Article(id=1321967772670734531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000309, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000309, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1719590400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-29, onlineDate=1793111277977, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793111277977, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793111277977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793111277977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321967675631317438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='271', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793111254842, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793111405793, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321968309042532665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321968309042532666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=58, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321967772930781380, articleId=1321967772670734531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Research progress in magnesium based hydrogen storage materials modified by transition metals and their oxides, columnId=1220689389424919062, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

MgH2 has become one of the most widely studied hydrogen storage materials due to its high theoretical hydrogen storage capacity, improved safety, and reversibility. However, its application is limited by its high thermodynamic stability and poor kinetic performance. A doping catalyst can effectively reduce the reaction barrier of hydrogen absorption and desorption, thereby accelerating the reaction rate of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation in the Mg-H system. This approach is an effective and simple method to enhance the hydrogen storage performance of MgH2. Transition metals and their oxides have been widely studied because of their excellent catalytic properties. In this review, various types of transition metals and their oxide catalysts are introduced, and their effects on the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of MgH2 and the catalytic principle are briefly described. Finally, it is concluded that doping with multi-element alloys, multi-component metal oxides, or combinations of metals and metal oxides to utilize the synergistic effects between different metals is an important method for improving catalytic performance. However, the catalytic mechanisms of some transition metals and their oxides remain unclear at present. Deepening the understanding of catalytic mechanisms, especially conducting in-depth investigations at the atomic scale, will provide strong support for the development and application of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials with better hydrogen storage performance.

, authors=Junying REN1, Yifei LIAO1, Yucheng ZHOU2, Huidong SUN3, Cheng CHEN3, Junmin NIU1, Jie YANG1, Jianchen SUN1, Hui SHANG1, authorsList=Junying REN, Yifei LIAO, Yucheng ZHOU, Huidong SUN, Cheng CHEN, Junmin NIU, Jie YANG, Jianchen SUN, Hui SHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui SHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321967776596603087, articleId=1321967772670734531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=过渡金属及其氧化物对镁基储氢材料的改性及其研究进展, columnId=1220689389663994406, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

MgH2由于具有较高的理论储氢容量、更好的安全性以及可逆性,成为目前研究最多的一类储氢材料。然而高热力学稳定性和较差的动力学性能限制了其应用。掺杂催化剂可以有效降低吸/脱氢反应能垒,从而加快Mg-H体系的吸/脱氢反应速率,是改善MgH2储氢性能的有效且简便的方法。过渡金属及其氧化物由于具有优良的催化性能受到了广泛研究。本文介绍了不同类型的过渡金属及其氧化物催化剂,简述了其对MgH2吸脱氢性能的提升效果以及催化原理。最后得出:掺杂多元合金、多元金属氧化物或者金属与金属氧化物的组合,从而利用不同金属间的协同效应是提高催化性能的重要方法。然而,目前一些过渡金属及其氧化物的催化原理尚不清楚,加深对催化机理的理解和认识,尤其是从原子尺度深入探究,将为具备更高储氢性能的镁基储氢材料的开发及应用提供有力支撑。

, authors=任俊颖1, 廖逸飞1, 周玉成2, 孙会东3, 陈诚3, 牛俊敏1, 杨捷1, 孙建辰1, 商辉1, authorsList=任俊颖, 廖逸飞, 周玉成, 孙会东, 陈诚, 牛俊敏, 杨捷, 孙建辰, 商辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=商辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
商辉(1974—),女,教授,博士,研究方向为微波化学、储氢材料及清洁油品生产,联系地址:北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学(102249),E-mail:
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[J].Journal of Power Sources,2019,438:227006., articleTitle=Effects of nano-composites (FeB,FeB/CNTs) on hydrogen storage properties of MgH2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321967796850897240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=93, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=54, authorNames=REN L, LI Y H, ZHANG N, journalName=Nano-Micro Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REN L, LI Y H, ZHANG N,et al.Nanostructuring of Mg-based hydrogen storage materials:recent advances for promoting key applications[J].Nano-Micro Letters,2023,15(1):93., articleTitle=Nanostructuring of Mg-based hydrogen storage materials:recent advances for promoting key applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321967798516035929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=8, issue=2, pageStart=461, pageEnd=471, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=55, authorNames=YAO P Y, JIANG Y, LIU Y, journalName=Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAO P Y, JIANG Y, LIU Y,et al.Catalytic effect of Ni@rGO on the hydrogen storage properties of MgH2 [J].Journal of Magnesium and Alloys,2020,8(2):461-471., articleTitle=Catalytic effect of Ni@rGO on the hydrogen storage properties of MgH2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321967798671225178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=4, issue=38, pageStart=14761, pageEnd=14772, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=56, authorNames=BHATNAGAR A, PANDEY S K, VISHWAKARMA A K, journalName=Journal of Materials Chemistry A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BHATNAGAR A, PANDEY S K, VISHWAKARMA A K,et al.Fe3O4@graphene as a superior catalyst for hydrogen de/absorption from/in MgH2/Mg[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2016,4(38):14761-14772., articleTitle=Fe3O4@graphene as a superior catalyst for hydrogen de/absorption from/in MgH2/Mg, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321967798755111259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=851, issue=null, pageStart=156874, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=57, authorNames=MENG Q F, HUANG Y Q, YE J K, journalName=Journal of Alloys and Compounds, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENG Q F, HUANG Y Q, YE J K,et al.Electrospun carbon nanofibers with in-situ encapsulated Ni nanoparticles as catalyst for enhanced hydrogen storage of MgH2 [J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2021,851:156874., articleTitle=Electrospun carbon nanofibers with in-situ encapsulated Ni nanoparticles as catalyst for enhanced hydrogen storage of MgH2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321967798822220124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=45, issue=53, pageStart=28964, pageEnd=28973, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=58, authorNames=GAO S C, WANG X H, LIU H Z, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO S C, WANG X H, LIU H Z,et al.CNTs decorated with CoFeB as a dopant to remarkably improve the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation performance and cyclic stability of MgH2 [J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2020,45(53):28964-28973., articleTitle=CNTs decorated with CoFeB as a dopant to remarkably improve the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation performance and cyclic stability of MgH2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321967798893523293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=7, issue=10, pageStart=5277, pageEnd=5287, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=59, authorNames=LIU M J, XIAO X Z, ZHAO S C, journalName=Journal of Materials Chemistry A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU M J, XIAO X Z, ZHAO S C,et al.Facile synthesis of Co/Pd supported by few-walled carbon nanotubes as an efficient bidirectional catalyst for improving the low temperature hydrogen storage properties of magnesium hydride[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2019,7(10):5277-5287., articleTitle=Facile synthesis of Co/Pd supported by few-walled carbon nanotubes as an efficient bidirectional catalyst for improving the low temperature hydrogen storage properties of magnesium hydride, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321967798989992286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=38, issue=10, pageStart=8979, pageEnd=8991, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=60, authorNames=DUAN C W, WU J H, LIANG P Q, journalName=Energy & Fuels, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUAN C W, WU J H, LIANG P Q,et al.CNTs-Pd as efficient bidirectional catalyst for improving hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics of Mg/MgH2 [J].Energy & Fuels,2024,38(10):8979-8991., articleTitle=CNTs-Pd as efficient bidirectional catalyst for improving hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics of Mg/MgH2, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321967776898592976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321967776915370193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, companyId=1321967776898592976, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Chemical Engineering and Environment,China University of Petroleum-Beijing,Beijing 102249,China), 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Summary of dehydrogenation performance of magnesium based materials with transition metal catalysts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material

Initial dehydrogenation

temperature/℃

Maxium dehydrogenation

amout/%

Enthalpy change

ΔH/(kJ·mol-1)

Activation energy

ΔE/(kJ·mol-1)

Ref.
Mg@Co2475.0881.4773.22[14]
Mg@V2505.9579.7786.30[14]
Mg@Co@V2405.2274.8367.66[15]
Mg@Ti@Ni2594.7069.8063.70[15]
Mg-40%TiFe2873.94[17]
Mg-10%ZrCo268.76.40[18]
Mg-7%ZrNi2046.5071.6088.60[19]
Mg-50%NiMnAlCoFe180[21]
Mg-20%TiCrV2246.0554.1671.20[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1321967786272862492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

添加过渡金属催化剂的镁基材料的脱氢性能总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material

Initial dehydrogenation

temperature/℃

Maxium dehydrogenation

amout/%

Enthalpy change

ΔH/(kJ·mol-1)

Activation energy

ΔE/(kJ·mol-1)

Ref.
Mg@Co2475.0881.4773.22[14]
Mg@V2505.9579.7786.30[14]
Mg@Co@V2405.2274.8367.66[15]
Mg@Ti@Ni2594.7069.8063.70[15]
Mg-40%TiFe2873.94[17]
Mg-10%ZrCo268.76.40[18]
Mg-7%ZrNi2046.5071.6088.60[19]
Mg-50%NiMnAlCoFe180[21]
Mg-20%TiCrV2246.0554.1671.20[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1321967786365137181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of dehydrogenation performance of magnesium based materials added with transition metal oxide catalysts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material

Initial dehydrogenation

temperature/℃

Maxium dehydrogenation

amout/%

Activation energy

ΔE/(kJ·mol-1)

Ref.
Mg-5%TiO2315.36.4[29]
Mg-1%(molar fraction)Nb2O5(orthorhombic crystal)2322.7[32]
Mg-5%(molar fraction)CoFe2O41806.46[37]
Mg-3%TiNb2O72357.0[39]
Mg-6%NiTiO32876.974[40]
Mg-10%CoMoO42506.4043.26[41]
Mg-10%SrTiO3-5%Ni260698.6[42]
Mg-10%Ni/TiO22206.543.7[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1321967786532909342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

添加过渡金属氧化物催化剂的镁基材料的脱氢性能总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material

Initial dehydrogenation

temperature/℃

Maxium dehydrogenation

amout/%

Activation energy

ΔE/(kJ·mol-1)

Ref.
Mg-5%TiO2315.36.4[29]
Mg-1%(molar fraction)Nb2O5(orthorhombic crystal)2322.7[32]
Mg-5%(molar fraction)CoFe2O41806.46[37]
Mg-3%TiNb2O72357.0[39]
Mg-6%NiTiO32876.974[40]
Mg-10%CoMoO42506.4043.26[41]
Mg-10%SrTiO3-5%Ni260698.6[42]
Mg-10%Ni/TiO22206.543.7[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1321967786604212511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Summary of hydrogen evolution performance of magnesium based materials with catalysts loaded with carbon materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material

Initial dehydrogenation

temperature/℃

Maxium dehydrogenation

amout/%

Enthalpy change

ΔH/(kJ·mol-1)

Activation energy

ΔE/(kJ·mol-1)

Ref.
Mg-10%Ni@rGO1906.169.6117.8[50]
Mg-5%Fe3O4@GS2626.060.6290.53[51]
Mg-10%Ni@C2306.893.08[52]
Mg-10%CNTs-CoFeB1776.583.2[53]
Mg-10%Co/Pd@CNTs198.96.2676.66[54]
Mg-1%CNTs-Pd2507.3067.6873.98[55]
), ArticleFig(id=1321967786667127072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967772670734531, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

添加负载碳材料的催化剂的镁基材料脱氢性能的总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material

Initial dehydrogenation

temperature/℃

Maxium dehydrogenation

amout/%

Enthalpy change

ΔH/(kJ·mol-1)

Activation energy

ΔE/(kJ·mol-1)

Ref.
Mg-10%Ni@rGO1906.169.6117.8[50]
Mg-5%Fe3O4@GS2626.060.6290.53[51]
Mg-10%Ni@C2306.893.08[52]
Mg-10%CNTs-CoFeB1776.583.2[53]
Mg-10%Co/Pd@CNTs198.96.2676.66[54]
Mg-1%CNTs-Pd2507.3067.6873.98[55]
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过渡金属及其氧化物对镁基储氢材料的改性及其研究进展
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任俊颖 1 , 廖逸飞 1 , 周玉成 2 , 孙会东 3 , 陈诚 3 , 牛俊敏 1 , 杨捷 1 , 孙建辰 1 , 商辉 1
材料工程 | 综述 2026,54(5): 58-67
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材料工程 |综述 2026 , 54 (5) : 58 -67
过渡金属及其氧化物对镁基储氢材料的改性及其研究进展
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任俊颖1, 廖逸飞1, 周玉成2, 孙会东3, 陈诚3, 牛俊敏1, 杨捷1, 孙建辰1, 商辉1
作者信息
  • 1.中国石油大学(北京) 化学工程与环境学院,北京 102249
  • 2.中国石油玉门油田技术监督中心,甘肃 酒泉 735019
  • 3.中国石油天然气股份有限公司规划总院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
商辉(1974—),女,教授,博士,研究方向为微波化学、储氢材料及清洁油品生产,联系地址:北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学(102249),E-mail:
Research progress in magnesium based hydrogen storage materials modified by transition metals and their oxides
Junying REN1, Yifei LIAO1, Yucheng ZHOU2, Huidong SUN3, Cheng CHEN3, Junmin NIU1, Jie YANG1, Jianchen SUN1, Hui SHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Chemical Engineering and Environment,China University of Petroleum-Beijing,Beijing 102249,China
  • 2.PetroChina Supervision Center of Yumen Oilfield Company,Jiuquan 735019,Gansu,China
  • 3.PetroChina Planning and Engineering Institute,Beijing 100083,China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000309
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MgH2由于具有较高的理论储氢容量、更好的安全性以及可逆性,成为目前研究最多的一类储氢材料。然而高热力学稳定性和较差的动力学性能限制了其应用。掺杂催化剂可以有效降低吸/脱氢反应能垒,从而加快Mg-H体系的吸/脱氢反应速率,是改善MgH2储氢性能的有效且简便的方法。过渡金属及其氧化物由于具有优良的催化性能受到了广泛研究。本文介绍了不同类型的过渡金属及其氧化物催化剂,简述了其对MgH2吸脱氢性能的提升效果以及催化原理。最后得出:掺杂多元合金、多元金属氧化物或者金属与金属氧化物的组合,从而利用不同金属间的协同效应是提高催化性能的重要方法。然而,目前一些过渡金属及其氧化物的催化原理尚不清楚,加深对催化机理的理解和认识,尤其是从原子尺度深入探究,将为具备更高储氢性能的镁基储氢材料的开发及应用提供有力支撑。

储氢  /  氢化镁  /  催化剂  /  过渡金属  /  氧化物

MgH2 has become one of the most widely studied hydrogen storage materials due to its high theoretical hydrogen storage capacity, improved safety, and reversibility. However, its application is limited by its high thermodynamic stability and poor kinetic performance. A doping catalyst can effectively reduce the reaction barrier of hydrogen absorption and desorption, thereby accelerating the reaction rate of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation in the Mg-H system. This approach is an effective and simple method to enhance the hydrogen storage performance of MgH2. Transition metals and their oxides have been widely studied because of their excellent catalytic properties. In this review, various types of transition metals and their oxide catalysts are introduced, and their effects on the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of MgH2 and the catalytic principle are briefly described. Finally, it is concluded that doping with multi-element alloys, multi-component metal oxides, or combinations of metals and metal oxides to utilize the synergistic effects between different metals is an important method for improving catalytic performance. However, the catalytic mechanisms of some transition metals and their oxides remain unclear at present. Deepening the understanding of catalytic mechanisms, especially conducting in-depth investigations at the atomic scale, will provide strong support for the development and application of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials with better hydrogen storage performance.

hydrogen storage  /  magnesium hydride  /  catalyst  /  transition metal  /  oxide
任俊颖, 廖逸飞, 周玉成, 孙会东, 陈诚, 牛俊敏, 杨捷, 孙建辰, 商辉. 过渡金属及其氧化物对镁基储氢材料的改性及其研究进展. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (5) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000309
Junying REN, Yifei LIAO, Yucheng ZHOU, Huidong SUN, Cheng CHEN, Junmin NIU, Jie YANG, Jianchen SUN, Hui SHANG. Research progress in magnesium based hydrogen storage materials modified by transition metals and their oxides[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (5) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000309
氢气作为下一代燃料的出色替代品,具有净零排放和高热值的优点。但由于氢气很低的密度和沸点,以及易燃易爆等特点,其高效储存和运输成为制约氢能规模化运用的技术瓶颈[1-2]。MgH2具有较高的理论储氢容量(7.6%,质量分数,下同)、更好的安全性以及较好的循环性能,受到了广泛关注与研究[3-4]。然而,MgH2的动力学脱氢速率缓慢、热力学稳定性高,阻碍了其在实际中的应用。MgH2的释氢过程通常需要超过300 ℃的温度,对于具有微米和亚微米级颗粒的MgH2,甚至需要超过400 ℃的温度[5-6]。因此,要使镁基储氢材料得到更广泛的应用,必须寻找切实可行的改性方法。
目前,提高MgH2加/脱氢性能的方法主要有合金化、纳米化、多相复合以及掺杂催化剂。合金化改性能够降低材料吸/脱氢温度和速率,能够一定程度上降低反应焓变,但是在合金化过程中由于引入重金属,氢容量急剧下降。纳米化的主要方法有球磨法、化学还原法、纳米限域法。其中纳米限域法是近几年研究最多的一类纳米化方法,纳米限域是将纳米颗粒负载到具有大比表面积或者多孔结构的载体上,以制备出尺寸更加细小的颗粒,但其合成过程复杂,不适合大规模生产,成本高,因此需要开发简单、通用、低成本和可扩展的方法生产高质量的纳米结构镁基储氢材料并精确控制其结构参数。掺杂催化剂可以有效降低吸/脱氢反应能垒,加快Mg-H体系的吸/脱氢反应速率,是改善MgH2储氢性能的有效且简便的方法[7-8]。
过渡金属及其氧化物由于其良好的催化性能和较低的制备成本成为最常用的一类MgH2加/脱氢反应的催化剂。过渡金属催化原理大体上可分为四类,分别是(1)氢泵效应:脱氢过程中,掺杂的过渡金属原子与周围的氢原子形成氢化物团簇,使得氢原子能够优先通过催化相(如Mg2NiH4)放出。这种效应可以加速氢原子在氢化镁中的转移,加快氢化镁的吸/脱氢速率,从而降低加/脱氢温度以及加/脱氢活化能,典型的有Fe、Co、Ni等金属。(2)氢溢流效应:氢分子会直接吸附过渡金属并形成活性氢原子,这些氢原子会从过渡金属表面动态迁移到反应物表面,促进反应进行,典型的有Pt、Pd等金属。(3)通道效应:催化剂在吸/脱氢过程中充当氢原子快速扩散的通道,促进氢原子的转移。典型的有Nb等,特别是其氧化物Nb2O5。具有氢泵效应的过渡金属也可以充当氢通道,如Ni充当Mg/MgH2体系催化剂在吸/脱氢过程中产生的Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4相就是一种氢通道。(4)电子转移效应:具有多价、高价的过渡金属存在于MgH2基质中,作为电子转换的载体,使得H-更容易转化为H。典型的有Ti(一般使用其+4价氧化物TiO2作为催化剂)和V(一般使用其+5价氧化物V2O5作为催化剂)。过渡金属氧化物的催化原理与过渡金属单质基本一致,有的氧化物催化剂也会与MgH2反应生成金属以及金属合金,如CoFe2O4等。但过渡金属氧化物成本较低,而且比过渡金属单质更脆,在用MgH2球磨时更容易分散,并且不少氧化物催化剂在球磨过程中还可以充当过程控制剂的作用,促进镁基复合材料颗粒尺寸的减小并免于团聚,因此得到了更广泛的研究。本文对过渡金属及其氧化物催化剂进行了分类,介绍了其最新研究进展以及各自的催化原理,
过渡金属具有很好的催化性能,这主要与其电子结构有关。过渡金属具有不完全填充的d轨道,在解离时可以与H2的σ键轨道相互作用。过渡金属未填满的d轨道向氢的σ*反键轨道的电子跃迁会加强过渡金属与氢原子之间的作用力,从而削弱Mg—H间强烈的离子键和部分共价键的作用,有利于H2分子的解离。因此,过渡金属被认为是主要的催化活性物质,已被广泛用于提高Mg/MgH2储氢体系的吸氢和脱氢动力学性能[9-10]。
目前,对于单金属催化剂的研究主要集中在制备核壳结构材料方面。核壳结构可以增大催化剂与氢和基体之间的接触面积,为吸/脱氢过程中物相形成提供更多的形核位点,从而使催化剂充分发挥催化作用,提高Mg基储氢材料的储氢性能[11-12]。Cui等[13]制备了几种以Mg为核,过渡金属(TM)为壳的复合材料(TM=Ti,Nb,Ni,V,Co,Mo),经测试,体系的脱氢温度都得到了明显的降低,性能最好的Mg-Ti复合材料甚至能在225 ℃的低温下释脱氢气。并且储氢测试结果还表明,该复合材料的脱氢速率快慢顺序为:Mg-Ti>Mg-Nb>Mg-Ni>Mg-V>Mg-Co>Mg-Mo,由此可以推断:过渡金属的电负性越小,催化性能越好,但Ni例外,这是因为反应中原位生成的Mg2Ni可以充当所谓的“氢泵”,与H2结合生成Mg2NiH4,而Ni—H键能小于Mg—H,因而更容易脱氢,并且能够显著促进氢扩散。Lu等[14]制备了Mg@Co、Mg@V复合材料,结果发现Mg@Co、Mg@Ni复合材料的脱氢活化能Ea值分别为73.22、86.30 kJ/mol,均低于纯Mg超细粉的Ea值(118.20 kJ/mol)。Ea值的降低主要归因于Mg表面Co或V涂层相的催化作用,其中V可以加速H2的解离,而Mg2Co/Mg2CoH5/Mg3CoH5可以作为“氢泵”转移H原子。卢翀[15]通过使用液相化学镀法制备得到了具有核壳结构的三元复合材料Mg@Ti@Ni和Mg@Co@V。通过表征手段确定氢化后复合材料的壳层分别含有TiH2&Mg2NiH4和Mg2CoH5&Mg3CoH5&V2H相。测试结果显示氢化后的3种复合材料的初始脱氢温度均低于纯MgH2的初始脱氢温度。脱氢温度的降低一方面归因于核壳结构增大了催化剂与基体的接触面积,从而为MgH2的形核提供更多的位点;另一方面归因于TiH2、V2H相的“溢流”作用或者Mg2CoH5相传输氢而扮演“氢泵”的角色(如图1所示)。
二元和多元合金由于具有协同效应,引起了人们的极大兴趣。合金可分为金属间合金以及固溶体合金。研究发现,第ⅢB族到第ⅤB族的过渡金属元素(如Ti、Zr、V、Mo等,记为A)与氢的结合能力较强,加速氢吸附和解离的效果较好,但对氢扩散的促进效果较差。而第ⅥB族以后的过渡金属元素(如Fe、Co、Ni等,记为B)对氢扩散的促进效果较好,而对氢吸附和解离的促进效果较差[16]。将A、B两种金属相结合,利用两者的协同效应,可以获得更好的催化效果。
Silva等[17]通过TiH2和Fe的高能球磨制备了TiFe合金,将TiFe与金属Mg复合制备Mg-40%TiFe纳米复合材料,并对其吸/脱氢性能作出了评价。结果发现,在室温和20 MPa压力的条件下,未添加催化剂的球磨MgH2在50 h内只能脱附0.85%的H2,而添加40%的TiFe的MgH2在15 h内即可脱附2.88%的H2,TiFe显示出良好的催化活性,其原因可能是因为Ti具有多价,而反应中产生的多价钛离子能与H-进行电子转移,促进H2的产生。Fe在催化过程中作为“氢泵”存在,即在吸/脱氢过程中Fe与H原子和Mg原子形成更不稳定的Mg2FeH6,氢优先通过掺杂Ni形成的Mg2FeH6放出,从而改善脱氢动力学性能。Zhang等[18]采用湿化学法合成了一种新型过渡金属合金ZrCo纳米片,经测试,添加10%的ZrCo催化剂可显著提高MgH2的脱氢/加氢性能:MgH2/10%ZrCo复合材料在195~340 ℃非等温脱氢时可放出6.4%的氢气,在300 ℃等温脱氢时可在335 s内放出等量的氢气。最后提出了ZrCo纳米片对MgH2的催化机理:在制备过程中,ZrCo纳米片暴露于氢气氛围时,催化剂ZrCo首先吸收氢气以形成ZrCoH3,随后,氢原子可以更容易通过ZrCoH3/Mg界面扩散到Mg基体中。并且ZrCoH3在氢化过程中充当“氢泵”。在脱氢过程中,ZrCoH3在较低温度下脱氢为ZrCo,且随着温度升高,在ZrCo/MgH2界面处发生类似的情况,从而加快了氢的传输,导致脱氢性能显著改善。Zhang等[19]通过共沉淀和熔盐还原工艺成功制备了尺寸为10~60 nm的新型纳米ZrNi颗粒。7%的纳米ZrNi催化的MgH2复合物在活化后从178 ℃开始解吸6.1%的氢,脱氢样品在150 ℃下操作8 min时迅速吸收约5.5%的H2。储氢性能的显著改善归因于第一次脱氢/氢化循环期间由纳米ZrNi的反硝化反应引起的ZrH2、ZrNi2和Mg2NiH4的原位形成。这些催化活性物种均匀分散在MgH2基质中,创造了一个多元素、多相和多价的环境,不仅极大地促进H—H键的断裂和重新键合以及H-和Mg2+之间的电子转移,而且还提供了多个氢扩散通道(图2)。
稀土金属同样具有特殊电子结构,因而也具有优异催化性能,因此将过渡金属与稀土金属组成合金能获得更优异的催化性能。Liao等[20]采用高能球磨法制备了MgH2-ReNi5(Re=Ce,Nd,Pr,Sm,Y)纳米复合储氢材料,结果发现与未经任何处理的纯MgH2的脱氢温度423.4 ℃相比,球磨态MgH2-ReNi5的脱附温度降低为284.2~287.6 ℃,显示了良好的催化性能。研究发现反应中原位生成的Mg2Ni和稳定的稀土氢化物(如CeH2.73和YH2)可作为有效催化剂显著提高MgH2的储氢性能。
在固溶体合金的研究方面,Meena等[21]通过电弧熔炼法制备了NiMn9.3Al4.0Co14.1Fe3.6合金,经测试,50%合金掺杂的MgH2粉末与研磨的MgH2相比脱附温度降低约80 ℃,且活化能比球磨MgH2的活化能低46.56 kJ/mol。Zhang等[22]在不依赖高温的情况下,在5.0 MPa氢气条件下,用反应球磨法成功制备了由高含量γ-MgH2组成的Mg-20%Ti-Cr-V x (x=0.4,0.6,0.8)的复合纳米材料。含20%Ti0.16Cr0.24V0.6的纳米晶Mg具有优异脱氢动力学,在270 ℃和0.01 MPa H2下在20 min内解吸5.67%H2,而在相同条件下纯Mg仅解吸0.10%H2(图3)。Yu等[23]制备了氢化BCC Ti0.4Cr0.15Mn0.15V0.32,有效降低了MgH2的脱附温度,这是由于氢化BCC合金更容易破碎成小颗粒,并嵌入MgH2聚集体中,削弱了Mg—H键。BCC合金不仅提高了氢原子在大块Mg中的扩散率,而且促进了氢的离解和复合。表1[14-15,17-19,21,23]对添加过渡金属催化剂的镁基材料脱氢性能进行了总结。
金属氧化物,特别是过渡金属氧化物在MgH2中储氢的催化活性得到了广泛的研究。从分散性角度来看,金属氧化物是更好的选择。与金属单质相比,氧化物更脆,因此在用MgH2球磨时更容易分散。此外,高价金属氧化物很容易与MgH2反应,从而导致实际催化物质的原位形成[24-27]。
TiO2和Nb2O5是目前研究最多的两类单金属氧化物催化剂[28-32]。不同晶面的TiO2催化性能具有显著差别,如Ma等[29]研究表明,高{001}面含量的TiO2催化剂比低{001}面含量的TiO2催化剂具有更好的催化效果。将5%的含有88%{001}面的TiO2掺杂进MgH2后,其脱氢表观活化能降低到(76.1±1.6) kJ/mol,并在300 ℃下700 s内释放6.4%的氢。与其他氧化物相比,Nb2O5被证明可以更好改善MgH2的动力学性能。其原因认为:Nb2O5在球磨过程中可以作为过程控制剂细化MgH2防止团聚,且Nb与O元素的相互作用能较强,可以提高H2的吸附性能,同时Nb2O5可以充当氢分子快速扩散的通道,增强氢分子在Mg/MgH2表面的解离和原子氢向Mg/MgH2晶格的转移[30]。在添加Nb或Nb2O5的情况下,能够在300 ℃下获得低于300 s的氢解吸/吸收动力学[30]。El-Eskandarany等[31]研究制备了MgH2-10%Nb2O5纳米复合材料,在225 ℃下具有较长的循环寿命,并且连续循环230次后存储容量和动力学没有显著降低(吸收/解吸约6.1%H2并保持6%的H2储量)。Shinzato等[32]通过不同的热处理工艺制备了5种类型的Nb2O5,分别是单斜四面体型、无定形、焦绿石型、类无定形(层状)、正交型,并表征了它们对Mg的吸/脱氢反应的催化作用。结果表明,Nb2O5的晶体结构稳定性较低、粒径较小,对吸/脱氢具有较好的催化作用,正交型结构的Nb2O5催化效果最好,可以将MgH2的峰值脱氢温度降至232 ℃。
多金属氧化剂由于存在不同金属间的协同效应,成为目前研究的重点[33-36]。Shan等[37]和Zhang等[38]通过球磨将纳米铁氧体CoFe2O4、ZnFe2O4、MnFe2O4、Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4与MgH2进行掺杂,结果发现,CoFe2O4纳米粒子的掺杂显著提高了MgH2的储氢性能。非等温解吸结果表明,MgH2+7%(摩尔分数)CoFe2O4的初始解吸温度为160 ℃,比单纯的研磨态MgH2低200 ℃。其原因在于反应中生成的MgO具有良好的润滑和分散性能,使用MgO作为研磨介质可以通过减少团聚和冷焊来进一步减小MgH2颗粒尺寸,而反应中产生的Co和Co3Fe7易吸附氢原子填充3d轨道,使MgH2或H2动力学不稳定,从而改善Mg加/脱氢动力学。Xian等[39]通过溶剂热工艺合成开发了一种新的具有低结晶度二维纳米片状TiNb2O7。在仅添加3%的TiNb2O7纳米片情况下,MgH2的脱氢温度显著降低,在250 ℃下快速解吸,在10 min内达到5.7%的容量,并且在加热至300 ℃时实现高达7.0%的H2容量。最后提出了催化机理:MgH2与TiNb2O7之间存在较强的电荷转移,改变了Mg和H的电荷分布,减弱了Mg—H键。Huang等[40]采用溶胶-凝胶法和煅烧法制备了两种多孔棒状TMTiO3样品(CoTiO3和NiTiO3),并通过球磨将其引入MgH2。在较低的温度下,TMTiO3样品对MgH2的可逆吸氢/解吸性能表现出较高的催化作用。经测试,在两种复合材料中,NiTiO3表现出更好的催化效率,较低的脱氢温度(235 ℃),比CoTiO3更快的氢解吸速率(300 ℃时为0.64%/min)。机理研究表明,原位生成的Mg2Ni和Mg2NiH4是催化活性物种,类似于氢泵,是氢的扩散通道和易释放H2的异相成核位点。同时,多价Ti存在于MgH2基质中,作为电子转换的载体,并导致负一价H-更容易转化为零价的H(如图4[40]所示)。Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4通道和NiTiO3中的多价钛的协同催化活性显著加快了MgH2的脱附动力学。最近,Chen等[41]观察到,当在第一次氢解吸过程中将NiMoO4纳米片作为前体引入MgH2时,在MgH2颗粒表面原位形成MoNi合金纳米颗粒(NPs)。MgH2-MoNi复合材料表现出优异的循环稳定性和低温储氢性能,MoNi催化的Mg/MgH2体系在300 ℃下分别能在60 s和10 min内吸收和释放6.7%的氢气,并表现出优异的循环稳定性和低温储氢性能。结果表明,Mo和Ni之间的协同效应可以促进Mg—H键的断裂和氢分子的解离,从而显著促进MgH2的吸附/脱附动力学。可以看出,许多金属氧化物在吸/脱氢反应过程中都会与MgH2反应生成合金相,而真正起催化作用的正是这些合金相。
受上述研究的启发,可以合理假设大多数过渡金属以及金属氧化物可以对MgH2的可逆储氢性能表现出有益的影响。因此,研究者把过渡金属和金属氧化物组合起来,以此利用它们对MgH2的氢解吸/吸收的共催化作用。Yahya等[42]研究了SrTiO3和Ni对MgH2体系储氢性能的协同催化作用。经测试,复合材料的分解温度为260 ℃,总分解氢量为6%,且相比SrTiO3掺杂MgH2和球磨MgH2的分解表观活化能分别降低10.4 kJ/mol和36.7 kJ/mol。Ni是靠“氢泵作用”提升了复合材料的性能,SrTiO3是依靠其硬度来改善复合材料的储氢性能。SrTiO3有助于在球磨过程中获得更细的MgH2和Ni颗粒。在没有SrTiO3的情况下,Mg-Ni复合材料的粒径大于1 mm,发生了团聚。SrTiO3的加入,阻止了颗粒团聚,将颗粒尺寸减小到<1 μm。除了直接将金属和金属氧化物混合,将金属负载到金属氧化物上的改性方法也得到了研究。Zhang等[43]制备了具有特殊包覆结构的Ni掺杂超细TiO2纳米催化剂,发现Ni/TiO2纳米复合材料对MgH2性能有良好的促进作用,MgH2+5%Ni/TiO2复合材料在50 ℃下吸氢4.50%,在250 ℃下1800 s内解吸5.24%。在此基础上,Chen等[44]进一步采用溶剂热法合成了平均粒径为20 nm的Ni/TiO2纳米复合材料,并通过球磨法将其掺杂到MgH2中,将其与MgH2-Ni、MgH2-TiO2和MgH2-Ni-TiO2复合材料进行了对比,发现MgH2-Ni/TiO2复合材料表现出最好的脱氢/吸氢性能。MgH2-Ni/TiO2复合材料在190 ℃开始脱氢,比球磨MgH2的脱氢温度(350 ℃)低170 ℃。同时,MgH2-Ni/TiO2复合材料具有良好的循环稳定性,在250 ℃下循环7次后,在10 min内可脱附6.0%的H2。基于以上分析,提出了催化机理:推测Mg2Ni负载在多价钛基体上对MgH2的可逆储氢性能的提高具有良好的协同催化作用。特别是Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4的可逆相变起到了“氢泵”的作用,削弱了Mg—H键。此外,多价钛化合物(Ti4+/3+/2+)作为基质,促进了MgH2/Mg的电子转移。张国芳等[45]将过渡金属与稀土金属氧化物结合,采用球磨法制备了Mg2Ni-Ni-5%Re x O y (CeO2、Nd2O3、Tb4O7)复合材料,经测试,所有样品的吸氢速率都有明显提升,当温度升高至250 ℃时,在前5 min的吸氢量即达到饱和吸氢量的90%。1 h后样品吸氢量大小顺序为Mg2Ni-Ni-5%Tb4O7(2.02%)>Mg2Ni-Ni-5%Nd2O3(2.00%)>Mg2Ni-Ni-5%CeO2(1.97%)>Mg2Ni-Ni(1.80%)。同时复合材料的最大放电容量明显提高,含Tb4O7样品室温下最大放电容量达871 mAh/g,具有较高循环稳定性。表2[29,32,37,39-42,44]为添加过渡金属氧化物催化剂的镁基材料的脱氢性能总结。
大多数碳基材料具有较高的比表面积,可以负载部分金属基材料作为复合催化剂,提高MgH2的储氢性能。并且,由于过渡金属单质和过渡金属氧化物分子量较大,将其掺杂进MgH2后不可避免会造成材料储氢量的下降,而碳基材料质量密度较低,能防止储氢密度的降低。除此之外,碳材料还能防止颗粒团聚,起到分散颗粒的作用,因此不少碳材料也是优良的纳米限地域材料[46-50]。常见的可作为MgH2加/脱氢反应催化剂载体的有石墨烯、碳纳米颗粒(CNF)以及碳纳米管(CNT)等。
在碳材料中,石墨烯具有独特的二维纳米结构、优异的电子和导热性以及高化学稳定性,是分散纳米颗粒的理想载体。Yao等[51]采用机械球磨法制备了以还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)为载体的均匀分散的Ni纳米颗粒(Ni@rGO)。结果发现,掺杂10%Ni@GO的MgH2初始脱氢温度从251 ℃显著降低到190 ℃。该复合材料在100 ℃下,20 min内可以吸收5.0%的H2。在300 ℃下15 min内可以解吸6.1%的H2。当Ni负载量为45%时,Ni@rGO催化剂中的rGO可以阻止Ni和Mg的反应,这是由于rGO和Ni纳米颗粒之间的强相互作用。Bhatnagar等[52]采用溶剂热法合成了以石墨烯薄片(GS)为模板的Fe3O4纳米复合材料(Fe3O4@GS),将Fe3O4@GS的催化效果与单独的GS和Fe3O4催化剂进行了比较。MgH2-5%Fe3O4@GS具有262 ℃的初始脱氢温度,分别比球磨的MgH2以及单独用GS和Fe3O4催化的MgH2低88、36、13 ℃。提出了Fe3O4@GS催化剂改善MgH2储氢性能的可行机理:GS作为模板剂,确保了Fe纳米颗粒(由Fe3O4还原形成)的均匀分布,有效避免其团聚,增加了有效催化的表面积,并提高了催化剂的耐久性和稳定。此外,Fe的可变价态可以作为中间载体,促进Mg2+和H-之间的电子转移,GS还可以作为MgH2/Mg的晶粒抑制剂。催化活性的增强可以归因于Fe和GS之间的协同效应。
碳纳米纤维(CNF)具有一些固有的优点,例如大的表面积、质量轻、良好的导电性和高的热、化学、机械稳定性,因此吸引了大量关注。Meng等[53]提出了一种基于静电纺丝的还原方法,在碳纳米纤维上原位生成纳米结构的Ni催化剂(Ni@C),形成的平均粒径为5 nm的超细Ni颗粒均匀镶嵌在碳纤维中。所制备的Ni@C对MgH2的储氢性能有明显的催化作用。例如,MgH2-10%Ni@C复合物在280 ℃可以释放5.79%的H2,而研磨后的MgH2在相同温度下几乎不分解。此外,Ni@C的微观结构在脱氢过程中得以保留,Ni纳米颗粒在复合材料中分布均匀,具有优异的循环性能。
碳纳米管(CNT)也受到了广泛的关注,因其具有笼状结构、高表面积、高孔体积、化学稳定性,易于合成。Gao等[54]将氧化还原法制备的CoFeB修饰的链状碳纳米管(CNTs)引入MgH2中,以提高其储氢性能。引入CoFeB/CNTs后会原位形成Co3MgC、Fe、CoFe和B,为MgH2的吸/脱氢反应提供活性和成核位点。此外,CNT还可以提供氢扩散途径。相比纯MgH2在310 ℃时开始脱氢,CoFeB/CNTs的加入使MgH2能在177 ℃下开始脱氢。Liu等[55]制备了负载在竹节状碳纳米管上的双向Co/Pd催化剂(Co/Pd@B-CNTs),在相对较低的温度下改善了MgH2的吸/脱氢性能。首次提出了Co/Pd“双向催化剂”的特殊机理:在氢暴露时,氢原子更容易通过Pd/Mg界面扩散到Mg区域中,因此氢化物生长优先发生在Pd/Mg界面下方。此外,从Mg到MgH2的转化导致体积膨胀,这在界面处产生裂纹,然后内部Mg区域暴露于氢气气氛,可以加速氢化。此外,所形成的Mg2Co相充当H原子扩散的“氢泵”,Mg2Co和Mg2CoH5之间的相变能够降低扩散势垒从而使氢原子的释放更容易。Duan等[56]通过水热法制备了Pd-CNTs双功能催化剂,CNTs的壁厚约为12 nm,Pd纳米颗粒均匀分布在碳纳米管表面,平均粒径为8~15 nm(图5(a)),结果发现,将其掺杂进Mg后,MgH2@CNTs-Pd的脱氢量在250、275、300、325 ℃下在5 min分别达到了0.54%、1.23%、5.92%、7.30%(图5(b)),通过XRD检测发现脱氢过程中Mg与Pd颗粒原位形成Mg6Pd,而再加氢后Mg6Pd又重新转变为了Mg和Pd(图5(c))。再经过一系列表征后提出催化机理(图5(d)):MgH2脱氢过程中与Pd的反应形成Mg6Pd。随后,在再氢化时重新产生Pd相。这些Pd相充当催化剂,促进电子从H到Mg的转化。具有的优异的电子传输特性的CNT作为了Mg6Pd、Pd和Mg之间的电子转移的介质。Mg6Pd充当“氢泵”,持续促进Mg—H键的吸/脱氢。Pd对CNT的“溢出”效应也增强了Mg的氢化动力学,在再氢化过程中,Pd的空d轨道与H2的σ成键轨道有效地相互作用,导致电子从填充的d轨道跃迁到H的反键轨道,从而促进了H2的解离。因此,CNTs-Pd复合材料的良好催化活性是氢泵效应和氢溢出效应的共同影响下产生的。表3[50-55]为添加负载碳材料的催化剂的镁基材料的脱氢性能总结。
过渡金属及其氧化物催化剂具有氢泵效应、氢溢出效应、通道效应、电子转移效应,除此之外在球磨过程中还能充当过程控制剂,进一步减小颗粒的尺寸,防止颗粒团聚,因此过渡金属及其氧化物催化剂能有效地改善镁基材料的动力学性能,能够降低反应活化能以及吸/脱氢温度。多元合金、多元金属氧化物以及金属与金属氧化物的组合,从而利用不同金属间的协同效应加强催化剂的性能是目前研究的重点。目前,对于过渡金属及其氧化物催化剂研究可从以下两个方面发展:
(1)和其他类型的催化剂一样,过渡金属及其氧化物催化剂只能改善镁基材料的动力学性能,而不能改善其热力学性能,且掺杂催化剂后会不可避免导致材料储氢密度下降。要改善镁基材料的热力学性能,需调节材料结构及其颗粒尺寸,如将Mg与其他金属合金化或者使其颗粒减小为纳米尺寸。纳米限域法是一种常见的纳米化方法,碳材料作为过渡金属及其氧化物的载体,还可以防止颗粒团聚,使颗粒更好分散到载体上,起到纳米约束的作用,同时还可以防止掺杂催化剂后MgH2储氢密度的下降。将纳米化与掺杂过渡金属及其氧化物催化剂结合,比如将多元金属或多元金属氧化物负载到碳材料上,可以更好地改善镁基材料的吸/脱氢性能,因此,开发新型碳载体材料是未来的重点研究方向。
(2)一些过渡金属及其氧化物的催化原理尚不清楚,除去文中介绍的四大催化原理外,部分催化剂由于吸/脱氢过程中产生的不稳定的中间产物难以观测,较难探究其催化原理。因此采用更加先进的表征手段,结合分子模拟软件进行理论计算,进一步加深对催化机理的理解和认识,有助于开发更多具有优异效果的催化剂,促进新型催化剂在实际中的应用。

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2026年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000309
  • 接收时间:2024-04-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-26
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    1.中国石油大学(北京) 化学工程与环境学院,北京 102249
    2.中国石油玉门油田技术监督中心,甘肃 酒泉 735019
    3.中国石油天然气股份有限公司规划总院,北京 100083

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商辉(1974—),女,教授,博士,研究方向为微波化学、储氢材料及清洁油品生产,联系地址:北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学(102249),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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