Article(id=1321967736163513330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000639, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000639, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762444800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765468800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-12, onlineDate=1793111269274, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793111269274, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793111269274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793111269274, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321967675631317438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='271', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793111254842, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793111405793, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321968309042532665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321968309042532666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321967675631317438, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=22, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321967736364839923, articleId=1321967736163513330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Machine learning-enabled design of refractory high-entropy alloys
via additive manufacturing, columnId=1220689389424919062, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs), owing to their exceptional high-temperature properties, show great potential for use in extreme environments such as aerospace systems. However, the inherent complexity of their multicomponent systems poses significant challenges to the efficiency of conventional alloy design methods. Although additive manufacturing (AM) overcomes some limitations of traditional fabrication routes, its intrinsic non-equilibrium solidification behavior and complex process-parameter space introduce new challenges in microstructural control and property optimization. In this context, machine learning (ML) offers a data-driven paradigm for uncovering the intricate composition-structure-property relationships in RHEAs and provides a powerful tool for intelligent materials design. This review systematically summarizes the latest advances in the application of ML to RHEAs, with particular focus on key issues in AM scenarios. On the one hand, the roles of ML in phase prediction, strength and ductility optimization, and hardness design are discussed. On the other hand, ML-enabled strategies for process-parameter optimization, defect mitigation, and microstructural tailoring in AM are thoroughly analyzed. Despite notable progress, several challenges remain, including the scarcity of AM-specific datasets, the limited generalization capability of process-property models, and the insufficient integration of physical mechanisms. Therefore, establishing standardized databases oriented toward additive manufacturing, developing machine learning models integrated with physical constraints, and constructing an integrated process-microstructure-property optimization framework are key directions for promoting the transition of refractory high-entropy alloys in the field of additive manufacturing from “printable” to “designable”.
, authors=Ziyu SONG
1, 2, Xiufang CUI
1, Kaiju LU
2, Zhenfeng HU
2, Guo JIN
1, Xiubing LIANG
2, Xiaoping LI
3, authorsList=Ziyu SONG, Xiufang CUI, Kaiju LU, Zhenfeng HU, Guo JIN, Xiubing LIANG, Xiaoping LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiufang CUI, Kaiju LU, Xiubing LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321967738097086465, articleId=1321967736163513330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=机器学习赋能增材制造难熔高熵合金设计, columnId=1220689389663994406, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
难熔高熵合金凭借其卓越的高温性能,在航空航天等极端环境应用中展现出巨大潜力。然而,多元体系的复杂性使传统设计方法面临效率瓶颈,而新兴的增材制造技术虽然突破了传统成形限制,但其特有的非平衡凝固行为和复杂的工艺参数空间又带来了新的调控挑战。基于此,机器学习技术通过数据驱动的研究范式,为揭示成分-结构-性能之间的复杂关联提供了全新解决方案。本文系统综述了机器学习在难熔高熵合金研究中的最新进展,特别聚焦于增材制造工艺场景下的关键问题:一方面探讨了机器学习在相结构预测、强度与塑性优化、硬度设计等方面的应用成效;另一方面深入分析了机器学习在增材制造工艺参数优化、成形缺陷控制、微观组织调控等具体环节的实施策略。尽管当前研究已取得显著进展,该领域仍面临增材制造专用数据匮乏、工艺-性能关联模型泛化能力不足、物理机制嵌入不充分等挑战。因此,建立增材制造导向的标准数据库、发展融合物理约束的机器学习模型并构建工艺-组织-性能一体化优化框架,是推动难熔高熵合金在增材制造领域实现从“可制备”向“可设计”跨越的关键方向。
, authors=宋子毓
1, 2, 崔秀芳
1, 鲁凯举
2, 胡振峰
2, 金国
1, 梁秀兵
2, 李小平
3, authorsList=宋子毓, 崔秀芳, 鲁凯举, 胡振峰, 金国, 梁秀兵, 李小平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=崔秀芳, 鲁凯举, 梁秀兵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
崔秀芳(1978—),女,教授,博士,研究方向为表面工程、再制造、摩擦学等,联系地址:黑龙江省哈尔滨市南岗区南通大街145号哈尔滨工程大学材料科学与化学工程学院(150001),E-mail:
cuixf721@163.com鲁凯举(1993—),男,助理研究员,博士,研究方向为高熵合金设计和成形,联系地址:北京市丰台区国防科技创新研究院(100071),E-mail:
kaijulucky@163.com梁秀兵(1974—),男,研究员,博士,研究方向为高熵合金设计和成形,联系地址:北京市丰台区国防科技创新研究院(100071),E-mail:
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1.哈尔滨工程大学 材料科学与化学工程学院,哈尔滨 150001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321967738562654213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321967738571042822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, companyId=1321967738562654213, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2.军事科学院 国防科技创新研究院,北京 100071)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321967740219404296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321967740236181513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, companyId=1321967740219404296, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3.Ningxia Orient Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Co. ,Ltd. ,Shizuishan 753000,Ningxia,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321967740244570122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, companyId=1321967740219404296, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3.宁夏东方智造科技有限公司,宁夏 石嘴山 753000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321967744841527355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Four core effects of high-entropy alloys, figureFileSmall=0wcKg9VsNpedHvFouImgEA==, figureFileBig=+Qnb2yll4qezaat2z2XRAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967744912830524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
高熵合金的四种核心效应, figureFileSmall=0wcKg9VsNpedHvFouImgEA==, figureFileBig=+Qnb2yll4qezaat2z2XRAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967745164488765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic diagram of the ML workflow, figureFileSmall=ViVAWHze4KkVaULnWWE24g==, figureFileBig=y4huKyYkETVNF83KKakSFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967745244180542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
ML工作流程示意图, figureFileSmall=ViVAWHze4KkVaULnWWE24g==, figureFileBig=y4huKyYkETVNF83KKakSFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967745349038143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Schematic diagrams of several representative supervised learning algorithms (a)support vector machine; (b)artificial neural network;, figureFileSmall=Jdg/qdbw2qOiHtfYXilCwQ==, figureFileBig=Jj6sCeHccJdhVtHVaGXw7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967745437118528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
几种代表性监督学习算法原理图 (a)支持向量机;(b)人工神经网络;(c)K近邻;(d)决策树;(e)随机森林;(f)梯度提升树(c)K-nearest neighbor; (d)decision tree; (e)random forest; (f)gradient-boosting-decision tree
, figureFileSmall=Jdg/qdbw2qOiHtfYXilCwQ==, figureFileBig=Jj6sCeHccJdhVtHVaGXw7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967745541976129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Application of efficient alloy design strategies for searching RHEAs with ideal room-temperature strength based on ML[71], figureFileSmall=nzDR9nhYw20AiO0sEF/+gg==, figureFileBig=sAfWN4ubJ6GoPb+/cOI4Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967745621667906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
基于ML搜索具有理想室温强度RHEAs的高效合金设计策略应用[71](a)合金设计整体策略;(b)4种ML算法对力学性能的预测精度;(c)SSH模型与修正模型的预测屈服强度与实际屈服强度比较;(d)3种合金在室温下的压应力-应变曲线;(e)V32 RHEA与文献报道的其他高性能BCC基RHEAs的屈服强度和压缩应变(a)overall strategy for alloy design;(b)prediction accuracy of mechanical properties by four ML algorithms;(c)comparison of predicted yield strength and actual strength of SSH model and modified SSH model;(d)compressive stress-strain curves of three HEAs at room temperature;(e)comparison of yield strength and compressive strain between the V32 RHEA prepared in this work and other high-performance BCC-based RHEAs
, figureFileSmall=nzDR9nhYw20AiO0sEF/+gg==, figureFileBig=sAfWN4ubJ6GoPb+/cOI4Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967745692971075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
ML-assisted design of high ductility and specific yield strength RHEAs applications[79](a)flow chart of ML alloy design and experimental validation; (b)SQS model used to calculate the elastic constants;(c)Pearson correlation coefficient between thirteen input features; (d)comparison of XGBoost model predictions in training and testing sets with first principles calculated values for γs
and γusf; (e)XGBoost model predictions of the Ti-V-Nb-Mo RHEAs in the whole compositional space for γs and γusf;(f)compressive stress-strain curves of the three RHEAs;(g)comparison of mechanical properties of alloys designed by ML with those of reported alloys
, figureFileSmall=Y02507nhivzQZ3Y+ATPLWw==, figureFileBig=Y7ALyxYqdL7hY/kyZcAYQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967745764274244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
ML辅助设计高延展性和比屈服强度RHEAs应用[79](a)ML合金设计及实验验证流程;(b)用于计算弹性常数的SQS模型;(c)13个输入特征之间的皮尔逊相关系数;(d)训练集和测试集的
XGBoost模型预测与γs和γusf的第一性原理计算值的比较;(e)全组成空间Ti-V-Nb-Mo RHEAs γs和γusf的XGBoost模型预测;
(f)3种RHEAs的压应力-应变曲线;(g)ML设计合金力学性能与已报道合金性能对比
, figureFileSmall=Y02507nhivzQZ3Y+ATPLWw==, figureFileBig=Y7ALyxYqdL7hY/kyZcAYQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967745864937541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Several typical application strategies of ML in AM alloys(a)three components of the ML-assisted development workflow for Ti-6Al-4V alloy with excellent mechanical properties[88];
(b)a data-driven framework for structural analysis in AM[89];(c)schematic diagram of the LPBF-HEAs ML design system[90]
, figureFileSmall=rXwKs90RC/XEZgPEALe5pg==, figureFileBig=she5M7vkCPY6F7R5OLcc6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967745973989446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
ML在AM合金中的几种典型应用策略(a)具有优异力学性能的Ti-6Al-4V合金ML辅助开发工作流程的3个组成部分[88];(b)用于AM结构分析的数据驱动框架[89];
(c)LPBF-HEAs ML设计系统示意图[90]
, figureFileSmall=rXwKs90RC/XEZgPEALe5pg==, figureFileBig=she5M7vkCPY6F7R5OLcc6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967746045292615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
ML-driven design application for general alloys guided by AM metallurgy[93](a)schematic diagram of the ML framework for AM martensitic steel design integrating metallurgical knowledge;(b)Spearman correlation matrix between alloy composition and CALPHAD simulation performance;(c)predictive performance of ML proxy models;(d)parallel coordinate graph of
the Pareto frontier solution,with the TOPSIS preferred solution highlighted in green;(e)3D and 2D scatter plots of the Pareto frontier solution and the TOPSIS preferred solution,and performance comparisons with commercial high-strength steel
, figureFileSmall=8xJsAooho2prW4D/mPtC+A==, figureFileBig=PvufiWhlD5NNReyLmmwBGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967746141761608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
AM冶金指导通用合金的ML设计应用[93](a)集成冶金学知识的AM马氏体钢设计ML框架示意图;(b)合金成分与CALPHAD模拟性能之间的Spearman相关矩阵;
(c)ML代理模型预测性能;(d)帕累托前沿解的平行坐标图,绿色高亮显示TOPSIS优选解;
(e)帕累托前沿解与TOPSIS优选解的3D与2D散点图,并与商用高强度钢进行性能比较
, figureFileSmall=8xJsAooho2prW4D/mPtC+A==, figureFileBig=PvufiWhlD5NNReyLmmwBGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321967746225647689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of ML and traditional research methods[14-16]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Method | Advantage | Disadvantage |
|---|
| ML | Rapid predictions for large compositional spaces | Needs high-quality datasets (often scarce in HEAs) |
| Reveals hidden composition-property patterns | Limited interpretability (“black box” issue) |
| Enables fast screening and property optimization | Weak extrapolation beyond training data |
| Computational simulation | Reveals atomic-level interactions | High cost and time for multi-component systems |
| Explains phase stability, thermodynamics, and mechanical properties | Simplifications/assumptions reduce accuracy |
| Limited by system size and timescale |
| Trial-and-error experiment | Offers reliable real-world HEA data | Time-consuming and costly for wide compositions |
| Captures complex phenomena (e.g., defects, phase transformations) | Low throughput, limits parameter exploration |
| Some experiments impractical |
), ArticleFig(id=1321967746368254026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
机器学习与传统研究方法的比较[14-16]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Method | Advantage | Disadvantage |
|---|
| ML | Rapid predictions for large compositional spaces | Needs high-quality datasets (often scarce in HEAs) |
| Reveals hidden composition-property patterns | Limited interpretability (“black box” issue) |
| Enables fast screening and property optimization | Weak extrapolation beyond training data |
| Computational simulation | Reveals atomic-level interactions | High cost and time for multi-component systems |
| Explains phase stability, thermodynamics, and mechanical properties | Simplifications/assumptions reduce accuracy |
| Limited by system size and timescale |
| Trial-and-error experiment | Offers reliable real-world HEA data | Time-consuming and costly for wide compositions |
| Captures complex phenomena (e.g., defects, phase transformations) | Low throughput, limits parameter exploration |
| Some experiments impractical |
), ArticleFig(id=1321967746477305931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Application of ML in RHEAs design
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Property focus | Alloy system | Model type | Sample size | Key feature variable | Main finding/prediction accuracy | Ref. |
|---|
| Phase structure | MoTaTiWZr | GBDT | | Tm,electronegativity difference,ΔHmix | Identified the role of Tm and δ in phase formation behavior | [47] |
| MoNbTiVTaWZr | RF+ thermodynamic simulation | | VEC,electronegativity difference | Accurate classification of BCC phase; experimental verification for MoNbTiVW, MoNbTiTaW, MoNbTiVTaW | [66] |
| AlNbTiVZrCrMo-Hf | SVM (RBF kernel) | 92+22 | Δr, electronegativity | Classification accuracy of 94.7% for BCC_A2/BCC_B2/mixed structures | [67] |
| Multiple systems | XGBoost+RF | 5692 | VEC,ΔHmix, δ | 97% accuracy for single-phase solid solution prediction | [68] |
| Room-temperature strength | NbTiTaVMoHfZr | RF+DNN+PSO+GMOS | 280 | VEC,ΔHmix, etc. | R²=0.98 for yield strength prediction; YS 1580-1740 MPa with 23%-27% fracture strain | [69] |
| NbTaTiVW | RF+SHAP | | ΔHmix, lattice distortion | Experimental YS 1915-1983 MPa; SHAP reveals strengthening mechanisms | [70] |
| NbTiVZr | XGBoost+physics- informed model | 220 | ΔHmix, Tm, atomic size difference | R²>0.97; 32.2% increase in YS compared to baseline compositions | [71] |
| MoNbTiVWZr | MLP surrogate+ cGAN+ CALPHAD/Scheil | ≈8×105 synthetic compositions | ΔHmix,elastic parameters,density, cost | Two cGAN-generated alloys synthesized; hardness 447-462HV; flexural strength 704-779 MPa;ML/CALPHAD predictions match experiments | [72] |
| High-temperature strength | MoNbTaTiW, HfMoNbTaTiZr | RF | 238 | δ,ΔHmix, thermophysical properties, VEC | 95% prediction accuracy; experimental YS of 1007 MPa at 800 ℃ for HfMoNbTaTiZr | [73] |
| VTiMoNbZr | SISSO+ GA/ PSO+UCB + symbolic regression | 64+ iterative | Enthalpy of fusion (Ef), δr, VEC | Closed-loop inverse design; 21 alloys synthesized,12 outperform literature; specific strength up to 113 MPa·g-1·cm-3 at 1000 ℃ | [74] |
| NbTaZrHfMo | SVM+Pareto+ clustering | | Strength distribution, uncertainty | High-temperature YS of 940-974 MPa at 1000-1200 ℃ | [75] |
| NbTiZrTaVMo | Ensemble (SVM, RF, ANN) | | VEC, δ,ΔHmix | YS of 818-1034 MPa at 800 ℃, achieving strength-ductility synergy | [76] |
| Ductility | Multiple systems | Feature selection + classification | 128 | Electron affinity, cauchy pressure, electronegativity difference | SHAP analysis reveals core ductility factors; SISSO criterion enables rapid classification | [77] |
| Single-phase BCC HEAs | GBDT+knowledge descriptors | 92 | Pugh ratio,VEC, atomic radius, etc. | Classification accuracy >85%, R²=0.85 | [78] |
| Ti-V-Nb-Mo | XGBoost+D parameter | 242 | Elastic constants, γsf, γusf | Ductility-oriented design; >50% strain with maintained strength | [79] |
| Ti, V, Cr systems | CatBoost+SHAP | 130 | ΔHmix, VEC, Tm, δ | 92% classification accuracy; validated with 14 new compositions | [80] |
| Hardness | AlNbTiVZrCrMo-Hf | MLP | 22 | ΔHmix, Δr, electronegativity | R²=0.95, <5% prediction error, ≈50HV increase | [67] |
| CrTaTiV | RF+SHAP | 224 | ΔHmix, elastic modulus, chemical potential, VEC | R²=0.89, max hardness 1074HV, Mo/Cr/W strengthening identified | [81] |
), ArticleFig(id=1321967746561192012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321967736163513330, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
ML在RHEAs设计中的应用
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Property focus | Alloy system | Model type | Sample size | Key feature variable | Main finding/prediction accuracy | Ref. |
|---|
| Phase structure | MoTaTiWZr | GBDT | | Tm,electronegativity difference,ΔHmix | Identified the role of Tm and δ in phase formation behavior | [47] |
| MoNbTiVTaWZr | RF+ thermodynamic simulation | | VEC,electronegativity difference | Accurate classification of BCC phase; experimental verification for MoNbTiVW, MoNbTiTaW, MoNbTiVTaW | [66] |
| AlNbTiVZrCrMo-Hf | SVM (RBF kernel) | 92+22 | Δr, electronegativity | Classification accuracy of 94.7% for BCC_A2/BCC_B2/mixed structures | [67] |
| Multiple systems | XGBoost+RF | 5692 | VEC,ΔHmix, δ | 97% accuracy for single-phase solid solution prediction | [68] |
| Room-temperature strength | NbTiTaVMoHfZr | RF+DNN+PSO+GMOS | 280 | VEC,ΔHmix, etc. | R²=0.98 for yield strength prediction; YS 1580-1740 MPa with 23%-27% fracture strain | [69] |
| NbTaTiVW | RF+SHAP | | ΔHmix, lattice distortion | Experimental YS 1915-1983 MPa; SHAP reveals strengthening mechanisms | [70] |
| NbTiVZr | XGBoost+physics- informed model | 220 | ΔHmix, Tm, atomic size difference | R²>0.97; 32.2% increase in YS compared to baseline compositions | [71] |
| MoNbTiVWZr | MLP surrogate+ cGAN+ CALPHAD/Scheil | ≈8×105 synthetic compositions | ΔHmix,elastic parameters,density, cost | Two cGAN-generated alloys synthesized; hardness 447-462HV; flexural strength 704-779 MPa;ML/CALPHAD predictions match experiments | [72] |
| High-temperature strength | MoNbTaTiW, HfMoNbTaTiZr | RF | 238 | δ,ΔHmix, thermophysical properties, VEC | 95% prediction accuracy; experimental YS of 1007 MPa at 800 ℃ for HfMoNbTaTiZr | [73] |
| VTiMoNbZr | SISSO+ GA/ PSO+UCB + symbolic regression | 64+ iterative | Enthalpy of fusion (Ef), δr, VEC | Closed-loop inverse design; 21 alloys synthesized,12 outperform literature; specific strength up to 113 MPa·g-1·cm-3 at 1000 ℃ | [74] |
| NbTaZrHfMo | SVM+Pareto+ clustering | | Strength distribution, uncertainty | High-temperature YS of 940-974 MPa at 1000-1200 ℃ | [75] |
| NbTiZrTaVMo | Ensemble (SVM, RF, ANN) | | VEC, δ,ΔHmix | YS of 818-1034 MPa at 800 ℃, achieving strength-ductility synergy | [76] |
| Ductility | Multiple systems | Feature selection + classification | 128 | Electron affinity, cauchy pressure, electronegativity difference | SHAP analysis reveals core ductility factors; SISSO criterion enables rapid classification | [77] |
| Single-phase BCC HEAs | GBDT+knowledge descriptors | 92 | Pugh ratio,VEC, atomic radius, etc. | Classification accuracy >85%, R²=0.85 | [78] |
| Ti-V-Nb-Mo | XGBoost+D parameter | 242 | Elastic constants, γsf, γusf | Ductility-oriented design; >50% strain with maintained strength | [79] |
| Ti, V, Cr systems | CatBoost+SHAP | 130 | ΔHmix, VEC, Tm, δ | 92% classification accuracy; validated with 14 new compositions | [80] |
| Hardness | AlNbTiVZrCrMo-Hf | MLP | 22 | ΔHmix, Δr, electronegativity | R²=0.95, <5% prediction error, ≈50HV increase | [67] |
| CrTaTiV | RF+SHAP | 224 | ΔHmix, elastic modulus, chemical potential, VEC | R²=0.89, max hardness 1074HV, Mo/Cr/W strengthening identified | [81] |
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