Article(id=1321967773106950716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000660, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000660, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762790400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767024000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-30, onlineDate=1793111278081, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793111278081, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793111278081, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793111278081, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321967675631317438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='271', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793111254842, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793111405793, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321968309042532665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321968309042532666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=134, endPage=147, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321967773799010877, articleId=1321967773106950716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress on 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymers, columnId=1220689389424919062, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology boasts significant advantages, including high design flexibility, mold-free operation, and the capacity to rapidly construct complex structures, making it a key method for 3D printing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer (CCFRTP). However, during the actual printing, CCFRTP often experiences a decline in mechanical properties due to insufficient interfacial bonding between the thermoplastic matrix and the continuous carbon fiber reinforcement, as well as a high internal porosity. To address this issue, this paper analyzes two major factors influencing the performance—the resin matrix and the carbon fiber reinforcement. Based on this, it reviews the recent advances in FFF technology, examines the effects of various printing parameters on mechanical properties, along with optimization strategies. Finally, future development directions and application prospects are discussed.

, authors=Zhiran ZHENG1, Jiaxin HOU1, Baoyan ZHANG1, Simeng LIU1, Jun HU2, Weiyi KONG3, Zheng LIU3, Fenghui SHI1, authorsList=Zhiran ZHENG, Jiaxin HOU, Baoyan ZHANG, Simeng LIU, Jun HU, Weiyi KONG, Zheng LIU, Fenghui SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun HU, Fenghui SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321967777653576265, articleId=1321967773106950716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=3D打印连续碳纤维增强热塑性聚合物研究进展, columnId=1220689389663994406, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

熔融沉积成型(fused filament fabrication,FFF)技术具备设计灵活度高、无需模具且能快速构建复杂结构的显著优势,是连续碳纤维增强热塑性聚合物(continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer,CCFRTP)3D打印的关键方法。但在实际3D打印过程中,由于FFF工艺本身的限制,如打印温度、层间结合、纤维浸润不充分等,常导致CCFRTP构件出现界面结合弱、孔隙率高等问题,严重影响其力学性能。为此,本文围绕3D打印工艺特点,重点评述了近年来在树脂改性、纤维改性及其协同优化等方面的最新研究进展,特别是多种协同改性策略在提升界面性能方面的作用机制。在此基础上,探讨FFF最新研究进展及不同打印工艺参数对力学性能的影响及优化方式,并对其发展方向与应用前景进行了展望。

, authors=郑智然1, 侯佳鑫1, 张宝艳1, 刘思蒙1, 胡君2, 孔维夷3, 刘政3, 石峰晖1, authorsList=郑智然, 侯佳鑫, 张宝艳, 刘思蒙, 胡君, 孔维夷, 刘政, 石峰晖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡君, 石峰晖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
胡君(1985—),男,教授,博士,从事含动态键的高性能多功能聚合物材料研究,联系地址:北京市朝阳区北三环东路15号北京化工大学东校区(100029),E-mail:
石峰晖(1980—),男,研究员,博士,从事树脂基复合材料研究,联系地址:北京市朝阳区八里桥北东军庄1号中国航空制造技术研究院(100024),E-mail:
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carbon/PA6 commingled fibres:processing and mechanical properties[J].Composites Science and Technology,2022,221:109341., articleTitle=Continuous fibre composite 3D printing with pultruded carbon/PA6 commingled fibres:processing and mechanical properties, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321967799816278679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, awardId=C2024-1-0401, language=CN, fundingSource=太行实验室基础研发基金(C2024-1-0401), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321967778144309835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321967778152698444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, companyId=1321967778144309835, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute Composite 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(a)preparation process of CF/CoNi@C and CNC/TPU composite materials[44];(b)process of preparing CoNC@CF and CoNC@CF-PLA nanocomposite filaments and FFF printing[45];(c)schematic diagram of the CNT-PDA sizing treatment of SCF[49];(d)schematic diagram

of the strengthening mechanism of nano-SiO2 sizing agent for CF-reinforced nylon 6 in dry state and after wet heat treatment[50]

, figureFileSmall=7SnyWHaWY/8HolobL2Bhjw==, figureFileBig=ljBHdv8xosUbECDkeAHOZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967794778919564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, language=CN, label=图2, caption=上浆剂法改性碳纤维

(a)CF/CoNi@C与CNC/TPU复合材料的制备工艺[44];(b)制备CoNC@CF和CoNC@CF-PLA纳米复合长丝和FFF打印的过程[45];

(c)CNT-PDA上浆处理SCF工艺示意图[49];(d)纳米-SiO2上浆剂对CF增强尼龙6干态和湿热处理后强化机理示意图[50]

, figureFileSmall=7SnyWHaWY/8HolobL2Bhjw==, figureFileBig=ljBHdv8xosUbECDkeAHOZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967794850222733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Surface chemical modification of carbon fibers(a)process schematic for CF-PEI-GO/PLA composite preparation and corresponding “rigid-flexible” interfacial architecture visualization[58];(b)preparation process of CF/CoNi@C and CNC/TPU composites[59];(c)design of a dual-polymer grafted layer on the surface of carbon fibers to improve the interfacial performance between poly(arylethersulfone) and carbon fibers[60];(d)carbon nanotube grafting of carbon fibers[61];(e)effect of polyetheretherketone grafting PEEK-NH2 on the surface modification of carbon fibers[62];(f)synergistic effect of electrochemical grafting and crosslinking crystalline sizing agent in enhancing the interfacial strength of carbon fiber/PEEK composites[63], figureFileSmall=uXwTZrJKxL95brf1CYObiQ==, figureFileBig=7777duToTJ7lMQ4ms9se9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967795215127182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, language=CN, label=图3, caption=表面化学改性碳纤维

(a)CF-PEI-GO/PLA复合材料制备的工艺示意图和相应的“刚性-柔性”可视化界面结构[58];(b)CF/CoNi@C与CNC/TPU复合材料的制备工艺[59];(c)在碳纤维表面设计双聚合物接枝层以改善聚芳硫砜与碳纤维的界面性能[60];(d)碳纳米管接枝碳纤维[61];(e)聚醚醚酮接枝

PEEK-NH2对碳纤维表面改性影响[62];(f)电化学接枝和交联结晶上浆剂协同作用提高碳纤维/PEEK复合材料的界面强度[63]

, figureFileSmall=uXwTZrJKxL95brf1CYObiQ==, figureFileBig=7777duToTJ7lMQ4ms9se9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967795638751887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Brief description for 3D printing processes

(a)overview of 3D printing process with online impregnation co-extrusion and offline pre-impregnated material dual-nozzle extrusion [70];

(b)three-dimensional printing with continuous fiber composite material impregnated in the nozzle [73];(c)ultrasound-assisted 3D printing of

continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic (FRTP) composites[74];(d)influence of process parameters on X-band microwave absorption

performance in 3D printing of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites[75];(e)schematic diagram of continuous

3D printing shearing algorithm and device for carbon fiber [77]

, figureFileSmall=Y/GFVR4jjqxIHfMUi2UKpA==, figureFileBig=z3BwTCnz+hBKXHQgP+yojA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967795731026576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, language=CN, label=图4, caption=3D打印工艺简述

(a)在线浸渗共挤和离线预浸料双喷嘴挤出的3D打印工艺概述[70];(b)喷嘴内浸渍连续纤维复合材料的三维打印[73];

(c)超声辅助3D打印连续纤维增强热塑性塑料(FRTP)复合材料[74];(d)连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料的3D打印中

工艺参数对X波段微波吸收性能的影响[75];(e)碳纤维连续3D打印剪切算法及装置示意图[77]

, figureFileSmall=Y/GFVR4jjqxIHfMUi2UKpA==, figureFileBig=z3BwTCnz+hBKXHQgP+yojA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967796041405073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Development timeline and future trends of 3D printing CCFRTP technology, figureFileSmall=YpcdBdOyhXQRTL9kGMr7lg==, figureFileBig=BjpfXu/7vh30L4ooqRCXbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967796511167122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CCFRTP的3D打印研究的发展历程与未来趋势图, figureFileSmall=YpcdBdOyhXQRTL9kGMr7lg==, figureFileBig=BjpfXu/7vh30L4ooqRCXbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967798646067860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Commonly utilized thermoplastic resin matrices in the 3D printing of CCFRTP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameTg /℃Tm /℃HDT/℃Tp/℃ρ/(g·cm-3)FeatureApplicationRef.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer(ABS)10585-100230-2601.04-1.06Excellent impact resistance, surface hardness and dimensional stability,chemical resistance (except ketones,chlorinated hydrocarbons);the substrate needs to be heated (50-110 ℃) to prevent warping during printing, and the anti-static performance can be improved by modification (such as ABS-ESD)

Auto parts

Electronic and

electrical shells

Toys

Functional prototypes

[10-11]
Polylactic acid(PLA)55-60160-18050-60190-2201.24-1.25Biodegradability, low shrinkage rate (0.3%), smooth printing surface, but poor heat resistance (easy to soften above 80 ℃); suitable for rapid prototyping, toughness can be improved through toughening modifications

Educational models

Packaging materials

Disposable medical

supplies

[12-13]
Polycarbonate(PC)147130-140260-3001.20-1.22

High transparency (light transmittance over 90%), high impact strength, but high printing temperature and easy moisture absorption; it needs to be dried to avoid bubbles and is suitable for precision optical

components

Electronic and

electrical enclosures

Automotive lampshades

Medical equipment

[14-15]
Polyether ether ketone(PEEK)143334230-250380-4201.30-1.32High temperature resistance (long-term use of 260 ℃), chemical resistance,excellent biocompatibility, but extremely high printing cost; high-temperature printing equipment (chamber temperature over 80 ℃) is required, suitable for high-end industrial applications

Aerospace

Medical implants

Semiconductor manufacturing

[16-17]
Polyethylene terephthalate-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol(PETG)80-9070-80220-2501.25-1.27Combined with the advantages of PLA and ABS, the printing temperature is low, odorless, the shrinkage rate is extremely low (<0.5%), and the product dimensional stability is good. Chemical resistance is better than PLA, but heat resistance is slightly inferior to ABS

Medical models

Transparent parts

Food contact

materials

[11,18]
Polyamide(PA, e.g., PA12)50-60170-18070-80240-2601.01-1.03High wear resistance, self-lubrication, but high water absorption (need to be dryed); carbon fiber reinforced PA significantly increases stiffness and heat deflection temperature

Gears

Bearings

Automotive functional parts

[19-20]

Polyvinyl alcohol

(PVA)

80190-2201.19-1.31Water-soluble support material, often used with PLA or ABS, is printed and dissolved in water to remove the support of complex structuresTemporary support structures in multi-material printing, especially for internal cut-out or suspended parts[21-22]

Polyetherimide (PEI, e.g.,

ULTEM™)

217200360-4001.27-1.30

High-performance engineering

plastics, high temperature resistance (long-term service temperature up to 170 ℃), flame retardant (UL94 V-0 grade), chemical corrosion resistance

Aerospace, medical devices

Electronics and

appliances (e.g.,

connectors,sensor

housings)

[23-24]

Thermoplastic elastomers(e.g.,

TPU)

-50--30200-2300.88-1.20The elasticity similar to rubber can be stretched to 500%-1000% of the original length, but it is easy to collapse during printing, so it needs to be printed slowly

Seals

Shock-absorbing components

Wearables (e.g.,

watch straps)

[25-26]
), ArticleFig(id=1321967799073886870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967773106950716, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3D打印CCFRTP常用热塑性树脂基体

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameTg /℃Tm /℃HDT/℃Tp/℃ρ/(g·cm-3)FeatureApplicationRef.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer(ABS)10585-100230-2601.04-1.06Excellent impact resistance, surface hardness and dimensional stability,chemical resistance (except ketones,chlorinated hydrocarbons);the substrate needs to be heated (50-110 ℃) to prevent warping during printing, and the anti-static performance can be improved by modification (such as ABS-ESD)

Auto parts

Electronic and

electrical shells

Toys

Functional prototypes

[10-11]
Polylactic acid(PLA)55-60160-18050-60190-2201.24-1.25Biodegradability, low shrinkage rate (0.3%), smooth printing surface, but poor heat resistance (easy to soften above 80 ℃); suitable for rapid prototyping, toughness can be improved through toughening modifications

Educational models

Packaging materials

Disposable medical

supplies

[12-13]
Polycarbonate(PC)147130-140260-3001.20-1.22

High transparency (light transmittance over 90%), high impact strength, but high printing temperature and easy moisture absorption; it needs to be dried to avoid bubbles and is suitable for precision optical

components

Electronic and

electrical enclosures

Automotive lampshades

Medical equipment

[14-15]
Polyether ether ketone(PEEK)143334230-250380-4201.30-1.32High temperature resistance (long-term use of 260 ℃), chemical resistance,excellent biocompatibility, but extremely high printing cost; high-temperature printing equipment (chamber temperature over 80 ℃) is required, suitable for high-end industrial applications

Aerospace

Medical implants

Semiconductor manufacturing

[16-17]
Polyethylene terephthalate-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol(PETG)80-9070-80220-2501.25-1.27Combined with the advantages of PLA and ABS, the printing temperature is low, odorless, the shrinkage rate is extremely low (<0.5%), and the product dimensional stability is good. Chemical resistance is better than PLA, but heat resistance is slightly inferior to ABS

Medical models

Transparent parts

Food contact

materials

[11,18]
Polyamide(PA, e.g., PA12)50-60170-18070-80240-2601.01-1.03High wear resistance, self-lubrication, but high water absorption (need to be dryed); carbon fiber reinforced PA significantly increases stiffness and heat deflection temperature

Gears

Bearings

Automotive functional parts

[19-20]

Polyvinyl alcohol

(PVA)

80190-2201.19-1.31Water-soluble support material, often used with PLA or ABS, is printed and dissolved in water to remove the support of complex structuresTemporary support structures in multi-material printing, especially for internal cut-out or suspended parts[21-22]

Polyetherimide (PEI, e.g.,

ULTEM™)

217200360-4001.27-1.30

High-performance engineering

plastics, high temperature resistance (long-term service temperature up to 170 ℃), flame retardant (UL94 V-0 grade), chemical corrosion resistance

Aerospace, medical devices

Electronics and

appliances (e.g.,

connectors,sensor

housings)

[23-24]

Thermoplastic elastomers(e.g.,

TPU)

-50--30200-2300.88-1.20The elasticity similar to rubber can be stretched to 500%-1000% of the original length, but it is easy to collapse during printing, so it needs to be printed slowly

Seals

Shock-absorbing components

Wearables (e.g.,

watch straps)

[25-26]
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3D打印连续碳纤维增强热塑性聚合物研究进展
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郑智然 1 , 侯佳鑫 1 , 张宝艳 1 , 刘思蒙 1 , 胡君 2 , 孔维夷 3 , 刘政 3 , 石峰晖 1
材料工程 | 综述 2026,54(5): 134-147
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材料工程 |综述 2026 , 54 (5) : 134 -147
3D打印连续碳纤维增强热塑性聚合物研究进展
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郑智然1, 侯佳鑫1, 张宝艳1, 刘思蒙1, 胡君2 , 孔维夷3, 刘政3, 石峰晖1
作者信息
  • 1.中国航空制造技术研究院复合材料技术中心,北京 101300
  • 2.北京化工大学 北京软物质科学与 工程高精尖创新中心,北京 100029
  • 3.太行实验室,成都 610213
通讯作者:
胡君(1985—),男,教授,博士,从事含动态键的高性能多功能聚合物材料研究,联系地址:北京市朝阳区北三环东路15号北京化工大学东校区(100029),E-mail:
石峰晖(1980—),男,研究员,博士,从事树脂基复合材料研究,联系地址:北京市朝阳区八里桥北东军庄1号中国航空制造技术研究院(100024),E-mail:
Research progress on 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymers
Zhiran ZHENG1, Jiaxin HOU1, Baoyan ZHANG1, Simeng LIU1, Jun HU2 , Weiyi KONG3, Zheng LIU3, Fenghui SHI1
Affiliations
  • 1.AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute Composite Technology Center,Beijing 101300,China
  • 2.Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering,Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029,China
  • 3.Taihang Laboratory,Chengdu 610213,China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000660
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熔融沉积成型(fused filament fabrication,FFF)技术具备设计灵活度高、无需模具且能快速构建复杂结构的显著优势,是连续碳纤维增强热塑性聚合物(continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer,CCFRTP)3D打印的关键方法。但在实际3D打印过程中,由于FFF工艺本身的限制,如打印温度、层间结合、纤维浸润不充分等,常导致CCFRTP构件出现界面结合弱、孔隙率高等问题,严重影响其力学性能。为此,本文围绕3D打印工艺特点,重点评述了近年来在树脂改性、纤维改性及其协同优化等方面的最新研究进展,特别是多种协同改性策略在提升界面性能方面的作用机制。在此基础上,探讨FFF最新研究进展及不同打印工艺参数对力学性能的影响及优化方式,并对其发展方向与应用前景进行了展望。

连续碳纤维增强热塑性聚合物  /  熔融沉积成型  /  树脂基体  /  碳纤维增强体

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology boasts significant advantages, including high design flexibility, mold-free operation, and the capacity to rapidly construct complex structures, making it a key method for 3D printing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer (CCFRTP). However, during the actual printing, CCFRTP often experiences a decline in mechanical properties due to insufficient interfacial bonding between the thermoplastic matrix and the continuous carbon fiber reinforcement, as well as a high internal porosity. To address this issue, this paper analyzes two major factors influencing the performance—the resin matrix and the carbon fiber reinforcement. Based on this, it reviews the recent advances in FFF technology, examines the effects of various printing parameters on mechanical properties, along with optimization strategies. Finally, future development directions and application prospects are discussed.

continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer  /  fused filament fabrication  /  resin matrix  /  carbon fiber reinforcement
郑智然, 侯佳鑫, 张宝艳, 刘思蒙, 胡君, 孔维夷, 刘政, 石峰晖. 3D打印连续碳纤维增强热塑性聚合物研究进展. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (5) : 134 -147 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000660
Zhiran ZHENG, Jiaxin HOU, Baoyan ZHANG, Simeng LIU, Jun HU, Weiyi KONG, Zheng LIU, Fenghui SHI. Research progress on 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymers[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (5) : 134 -147 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000660
近年来,连续碳纤维增强热塑性聚合物(continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer, CCFRTP)备受科研与工程领域关注[1]。它融合了连续碳纤维(continuous carbon fiber,CCF)轻质高强、抗疲劳与热稳定性佳,以及热塑性树脂抗冲击、耐损伤、易加工的优点[2],在性能显著提升的同时克服了热固性碳纤维增强聚合物的回收难题[3]。目前,熔融沉积成型(fused filament fabrication,FFF)技术是3D打印CCFRTP的主流方法,因其设计自由度高、无需模具、能快速构建复杂结构而备受关注[4]。但受限于当前打印设备、材料和工艺,使用FFF技术打印的CCFRTP部件力学性能欠佳,存在界面结合弱、孔隙率高、制造缺陷多等问题[5]。在CCFRTP中,碳纤维作为脆性增强相负责承载,树脂基体则均匀传递载荷,抑制裂纹并保障界面黏结强度。因此,CCFRTP部件的宏观失效多源于材料内部缺陷及碳纤维与树脂基体界面结合不佳[6],而优化纤维与树脂基体的性能、配比及结合方式就成为提升3D打印复合材料性能的关键[7]。本文针对CCFRTP在3D打印领域面临的性能提升难题,从树脂基体改性、碳纤维改性、二者协同改性以及3D打印工艺出发,总结了近年来人们在3D打印CCFRTP领域中的研究进展(图1),分析了各策略对CCFRTP性能提升的作用机制,并展望了未来的发展趋势,以期为后续CCFRTP打印成品性能优化及应用研究提供参考依据。
热塑性工程塑料是指以热塑性树脂为基础原料,加入各种添加剂,在一定温度、压力下可塑制成形,具有耐低温、耐磨、耐腐蚀等特性。作为当前应用最广泛的一类聚合物3D打印材料,其主要包括通用塑料(聚丙烯PP、聚乙烯PE等)及高性能工程塑料(聚酰胺PA、聚醚醚酮PEEK等)[8]。这些热塑性聚合物因非固化特性、低危险化学成分、可重复使用、可回收及成本效益高等优势在3D打印CCFRTP复合材料领域备受青睐[9],极具发展潜力。
在3D打印热塑性材料领域,材料的各项关键参数,如结晶能力、玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、熔点(Tm)、热变形温度(heat deflection temperature,HDT)、打印温度(Tp)及密度等关键参数,均对3D打印工艺设置及CCFRTP打印件性能产生重要影响。常用树脂基质及其性能详见表1[10-26]。其中,聚乳酸(PLA)凭借可生物降解性、低打印温度及高尺寸精度,成为入门级和生物医学领域的首选,但是其耐热性较差,80 ℃以上易软化,适合快速制造,并可通过增韧改性提升韧性。丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)以高强度、高耐热性和后处理兼容性著称,但存在打印翘曲的问题。热塑性弹性体(TPU)可拉伸至原长度的500%~1000%,具有类似橡胶的高弹性和耐磨性,可用于制作密封圈、减震部件、可穿戴设备等。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-1,4-环己烷二甲醇酯(PETG)结合了PLA的易用性与ABS的韧性,打印温度低、无气味、收缩率极低(<0.5%),产品尺寸稳定性好,耐化学性优于PLA,但耐热性略逊于ABS。得益于其透明度高、耐化学腐蚀,常被用作医疗模型、透明部件、食品接触材料。聚芳醚酮(PAEK)凭借低排气性、抗空间辐射能力及优异韧性,成为航空航天、医疗植入物、半导体领域优选材料,但其高熔点和熔体黏度对挤出工艺提出严峻挑战,同时其打印成本高,需高温打印设备。不同的热塑性基体由于其理化性质的差异,有效助力各领域实现复杂结构的高效制造与材料浪费的显著降低。
在3D打印中,聚合物的结晶动力学直接决定其可打印性及最终部件的性能。热塑性基体的结晶能力也是影响其力热性能的关键考量。加工温度波动和热分布不均会导致残余应力累积,进而削弱力学性能并降低几何精度,结晶度对收缩、翘曲和尺寸稳定性的影响尤为关键[27]。例如,宋清华等对自动铺放过程中热塑性聚丙烯树脂的非等温结晶行为开展了研究,以Avrami方程为理论基础,构建了热塑性复合材料自动铺放冷却模型,并结合差示扫描量热与复合材料力学测试结果得到了冷却速率与热塑性树脂结晶度的线性关系[28]。在实际生产中,往往可通过以下策略有效减轻聚合物翘曲与体积收缩:一是将目标聚合物与其他聚合物或添加剂共混,调控结晶动力学以降低收缩率,提升尺寸精度[29-30];二是选用低结晶度、慢结晶速率的长丝材料,并降低热膨胀系数以减少热应力[31];另外,利用CCF高纵横比与各向异性特性增强基体刚度,抑制聚合物链的熵驱动收缩,同时改善复合材料导热性以进一步缓解内部残余应力,强化结构完整性。半晶聚合物(如PLA、尼龙等)因内部存在有序晶体结构,展现出高韧性、耐磨性及高刚度,但结晶域内链段比体积变化大,易引发打印收缩与翘曲,限制了几何精度[32]。非晶聚合物(如ABS)虽加工性优异、抗冲击性强,但韧性及刚度较低[33]。值得注意的是,提升结晶度可增强层间结合力,却会牺牲材料韧性,这一矛盾凸显了工艺参数与材料性能间的关键权衡。因此,深入解析聚合物结晶动力学,是优化3D打印工艺、平衡性能与精度的核心基础[34]。对于3D打印过程中的聚合物结晶行为而言,其主要由碳纤维为客体的异相成核以及在熔体中晶粒的生长堆叠这两个行为组成。对于单一晶粒而言,成核与生长是一个连续的过程,在碳纤维表面形成晶核之后就开始生长堆叠,直至接触到其他晶粒才停止生长;对于整个聚合物熔体而言,异相成核与晶粒生长却是先后发生同时进行的过程。因此聚合物的结晶速率同时受到晶核形成速率和晶粒生长速率影响。而晶核形成速率和晶粒生长速率都会受到过冷度、温度、应力等外界诸多因素影响。相较于外界状态单一的等温结晶过程,成型状态复杂的3D打印过程来说,聚合物的结晶动力学就更加需要进一步的解析与研究。
从树脂改性角度优化CCFRTP 3D打印材料,首先考虑围绕分子结构设计优化,通过调整树脂分子链结构(如引入柔性链段或刚性环状结构),改善树脂与纤维的界面相容性。例如,在热塑性树脂中引入极性基团,增强与碳纤维的化学键合作用。此外,也可以通过对树脂分子链结构的设计改性,优化树脂性能。Yang等提出一种全新的热可逆光化学反应,通过硫醇和芳香醛光点击缩合反应生成二硫代缩醛键,该共价键在热刺激下可逆,高分子聚合网络可以恢复为初始的硫醇和芳香醛,从而实现循环3D打印[35]。He等通过两步法合成热塑性聚氨酯PLA-TPU,通过分子结构设计和改性,借助非共价作用力,同步解决PLA固有脆性难题,实现Tg的精准调控[36]。
利用结晶行为调控控制树脂结晶度是优化纤维-树脂界面的有效策略之一。例如,在半结晶性树脂(如PEEK)的应用场景下,可以通过调节冷却速率促进横晶形成,增强纤维与基体的界面黏结。研究表明通过调控PEEK树脂的冷却速率,可使树脂结晶度从27.4%提升至31.8%,并促进纤维界面处横晶的形成,从而将层间剪切强度显著提高17.0%[37]。另外,开发低黏度树脂可以有效提高熔融浸渍效率,解决复合材料3D打印中因树脂高黏度导致的孔隙率高与层间性能差的问题。Kuba等采用连续碳纤维作为支撑骨架,成功实现超低熔融黏度PEEK的稳定打印。与标准黏度树脂相比,该策略使丝材内部孔隙率大幅降低92.0%,并显著提升3D打印构件的致密性,最终使其层间拉伸强度提高了116.8%,证明了利用超低黏度树脂是制备低缺陷、高强度复合材料打印件的有效途径[38]。
对于树脂掺杂,总体分为两种策略:纳米粒子增强和功能性填料掺杂。掺入纳米碳酸钙、氧化铝等粒子,可以通过物理填充或化学键合提升树脂性能。Dhakal等利用熔融共混法成功制备出填充纳米级二氧化硅(SiO2)和微米级短碳纤维(SCF)的PEEK基复合长丝,并采用FFF技术进行3D打印。结果表明添加2.0 %(质量分数)的纳米SiO2显著增强了SCF-PEEK复合材料的界面结合力,降低了内部孔隙率,同时改善了其微观结构,力学性能得到提高,并且经热分析与结构分析证实,在长丝加工和3D打印过程中,PEEK基体的化学完整性保持完好,纳米SiO2提高了SCF-PEEK复合材料的热分解温度,并改善了其结晶行为,与纯PEEK和SCF-PEEK相比,多尺度复合材料的刚度分别提升了高达40.0%和11.0%[39]。而对于功能填料来说,引入导热、导电或电磁屏蔽填料(如石墨烯、碳纳米管)可以赋予材料多功能性。例如,Ma等通过模块化设计,在聚氨酯(PUP)-环氧树脂(E-51)基体中引入负载异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)的自修复微胶囊及Fe₃O₄@GO磁性单元,借助直接墨水书写(DIW)4D打印技术制备出一种智能复合材料,赋予其17.2 MPa的优异拉伸强度、室温下91.2%的高自修复效率(三次断裂修复后仍达82.0%)及15 s的快速磁响应能力,实现材料力学性能、自修复性能与磁-热双刺激响应性能的协同提升,可应用于智能空间变形结构、温度传感器及抓取器等领域[40]。
碳纤维表面光滑、表面能低且缺乏活性官能团,展现出显著的化学惰性[41]。在3D打印过程中,树脂的高黏度和高熔点常导致CCF浸渍不充分,影响CCF与树脂基体间的界面结合质量[42-43]。因此,亟须通过界面改性来提升其化学活性、表面粗糙度及自由能,从而提升其与基体材料的界面结合力,改善3D打印的效果。近年来,为促进碳纤维与树脂间的有效化学键合,并改善界面机械联锁与润湿性,研究人员探索了多种方法,涵盖上浆剂法、氧化法、等离子体法、表面化学改性法、纳米颗粒复合法等。
表面涂层与上浆处理采用浸渍或喷涂等方式,将聚合物溶液或乳液涂覆于CF表面,以增强润湿性与界面黏附力。Cheng等提出了一种以碳纤维为主导的界面改性策略。该策略以碳纤维表面加载相互配位的Co2+和Ni2+二甲基咪唑配体(ZIF-CoNi)为载体,通过高温热解和金属原子辅助催化,在碳纤维表面生成碳纳米管阵列,构建丰富的异质界面。同时,采用FFF将改性碳纤维取向于热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)基体中,最终得到理论有效吸收带宽为2.4 GHz的CF/CoNi@C/TPU热塑性复合材料(图2(a))[44]。Wu等通过原位合成和热退火,在碳纤维表面引入咪唑ZIF纳米阵列,制备出具有分级纳米结构的改性碳纤维(CoNC@CF),并将其应用于以聚乳酸为基体的3D打印技术中,得到具有良好电磁波吸收能力的3D打印构件,其反射消耗最小值在11.5 GHz时达到-45.5 dB(图2(b))[45]。Lyu等将聚多巴胺/二氧化硅纳米颗粒(PDA/NPs)均匀涂覆碳纤维,并制备了以聚苯硫醚为基体的复合材料,研究了PDA/NP改性CCF的协同效应。结果显示,经处理后的复合材料层间性能得到了显著改善,该改性策略直接应用于FFF工艺制备的CCF/PPS打印件,弯曲强度增加27.0%,层间剪切强度(interlaminar shear strength,ILSS)增加172.0%[46]。景鹏展等通过热处理和溶液浸润,在碳纤维表面引入了一种名为SKE1的耐高温表面修饰剂,有效改善了碳纤维织物增强聚苯硫醚热塑性复合材料的界面结合性能,并使用不同浓度耐高温表面修饰剂修饰后的碳纤维制备复合材料,随后对制得复合材料的层间剪切性能进行表征,发现SKE1的丙酮溶液浓度为4%时,复材的综合力学性能相对较高[47],尽管该研究采用传统热压工艺,但其提出的耐高温表面修饰剂SKE1涂覆法显著提升了碳纤维与PPS的界面结合强度(ILSS提升至91.4 MPa)。该方法若应用于3D打印用预浸料丝材制备,有望改善高温打印过程中纤维与基体的浸润性与界面稳定性,从而提升打印构件的力学性能。王清清等使用双酚A型二醚二酐、间苯二胺、1,3-二(4'-氨基苯氧基)苯和N,N-二甲基乙醇胺为原料制备热塑性上浆剂并对制得的复合材料进行性能分析,发现当 BPADA 与 TPE-R 的单体摩尔比为 1∶1 时,合成得到的热塑性上浆剂不仅分子量分布均匀,而且具有优异的热稳定性,在 554 ℃下热失重仅为 5%。上浆处理后,高强高模碳纤维表面 O/C 由 0.08 增至 0.18,提高了 125%;上浆后纤维强度略有增高、模量几乎无变化;上浆处理后对复合材料界面性能改善明显,HMCF/PEKK 复合材料层间剪切强度可由处理前 38.5 MPa 提升至最高 59.4 MPa,增幅高达 54.3%[48]。Sun等用碳纳米管与聚多巴胺复合上浆剂处理CF表面,使CF/PEI复合材料抗拉强度提升12.5%,层间剪切强度提高39.4%(图2(c))[49]。Zhang等将PU/SiO2上浆剂用于CF表面,使CF/PA6 复合材料界面黏附力提升超40.0%(图2(d))[50]。在3D打印CCFRTP领域,CF上浆剂研究不足,新型上浆剂研发进展缓慢。上述研究虽采用传统热压工艺,但其揭示的上浆剂分子设计策略(如引入热稳定基团、构建纳米复合涂层)及界面增强机制,为面向3D打印丝材制造的碳纤维表面工程提供了重要借鉴。例如,耐高温上浆剂(如PEKK相容性上浆剂)可提升纤维在高温打印过程中的热稳定性与界面相容性;纳米复合上浆剂(如CNT-PDA、PU/SiO2)则有望改善熔融浸渍效果与界面机械互锁,从而为开发适用于FFF工艺的高性能预浸料丝材提供理论依据与技术参考。研究人员需从基础研究入手,探究热塑性树脂与CF界面相互作用机制,开发新型上浆剂分子设计策略,探索创新表面处理技术,以提升二者相容性。同时注意上浆剂的热稳定性与熔融兼容性,避免在打印温度下分解或影响纤维的连续送进。
氧化处理可使CF表面生成氧官能化基团,大幅提高其表面反应活性与粗糙度,强化与树脂基体的黏结效果[51]。Zhao等在450 ℃空气气氛条件下对碳纤维布进行2 h的预氧化,使碳布表面形成丰富的超微孔和超亲水表面,提高了碳布的盐吸附能力和循环寿命(31.5 mg·g-1和13 mg·cm-3),使基于该材料的电极在稀释海水中经过5000次吸附/脱附循环后,其碳布电极的盐吸附能力仍然保持在其最初能力的74%[52]。Du等对CF进行了脱浆、氧化、硅烷化处理,碳纤维的拉伸强度提高了20.0%,弯曲强度提高了25.11%,与未改性的碳纤维增强聚酰胺复合材料相比,改性后的碳纤维增强聚酰胺复合材料的层间剪切强度提高24.88%[53];Li等用HNO3氧化修饰CF,引入丰富氧官能团,增强CF/ABS复合材料界面附着力[54];Zhao等通过高温空气氧化法在CF表面形成微坑,优化与PEEK接触界面,提升碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮界面结合强度[55]。值得注意的是,虽然传统氧化方法经济可行、初始投资成本低,但存在诸多问题。例如,氧化会改变CF表面化学与微观结构,使后续处理复杂化,且氧官能团及粗糙表面易引发二次反应,削弱氧化效果。因此,在3D打印连续碳纤维丝材的预处理过程中,适度的氧化处理可提升纤维表面能与活性,增强其与热塑性树脂(如PEEK、PA)的浸润性。然而,氧化过程可能导致纤维脆性增加,尤其在高温打印与动态送丝过程中易引发纤维断裂,影响丝材的连续性与打印稳定性。因此,如何在氧化强度、表面活性与纤维力学完整性之间取得平衡,是面向3D打印丝材的氧化改性研究亟须解决的关键问题。后续研究需要全面探究氧化CF表面微观结构演变及其与后续处理的相互作用机制,减轻性能衰退,保障氧化处理提升CF复合材料性能的长效性与稳定性。
在CF表面改性研究中,等离子体处理因独特作用机理备受科研人员关注。该技术通过高能等离子体与CF表面相互作用,促使化学键解离重组,实现高效表面改性。Ma等采用低温等离子体技术对CF进行预处理,改性后的CF表面亲水基团含量从18.3%增加到60.3%。经低温等离子体处理后,CF的吸收能从15.6 J提高到44.3 J,吸能率从26.0%提高到73.9%[56],这一研究表明,通过等离子体引入含氧官能团可显著增强纤维与基体的界面结合。若将此类改性工艺集成于3D打印丝材的连续化制备流程中,有望在纤维浸渍前阶段实现表面能的有效提升,从而改善熔融树脂对纤维的润湿与包覆,减少预浸丝内部的孔隙与界面缺陷,为打印丝材的均匀性与力学性能奠定基础。Xiao等采用常压等离子体对PAN基CF进行表面改性60 s后,ILSS从64.9 MPa提高到80.0 MPa,并发现等离子体对纤维表面改性效果不同:当处理时间小于15 s时,等离子体的作用主要是对碳纤维表面进行物理刻蚀,而进一步延长时间并不增加表面粗糙度,但会促进纤维表面含氧官能团的产生[57]。这一“时间-效应”关系的明确,为在高速连续的3D打印丝材生产线中优化等离子体处理参数(如处理速度、功率)提供了重要参考,有助于在保证生产效率的同时实现最佳的界面改性效果。上述结果表明等离子体处理能精准调控界面与表面特性,显著提升复合材料整体力学性能。然而,等离子体改性的时间依赖性强,工艺窗口窄、对过程控制精度要求高等局限性。为克服此问题,需将其与其他改性技术结合,发挥协同效应,确保CF表面改性稳固高效,提升综合性能。
化学接枝改性通过引入高活性官能团,改变CF惰性化学特性,使CF与树脂分子间作用从物理吸附升级为化学键合,提高表面活性和自由能,在CF表面改性领域潜力巨大。Ouyang等选择氧化石墨烯(GO)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)作为“刚性”和“柔性”相,采用分步化学接枝技术在连续碳纤维(CCF)表面引入“刚-柔”结构(图3(a))[58]。随后,用改性CF和聚乳酸(PLA)制备长丝,并通过FFF工艺获得样品。CF-PEI-GO/PLA复合材料相对于纯CF/PLA的IFSS提高了101.64%,抗冲击强度提高了74.50%,证实通过化学接枝实现纤维表面功能化设计,可有效提升其在热塑性丝材中的界面结合强度,为开发高性能3D打印专用丝材提供了可行的材料改性路径。Randall等采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯和环氧甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0的比例对CF进行表面接枝改性,改善了纤维与环氧树脂基体的黏合性(图3(b))[59]。Zhang等采用聚多巴胺(PDA)膜和改性聚芳硫醚砜(PASS),通过两步化学反应在CF表面构建了双聚合物接枝层,有效提升了CF/PASS复合材料的界面性能,其界面剪切强度(interfacial shear strength,IFSS)和ILSS分别比原始PASS复合材料提高27.2%和198.6%(图3(c))[60]。Wang等在CF表面成功接枝了碳纳米管(CNT),并证实接枝CNT非常适合于改善CNT-g-CF在聚丙烯基质中的总体浸润性和界面剪切强度(+53.4%)[61](图3(d))。Hassan等将胺化聚醚醚酮(PEEK-NH2)接枝到CF表面,显著增强CF与PEEK基体界面性能。随接枝程度加深,CF/PEEK复合材料的ILSS提升33.4%(图3(e))[62]。Wang等将苯乙基接枝到CF上,再与上浆剂基团交联,使CF/PEEK复合材料的界面剪切强度(IFSS)从43.4 MPa(未处理纤维)提升至103.1 MPa,增幅达137.5%;层间剪切强度(ILSS)也从58.4 MPa提升至97.4 MPa,提高了66.8%,从而显著提升了CF/PEEK复合材料的界面强度(图3(f))[63]。这表明化学接枝改性引入活性官能团,可改善CF与树脂基体润湿性,通过形成化学键同步提升ILSS和IFSS。然而,该过程复杂,对温度、反应时间、反应物浓度等条件控制严苛,还需防止副反应,增加了过程控制难度与成本。此外,当前研究多集中在有限活性官能团和树脂体系,对不同CF与各类树脂基体相容性及复杂应用场景表现认知不足。不可否认的是,将化学接枝改性技术系统融入3D打印丝材的连续化制备流程,有望从根本上提升连续碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料(CCFRTP)打印丝材的界面质量和性能稳定性。未来研究应重点探索不同接枝体系与典型打印树脂在熔融沉积过程中的界面演化规律,从而推动高性能、功能化CCFRTP打印丝材的工程应用与产业化发展。
热塑性基体-纤维的协同改性是当代研究热点,主要方法有将纳米颗粒掺入连续碳纤维增强热塑性聚合物,从而增强载荷传递效率,在提升CF表面粗糙度与比表面积的同时,优化与树脂的界面结合。Yang等采用微波辅助的方法,在CF表面原位制备并沉积纳米CaCO3,然后将CaCO3改性的CF引入到环氧树脂中,经CaCO3改性后的复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、冲击强度和层间剪切强度分别提高了20.3%、25.8%、21.4%和40.1%[64];Rankin等将TiO2纳米颗粒均匀分散在CF上,制得具有增强的自传感能力的压阻碳纤维聚合物基质复合材料,其表观层间剪切强度相较于改性前提高了15.0%,阻尼损耗因子平均提高了150.0%,压阻灵敏度提高了180.0%[65];Yao等引入聚碳酸酯纳米颗粒(PC-NPs)到CF复合材料,改善浸渍效果,使IFSS达37.0 MPa,较未处理材料提升67.3%[66];Chen等在CF复合材料表面沉积聚多巴胺(PDA)、PEI和MWCNT组成的多层结构,使IFSS提升52.3%,CNT@PP-CF/PA 结构抗拉强度提高19.2%,且具有卓越电磁干扰屏蔽性能[67]。尽管纳米颗粒引入为CCFRTP融合功能性与结构完整性提供新途径,但也带来制备复杂、成本增加、分散不均、界面兼容和长期稳定性等挑战。目前该方法主要处于实验阶段,向工业应用转化还需深入研究。
3D打印热塑性材料的选用应当与3D打印工艺原理所要求的打印材料特征相契合[68-69]。而3D打印连续碳纤维热塑性聚合物的工艺原理,根据连续纤维在树脂基体中嵌入方式的不同,主要可分为在线浸渗共挤和离线预浸料双喷嘴挤出两大类(图4(a))。在线渗透共挤是以连续纤维干束和纯树脂丝为原料,两种纤维都被送入同一个印刷头,被挤出并一起沉积在当前的印刷层上,印刷头内的浸润时间和压力直接影响纤维的浸润效果。通过控制树脂线的进给速度,可以调节部件的纤维体积含量。离线预浸料双喷嘴挤出则是以连续纤维和树脂预制的预浸料丝为原材料,将预浸料熔化、挤出、沉积在其中一个打印头中,另一个打印头以纯树脂丝为原材料,通过控制纯基体树脂的印刷量,可间接调节纤维体积含量[70]。因此,对于3D打印连续热塑性聚合物所使用热塑性预浸料丝的连续性、流动性等特性也应当予以要求。此外,在使用离线预浸料双喷嘴挤出法3D打印热塑性复合材料的要求下,热塑性预浸料也应当具有良好的加工特性:(1)在高温熔化以及机械牵引的条件下,热塑性预浸料丝仍能够保证具有良好的稳定性与连贯性,不发生纤维的断裂与集聚;(2)熔融的热塑性预浸料丝应具有充足的流动性,不会积聚堆砌在打印头内堵塞喷嘴;(3)3D打印用热塑性预浸料丝应当具有良好的均匀性,以便通过控制纯基体树脂的打印量,控制3D打印制件的纤维体积含量[71]。
将短切碳纤维与热塑性塑料预共混,在3D打印工艺过程中可以显著提升3D打印件的力学性能与尺寸稳定性。相较于短切碳纤维,连续碳纤维难以用简单共混的方式进行纤维相与基体相的预先复合[72],但可以通过原位浸渍的方法实现。这一改性策略适用于FFF、选择性激光烧结(selective laser sintering,SLS)等多种3D打印工艺。例如,Matzusaki等开发了一种基于熔融沉积成型的连续纤维增强热塑性塑料的3D打印方法。该技术可以在不使用模具的情况下直接进行3D制造,将聚乳酸树脂长丝和连续纤维分别供应到3D打印机,并且在加热喷嘴之内用聚乳酸树脂长丝浸渍纤维,最终提高了制件的拉伸强度与模量[73](图4(b))。
对于不同体系的热塑性复合材料,其加工温度等工艺参数应当以实际需求为参考进行调节,由此既可以进一步研究相关机理,又可以针对需求特性提供更高质量产品。Qiao等研究了超声波处理后碳纤维及碳纤维预浸料表面形貌和化学结构的变化,探讨了超声波处理工艺参数对碳纤维增强复合材料微观结构和力学性能的影响,最终发现当超声振幅为40.0 μm、树脂溶液质量分数为10.0%、加工速度为15.0 mm/s时,复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别比未处理材料提高了34.0%和29.0%(图4(c))[74]。Qin等研究了工艺参数对3D打印连续碳纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料在X波段微波吸收性能的影响(8.0~12.0 GHz)。利用正交实验关注纤维取向、印刷温度即两者之间的耦合效应,揭示了这些参数对吸波性能的影响机理,得到了最佳工艺参数:纤维取向度为58.4°,印刷温度为230.0 ℃,预测平均吸波率为0.5,并发现孔隙对材料的吸波性能和力学性能有相反的影响(图4(d))[75]。
FFF技术作为一款新兴的3D打印热塑性复合材料技术,在打印设备、打印工艺、打印材料等方面的技术储备与研究尚不完善,尤其在3D打印设备领域,仍然存在极大的创新与发展空间。Ma团队基于热力学模拟优化了3D打印喷嘴的结构,设计了喷嘴加热和冷却系统,通过对温度场的热力学分析,揭示了喷嘴结构与温度分布的关系,并通过连续碳纤维3D打印实验验证了喷嘴设计的合理性[76]。Tu等提出了一种3D打印过程中原材料的剪切方法:基于切片过程的3D打印规划路径,通过剪切位置识别和跳距补偿计算出实际剪切位置,在此基础上设计了相应的剪切装置,构建了连续碳纤维剪切系统,通过路径跳跃仿真分析和单层、多层模型3D打印实验,验证了连续碳纤维剪切系统的准确性和可行性,为实现连续碳纤维复合材料3D打印提供了依据(图4(e))[77]。Zhuo等将3D打印设备优化与3D打印原料制备工艺优化相结合,通过使用优化后的3D打印工艺制备CF/PA6复合材料并对其性能进行了表征,指出目前3D打印所得CF/PA6复合材料相对于传统工艺制备所得材料仍有些许不足,为3D打印工艺优化方向提供了指导[78]。
CCFRTP材料轻量高强,结合3D打印技术,为复杂轻量化结构定制带来机遇。但CCFRTP打印组件存在界面结合不理想、孔隙率增加、力学性能有限等挑战,主要源于碳纤维表面惰性、各向异性及树脂基体高黏度。本文从影响3D打印热塑性复合材料性能因素的角度出发,从3D打印热塑性复合材料的材料端以及工艺端两方面展开,分别综述了树脂和纤维材料的性能增强与改性及工艺参数调整等方面的研究进展,并且提出了在制备工艺、界面兼容和长期稳定性等方面的不足,为未来CCFRTP的3D打印在材料端和工艺端的精进提供参考。
CCFRTP的3D打印研究从实现基本打印功能,已经发展到引入机器学习,面向绿色材料,并融合材料科学和3D打印技术实现创新突破(图5)。未来,CCFRTP的3D打印研究可在以下方面深入探索:
(1)在材料性能提升方面,进一步开发新型高性能热塑性树脂基质,优化其热特性与结晶动力学特征,以满足更高要求的打印性能。开发适用于FFF的低黏度、高浸润性树脂体系,以及表面能匹配、连续送进稳定的预浸料。深入研究碳纤维改性技术,开发更高效、环保且能大规模应用的方法,解决现有改性技术的局限性,提升碳纤维与树脂基体的界面结合性能。此外,应积极推动绿色可回收材料的研发与应用,提升CCFRTP的可持续性。
(2)在工艺优化方面,持续深入研究打印工艺参数对CCFRTP 性能的影响机制,实现更精准的参数优化。完善针对3D打印工艺的优化策略,探索更多创新方法以提升碳纤维在打印过程中的分散性与流动性,并最终提升热塑性复合材料3D打印工艺的产品质量与生产效率。结合在线监测与机器学习,实现打印过程中界面形成与孔隙演变的实时调控。尤其应加强AI工艺优化技术的集成应用,实现打印过程的智能调控与自适应优化。
(3)在技术应用上,加强不同改性技术的集成研究,充分发挥碳纤维与热塑性树脂的协同增强效应,挖掘潜在性能提升空间。推动4D打印技术与CCFRTP的结合,开发具有形状自适应、功能可编程的智能复合材料结构。严格评估集成技术在规模化生产和重复应用方面的可行性,推动 CCFRTP 3D 打印技术从实验室走向工业生产,探索梯度界面、功能化层间设计在3D打印中的实现路径,推动CCFRTP在航空航天、新能源汽车等领域的轻量化、结构功能一体化应用,为相关产业带来新的发展机遇与变革。
  • 太行实验室基础研发基金(C2024-1-0401)
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2026年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000660
  • 接收时间:2025-11-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-11
  • 录用日期:2025-12-30
基金
太行实验室基础研发基金(C2024-1-0401)
作者信息
    1.中国航空制造技术研究院复合材料技术中心,北京 101300
    2.北京化工大学 北京软物质科学与 工程高精尖创新中心,北京 100029
    3.太行实验室,成都 610213

通讯作者:

胡君(1985—),男,教授,博士,从事含动态键的高性能多功能聚合物材料研究,联系地址:北京市朝阳区北三环东路15号北京化工大学东校区(100029),E-mail:
石峰晖(1980—),男,研究员,博士,从事树脂基复合材料研究,联系地址:北京市朝阳区八里桥北东军庄1号中国航空制造技术研究院(100024),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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