Article(id=1321935437296415008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321927083589227197, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000604, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000604, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724688000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1733155200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-03, onlineDate=1793103568624, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793103568624, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793103568624, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793103568624, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321927083589227197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='345', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101576945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101576945, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=269, endPage=281, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321935437506130209, articleId=1321935437296415008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Effect of initial residual stress on mechanical properties of ZTC4 titanium alloy, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The microstructure, tensile fracture morphology and initial residual stress of ZTC4 titanium alloy repair welding are analyzed by stereomicroscope, optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray residual stress analyzer and tensile testing machine, and their effects on room temperature/high temperature tensile properties and fatigue properties are studied. The results show that the microstructure of ZTC4 titanium alloy after repair welding is mainly composed of equiaxed grains (with a grain size of about 1.5 mm) and grains with a large aspect ratio (5∶1). Different repair welding diameters and annealing treatment can affect the properties of residual stress, thus affecting the mechanical properties. The residual stress at the center of the original state of the room temperature/high temperature tensile and fatigue specimens is mainly tensile stress, which is 115.9, -24.6 MPa and 55.6 MPa, respectively. In the high temperature (350 ℃) tensile test, the larger the initial residual tensile stress (173.3 MPa) at the center of the repair welding diameter 4 mm specimens, the lower the tensile strength (710.7 MPa); the larger the initial residual compressive stress (-159.1 MPa) at the center of the repair welding diameter 4 mm and annealing specimens, the higher the tensile strength (749.3 MPa).The residual tensile stress significantly shortens the fatigue life of titanium alloy, whereas residual compressive stress increases it. The initial residual stress at the center of the original state, repair welding diameter of 2 mm, repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing, repair welding diameter of 4 mm, and repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing specimen is 55.6,109.9, -189.1,61.4 MPa, and -64.3 MPa, respectively. The fatigue properties of the specimens with initial residual compressive stress is better.

, authors=Jun LUO1, 2, 3, Xi WANG1, 2, 3, Wenzheng ZHAO1, 4, Hai NAN1, 4, Changkui LIU1, 2, 3, Nan LI1, 2, 3, authorsList=Jun LUO, Xi WANG, Wenzheng ZHAO, Hai NAN, Changkui LIU, Nan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321935441612353852, articleId=1321935437296415008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=初始残余应力对ZTC4钛合金力学性能的影响, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用体式显微镜、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线残余应力分析仪及拉伸试验机分析ZTC4钛合金补焊组织、拉伸断口形貌、初始残余应力,研究其对室温/高温拉伸性能及疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:补焊后ZTC4钛合金微观组织主要为等轴晶粒(晶粒尺寸为1.5 mm左右)及长宽比(5∶1)较大的晶粒;不同的补焊直径及退火处理会影响残余应力的性质,从而影响力学性能。室温/高温拉伸、疲劳试样原始态的中心位置残余应力主要为拉应力,分别为115.9、-24.6、55.6 MPa。在高温(350 ℃)拉伸实验时,补焊直径4 mm试样中心位置的初始残余拉应力(173.3 MPa)越大,抗拉强度(710.7 MPa)越低;补焊直径4 mm+退火试样中心位置的初始残余压应力(-159.1 MPa)越大,抗拉强度(749.3 MPa)越高。残余拉应力使钛合金疲劳寿命大幅缩短,反之,残余压应力会使疲劳寿命增加。原始态、补焊直径2 mm、补焊直径2 mm+退火、补焊直径4 mm、补焊直径4 mm+退火试样中心位置的初始残余应力分别为55.6、109.9、-189.1、61.4、-64.3 MPa,其中具有初始残余压应力的试样疲劳性能较好。

, authors=罗军1, 2, 3, 王曦1, 2, 3, 赵文正1, 4, 南海1, 4, 刘昌奎1, 2, 3, 李楠1, 2, 3, authorsList=罗军, 王曦, 赵文正, 南海, 刘昌奎, 李楠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李楠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李楠(1983—),女,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为材料与结构分析、残余应力表征技术及大科学装置技术等,联系地址:北京市81信箱4分箱(100095),E-mail:
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Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2023,52(12):4260-4267., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321935450873377175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, awardId=2019-363, language=CN, fundingSource=稳定支持项目(2019-363), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321935450953068952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, awardId=52371015, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52371015), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321935451028566425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, awardId=2022YFB3403904, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFB3403904), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321935441855623485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321935441868206398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, companyId=1321935441855623485, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321935441880789311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, companyId=1321935441855623485, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国航发北京航空材料研究院,北京 100095)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321935441960481088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321935441968869697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, companyId=1321935441960481088, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Materials Testing and Evaluation,Beijing 100095,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321935441981452610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, companyId=1321935441960481088, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.航空材料检测与评价北京市重点实验室,北京 100095)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321935442052755779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321935442061144388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, companyId=1321935442052755779, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Materials Testing and Evaluation,Aero Engine Corporation of China,Beijing 100095,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321935442073727301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, companyId=1321935442052755779, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国航空发动机集团材料检测与评价重点实验室,北京 100095)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321935442145030470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321935442153419079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, companyId=1321935442145030470, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Titanium Alloy Precision Forming Technology,Beijing 100095,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321935442161807688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, companyId=1321935442145030470, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.北京市先进钛合金精密成型工程技术研究中心,北京 100095)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321935446230282617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Photo of plate and sampling diagrams of mechanical properties

(a)photo of titanium alloy plate;(b)tensile specimen sampling diagram of room temperature/high temperature;(c)sampling diagram of fatigue specimen

, figureFileSmall=lcMrdSYsFMzKps1dcraVaA==, figureFileBig=Y3XdOwIynCyXeYQM5rNcnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935446297391482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图1, caption=原始板材照片及力学性能取样示意图

(a)钛合金板材照片;(b)室温/高温拉伸试样取样示意图;(c)疲劳试样取样示意图

, figureFileSmall=lcMrdSYsFMzKps1dcraVaA==, figureFileBig=Y3XdOwIynCyXeYQM5rNcnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935446611964283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagrams of residual stress test locations for room temperature/high temperature tensile specimens

(a)repair welding diameter of 2 mm;(b)repair welding diameter of 4 mm

, figureFileSmall=jaxfs3z24gJmphyk4QDbww==, figureFileBig=74Cx8wG++YdYaMZI4+hswQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935446687461756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图2, caption=室温/高温拉伸试样残余应力测试位置示意图

(a)补焊直径2 mm;(b)补焊直径4 mm

, figureFileSmall=jaxfs3z24gJmphyk4QDbww==, figureFileBig=74Cx8wG++YdYaMZI4+hswQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935446771347837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Macro and micro morphologies of repair welding zone in titanium alloy plates

(a)macroscopic morphology of repair welding area;(b),(c)macro and micro morphologies of equiaxed crystal;(d),(e)macro and micro morphologies of columnar crystal

, figureFileSmall=glrYMVNZX5qie6TOGLxffQ==, figureFileBig=kXFpmVLxiJvjGQRt1T9AVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935446846845310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图3, caption=钛合金板材补焊区域宏、微观形貌

(a)补焊区域宏观形貌;(b),(c)等轴晶宏、微观形貌;(d),(e)柱状晶宏、微观形貌

, figureFileSmall=glrYMVNZX5qie6TOGLxffQ==, figureFileBig=kXFpmVLxiJvjGQRt1T9AVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935448583287167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Initial residual stress distributions of tensile specimens at room temperature in different states

(a)original state;(b)repair welding diameter of 2 mm;(c)repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing;

(d)repair welding diameter of 4 mm;(e)repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing

, figureFileSmall=pBd3Zjp41PycFnoXdqXuBQ==, figureFileBig=c0wgMyXrFXP6UGo4gPkpwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935448667173248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同状态下室温拉伸试样初始残余应力分布

(a)原始态;(b)补焊直径2 mm;(c)补焊直径2 mm+退火;(d)补焊直径4 mm;(e)补焊直径4 mm+退火

, figureFileSmall=pBd3Zjp41PycFnoXdqXuBQ==, figureFileBig=c0wgMyXrFXP6UGo4gPkpwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935448797196673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Initial residual stress distributions of tensile specimens at high temperature in different states

(a)original state;(b)repair welding diameter of 2 mm;(c)repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing;

(d)repair welding diameter of 4 mm;(e)repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing

, figureFileSmall=VI3qVr3yvu4qLkl4Ro/QFQ==, figureFileBig=qn9v6zOro8br2GhcVEdacA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935448881082754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同状态下高温拉伸试样初始残余应力分布

(a)原始态;(b)补焊直径2 mm;(c)补焊直径2 mm+退火;(d)补焊直径4 mm;(e)补焊直径4 mm+退火

, figureFileSmall=VI3qVr3yvu4qLkl4Ro/QFQ==, figureFileBig=qn9v6zOro8br2GhcVEdacA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935449115963779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Initial residual stress distributions of fatigue specimens in different states

(a)original state;(b)repair welding diameter of 2 mm;(c)repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing;(d)repair welding diameter of 4 mm;(e)repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing

, figureFileSmall=I0OwwGYwWiCdUdoZovh4zg==, figureFileBig=pvDMQux3bxAlll7L/6BV2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935449225015684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同状态下疲劳试样初始残余应力分布

(a)原始态;(b)补焊直径2 mm;(c)补焊直径2 mm+退火;(d)补焊直径4 mm;(e)补焊直径4 mm+退火

, figureFileSmall=I0OwwGYwWiCdUdoZovh4zg==, figureFileBig=pvDMQux3bxAlll7L/6BV2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935449292124549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Initial average residual stress distributions of specimens with different mechanical properties

(a)room temperature tensile specimen;(b)high temperature tensile specimen;(c)fatigue specimen

, figureFileSmall=ksFOX5jvPIA8FdbjIr6Wvg==, figureFileBig=Wbx0toCcY+0nQGGo5OFKGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935449363427718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同力学性能试样初始平均残余应力分布

(a)室温拉伸试样;(b)高温拉伸试样;(c)疲劳试样

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(a)original state;(b)repair welding diameter of 2 mm;(c)repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing;

(d)repair welding diameter of 4 mm;(e)repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing

, figureFileSmall=XRdrBTjk0SLdlwQ9aFy/zQ==, figureFileBig=+/NyHE6woekov4GVl3pKAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935449606697352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同状态下室温拉伸试样应力-应变曲线

(a)原始态;(b)补焊直径2 mm;(c)补焊直径2 mm+退火;(d)补焊直径4 mm;(e)补焊直径4 mm+退火

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(a)original state;(b)repair welding diameter of 2 mm;(c)repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing;

(d)repair welding diameter of 4 mm;(e)repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing

, figureFileSmall=nA3YLa+JllfKdOb/NLuQEg==, figureFileBig=U/Ktrm+qQeurWkko0T11EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935449791246730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同状态下高温拉伸试样应力-应变曲线

(a)原始态;(b)补焊直径2 mm;(c)补焊直径2 mm+退火;(d)补焊直径4 mm;(e)补焊直径4 mm+退火

, figureFileSmall=nA3YLa+JllfKdOb/NLuQEg==, figureFileBig=U/Ktrm+qQeurWkko0T11EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935449875132811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Average elongation of samples in different states, figureFileSmall=Iw072GquafM5ln8GHpXU7g==, figureFileBig=ovTFaXQFV2Zl8M7qtOpAcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935449942241676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同状态下试样平均伸长率, figureFileSmall=Iw072GquafM5ln8GHpXU7g==, figureFileBig=ovTFaXQFV2Zl8M7qtOpAcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935450013544845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Average tensile strength and plastic elongation strength of samples in different states, figureFileSmall=3a+XzKzk4FvgbNVsJuY/Ig==, figureFileBig=YSWs/LtqXOxdONNyo55aeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935450089042318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同状态下试样平均抗拉强度和塑性延伸强度, figureFileSmall=3a+XzKzk4FvgbNVsJuY/Ig==, figureFileBig=YSWs/LtqXOxdONNyo55aeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935450151956879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Fracture morphologies of room temperature tensile specimens

(a)original state;(b)repair welding diameter of 2 mm;(c)repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing;

(d)repair welding diameter of 4 mm;(e)repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing

, figureFileSmall=MvUi3rN2HOm+xM+p5WuSSA==, figureFileBig=pSQ5jOB6ZcOKapMGew0/+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935450252620176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图12, caption=室温拉伸试样断口形貌

(a)原始态;(b)补焊直径2 mm;(c)补焊直径2 mm+退火;(d)补焊直径4 mm;(e)补焊直径4 mm+退火

, figureFileSmall=MvUi3rN2HOm+xM+p5WuSSA==, figureFileBig=pSQ5jOB6ZcOKapMGew0/+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935450332311953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Fracture morphologies of high temperature tensile specimens

(a)original state;(b)repair welding diameter of 2 mm;(c)repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing;

(d)repair welding diameter of 4 mm;(e)repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing

, figureFileSmall=NQBQCHqdfA4YCU5Fgq1MTA==, figureFileBig=sluqu0GFie4dXLnbkFooPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935450412003730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=图13, caption=高温拉伸试样断口形貌

(a)原始态;(b)补焊直径2 mm;(c)补焊直径2 mm+退火;(d)补焊直径4 mm;(e)补焊直径4 mm+退火

, figureFileSmall=NQBQCHqdfA4YCU5Fgq1MTA==, figureFileBig=sluqu0GFie4dXLnbkFooPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321935450495889811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical compositions of ZTC4 cast titanium alloy(mass fraction/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlVFeSiCNHOTi
6.383.960.0480.0250.0130.0060.0030.16Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1321935450554610068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ZTC4铸造钛合金化学成分(质量分数/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlVFeSiCNHOTi
6.383.960.0480.0250.0130.0060.0030.16Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1321935450646884757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fatigue properties at room temperature of specimens in different states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StateNo.N/cycleResultFailure mode
Original state1#10007FractureBroken in working section
2#11253FractureBroken in working section
3#30000No failure
4#30000No failure
Repair welding diameter of 2 mm1#6378FractureBroken in working section
2#10966FractureBroken in working section
3#10621FractureBroken in working section
Repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing1#30000No failure
2#30000No failure
3#10790FractureBroken in working section
Repair welding diameter of 4 mm1#4371FractureBroken in working section
2#7864FractureBroken in working section
3#10690FractureBroken in working section
Repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing1#30000No failure
2#30000No failure
3#30000No failure
), ArticleFig(id=1321935450747548054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同状态下试样室温疲劳性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StateNo.N/cycleResultFailure mode
Original state1#10007FractureBroken in working section
2#11253FractureBroken in working section
3#30000No failure
4#30000No failure
Repair welding diameter of 2 mm1#6378FractureBroken in working section
2#10966FractureBroken in working section
3#10621FractureBroken in working section
Repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing1#30000No failure
2#30000No failure
3#10790FractureBroken in working section
Repair welding diameter of 4 mm1#4371FractureBroken in working section
2#7864FractureBroken in working section
3#10690FractureBroken in working section
Repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing1#30000No failure
2#30000No failure
3#30000No failure
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初始残余应力对ZTC4钛合金力学性能的影响
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罗军 1, 2, 3 , 王曦 1, 2, 3 , 赵文正 1, 4 , 南海 1, 4 , 刘昌奎 1, 2, 3 , 李楠 1, 2, 3
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(4): 269-281
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (4) : 269 -281
初始残余应力对ZTC4钛合金力学性能的影响
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[Author(id=1321935442279248202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321935442388300110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935437296415008, authorId=1321935442279248202, language=EN, stringName=Jun LUO, firstName=Jun, middleName=null, lastName=LUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China
2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Materials Testing and Evaluation,Beijing 100095,China
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2.航空材料检测与评价北京市重点实验室,北京 100095
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罗军1, 2, 3, 王曦1, 2, 3, 赵文正1, 4, 南海1, 4, 刘昌奎1, 2, 3, 李楠1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国航发北京航空材料研究院,北京 100095
  • 2.航空材料检测与评价北京市重点实验室,北京 100095
  • 3.中国航空发动机集团材料检测与评价重点实验室,北京 100095
  • 4.北京市先进钛合金精密成型工程技术研究中心,北京 100095
通讯作者:
李楠(1983—),女,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为材料与结构分析、残余应力表征技术及大科学装置技术等,联系地址:北京市81信箱4分箱(100095),E-mail:
Effect of initial residual stress on mechanical properties of ZTC4 titanium alloy
Jun LUO1, 2, 3, Xi WANG1, 2, 3, Wenzheng ZHAO1, 4, Hai NAN1, 4, Changkui LIU1, 2, 3, Nan LI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Materials Testing and Evaluation,Beijing 100095,China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Materials Testing and Evaluation,Aero Engine Corporation of China,Beijing 100095,China
  • 4.Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Titanium Alloy Precision Forming Technology,Beijing 100095,China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000604
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采用体式显微镜、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线残余应力分析仪及拉伸试验机分析ZTC4钛合金补焊组织、拉伸断口形貌、初始残余应力,研究其对室温/高温拉伸性能及疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:补焊后ZTC4钛合金微观组织主要为等轴晶粒(晶粒尺寸为1.5 mm左右)及长宽比(5∶1)较大的晶粒;不同的补焊直径及退火处理会影响残余应力的性质,从而影响力学性能。室温/高温拉伸、疲劳试样原始态的中心位置残余应力主要为拉应力,分别为115.9、-24.6、55.6 MPa。在高温(350 ℃)拉伸实验时,补焊直径4 mm试样中心位置的初始残余拉应力(173.3 MPa)越大,抗拉强度(710.7 MPa)越低;补焊直径4 mm+退火试样中心位置的初始残余压应力(-159.1 MPa)越大,抗拉强度(749.3 MPa)越高。残余拉应力使钛合金疲劳寿命大幅缩短,反之,残余压应力会使疲劳寿命增加。原始态、补焊直径2 mm、补焊直径2 mm+退火、补焊直径4 mm、补焊直径4 mm+退火试样中心位置的初始残余应力分别为55.6、109.9、-189.1、61.4、-64.3 MPa,其中具有初始残余压应力的试样疲劳性能较好。

ZTC4钛合金  /  残余应力  /  拉伸性能  /  疲劳性能

The microstructure, tensile fracture morphology and initial residual stress of ZTC4 titanium alloy repair welding are analyzed by stereomicroscope, optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray residual stress analyzer and tensile testing machine, and their effects on room temperature/high temperature tensile properties and fatigue properties are studied. The results show that the microstructure of ZTC4 titanium alloy after repair welding is mainly composed of equiaxed grains (with a grain size of about 1.5 mm) and grains with a large aspect ratio (5∶1). Different repair welding diameters and annealing treatment can affect the properties of residual stress, thus affecting the mechanical properties. The residual stress at the center of the original state of the room temperature/high temperature tensile and fatigue specimens is mainly tensile stress, which is 115.9, -24.6 MPa and 55.6 MPa, respectively. In the high temperature (350 ℃) tensile test, the larger the initial residual tensile stress (173.3 MPa) at the center of the repair welding diameter 4 mm specimens, the lower the tensile strength (710.7 MPa); the larger the initial residual compressive stress (-159.1 MPa) at the center of the repair welding diameter 4 mm and annealing specimens, the higher the tensile strength (749.3 MPa).The residual tensile stress significantly shortens the fatigue life of titanium alloy, whereas residual compressive stress increases it. The initial residual stress at the center of the original state, repair welding diameter of 2 mm, repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing, repair welding diameter of 4 mm, and repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing specimen is 55.6,109.9, -189.1,61.4 MPa, and -64.3 MPa, respectively. The fatigue properties of the specimens with initial residual compressive stress is better.

ZTC4 titanium alloy  /  residual stress  /  tensile property  /  fatigue property
罗军, 王曦, 赵文正, 南海, 刘昌奎, 李楠. 初始残余应力对ZTC4钛合金力学性能的影响. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (4) : 269 -281 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000604
Jun LUO, Xi WANG, Wenzheng ZHAO, Hai NAN, Changkui LIU, Nan LI. Effect of initial residual stress on mechanical properties of ZTC4 titanium alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (4) : 269 -281 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000604
钛合金由于较高的比强度和优异的耐腐蚀性能,被广泛应用于航空、航天及新兴领域,如航空发动机叶片、燃气轮机构件、体育用品等[1-3]。其中ZTC4是典型的中等强度α+β型两相铸造钛合金,具有良好的铸造性能、焊接性能及耐腐蚀性能等,被大量应用于航空发动机各种复杂结构的钛合金铸件[4-6]。通过焊接成形的钛合金零部件具有耐腐蚀性好、成本低、生产效率高等优点,但是焊接过程中产生的残余应力会严重影响材料及零部件的疲劳性能、结构的服役安全和耐久性,焊接区域微观结构的不均匀可能会促进裂纹的萌生和扩展[7-9]。焊接过程产生的残余应力影响会贯穿焊接结构全寿命周期,导致焊缝附近应力集中及强度下降,最终造成焊接热影响区产生微裂纹,而这些微裂纹在一定的载荷条件下会使强度薄弱的焊接热影响区出现开裂,形成焊接延迟裂纹[10-12]。因此,系统分析钛合金焊接残余应力的分布规律及其对力学性能的影响有助于优化焊接工艺和提高零部件性能,对发动机材料及部件的设计和开发具有十分重要的意义[13-15]。研究人员对焊接后钛合金残余应力的分布规律进行了大量研究[16-22]。邹伟等[16]采用钻孔法研究了TC6钛合金板激光焊后残余应力的分布规律,发现在焊缝区会出现高值压应力。张宇翔[17]采用线弹性断裂力学和扩展有限元的方法分析了残余应力对T型接头疲劳寿命的作用机理,发现残余拉应力会加速疲劳裂纹的扩展,焊接残余应力的存在使T型接头的疲劳寿命降低约9%。张超等[18]研究了激光冲击强化对TC11钛合金焊接接头层深残余应力的影响,发现随着层深增大,残余压应力整体呈明显下降趋势,下降速度由快变慢。上述研究主要集中在焊接工艺、焊接参数、焊接方法、焊后热处理等对残余应力的影响,但是关于初始残余应力影响ZTC4钛合金力学性能的研究鲜见报道。本工作采用体式显微镜、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线残余应力分析仪及拉伸试验机研究ZTC4钛合金补焊组织、拉伸断口形貌、初始残余应力及其对室温/高温拉伸性能及疲劳性能的影响。通过对不同状态(如补焊、补焊后退火)的ZTC4钛合金进行残余应力测试,研究不同补焊直径及退火处理对钛合金初始残余应力的影响,分析初始残余应力对室温/高温(350 ℃)拉伸性能及室温疲劳性能的影响,获得初始残余应力性质和大小对力学性能的影响规律。
实验材料为ZTC4铸造钛合金,其化学成分如表1所示。原始钛合金板材经过热等静压处理后,对其表面进行吹砂处理,处理后实物图如图1(a)所示。室温/高温拉伸试样、疲劳试样取样示意图如图1(b),(c)所示。为了分析不同状态下(补焊、补焊后退火)残余应力的分布规律,在每个力学性能试样的中心进行补焊,补焊直径分别为2 mm和4 mm。若试样尺寸(如力学性能试样)太小,在补焊及随后的退火处理中可能导致试样尺寸变形,因此,根据图1(b),(c)先在板材的对应位置进行补焊及退火处理,然后从板材中取出对应的力学性能试样。本工作中的试样状态共5种,分别命名为原始态、补焊直径2 mm、补焊直径2 mm+退火、补焊直径4 mm、补焊直径4 mm+退火。
采用体视显微镜、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)和GX51光学显微镜(OM)观察拉伸断口宏、微观形貌及补焊组织。使用XL-460应力仪测量钛合金试样宏观残余应力,X射线靶材选用Cu靶,测量方法为侧倾固定ψ法,定峰方法为交相关法,测试晶面为(213),准直管直径为2 mm,ψ角数量8个,曝光时间60 s,电压22 kV,电流6 mA,残余应力测试前用丙酮、酒精溶液清洗待测试样表面。利用电子万能试验机(E45.105)对钛合金进行室温/高温(350 ℃)拉伸测试。用电液伺服疲劳试验机(Landmark 370.10)对钛合金进行室温疲劳测试,疲劳测试条件为轴向加载应变控制,三角波加载波形,实验频率为0.12 Hz,应变幅为0.1,最大应变为0.75,最小应变为0.075。
图2为补焊直径为2 mm和4 mm时室温/高温拉伸试样残余应力测试位置示意图。图中红色区域为残余应力的测试位置,宽度方向(X)标记为-4、-3、3、4,长度方向(Y)标记为2、1、-1、-2,试样中心标记为0。由于拉伸过程中的主要受力方向为长度方向,因此本工作只考虑长度方向上的残余应力分布。疲劳试样残余应力测试位置与拉伸试样相同。
图3为钛合金板材补焊区域宏、微观形貌图。可以看出,补焊位置的晶粒形貌有两种:一种为等轴晶粒,晶粒尺寸在1.5 mm左右;另一种为长宽比(5∶1)较大的晶粒,其长度为3.2 mm左右,宽度为0.6 mm左右。为了保证残余应力及力学性能测试的准确性,每一种状态的试样准备2~4个,加工后测试其表面残余应力。本工作中由于退火温度未达到相变温度,为了只考虑初始残余应力对力学性能的影响,假设所测区域的微观组织变化不大,对力学性能的影响较小。
图4为不同状态下室温拉伸试样残余应力分布图,试样1~3表示同一状态的3个平行试样。图4(a)为室温拉伸试样原始状态下残余应力分布曲线,试样1、2、3在-4~4测试位置的残余应力分别在-160.8~251.9、-185.9 ~169、-12.3~210.5 MPa之间分布;当补焊直径为2 mm时(图4(b)),3个试样的残余应力分别在-305.7~401.7、-33.5~562.7、-352.4~142 MPa之间分布;进行退火处理后(图4(c)),在相同位置的残余应力明显减小;当补焊直径为4 mm时(图4(d)),3个试样残余应力分别在-309.4~38.2、-167.2~322.5、-263.3~208.8 MPa之间分布;进行退火处理后(图4(e)),试样1、2、3的残余应力分别在-256.4~292.6、-345.5~252.9、-279.3~-28.1 MPa之间分布。可以看出,退火后大部分区域的残余应力会降低。
图5为不同状态下高温拉伸试样残余应力分布图。图5(a)为高温拉伸试样原始状态下残余应力分布曲线,试样1、2在-4~4测试位置的残余应力在-126.8~370.7、-235.7~129.9 MPa之间分布;当补焊直径为2 mm时(图5(b)),3个平行试样的残余应力分布趋势相似,都在-316.4~280.2 MPa之间分布;退火处理后(图5(c)),部分位置的残余应力有所降低;当补焊直径为4 mm时(图5(d)),试样1的残余应力波动较大,试样2和试样3的残余应力分布规律类似,在-4~4测试位置上残余应力由压应力逐渐转为拉应力;退火处理后(图5(e)),3个试样的残余应力分布趋势相似,与未退火的试样相比,残余应力明显降低。
图6为不同状态下室温疲劳试样残余应力分布图。图6(a)为室温疲劳试样原始状态下残余应力分布曲线,可知4个平行试样的残余应力分布趋势相似,-4~4测试位置的残余应力在-232.1~472.2 MPa之间分布;当补焊直径为2 mm时(图6(b)),部分位置的残余应力有所增大,试样2所有位置都为残余拉应力;但是退火处理后(图6(c)),残余应力降低,应力分布范围明显缩小;当补焊直径为4 mm时(图6(d)),试样1、2、3的残余应力分别在-485.3~-46.4、-187.2~368、-155.6~260.1 MPa之间分布;进行退火处理后(图6(e)),试样1、2、3的残余应力分别在-300.1~49.9、-266.2~211.8、-346.3~94.8 MPa之间分布。
图7为不同力学性能试样初始平均残余应力分布曲线。由图7(a)室温拉伸试样可以看出,原始态时,中心位置的残余应力均值为115.9 MPa,该状态下其他位置(-4~4)的残余应力均值分别为123.9、-32.8、3.4、69.9、80.5、-0.5、126.4、136.8 MPa。从应力分布趋势来看,绝大部分位置为残余拉应力,对称位置残余应力分布具有一定的对称性。对中心位置进行补焊处理,补焊直径为2 mm时,中心位置的残余应力均值为178.7 MPa,与原始态相比,残余应力值有所增加,其他位置的残余应力均值在-168.9~217.8 MPa之间分布;退火处理后,中心位置的残余应力均值为-50.2 MPa,其他位置的残余应力均值在-173.8~44.3 MPa之间分布。退火处理明显使残余应力降低,残余应力分布范围减小,表明退火处理能有效降低焊接区域的残余应力。补焊直径为4 mm时,中心位置的残余应力均值为29.5 MPa,该状态下其他位置(-4~4)残余应力均值分别为-107.4、98.7、36.7、-169.7、29.5、87.8、114.2、94.1 MPa;退火处理后,中心位置的残余应力均值为2 MPa,其他位置的残余应力均值在-244.5~68.3 MPa之间分布。
图7(b)为高温拉伸试样平均残余应力分布曲线。与室温拉伸试样平均残余应力分布曲线的分布趋势相似,原始态、补焊直径2 mm、补焊直径2 mm+退火、补焊直径4 mm、补焊直径4 mm+退火中心位置平均残余应力分别为-24.6、8.9、-153.6、173.3、-159.1 MPa。原始状态时,绝大部分位置为残余拉应力。补焊后,部分区域由残余拉应力转变为残余压应力。退火处理后,部分位置的应力有所降低。图7(c)为疲劳试样平均残余应力分布曲线。5种状态的中心位置平均残余应力分别为55.6、109.9、-189.1、61.4、-64.3 MPa。与室温/高温拉伸试样的其他位置相比,5种状态疲劳试样的残余应力分布趋势相似,残余应力波动更小,分布范围更窄,表明疲劳试样的初始残余应力分布较为均匀。
图8为不同状态下室温拉伸试样的应力-应变曲线。可知原始状态时(图8(a)),3个平行试样中有2个试样的曲线几乎重合,最大平均应力在980 MPa左右,平均伸长率为11.1%,而其他4种状态试样(图8(b)~(e))的最大平均应力分别为1050、950、1025、1017 MPa,平均伸长率分别为5.6%、6.3%、5.1%、5.1%,与原始态相比,平均伸长率分别下降了49.5%、43.2%、54.9%、54.1%。
材料承载的应力强度等于作用于该材料的外界载荷应力与残余应力的矢量之和。残余应力与外界载荷应力相反时可以增加承载能力,相同时则会降低承载能力。残余拉应力的存在不但会降低工件静强度和疲劳强度,使其在制造和使用时产生变形和开裂等缺陷,而且会在制造后的自然释放过程中导致材料的抗腐蚀能力下降,使构件材料实际的拉伸屈服强度降低,压缩屈服极限强度提高。反之,材料中存在的残余压应力会使材料的拉伸屈服极限提高,压缩屈服极限降低。从原始状态的初始残余应力分布可知(图4(a)),试样1的初始残余应力在0~4测试位置都为残余拉应力,在3个试样中拉应力在相同位置上最大。因此,在室温拉伸时,与其他试样相比表现出较低的抗拉强度。补焊直径为2 mm时,从初始残余应力的分布规律可知(图4(b)),试样1和试样2的残余应力分布趋势类似,而试样3大部分测试位置都为残余压应力,因此室温拉伸时试样1和试样2的曲线相似,而试样3的抗拉强度最高。对补焊后的试样进行退火处理后,残余拉应力变小,其抗拉强度比未退火处理试样的高。对于其他状态的试样,在相同状态下,试样之间的初始残余应力分布相似,对应的应力-应变曲线也非常接近。可知,残余应力的类型和大小对钛合金的室温拉伸性能有较大影响,残余拉应力增大,抗拉强度则会降低,残余压应力增大,抗拉强度则会升高。
图9为不同状态下高温拉伸试样应力-应变曲线。可知原始状态时(图9(a)),最大平均应力在692 MPa左右,平均伸长率为18.6%,而其他4种状态试样(图9(b)~(e))的最大平均应力分别为709、701、734、715 MPa,平均伸长率分别为10.4%、10.7%、10.1%、8.9%,与原始态相比,平均伸长率分别下降了44.1%、37.1%、8.9%、52.2%。
从高温拉伸试样不同状态的初始残余应力分布来看,原始状态时2个试样的残余应力分布趋势相似,但试样1大部分为残余拉应力,而试样2大部分为残余压应力(图5(a)),因此,试样1的抗拉强度低于试样2。补焊直径为2 mm时,在焊接中心位置,3个试样的应力状态和大小有明显区别,试样1~3的残余应力分别为62.9、280.2 MPa及-316.4 MPa,试样1和试样2大部分位置为拉应力,而试样3大部分位置为压应力(图5(b)),试样3的抗拉强度最大,试样1最小,相似的规律也出现在其他状态的试样中。与室温拉伸类似,初始残余应力的类型和大小会影响高温拉伸性能,一般来说,残余压应力越大,残余拉应力越小,则对应的抗拉强度越大。
图10为不同状态下试样的平均伸长率。可以看出,原始状态下平均伸长率最大,补焊后平均伸长率下降,随着补焊直径的增大,平均伸长率降低,退火处理后平均伸长率比未退火的高(350 ℃下补焊直径4 mm+退火试样除外)。一般来说,与相同状态的室温拉伸相比,在高温下进行拉伸时平均伸长率也较高,说明高温下钛合金的伸长率较好。
图11为不同状态试样的平均抗拉强度和塑性延伸强度。对于室温拉伸试样,原始状态时平均抗拉强度为988.3 MPa,其他4种状态下分别为1011.3、1015、1027.3、1075 MPa。与原始态相比,平均抗拉强度分别增加了2.3%、2.7%、3.9%、8.8%。可知补焊后抗拉强度会增加,补焊直径越大,抗拉强度增加越多;对补焊后的试样进行去应力退火后,抗拉强度继续增加。
平均塑性延伸强度的分布趋势与平均抗拉强度类似。对于室温拉伸试样,原始状态的平均塑性延伸强度为865.7 MPa。与原始状态相比,其他4种状态试样的平均塑性延伸强度分别增加了6%(918 MPa)、6.9%(926 MPa)、7.9%(933.7 MPa)、8.6%(983 MPa)。可知补焊后平均塑性延伸强度会增加,补焊直径越大,平均塑性延伸强度增加越多;对补焊后的试样进行去应力退火后,平均塑性延伸强度继续增加。
高温试样的平均抗拉强度和平均塑性延伸强度的分布趋势与室温状态类似。原始态的平均抗拉强度及平均塑性延伸强度最低,分别为688.5、525 MPa,补焊会使平均抗拉强度和平均塑性延伸强度增加,补焊直径越大(补焊直径4 mm),平均抗拉强度越大(710.7 MPa),去应力退火(补焊直径4 mm+退火)后平均抗拉强度(749.3 MPa)会进一步增加。
对比初始残余应力和室温/高温拉伸的平均抗拉强度可知,初始残余拉应力越大,平均抗拉强度越低,而残余压应力越大,平均抗拉强度越高。在拉伸过程中,试样表面受到拉应力的作用,残余应力为拉应力时,则额外叠加了应力,使试样受到更大的拉力,残余拉应力越大,则叠加的应力越大,抗拉强度就越低;反之,试样表面为残余压应力时,则在拉伸的过程中与拉应力相互抵消一部分,使试样实际受到的拉应力降低,则抗拉强度上升,残余压应力越大,抗拉强度越大。因此,在实际的加工、制造过程中,可以通过对材料和零部件表面进行处理,使其具有较为合适的残余压应力,从而提高材料及零部件的服役性能。
表2为不同状态试样的室温疲劳性能。可以看出,原始状态下有2个试样分别在循环10007、11253周次后断裂,并且断裂在试样工作段,其余2根试样循环30000周次后未发生断裂;当补焊直径为2 mm时,3根试样在未达到30000周次便发生断裂,说明补焊对低周疲劳性能有一定影响,对补焊试样进行退火处理后,疲劳性能有所提高;补焊直径为4 mm时,3根试样分别循环4371、7864、10690周次后发生断裂,退火处理后,3根试样均通过室温疲劳测试,说明补焊会严重降低试样的疲劳性能,但是退火处理会使疲劳性能提高。
宏观残余应力在初期暂时与作用的交变应力叠加,改变应力水平,对疲劳寿命影响较大。初始残余应力的性质和大小对室温疲劳性能有很大影响,焊接残余应力的存在会对钛合金材料的静载性能和动载性能产生较大的负面影响,尤其是残余拉应力会使材料的疲劳寿命大幅减少。原始态、补焊直径+2 mm试样的宏观残余应力主要为残余拉应力,因此在室温疲劳测试时,大部分试样都未达到固定的循环周次后便断裂。补焊会使疲劳性能下降,说明焊接后的残余拉应力会对疲劳性能带来不利影响,而去应力退火后,残余应力的分布更加均匀,并且大部分为压应力,从而使疲劳性能得到改善。因此,对ZTC4钛合金材料及零部件进行补焊后,应该采用适当的去应力退火处理,消除不良残余应力及不均匀分布,从而改善其疲劳性能。
为了研究室温拉伸断裂机制,对不同状态试样的断口形貌进行分析,如图12所示。图12(a)为原始态拉伸断口形貌,可以看出存在大量的韧窝。韧窝作为塑性断裂的主要微观特征之一,一般用其深度及宽度来判断塑性的大小,而韧窝的大小和深浅一般取决于第二相的数量分布及基体的塑性变形能力。在拉伸条件相同的情况下,韧窝越大、越深,其塑性就越好[23]。材料在拉伸过程中,微区范围内产生大量的塑性变形,从而形成一些显微孔洞,孔洞逐渐形核、长大、聚集,最后当塑性变形达到一定程度时,韧窝之间连接后导致断裂。图12(b)~(e)分别为补焊直径2 mm、补焊直径2 mm+退火、补焊直径4 mm、补焊直径4 mm+退火的室温拉伸断口形貌图,可知其和原始状态一样存在大量韧窝,有些韧窝的形状为抛物线形,存在失稳断裂时的撕裂痕,表明在拉伸过程中存在一定的剪切应力。对比可以发现,原始状态时韧窝的尺寸较大,分布较为均匀,深度较大,表明该状态下材料的塑性较好;随着补焊直径的增加,韧窝的尺寸分布变得不均匀,深度变浅,表明补焊后材料的塑性较低;对焊接试样进行去应力退火后,韧窝尺寸和深度都有明显增加,表明去应力退火后塑性增加,这与伸长率(图10)的测试结果一致。若无残余应力时,试样是在拉伸正应力下进行,应力在整个断口上分布均匀,显微孔洞在拉力的作用下向3个方向上均匀长大,会形成等轴韧窝。由于残余应力的存在,试样在拉伸过程中受力状态失衡。残余应力分布越不均匀,韧窝的尺寸与深度分布的离散性就越显著。从不同状态下的断口形貌可以观察到,韧窝尺寸与深度呈现明显的不均匀性,这一现象正是残余应力与拉伸应力叠加作用导致试样内部应力分布不均所引发的。
图13为高温(350 ℃)拉伸试样断口形貌。从宏观上看,试样中均发现明显的颈缩,这是韧性断裂的标志。原始状态下韧窝的尺寸、深度明显较大,补焊后韧窝的尺寸和深度明显降低,但是去应力退火后韧窝的尺寸和深度比补焊时增加,进一步表明去应力退火后塑性增加,这与室温拉伸时的结果相似。韧窝的大小和分布均匀性与初始应力的类型和大小密切相关,初始残余应力分布越均匀,韧窝的大小和分布也越均匀。
(1)室温/高温拉伸、疲劳试样原始态的中心位置残余应力主要为拉应力,分别为115.9、-24.6、55.6 MPa,在对称位置残余应力的分布趋势相似;去应力退火处理后,大部分残余应力明显降低。
(2)ZTC4钛合金初始残余拉应力越大,平均抗拉强度越低;残余压应力越大,平均抗拉强度越高。高温拉伸试样中,补焊直径4 mm、补焊直径4 mm+退火试样中心位置平均残余应力分别为173.3、-159.1 MPa,对应的平均抗拉强度分别为710.7、749.3 MPa。
(3)初始残余应力的性质和大小对室温疲劳性能有很大影响。残余拉应力会使钛合金疲劳寿命大幅缩短,反之,残余压应力会使疲劳寿命增加。原始态、补焊直径2 mm、补焊直径2 mm+退火、补焊直径4 mm、补焊直径4 mm+退火的疲劳试样中心位置平均残余应力分别为55.6、109.9、-189.1、61.4、-64.3 MPa,其中具有初始残余压应力的试样疲劳性能较好。
  • 稳定支持项目(2019-363)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52371015)
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFB3403904)
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2026年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000604
  • 接收时间:2024-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
补充材料
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-27
  • 录用日期:2024-12-03
基金
稳定支持项目(2019-363)
国家自然科学基金(52371015)
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFB3403904)
作者信息
    1.中国航发北京航空材料研究院,北京 100095
    2.航空材料检测与评价北京市重点实验室,北京 100095
    3.中国航空发动机集团材料检测与评价重点实验室,北京 100095
    4.北京市先进钛合金精密成型工程技术研究中心,北京 100095

通讯作者:

李楠(1983—),女,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为材料与结构分析、残余应力表征技术及大科学装置技术等,联系地址:北京市81信箱4分箱(100095),E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/clgc/CN/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000604
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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