Article(id=1321935481118511492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321927083589227197, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000584, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000584, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723996800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1731859200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-18, onlineDate=1793103579072, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793103579072, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793103579072, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793103579072, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321927083589227197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='345', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101576945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101576945, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=330, endPage=337, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321935481361781125, articleId=1321935481118511492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Electrodeposition preparation and magnetic properties of FeCoNiMnHf high entropy nano-soft magnetic film, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of thin-film materials is intricately linked to high cutoff frequencies. With the growing demand for high-integration electronic components, there is an increasing need for thin-film materials with high in-plane magnetic anisotropy. In this study, FeCoNiMnHf high-entropy soft magnetic thin films with varying Hf concentrations have been fabricated at room temperature using constant-voltage electrodeposition technology. The influence of Hf concentration on the microstructure, soft magnetic properties, and magnetic anisotropy of these high-entropy soft magnetic thin films is thoroughly investigated.The results reveal that as the Hf concentration increases, the grain size of the thin films expands from 240.94 nm to 383.36 nm, and the crystallinity improves from 11.68% to 24.72%. Moreover, the in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy field of the thin films rises from 47.846×104 A/m to 66.2074×104 A/m, and the saturation magnetization increases from 2.763×104 A/m to 10.630×104 A/m. The FeCoNiMnHf thin films exhibit outstanding magnetic properties at room temperature, indicating significant potential for applications in areas related to high cutoff frequencies and magnetic anisotropy.

, authors=Yuanteng LEI, Yingli ZHU, Xiangcheng LI, Ping’an CHEN, Boquan ZHU, authorsList=Yuanteng LEI, Yingli ZHU, Xiangcheng LI, Ping’an CHEN, Boquan ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingli ZHU, Xiangcheng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321935486466249112, articleId=1321935481118511492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=FeCoNiMnHf高熵纳米软磁薄膜的电沉积制备与磁性能, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

薄膜材料的面内单轴磁各向异性与高截止频率息息相关,更高集成度电子元件对高面内各项异性薄膜材料的需要越来越高。采用恒电压电沉积技术,在室温下制备了不同Hf浓度的FeCoNiMnHf高熵软磁薄膜,研究了Hf浓度对高熵软磁薄膜微观形貌、软磁性能和磁各向异性的影响。结果表明:随着Hf浓度的上升,薄膜颗粒尺寸从240.94 nm增加到383.36 nm,结晶度由11.68%增加到24.72%。薄膜的面内单轴磁各向异性场从47.846×104 A/m增加到66.2074×104 A/m,并且饱和磁化强度从2.763×104 A/m增加到10.630×104 A/m。FeCoNiMnHf薄膜在室温下表现出优异的磁学性能,使得其在高截止频率与磁各向异性相关的应用中具有重要的潜力。

, authors=雷远腾, 朱颖丽, 李享成, 陈平安, 朱伯铨, authorsList=雷远腾, 朱颖丽, 李享成, 陈平安, 朱伯铨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱颖丽, 李享成, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
朱颖丽(1984—),女,副教授,博士,研究方向为高温陶瓷及磁电复合材料,联系地址:湖北省武汉市武汉科技大学青山校区高温电磁材料与结构教育部重点实验室(430081),E-mail:
李享成(1978—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为高温陶瓷及磁电复合材料,联系地址:湖北省武汉市武汉科技大学青山校区高温电磁材料与结构教育部重点实验室(430081),E-mail: emmat@wust
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external stress on the exchange-biased systems with both uniaxial and exchange anisotropies[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University,2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321935487816815001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321935487837786522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, companyId=1321935487816815001, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Refractory Materials and Metallurgy Co-constructed by the Ministry of Province,Department of Materials,Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321935487862952347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, companyId=1321935487816815001, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=武汉科技大学 材料学部 省部共建耐火材料与冶金国家重点实验室,武汉 430081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321935496180257214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=X-ray diffraction pattern(a) and residual stress change(b) of FCNM,FCNMH1,FCNMH2,and FCNMH3, figureFileSmall=LmeqfcmINFR+SrWtcXxdoA==, figureFileBig=IrUb1yF9c23TkqsI7q0N6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935497803452863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, language=CN, label=图1, caption=FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2和FCNMH3样品的X射线衍射图(a)和残余应力变化(b), figureFileSmall=LmeqfcmINFR+SrWtcXxdoA==, figureFileBig=IrUb1yF9c23TkqsI7q0N6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935498017362368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SEM image and 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language=CN, label=图6, caption=FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2和FCNMH3样品在室温下的HA磁滞回线, figureFileSmall=cTS0v/JTwzu7NWnEOf+9Hg==, figureFileBig=efYCJuBaPcOLkCIwpPn9HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935499204350410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Area enclosed by EA and HA in the first quadrant of FCNM(a),FCNMH1(b),FCNMH2(c),and FCNMH3(d) samples, figureFileSmall=BZ/1j/4/zXZmTYsKSkGm9A==, figureFileBig=487vdIpyJ5ABWLUjnSen2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935499271459275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, language=CN, label=图7, caption=FCNM(a)、FCNMH1(b)、FCNMH2(c)和FCNMH3(d)样品EA与HA在第一象限所围成的面积, figureFileSmall=BZ/1j/4/zXZmTYsKSkGm9A==, figureFileBig=487vdIpyJ5ABWLUjnSen2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935499342762444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy field in different materials[4,13,17-19,34], figureFileSmall=inRN2zUo61nzYYZoMSu1Lw==, figureFileBig=6vUz9zmc289Wslx+IHEdrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935499422454221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同材料的面内单轴磁各向异性场对比图[4,13,17-19,34], figureFileSmall=inRN2zUo61nzYYZoMSu1Lw==, figureFileBig=6vUz9zmc289Wslx+IHEdrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935499497951694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Alloy film thickness of FCNM,FCNMH1, FCNMH2,and FCNMH3 samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleThickness/μm
FCNM1.2099
FCNMH11.5744
FCNMH21.5045
FCNMH31.9748
), ArticleFig(id=1321935499556671951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935481118511492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2和FCNMH3样品的合金膜厚度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleThickness/μm
FCNM1.2099
FCNMH11.5744
FCNMH21.5045
FCNMH31.9748
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FeCoNiMnHf高熵纳米软磁薄膜的电沉积制备与磁性能
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雷远腾 , 朱颖丽 , 李享成 , 陈平安 , 朱伯铨
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(4): 330-337
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (4) : 330 -337
FeCoNiMnHf高熵纳米软磁薄膜的电沉积制备与磁性能
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雷远腾, 朱颖丽 , 李享成, 陈平安, 朱伯铨
作者信息
  • 武汉科技大学 材料学部 省部共建耐火材料与冶金国家重点实验室,武汉 430081
通讯作者:
朱颖丽(1984—),女,副教授,博士,研究方向为高温陶瓷及磁电复合材料,联系地址:湖北省武汉市武汉科技大学青山校区高温电磁材料与结构教育部重点实验室(430081),E-mail:
李享成(1978—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为高温陶瓷及磁电复合材料,联系地址:湖北省武汉市武汉科技大学青山校区高温电磁材料与结构教育部重点实验室(430081),E-mail: emmat@wust
Electrodeposition preparation and magnetic properties of FeCoNiMnHf high entropy nano-soft magnetic film
Yuanteng LEI, Yingli ZHU , Xiangcheng LI, Ping’an CHEN, Boquan ZHU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Refractory Materials and Metallurgy Co-constructed by the Ministry of Province,Department of Materials,Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430081,China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000584
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薄膜材料的面内单轴磁各向异性与高截止频率息息相关,更高集成度电子元件对高面内各项异性薄膜材料的需要越来越高。采用恒电压电沉积技术,在室温下制备了不同Hf浓度的FeCoNiMnHf高熵软磁薄膜,研究了Hf浓度对高熵软磁薄膜微观形貌、软磁性能和磁各向异性的影响。结果表明:随着Hf浓度的上升,薄膜颗粒尺寸从240.94 nm增加到383.36 nm,结晶度由11.68%增加到24.72%。薄膜的面内单轴磁各向异性场从47.846×104 A/m增加到66.2074×104 A/m,并且饱和磁化强度从2.763×104 A/m增加到10.630×104 A/m。FeCoNiMnHf薄膜在室温下表现出优异的磁学性能,使得其在高截止频率与磁各向异性相关的应用中具有重要的潜力。

高熵软磁薄膜  /  FeCoNiMnHf  /  面内单轴磁各向异性  /  电沉积

The in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of thin-film materials is intricately linked to high cutoff frequencies. With the growing demand for high-integration electronic components, there is an increasing need for thin-film materials with high in-plane magnetic anisotropy. In this study, FeCoNiMnHf high-entropy soft magnetic thin films with varying Hf concentrations have been fabricated at room temperature using constant-voltage electrodeposition technology. The influence of Hf concentration on the microstructure, soft magnetic properties, and magnetic anisotropy of these high-entropy soft magnetic thin films is thoroughly investigated.The results reveal that as the Hf concentration increases, the grain size of the thin films expands from 240.94 nm to 383.36 nm, and the crystallinity improves from 11.68% to 24.72%. Moreover, the in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy field of the thin films rises from 47.846×104 A/m to 66.2074×104 A/m, and the saturation magnetization increases from 2.763×104 A/m to 10.630×104 A/m. The FeCoNiMnHf thin films exhibit outstanding magnetic properties at room temperature, indicating significant potential for applications in areas related to high cutoff frequencies and magnetic anisotropy.

high entropy soft magnetic film  /  FeCoNiMnHf  /  in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy  /  electrodeposition
雷远腾, 朱颖丽, 李享成, 陈平安, 朱伯铨. FeCoNiMnHf高熵纳米软磁薄膜的电沉积制备与磁性能. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (4) : 330 -337 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000584
Yuanteng LEI, Yingli ZHU, Xiangcheng LI, Ping’an CHEN, Boquan ZHU. Electrodeposition preparation and magnetic properties of FeCoNiMnHf high entropy nano-soft magnetic film[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (4) : 330 -337 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000584
随着高频微波(GHz)在无线通信、遥感和军事等领域的广泛应用[1-3],高截止频率材料已成为新一代信息与军事技术发展的迫切需要[4-6]。但是传统的块体材料受自身性质的限制,难以具有超过1 GHz以上的工作频率[7],在这样的背景和潜在需求的推动下,可以工作于射频甚至微波频段的磁性薄膜受到了特别的关注。根据Kittel关系[8],磁性薄膜中截止频率[9](ƒr)与面内单轴磁各向异性[10](Hk)呈正比的线性关系,在材料体系和饱和磁化强度确定的前提下,薄膜材料磁各向异性的调控是提高其工作频率的关键因素。因此,探索薄膜磁各向异性的提升途径对提高磁性器件的应用频率具有重要意义[11-12]。
目前,有很多种方法能实现诱导面内单轴磁各向异性。例如,加场诱导[13]、斜溅射[4,14]、基片施加应力[13,15]和加场退火[16-17]等等。如Huang[18]通过在Si衬底倾斜沉积FeGa合金薄膜发现,随着沉积角度的增加,薄膜的面内单轴磁各向异性不断变大,薄膜的矫顽力从2092 A/m增加到1.23768×104 A/m;Van等[17]通过对材料进行退火处理,发现FeTaN和FeNbSiN软磁薄膜的单轴磁各向异性在200 ℃以下会发生可逆性转变;林敏[4]在CoNb软磁薄膜中通过改变磁控溅射过程中Nb基片的数量,发现随着Nb含量的增加,面内单轴磁各向异性场由4000 A/m增至7000 A/m左右; Liu[13]等通过在磁控溅射过程中,在衬底表面施加250 A/m的均匀磁场,通过加场诱导的形式,使磁控溅射的金属定向排布,诱导产生面内单轴磁各向异性;李梦超[19]通过研究材料内部的应力对Co/Pt多层膜面内单轴磁各向异性的影响发现,Co层变厚会使得材料体系应力增加,从而表现出面内各向异性,并使薄膜易轴由水平转变到垂直方向。
值得注意的是,电沉积制备高熵薄膜[20-23]是一种低成本制备高质量薄膜的有效手段;相比于化学气相沉积等方法,电沉积具有低能耗、环境友好等优势。此外,高熵材料本身带来的严重的晶格畸变能带来体系直接较强的应力作用[24-25],有望大幅提高磁性薄膜的面内各向异性;Hf作为顺磁性元素,相比于铁族元素有着较大的原子半径,其内部的电子结构又给Hf元素带来独特的铁电性能,且Hf-X(X:Fe、Co、Ni)组成的结构有着明显的磁性增强效应[26]。本工作结合以上的研究现状,开发出了一种高面内各项异性的FeCoNiMnHf薄膜材料,通过调控高熵中Hf元素占比,来探索合金成分对磁各向异性的影响,并发掘出一种新的可据开发性的高熵软磁薄膜。
本实验以直流电源为输出端,采用恒电压法制备FeCoNiMnHf薄膜,电解液的主要成分有60 g/L 氯化钾(KCl)、0.01 mol/L六水合氯化镍(NiCl2·6H2O)、0.01 mol/L氯化亚铁(FeCl2·4H2O)、0.01 mol/L氯化钴(CoCl2·4H2O)、0.01 mol/L四水合氯化锰(MnCl2·4H2O)、氯化铪(HfCl4),同时以2 g/L抗坏血酸(C6H8O6)、20 g/L硼酸(H3BO3)、0.035 mol/L柠檬酸三钠(C6H5Na3O7·2H2O)、5 g/L丙二酸(C3H4O4)和4 g/L糖精钠(C6H4SO2NNaCO·2H2O)作为添加剂辅助离子沉积(以上药品均购自阿拉丁,分析纯及以上)。辅助电极为石墨电极,工作电极为15 mm×15 mm ITO导电玻璃,采用的电解池为H型电解槽。
将ITO导电玻璃放入丙酮溶液中超声10 min以去除表面油渍、接着放入无水乙醇中超声10 min进一步清洁。使用前将铂电极夹放入自制的混合酸中浸泡2 min,清洗铂电极夹表面杂质。
将KCl、NiCl2·6H2O、FeCl2·4H2O、CoCl2·4H2O、MnCl2·4H2O和HfCl4金属盐溶入200 mL去离子水中,同时加入C6H8O6、H3BO3、C6H5Na3O7·2H2O、C6H4SO2NNaCO·2H2O和C3H4O4,并磁力搅拌30 min,使其充分溶解混合均匀,配置为电解液,其中Hf的浓度为总元素的摩尔分数x%(x = 0、15、20、25)。将电解液倒入H型电解槽,直流电源电压设置为5 V,反应时间为30 min。待沉积结束取下ITO玻璃,用无水乙醇缓慢冲洗ITO表面的残留电解液,接着用氮气缓气流吹干,将样品置于60 ℃真空干燥箱保存12 h,得到电镀在ITO上的FeCoNiMnHf高熵薄膜。将Hf不同摩尔分数x%(x = 0、15、20、25)的样品分别标记为FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2和FCNMH3。
采用X射线衍射仪(XRD,X′Pert MPD PRO,Philips型)分析薄膜物相组成;采用扫描电子显微镜(Nova 400 Nano型)观察镀层的微观表面形貌,能谱仪(INCA IE 350 Penta FETX-3 EDS型)分析镀层的元素组成及其占比;采用振动样品磁强计(VSM,7404,Lake Shore型)测得薄膜的磁滞回线(测试前均加反向磁场进行退磁处理)、磁各向异性(面内单轴磁各向异性和薄膜在磁场中不同角度的饱和磁化强度);采用BRUKER Dektak XT型号的台阶仪测量薄膜的厚度。
样品FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2和FCNMH3的XRD图描绘于图1(a)中,FeCoNiMnHf薄膜的最强衍射峰为44.9°,样品的X射线衍射图谱与PDF#49-1568 FeCo的标准卡片相对应,无其他杂相的衍射峰。从图1(a)可以看出,不同浓度Hf掺杂的薄膜X射线衍射图谱相同,且最强峰均对应的晶面为(110)晶面,根据消光规律可知,FeCoNiMnHf薄膜更加趋向于在(110)晶面结晶,生成BCC(体心立方晶胞)相。图1(b)为样品对应的结晶度及残余应力。
根据Scherrer[27]计算出晶粒尺寸:
D=kλBcos θ
式中:D为晶粒尺寸;k为Scherrer定量;λ为X射线的波长;B为测试样品的半峰宽;θ为XRD衍射角。
计算得出,FCNM的平均晶粒尺寸为20.3 nm,FCNMH3的平均晶粒尺寸达到了24.2 nm,平均晶粒尺寸最大增加了16%。通过分析计算出最强峰的半峰宽FCNM的0.472°缩小至FCNMH3的0.397°,随着Hf掺杂含量的增加,最强峰的半峰宽变窄,晶粒的平均晶粒尺寸增加,结晶度由11.69%增加到24.72%,结晶度的提升也会提升磁性材料的磁性[28-29]。进一步演算出材料内部的残余应力变化,如图1(b)所示,数据是由德国物理学家 Mchearauch[30]提出的残余应力计算公式所求得的公式(2),(3)。其中,式(2)是计算出一条线性变化的直线,并算得曲线的斜率,再通过材料的泊松比及弹性模量计算出材料的残余应力公式(3):
d-d0d×100%=A+Bsin(ψ)2
B=σ1+νE
式中:d为材料的晶面间距;d0 为材料晶面的一个固定值可直接算得;sin(ψ)同样是算得的数据,代表峰偏移的角度,σ为残余应力;E为弹性模量;ν为材料的泊松比。徐国平等[30]指出,当残余应力存在时,晶面间距会发生变化,衍射峰的位置也会发生变化,进而可以计算出材料的残余应力。由图1(b)可知,随着Hf掺杂含量的上升,材料内部残余应力随之上升,由14.66 MPa上升至43.40 MPa,在该体系中提升了近3倍,也就是说明Hf含量的增加会很大程度的影响材料的残余应力。
对不同浓度Hf掺杂的薄膜进行SEM微观形貌分析(图(2)),分别是样品FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2和FCNMH3的SEM图,图2(a)~(d)中插图为测量的颗粒尺寸分布柱状图。由图2可见,样品表面是由纺锤状的颗粒组成,从图2(a)~(d)的微观形貌可以看出,随着Hf浓度的提升图片中颗粒的菱角变得更加明显,颗粒的尺寸变大,这与XRD计算结果相对应。图2插图中的柱状图显示图2(a)~(d)的颗粒平均尺寸分别为240.94、279.67、341.40、383.36 nm,通过增加Hf掺杂浓度,颗粒平均尺寸增加了41.7%,且薄膜表面的微观颗粒形貌轮廓更加明显。
FCNMH1薄膜微观形貌及EDS元素分布如图3所示,图3(a)为在恒电压5 V,沉积时间30 min工艺下制备的薄膜,图3(b)~(f)分别为Co、Fe、Ni、Mn、Hf元素的能谱图。从图中可以看出,薄膜中Fe、Co、Mn、Ni、Hf元素均匀分布在样品中,说明五种元素均可沉积出来,与XRD的单一物相相呼应。为了进一步探究高熵薄膜的厚度,采用台阶仪分别测试了FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2和FCNMH3样品的膜厚,得到的结果见表1,可以发现合金膜的整体厚度均在1~2 μm左右,FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2和FCNMH3样品的厚度分别为1.2099、1.5744、1.5045 μm和1.9748 μm。
为了表征软磁材料的磁性能,在常温下测试了薄膜在磁场不同位置处的磁滞回线,研究了FeCoNiMnHf薄膜的饱和磁化强度、矫顽力、磁晶各向异性等磁性能;通过将薄膜在磁场中进行360°旋转,来探究薄膜是否具有磁各向异性。将样品以面外旋转的方式从0°(薄膜平行于磁场方向)开始顺时针旋转(90°位置为磁场从薄膜正面穿过),每隔10°记录一次数据,在0°~360°范围内测出薄膜不同角度的饱和磁化强度(Ms)值,通过分析数据得到了磁各向异性图如图4所示。由图中可以看出,首先,在0°~360°范围内,薄膜的饱和磁化强度随着其在磁场中位置的变化而变化,说明FeCoNiMnHf薄膜具有明显的磁各向异性。其次,薄膜整体的对称性较好,在0°位置与360°位置测得的数据吻合度很高,说明薄膜在旋转一周之后没有发生位置偏移说明是中心旋转,第二,说明所制备的FeCoNiMnHf薄膜无论是薄膜厚度还是元素分布都具有高度的中心对称;并且0°~180°与180°~360°两个半周期通过折叠几乎吻合,说明磁场从薄膜左、右两侧穿过得到的结果吻合度较高。通过图4中的数据也显示出材料的易磁化轴位置和难磁化轴位置,分别对应于磁场中0°(平行于磁场方向)和90°位置(垂直于磁场方向)。
图4的测试结果说明薄膜平行于磁场方向的为易磁化轴(EA)[31],薄膜垂直于磁场方向的为难磁化轴(HA),于是分别从这两个方向下测得FeCoNiMnHf薄膜的磁滞回线,将EA轴与HA轴得到的数据进行处理与分析,得到的磁滞回线如图5(a)所示。从图5(a)中可以看出,FeCoNiMnHf薄膜表现出明显的软磁特性,所有薄膜的磁滞回线均在弱磁场下快速达到饱和磁化强度,没有明显的磁滞效应[32]。图5(b)显示出FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2、FCNMH3薄膜样品的饱和磁化强度Ms分别为27.63×103、83.30×103、94.03×103、106.3×103 A/m,软磁性能的改变可归因于晶体结构的变化,因为Ms很大程度上和材料的化学成分、结晶度、应力等相关。随着Hf浓度的提升,薄膜的Ms得到了增加。FCNMH3薄膜样品的Ms相比于未掺杂的FCNM薄膜提升了近4倍,粒径的增加、结晶性上升、体系内部应力的变化都会使得软磁薄膜的Ms增加[33],同时Hf元素有着较强的顺磁性,顺磁性元素的引入使得薄膜整体的磁性能提升。图5(b)为不同组分下薄膜的矫顽力,可以清楚地观察到薄膜的矫顽力分别为1.344×103、1.536×103、5×103、6.008×103 A/m,薄膜的矫顽力(Hc)受晶体结构、杂质浓度和内应力等多种因素影响,Hf元素的添加导致晶体内部产生更多的晶格畸变,增加了内应力和位错,从而迫使得Hc增大[28],Hc就随着Hf掺杂浓度的增加而变大了。
图6为FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2、FCNMH3薄膜样品的HA曲线(垂直于磁场方向),HA曲线在16.5×105 A/m附近达到饱和,与EA曲线相比饱和时的磁场强度提升明显,说明在难轴方向的FCNMH薄膜需要施加更大的磁场才能饱和。HA曲线从变化趋势上与EA曲线的变化趋势相同,FCNM的Ms最小为27.63×103 A/m,FCNMH3的Ms最大为106.3×103 A/m,四个组分在难轴上的Ms随着Hf掺杂浓度的增加呈上升趋势;但每个组分的样品HA与EA曲线的饱和磁化强度相同,这也证实了EA曲线与HA曲线最终会有交点,为后续的面内单轴磁各向异性的计算提供了相关依据。
为了研究不同Hf掺杂浓度对薄膜样品的单轴磁各向异性场的影响,将样品的难轴磁滞回线和易轴磁滞回线归一化并组合,通过面积法计算难、易轴磁滞回线在第一象限所围成的面积(如图7所示),如式(4)[34]:
Hk=∫0Hup[mEA(H)-mHA(H)]dH
式中:Hk为面内单轴磁各向异性场;Hup为大于饱和场的任意数值;m为归一化磁化强度;H为面内磁场。
通过对易轴和难轴在第一象限区域所围成的面积进行积分,算得FCNM、FCNMH1、FCNMH2、FCNMH3样品的Hk分别为47.8460×104、59.0383×104、61.8159×104、66.2074×104 A/m,EA与HA轴在第一象限的面积结果表明,FeCoNiMnHf薄膜确实存在着面内单轴磁各向异性与图4测试表征出的磁各向异性结果相呼应;此外,随着Hf掺杂浓度的增加,薄膜的单轴磁各向异性场也随之增加,从XRD分析中知道,Hf浓度的增加会增加材料体系中的残余应力,而应力作用会影响铁磁/反铁磁的交换偏置行为,进而影响到材料的单轴磁各向异性[35]。同时,Hf元素的引入提高了颗粒的结晶性,高的结晶性使得纳米高熵颗粒在磁场不同位置下的空间排布受到的磁性影响更加剧烈,这使得薄膜的磁晶各向异性表现地更为突出。
将本工作与其他研究者的工作相互比较,发现FeCoNiMnHf高熵纳米薄膜的面内单轴磁各向异性性能较为优异(图8[4,13,17,34]),研究的FeCoNiMnHf软磁薄膜在饱和磁化强度以及面内单轴磁各向异性性能上有着优异的表现。
(1)随着Hf离子掺杂浓度的增加,晶粒尺寸从20.3 nm增加到24.2 nm,薄膜表面颗粒粒径从240.94 nm增加到383.36 nm,结晶度从14.73%增至24.73%。FeCoNiMnHf薄膜中的颗粒表现出随着Hf浓度增加,薄膜表面颗粒粒径、结晶度及晶粒尺寸变大的趋势。
(2)FeCoNiMnHf薄膜样品的饱和磁化强度从2.763×104增加到10.63×104 A/m,矫顽力从1.344×103 A/m增加到6.008×103 A/m;通过对易磁化轴与难磁化轴的分析,FeCoNiMnHf薄膜的单轴磁各向异性从47.846×104 A/m增加到66.2074×104 A/m,Hf的掺杂通过提高晶粒的结晶性,增加材料内部残余应力进而提升薄膜的磁晶各向异性。

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2026年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000584
  • 接收时间:2024-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-19
  • 录用日期:2024-11-18
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    武汉科技大学 材料学部 省部共建耐火材料与冶金国家重点实验室,武汉 430081

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朱颖丽(1984—),女,副教授,博士,研究方向为高温陶瓷及磁电复合材料,联系地址:湖北省武汉市武汉科技大学青山校区高温电磁材料与结构教育部重点实验室(430081),E-mail:
李享成(1978—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为高温陶瓷及磁电复合材料,联系地址:湖北省武汉市武汉科技大学青山校区高温电磁材料与结构教育部重点实验室(430081),E-mail: emmat@wust
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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