织之间有明显的分界线，且部分熔化区的共晶Si呈现细小的纤维状，与热影响区中的球形Si颗粒有明显差异。在熔合线和柱状晶区之间形成了细小的非枝晶等轴晶区（non-dendritic equiaxed zone，EQZ），这是由于A356铝合金中Si含量较高引起的成分过冷［14］。在EQZ区右侧是择优生长的柱状晶区，图中标有箭头的黄线表示柱状枝晶生长方向，图5（b）为焊缝中心区的微观组织，可以看出，焊缝中心区组织为树枝晶和等轴晶的混合，由α-Al晶粒和晶间的Al-Si共晶组织组成，图中的浅灰色区域为α-Al基体，而黑色的网状组织是晶间分布的Al-Si共晶组织。图5（c）为6063铝合金侧熔合线附近的微观组织，熔池边界明显，层状的柱状晶垂直熔合线向内生长，值得注意的是，在6063铝合金熔合线附近并未观察到细小的非枝晶等轴晶区（EQZ）。
焊接接头不同区域的SEM图及合金元素分布如图6所示。在A356铝合金侧熔合线附近，可以发现，Al元素主要分布在基体中，部分沿枝晶存在，在枝晶处形成Al-Si共晶。Si元素在A356铝合金侧熔合线附近不同区域分布差异显著，在HAZ区，Si元素以球形共晶Si的形式存在；在PMZ区，Si元素呈现细密的纤维状分布于晶界处；在EQZ区，Si元素呈网状分布于晶界处。在焊缝中心区，Si元素的分布与EQZ区类似，呈网状富集于晶界处，Al元素主要分布于晶内，晶界处较少。在6063铝合金侧熔合线附近，Si在熔合线附近呈链状形貌聚集分布于晶界，Al、Mg元素分布均匀。
2.3 焊后热处理工艺对接头微观组织的影响
不同热处理状态下6063/A356异种铝合金激光焊接接头不同区域的金相组织如图7所示。可以看出，经过DA处理后，焊接接头不同区域的微观组织形貌基本未发生改变。而经过T6处理后，A356铝合金侧部分熔化区消失，纤维状的共晶Si发生球化，晶粒边界变得不明显。
不同热处理状态下6063/A356异种铝合金激光焊接接头焊缝中心富Si共晶胞状网络演变情况如图8所示。SEM图显示，在焊态接头中，共晶Si网络由许多细小的短棒状Si颗粒构成。与焊态接头相比，经过DA处理后，大部分富Si共晶网络仍然存在，但其连通性有所下降，Si主要以球状或针状颗粒形式分布在晶界处。经过T6处理后，焊缝中心的富Si共晶网络断裂并发生球化，转变为球状或多边形形态。在T6处理过程中，随着热处理温度的升高，系统界面能降低，推动较小的析出颗粒扩散并聚集成较大颗粒，导致Si颗粒在较高温度下发生球化和粗化［15］。
2.4 焊接接头力学性能
不同热处理状态下焊接接头的显微硬度分布及拉伸性能如图9所示。由图9（a）可见，焊态接头的显微硬度曲线呈现非对称“W”型分布。6063铝合金侧热影响区的硬度整体上低于A356铝合金侧热影响区，两侧热影响区的硬度分布特征类似，随着远离焊缝中心，两侧热影响区受到激光热源的影响越小，硬度逐渐升高。DA处理和T6处理对两侧热影响区的硬度影响较为明显，对焊缝区影响不大。DA处理使6063铝合金侧热影响区的硬度有所提升；而T6处理则相反，使两侧热影响区的硬度均明显下降。
如图9（b）所示，焊态、DA态和T6态接头的抗拉强度分别为192.5、233.8 MPa和170 MPa，对应伸长率依次为1.97%、1.61%和12.5%。焊态接头抗拉强度较6063-T6铝合金母材抗拉强度（261 MPa）显著降低，为6063-T6母材的73.7%，这主要是由于在激光热源的作用下，焊缝和热影响区晶粒长大，弱化晶界强化效应；原始细小的强化相（β"相）粗化甚至发生溶解使析出强化效果减弱。经过DA处理后，接头抗拉强度提升至233.8 MPa（较焊态提高21.5%），其强化机理在于：激光焊接的快速冷却特性使得热影响区组织产生类似固溶处理的效果，DA处理促使过饱和固溶体中纳米级β"相弥散析出，从而提高接头强度。经过T6处理后，接头抗拉强度略有下降，但伸长率大幅提升。这可能是由于两种待焊铝合金母材的热处理状态均为T6态，焊接完成后再次进行T6处理，由于固溶阶段的温度较高，铝合金母材中原有的β"相及共晶Si颗粒部分或全部发生溶解，形成过饱和固溶体，时效后析出相转变为粗化的β′相或β相，产生过时效现象，对位错的钉扎作用减弱，导致强度降低，但允许更大的塑性变形。
不同热处理状态下6063/A356异种铝合金激光焊接拉伸试样的断裂位置与断口形貌分别如图10和图11所示。观察发现，不同热处理状态下的拉伸试样断裂位置均位于6063铝合金侧热影响区，但断口形貌存在明显差异。焊态接头断口表面分布着较浅且尺寸相近的韧窝。与焊态接头相比，DA态接头断口形貌呈现不均匀性，分布着较深、尺寸较小且数量较少的韧窝，并伴有面积较大的解理面，呈现脆性断裂为主导的特征。T6态接头断口表面分布有大量细小且深度较大的韧窝，解理面面积较小且不连续，接头塑性较好。
2.5 焊后时效强度恢复机理
根据焊接接头断裂位置及显微硬度测试结果可知，接头薄弱区域位于6063铝合金侧热影响区。为了进一步研究该区域的微观组织特征，采用透射电镜（TEM）分别对焊态和DA态接头此区域微观组织进行表征，并分析经焊后DA处理后强度恢复的机理。
焊态接头6063铝合金侧热影响区的微观形貌及衍射斑点如图12所示。可以观察到该区域存在大量位错，而第二相几乎不可见。这是由于在焊接热源的作用下，6063铝合金侧热影响区经历了较高的温度，析出相几乎完全溶解进入Al基体中，导致接头强度较母材显著下降。
DA态焊接接头6063铝合金侧热影响区TEM图及其析出相形貌如图13所示，该区域元素分布的面扫描结果见图14。可以观察到，经过DA处理后，该区域形成了大量纳米级的针状或棒状析出相，图中颗粒状的黑点为这些析出相的“端面”［16］。从高分辨图可以看出，这些析出相与Al基体之间存在良好的共格或半共格关系。面扫描分析结果表明，这些第二相区域富集了Si和Mg元素，而Al元素的含量则基本保持稳定。根据析出相的形态特征、晶面间距［17］及元素富集情况，可以推测出这些析出相为6系铝合金的主要强化相——针状β"相（Mg5Si6）［16］。位错在运动过程中与这些析出相发生交互作用，可有效提高接头抗拉强度［18］。
3 结论
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（1）在6063/A356异种铝合金激光焊接接头中，A356铝合金侧熔合线附近因Si含量较高形成非枝晶等轴晶区（EQZ），其共晶Si形貌存在差异（HAZ区为球形，PMZ区为纤维状），而6063侧未观察到EQZ，熔合线处Si以链状聚集。
（2）不同热处理状态下焊缝中心富Si共晶胞状网络存在差异：在焊态接头中共晶Si网络由许多细小的短棒状Si颗粒构成；经过DA处理后，大部分富Si共晶网络仍然存在，但其连通性下降，富Si的析出物主要以球状或针状颗粒形式分布在晶界处；经过T6处理后，焊缝中的富Si共晶网络断裂并发生球化，转变为球状或多边形形态。
（3）DA处理通过诱导6063侧热影响区析出纳米级β″相，显著提升接头抗拉强度至233.8 MPa（较焊态提高21.5%）； T6处理后伸长率提升至12.5%，但因过时效导致抗拉强度降至170 MPa。
基金
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  • 粤港澳大湾区（佛山）先进制造业国家卓越工程师创新研究院“揭榜挂帅”项目(JBGS2024005)
  • 云浮市重大科技任务协同攻关“揭榜挂帅”项目(2024090401)
  • 广州市南沙区重点领域科技计划项目(2024ZD016)
  • 广东省普通高校特色创新项目(2023KTSCX265)
  • 广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2024ZDZX3108)
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2026年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000009
  • 接收时间：2025-01-07
  • 首发时间：2026-10-27
  • 出版时间：2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-07
  • 录用日期：2025-03-25
基金
粤港澳大湾区（佛山）先进制造业国家卓越工程师创新研究院“揭榜挂帅”项目(JBGS2024005)
云浮市重大科技任务协同攻关“揭榜挂帅”项目(2024090401)
广州市南沙区重点领域科技计划项目(2024ZD016)
广东省普通高校特色创新项目(2023KTSCX265)
广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2024ZDZX3108)
作者信息
    华南理工大学 广东省金属新材料制备与成形重点实验室，广州 510640

通讯作者:

朱德智（1980—），男，教授，博士，研究方向为高性能铝合金的制备成形及加工技术以及先进材料与增材制造技术，联系地址：广东省广州市天河区五山路381号华南理工大学38号楼（510640），E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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