Article(id=1321935409349772203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321927083589227197, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000542, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000542, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758556800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1761148800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-23, onlineDate=1793103561960, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793103561960, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793103561960, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793103561960, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321927083589227197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='345', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101576945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101576945, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=217, endPage=228, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321935409559487404, articleId=1321935409349772203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Effect of casting wall thickness on microstructure and mechanical properties of K439B superalloy, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This work studies the microstructure and mechanical properties of K439B nickel-based superalloy castings with a wall thickness of 1-10 mm. The results show that the melt feeding capacity in thin-walled castings is poor, there are many shrinkage porosity in the 1 mm and 3 mm thin-walled castings, and the 10 mm thick-walled casting has the lowest porosity. Due to the increase of melt solidification rate, all of the secondary dendrite arm spacing, grain size and γ' phase size of the castings increase with the increase of thickness. The tensile tests at room temperature show that the mechanical properties of thin-walled castings are significantly affected by the evolution of microstructure. Due to the synergistic effect of the fine grain strengthening mechanism and precipitate shearing mechanism, the 1 mm thick casting exhibits the highest ultimate tensile strength (1037 MPa) and elongation to fracture (5.6%).The 3 mm thick casting shows the poorest tensile strength and ductility,with values of 890 MPa and 4.1%, respectively, which can be attributed to its highest porosity level and the resulting severe stress concentration. Although the coarsening of grains and γ' phase reduces the grain boundary strengthening effect of the 10 mm thick casting, the reduced porosity and limited dislocation localization effectively impede the crack propagation,thereby preventing a pronounced deterioration in elongation to fracture.

, authors=Jianzhuang LI1, Lin HE2, Huan SHE1, Chengbo XIAO3, Di WANG2, Zhongfeng CHEN2, Xiang ZHAO2, Hanjie LI1, Anping DONG2, authorsList=Jianzhuang LI, Lin HE, Huan SHE, Chengbo XIAO, Di WANG, Zhongfeng CHEN, Xiang ZHAO, Hanjie LI, Anping DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin HE, Huan SHE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321935413594407880, articleId=1321935409349772203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=铸件壁厚对K439B高温合金微观组织及力学性能影响研究, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本工作研究了1~10 mm壁厚的K439B镍基高温合金铸件的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明,薄壁铸件中熔体补缩能力差,1 mm和3 mm薄壁铸件中存在较多的疏松孔隙,壁厚10 mm铸件孔隙率最低。同时,随着熔体凝固速率的变化,铸件的二次枝晶臂间距、晶粒尺寸和γ′相尺寸都随着厚度的增加而增加。室温下拉伸实验结果表明,薄壁铸件的力学性能受微观组织演变影响显著。1 mm薄壁铸件由于细晶强化与析出相剪切机制协同作用,在室温拉伸实验中具有最优的抗拉强度(1037 MPa)与断后伸长率(5.6%);3 mm壁厚铸件孔隙最大,导致应力集中严重,因此其抗拉强度与断后伸长率最低,分别为890 MPa和4.1%;尽管晶粒与γ′相粗化使10 mm壁厚铸件的晶界强化效果降低,但低的孔隙率与小的位错局部化程度提高了裂纹扩展阻力,从而使其断后伸长率未出现明显劣化。

, authors=李建壮1, 何林2, 佘欢1, 肖程波3, 王迪2, 陈忠奉2, 赵祥2, 李晗杰1, 董安平2, authorsList=李建壮, 何林, 佘欢, 肖程波, 王迪, 陈忠奉, 赵祥, 李晗杰, 董安平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何林, 佘欢, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
何林(1991—),男,助理教授,博士,研究方向为高温合金反重力精密铸造,联系地址:上海市闵行区东川路800号上海交通大学材料学院(200240),E-mail:
佘欢(1986—),女,讲师,博士,研究方向为新型生物医用钛合金,联系地址:上海市奉贤区海泉路100号上海应用技术大学智能技术学部(201418),E-mail:huanshe @sit.edu.cn
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(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm

(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm

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(a)cooling curve;(b)temperature field distribution

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(a)冷却曲线;(b)温度场分布

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(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm

(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm

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(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm

(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm

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(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm;(d)EDS analysis of 1 mm casting

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(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm;(d)1 mm铸件EDS分析

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(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm

(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm

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(a)engineering stress-strain curves;(b)YS and UTS

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(a)工程应力-应变曲线;(b)屈服强度和抗拉强度

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(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm

(a)1 mm;(b)3 mm;(c)10 mm

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Chemical compositions of K439B alloy (mass fraction/%)

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CrCoAlTiNbWTaBZrCNi
22.8523.152.243.450.111.282.230.020.060.14Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1321935423748816931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935409349772203, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

K439B合金的化学成分(质量分数/%)

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CrCoAlTiNbWTaBZrCNi
22.8523.152.243.450.111.282.230.020.060.14Bal.
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Size of γ′ phase in different states

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Thickness/mmAs-cast/nmSolid solution/nmHeat treatment/nm
12141266
32341598
1027817128
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不同状态的γ′尺寸

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Thickness/mmAs-cast/nmSolid solution/nmHeat treatment/nm
12141266
32341598
1027817128
), ArticleFig(id=1321935423966920742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935409349772203, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Contribution of grain refinement to yield strength of castings with different wall thicknesses

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Thickness/mmStrength contribution/MPa
159.67
336.67
1027.49
), ArticleFig(id=1321935424050806823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321935409349772203, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

晶粒细化对不同壁厚铸件屈服强度的贡献

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Thickness/mmStrength contribution/MPa
159.67
336.67
1027.49
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铸件壁厚对K439B高温合金微观组织及力学性能影响研究
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李建壮 1 , 何林 2 , 佘欢 1 , 肖程波 3 , 王迪 2 , 陈忠奉 2 , 赵祥 2 , 李晗杰 1 , 董安平 2
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(4): 217-228
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (4) : 217 -228
铸件壁厚对K439B高温合金微观组织及力学性能影响研究
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李建壮1, 何林2 , 佘欢1, 肖程波3, 王迪2, 陈忠奉2, 赵祥2, 李晗杰1, 董安平2
作者信息
  • 1.上海应用技术大学 智能技术学部,上海 201418
  • 2.上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院 上海市先进高温材料与精密成形重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 3.中国航发北京航空材料研究院 先进高温结构材料重点实验室,北京 100095
通讯作者:
何林(1991—),男,助理教授,博士,研究方向为高温合金反重力精密铸造,联系地址:上海市闵行区东川路800号上海交通大学材料学院(200240),E-mail:
佘欢(1986—),女,讲师,博士,研究方向为新型生物医用钛合金,联系地址:上海市奉贤区海泉路100号上海应用技术大学智能技术学部(201418),E-mail:huanshe @sit.edu.cn
Effect of casting wall thickness on microstructure and mechanical properties of K439B superalloy
Jianzhuang LI1, Lin HE2 , Huan SHE1, Chengbo XIAO3, Di WANG2, Zhongfeng CHEN2, Xiang ZHAO2, Hanjie LI1, Anping DONG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Faculty of Intelligence Technology,Shanghai Institute of Technology,Shanghai 201418,China
  • 2.Shanghai Key Lab of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming,School of Materials Science and Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China
  • 3.Science and Technology on Advanced High Temperature Structural Materials Laboratory,AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000542
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本工作研究了1~10 mm壁厚的K439B镍基高温合金铸件的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明,薄壁铸件中熔体补缩能力差,1 mm和3 mm薄壁铸件中存在较多的疏松孔隙,壁厚10 mm铸件孔隙率最低。同时,随着熔体凝固速率的变化,铸件的二次枝晶臂间距、晶粒尺寸和γ′相尺寸都随着厚度的增加而增加。室温下拉伸实验结果表明,薄壁铸件的力学性能受微观组织演变影响显著。1 mm薄壁铸件由于细晶强化与析出相剪切机制协同作用,在室温拉伸实验中具有最优的抗拉强度(1037 MPa)与断后伸长率(5.6%);3 mm壁厚铸件孔隙最大,导致应力集中严重,因此其抗拉强度与断后伸长率最低,分别为890 MPa和4.1%;尽管晶粒与γ′相粗化使10 mm壁厚铸件的晶界强化效果降低,但低的孔隙率与小的位错局部化程度提高了裂纹扩展阻力,从而使其断后伸长率未出现明显劣化。

镍基高温合金  /  薄壁铸件  /  铸造缺陷  /  微观组织  /  力学性能

This work studies the microstructure and mechanical properties of K439B nickel-based superalloy castings with a wall thickness of 1-10 mm. The results show that the melt feeding capacity in thin-walled castings is poor, there are many shrinkage porosity in the 1 mm and 3 mm thin-walled castings, and the 10 mm thick-walled casting has the lowest porosity. Due to the increase of melt solidification rate, all of the secondary dendrite arm spacing, grain size and γ' phase size of the castings increase with the increase of thickness. The tensile tests at room temperature show that the mechanical properties of thin-walled castings are significantly affected by the evolution of microstructure. Due to the synergistic effect of the fine grain strengthening mechanism and precipitate shearing mechanism, the 1 mm thick casting exhibits the highest ultimate tensile strength (1037 MPa) and elongation to fracture (5.6%).The 3 mm thick casting shows the poorest tensile strength and ductility,with values of 890 MPa and 4.1%, respectively, which can be attributed to its highest porosity level and the resulting severe stress concentration. Although the coarsening of grains and γ' phase reduces the grain boundary strengthening effect of the 10 mm thick casting, the reduced porosity and limited dislocation localization effectively impede the crack propagation,thereby preventing a pronounced deterioration in elongation to fracture.

nickel-base superalloy  /  thin-walled casting  /  casting defect  /  microstructure  /  mechanical property
李建壮, 何林, 佘欢, 肖程波, 王迪, 陈忠奉, 赵祥, 李晗杰, 董安平. 铸件壁厚对K439B高温合金微观组织及力学性能影响研究. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (4) : 217 -228 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000542
Jianzhuang LI, Lin HE, Huan SHE, Chengbo XIAO, Di WANG, Zhongfeng CHEN, Xiang ZHAO, Hanjie LI, Anping DONG. Effect of casting wall thickness on microstructure and mechanical properties of K439B superalloy[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (4) : 217 -228 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000542
镍基高温合金因其优异的高温强度、抗氧化性及抗蠕变等性能,被广泛应用于航空发动机、燃气轮机热端部件等极端高温环境[1-4]。随着航空发动机推重比要求的提高,高温合金铸件向轻量化、薄壁化方向发展[5]。
有研究表明,铸件壁厚对铸件的力学性能存在显著影响[6]。在研究多晶铸造高温合金Rene80的截面尺寸效应时,Kaufman等[7]发现铸造1.5 mm壁厚板状试样相对于直径6.4 mm标准试棒力学性能退化,薄壁试样在室温、760 ℃及982 ℃的抗拉强度呈现下降趋势,降幅依次为4%、13% 和10%。Li等[8]探究铸造多晶M951合金试样厚度与晶界形貌对其980 ℃/90 MPa下断裂性能的影响,发现厚度减小导致合金性能下降,其主要是受表面氧化、晶界裂纹及贯穿晶界的影响,细化晶粒、避免贯穿晶界可有效缓解此效应。薄壁铸件的厚度变化显著影响其冷却速率,从而对微观组织产生深远影响[9-10]。较薄的铸件在凝固和热处理过程中冷却速率更高,这些因素直接影响晶粒尺寸、碳化物形貌以及γ/γ′相的分布特征,进而改变合金的力学性能[11]。郑启等[12]研究了试样尺寸与单晶高温合金凝固组织的关系,结果显示,随着单晶试样尺寸的减小,其枝晶形貌呈现出显著的细化趋势,且γ′相的平均尺寸明显减小;尤为值得注意的是,枝晶间区域的γ′相细化更为突出。Ding等[13]发现,高冷却速率使γ′相细小、球形化、分布均匀;低冷却速率则导致γ′相粗大、立方化、分布不均,且元素偏析加剧。Zhang等[14]研究表明,铸件厚度差异导致的微观组织变化最终会影响应力分布,壁厚减薄削弱了试样塑性变形协调能力,加剧局部应力集中现象,减小了有效承载面积,从而显著降低铸件蠕变寿命。尽管已有研究探讨了冷却速率和微观结构之间的关系,以及不同变形机制的激活条件[15],但前人研究的高温合金薄壁铸件主要集中在单晶高温合金领域,关于多晶铸造高温合金的文献较少,且铸件壁厚通常大于1.5 mm[16-17]。随着我国高温合金反重力精密铸造技术的突破,大型复杂薄壁铸件壁厚已经可以降低至1 mm[18]。反重力铸造是一种自下而上的充型方式,通过外加气压将熔体从坩埚中压入型腔,可有效避免传统重力铸造中因液态金属自由落差造成的氧化夹杂、飞溅及湍流现象,从而改善铸件的充型稳定性与洁净度。此外,反重力铸造具有充型能力好、补缩能力强及成型质量高等优点,特别适用于制备复杂薄壁铸件[19]。针对壁厚1 mm的高温合金铸件力学性能研究目前还缺乏。
本研究以K439B镍基高温合金为原料,采用反重力铸造方法制备了壁厚1~10 mm的板状铸件试样,系统研究了壁厚对薄壁铸件微观组织和力学性能的影响,为高温合金薄壁铸件的设计与性能提供科学依据。
本实验采用K439B合金为原料,主要由Ni、Cr、Co、W、Al、Ti、Nb、Ta、C等元素组成,其化学成分如表1所示。本工作采用反重力铸造方法制备了壁厚为1、3、10 mm的K439B合金薄板,薄板长度为100 mm,宽度为100 mm。反重力铸造参数:合金浇注温度为1500 ℃,型壳预热温度为1000 ℃,熔体加压速度为4 kPa/s,结晶保压压力为150 kPa。然后对铸件进行标准化热处理,在1160 ℃固溶处理4 h,然后在1080 ℃时效处理4 h,最后在845 ℃进行第二步时效处理20 h,固溶和时效处理之后都进行空冷处理,热处理制度如图1所示。采用电火花线切割从铸态(AC)和热处理态(HT)铸件中心位置切取金相试样,通过砂纸磨抛后,采用无水硫酸铜∶水∶浓盐酸∶浓硫酸=20 g∶80 mL∶150 mL∶5 mL的腐蚀剂进行腐蚀。采用DM4000M型光学显微镜(OM)观测铸件的孔隙与枝晶形貌;使用MIRA3型场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察试样的微观组织形貌,并通过能量色散光谱仪(EDS)进行成分分析;同时,采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)对拉伸后样品的内核平均取向差(kernel average misorientation,KAM)进行分析。KAM用于表征晶粒内部相邻测点之间的平均取向差,反映局部取向梯度和位错密度分布情况,其数值可定性评估晶粒内部的变形程度与取向均匀性。使用Image-Pro Plus软件定量统计铸件二次枝晶臂间距和γ′相的体积分数,每种样品统计5张照片并取平均值以减小误差。采用Z100型电子万能试验机对热处理态试样进行室温拉伸实验,试样尺寸如图2所示,统一加工为1 mm厚的拉伸试样,每种样品测试3个试样并取平均值。利用ProCAST数值模拟软件对薄板进行了充型和凝固模拟,模型的具体尺寸与实际铸造模型相同,同时进行网格划分时在厚度方向保证4层网格。选用的合金材料为自建的K439B合金,型壳材料设为Silica Sand,合金的初始温度设为1500 ℃,型壳预热温度设为1000 ℃,合金与陶瓷壳换热系数设为数据库中的IN738-Mullite,凝固前1850 W/(m2·K),凝固后300 W/(m2·K)。其中K439B的材料参数设置如图3所示。
通过光学显微镜观察不同壁厚铸件的形貌,如图4所示。实验结果表明,不同厚度铸件的孔隙形貌与尺寸分布存在显著差异。1 mm铸件中孔隙分布均匀,以细小孔隙为主,平均尺寸为12.1 μm;3 mm铸件中孔隙尺寸较大,最大可达32.1 μm;而10 mm铸件中孔隙明显细化,平均尺寸仅为3.62 μm。通过定量统计,三者所对应的孔隙率分别为0.233%、0.291%和0.022%。孔隙形成的主要原因是在凝固后期,由于枝晶搭接形成封闭的液相区域,阻止外部熔体补缩从而形成孔隙[20]。采用ProCAST软件对壁厚为1、3、10 mm的薄壁铸件进行反重力铸造模拟,采用Niyama判据(Ny=G/R)进行定量分析,其中G为温度梯度,R为冷却速率。Niyama 值的大小反映了铸件出现显微疏松的倾向性。本研究中设定的判据临界值为4.3,当局部区域的Niyama值低于该临界值时,即判定该处存在较高的疏松形成风险。孔隙模拟结果如图4(a-2),(b-2),(c-2)所示,可以观察到3 mm铸件孔隙最多,10 mm铸件的孔隙较少且集中,1~10 mm铸件的模拟孔隙率结果分别为0.462%、0.645%和0.046%,整体趋势与实验结果相符合。值得注意的是,10 mm铸件虽然孔隙数量较少,但孔隙尺寸较大,这是由于其壁厚较大,凝固时间延长,导致热量散失缓慢、补缩通道封闭延迟,局部区域在凝固末期产生了集中收缩孔,从而形成数量少但体积较大的孔隙。
图5为不同壁厚铸件几何中心点的平均降温曲线图和充型5.5 s时的瞬时横截面的温度场分布图。从图5(a)可以看出,随着铸件壁厚增加,熔体比表面积减小,熔体冷却速率降低。在液相阶段,高温合金熔体与陶瓷型壳换热系数较大,熔体冷却速率较高;当熔体进入液固两相区,紧邻型壳处熔体由液态转变为固态,与陶瓷型壳界面换热系数降低,因此熔体冷却速率降低。从图5(b)可以看出,1 mm铸件整体已迅速降至液相线(1357 ℃)以下,铸件在边缘处散热速度快,熔体温度梯度大,随着到边缘距离增加,熔体温度梯度逐渐减小;而3 mm铸件在边缘已冷却至固相区,但靠近中心区仍具有较明显的温度梯度分布;10 mm铸件则整体温度分布偏高,在边缘处温度梯度大,但大面积仍高于液相线(红色区域),凝固过程缓慢。充型后1、3 mm铸件快速凝固,导致过冷度增加,固相快速形核生长阻断补缩通道,金属液无法进行补缩导致孔隙的形成。同时,陶瓷型壁产生的表面张力和黏滞阻力影响高温合金熔体流动,随着铸件壁厚降低,表面张力和黏滞阻力急剧增加,熔体流动能力减弱,因此金属液补缩能力降低。
采用光学显微镜观察了不同壁厚铸件的铸态横截面枝晶形貌,如图6所示,枝晶干与枝晶间区域界限清晰,二次枝晶臂显示清晰。使用Image-Pro Plus软件统计二次枝晶臂间距,结果表明,随着壁厚从10 mm降低至1 mm,铸件二次枝晶臂间距从68.09 μm显著减小至34.37 μm,降幅达98%。这一现象与凝固过程中的热力学行为密切相关[21]。1 mm铸件由于具有更大的比表面积,在凝固过程中冷却速率更高,由图5(a)计算得到1、3、10 mm壁厚铸件从液相线到固相线的冷却速率分别为15.3、2.12、0.58 ℃/s,合金熔体凝固速率逐渐降低,且固液界面前沿的温度梯度减小[22]。二次枝晶臂间距与冷却速率存在一定的关系[23],见式(1):
d2=3(GR)n
式中:d2表示二次枝晶臂间距;3是与合金性能有关的参数;n取1/3,与合金及凝固过程有关。随着壁厚越薄,冷却速率显著提高,枝晶生长过程中溶质扩散时间被缩短,从而抑制了二次枝晶臂间距的粗化,最终形成更加细密的二次枝晶臂结构[24]。
经固溶与时效热处理后,通过EBSD研究了不同壁厚铸件的晶粒形貌与尺寸分布,结果如图7所示。不同壁厚铸件均为等轴晶。对于1 mm铸件,晶粒显著细化且分布较为均匀,整体呈现出细小而均一的等轴晶结构。相比之下,3 mm铸件的平均晶粒尺寸处于中等水平,整体晶粒明显大于 1 mm铸件,但其局部区域仍可观察到一定数量的细小晶粒。随着壁厚进一步增加至10 mm,晶粒尺寸显著增大,平均晶粒尺寸为685.86 μm,同时在部分区域仍存在少量细小晶粒,使得该厚度铸件的晶粒尺寸分布表现出一定的多样性。晶粒尺寸分布的统计结果,如图7中对应的柱状图所示。铸件壁厚对晶粒尺寸的影响可归因于凝固过程中热力学与动力学条件的协同调控。随着铸件壁厚的增加,合金熔体凝固速率逐渐降低,并削弱了固液界面前沿的温度梯度。在凝固过程中,较小的温度梯度和较低的冷却速率降低了过冷度,使晶粒的形核率降低[25],更有利于晶粒的长大,因此随着壁厚的增加,合金的平均晶粒尺寸逐渐增大。
采用SEM对热处理后不同壁厚铸件碳化物形貌进行观察,结果如图8所示。1 mm铸件中,碳化物主要呈现为细小的块状形态,伴有少量条状分布,在晶内与晶界处均可观察到。相比之下,3 mm铸件中的碳化物多呈条带状,尺寸略有增大,主要分布在晶界处。随着壁厚进一步增加至10 mm,碳化物以尺寸较大的块状形态析出,主要分布于晶内,晶界处也有少量分布。统计了不同壁厚铸件的碳化物含量,结果显示1 mm和3 mm壁厚铸件的碳化物含量相差不大,分别为1.12%和1.13%,但10 mm壁厚铸件碳化物含量略有降低,为1.02%。对图8(d)1 mm热处理铸件所示区域进行了能谱面扫描,结果可以看出样品中碳化物有两种成分:一种是富含Ti、Ta、Nb、W等元素的MC碳化物,主要为块状或段棒状分布于晶内和晶界;另一种是富含Cr元素的M23C6碳化物呈断续的条状分布在晶界上。在时效处理阶段,晶界处的MC碳化物和基体发生反应(MC+γ→M23C6+γ′),分解生成M23C6碳化物和γ′相[26]。
γ′强化相的体积分数及其尺寸分布是调控镍基高温合金力学性能的关键因素[27]。采用扫描电子显微镜观察了不同壁厚铸件中γ′相在铸态枝晶间、固溶态与时效处理后的典型形貌,并对γ′相尺寸大小进行定量统计,结果见表2。图9为不同壁厚铸件在铸态、固溶后和热处理状态下的γ′相形貌。图9(a-1)~(a-3)显示在铸态样品中γ′相为碟状且尺寸较大,并且随着壁厚的增大,γ′相的平均尺寸呈增大趋势,随着铸件壁厚由1 mm铸件中的214 nm增加至10 mm壁厚铸件的278 nm,但γ′相的体积分数变化不大,在23.2%~24.1%之间波动。γ′相析出的驱动力主要来源于过冷度与元素过饱和度,随着铸件壁厚的减小,熔体凝固时的温度梯度和过冷度显著增加,从而加快了γ′相的形核速率,并缩短了其粗化过程的持续时间。固溶处理阶段,γ′相固溶进基体里面,不规则的γ′相消失,枝晶形貌淡化且元素偏析行为得到缓解,但在空冷过程中形成一些极细小的γ′相。由于空冷过程中,壁厚越厚,铸件冷却速率越低,γ′相析出时间越长,因此析出γ′相平均尺寸随着壁厚的增加而逐渐增大,1 mm壁厚铸件中的γ′相平均尺寸为12 nm,10 mm壁厚铸件中的γ′相平均尺寸增加至17 nm。当时效处理全部完成之后合金中析出了尺寸细小且形状规则的球状γ′相。结果表明,进行后续时效热处理后,γ′相尺寸会随着铸件壁厚的增加而持续粗化长大,平均尺寸从66 nm增加至128 nm,如图9(c-1)~(c-3)所示,但其体积分数维持在23.4%~24.5%的较窄范围内波动,表明壁厚主要影响析出相尺寸,对体积分数影响不大。固溶处理后的厚壁铸件中析出相的平均尺寸更大(图9(b-1)~(b-3))。因此在时效过程中,溶质元素更容易扩散至粗大的γ′相表面并长大,导致厚壁铸件的γ′相平均尺寸更大[16]。此外,由于薄壁铸件冷却速率高,γ′相析出位点多,因此热处理态铸件的γ通道长度(相邻γ′相之间的距离)也随着铸件壁厚的增加而增加。通过定量统计得到,1、3、10 mm铸件的γ′相的平均间距分别为34、38、53 nm,表明随着壁厚的增加,γ′析出相的尺寸增大,平均间距增加。
图10为不同壁厚铸件的工程应力-应变曲线,结果表明,1 mm铸件的抗拉强度(UTS)和屈服强度(YS)值最高,分别为1037 MPa与850 MPa,同时断后伸长率也最大,为5.6%,3 mm壁厚铸件综合力学性能最差,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为890 MPa与756 MPa,断后伸长率为4.2%。当壁厚增加至10 mm,相比于3 mm,合金的强度和塑性有所提高,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提高至929 MPa和783 MPa,断后伸长率提高至4.3%,但仍显著低于壁厚为1 mm的铸件。
采用SEM对断口形貌进行观察,如图11所示。结果显示,1 mm铸件断口呈大量微孔与韧窝分布,并伴有阶梯状断裂面,细小孔隙在阶梯面上分布均匀;这表明在拉伸过程中大量微孔通过长大、连接、合并形成裂纹源,导致出现以微孔聚集为主的断裂行为。相反地,3 mm铸件虽总体孔隙率与1 mm相近,但孔隙尺寸明显更大且更孤立(图11(d)),大孔隙作为强烈的应力集中源使裂纹易在孔隙附近及其邻近的MC碳化物和基体界面处萌生并扩展,因而呈现以碳化物的脆性断裂为主的断裂特征。有研究表明,在室温变形过程中,由于流变应力较高且缺乏热激活机制(如交滑移和位错短程攀移),位错难以通过传统滑移方式协调塑性变形,导致大量位错在MC碳化物界面附近发生塞积,从而引发脆性断裂,如图11(f)所示。位错在室温下会纠缠和锁定,阻碍位错的运动,位错在室温下几乎无法穿过晶界/相界,并且往往会堆积在界面处,在界面处形成较大的应力集中,导致合金在室温下的塑性较差[28]。综上,即使总体孔隙率相近,孔隙的尺寸、形貌及其与碳化物的空间关系决定了1 mm样品主要为微孔聚集韧性断裂,而3 mm样品则更易表现为碳化物诱导的脆性断裂。
镍基高温合金的强化机制主要以沉淀强化为核心,同时依赖固溶强化、晶界强化、位错强化及第二相强化的协同作用,而晶界强化效果与晶粒尺寸密切相关,从图7可以明确看出,热处理态 K439B 合金的晶粒尺寸受壁厚影响显著。根据Hall-Petch公式(2)计算了晶粒尺寸对不同壁厚铸件屈服强度的贡献[29] :
σ0.2=σ0+kd-12
式中:σ0.2表示屈服强度,MPa;σ0表示晶格阻力,MPa;k 是应力集中因子;d 表示平均晶粒尺寸,μm。
细晶强化对不同壁厚铸件屈服强度的贡献如表3所示。从表中可以看出,随着壁厚的增加,晶粒细化对合金的屈服强度的贡献逐渐降低。同时均匀、细小的γ′析出相通过弥散强化[30-32]提高了合金的强度。弥散析出相尺寸越小,颗粒间距越小,则弥散强化效果越大。由图9可知,1 mm样品中γ′析出相的平均尺寸与颗粒间距最小,并且随着壁厚增加,γ′析出相的平均尺寸与颗粒间距增大,因此1 mm样品中γ′相的弥散强化程度最大。更强的细晶强化与弥散强化使 1 mm样品的抗拉强度和屈服强度值最高。相比于1 mm壁厚铸件,10 mm样品的晶粒和γ′相粗化,细晶强化和弥散强化减弱,使抗拉强度和屈服强度降低。3 mm铸件尽管晶粒与γ′相尺寸均处于中间值,但较高的孔隙率和较大的孔隙尺寸,使基体有效承载面积减小,并且晶界上分布较多的硬脆MC碳化物造成的应力集中,导致合金的强度值最低。
此外,对拉伸后试样进行了 EBSD 分析,其 KAM 结果如图12所示。1 mm铸件的KAM分布最为均匀,晶粒间应变差异最小,局部取向变化一致,表明其整体变形较为均一。相比之下,3 mm铸件的KAM分布最不均匀,不同晶粒间的应变差异显著,局部区域表现出较高的位错密度和取向差,易导致应力集中并成为裂纹萌生源[33]。随着壁厚进一步增加至10 mm,铸件的KAM分布趋于均匀,晶粒间的局部应变差异减小,说明其整体变形较为稳定。
在拉伸变形后,不同壁厚铸件的晶粒在外加载荷下表现出差异化的协调变形特征。采用激光共聚焦显微镜对距断口约5 mm处的试样表面形貌进行表征,并结合线粗糙度分析对表面起伏进行定量评估,结果如图13所示。随着壁厚增加,铸件表面粗糙度逐渐升高。1 mm铸件晶粒细小且分布均匀,表面形貌最为平整,起伏幅度最小;3 mm铸件晶粒尺寸中等,表面起伏程度略有增加,但整体仍较为均匀;随着壁厚进一步增至10 mm,铸件晶粒尺寸显著增大,横截面晶粒数量减少,表面起伏明显,波峰与波谷间距较大。线粗糙度定量分析结果表明,随着壁厚由1 mm增至10 mm,波峰与波谷的平均间距由4.48 μm增大至8.46 μm,说明晶粒尺寸的增大会显著加剧表面起伏程度。粗大晶粒易导致局部变形差异,使表面产生明显波动,不利于应力均匀传递与强度保持;而细小晶粒有助于抑制表面起伏,改善应力分布,从而获得更优的力学性能。
(1)铸件孔隙率与壁厚密切相关, 随着铸件壁厚减小,熔体在充型与凝固过程中的流动性降低、熔体温度差异减小,因此合金液补缩能力降低,导致薄壁铸件有着较高的孔隙率。
(2)铸件的平均晶粒尺寸、二次枝晶臂间距和γ′相尺寸大小随着壁厚的减小而减小。
(3)随着铸件壁厚降低,熔体冷却速率增加,铸件微观组织细化。因此,1 mm铸件具有良好的综合力学性能,但3 mm铸件中存在弥散分布的大尺寸孔隙,导致其强度最低,10 mm壁厚铸件晶粒尺寸最大,但孔隙最少,因此力学性能介于1 mm和3 mm铸件中间。
  • 新材料重大专项项目(2024ZD0600400)
  • 新材料重大专项项目(2024ZD0601000)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52474416)
  • 上海市优秀学术/技术带头人项目(22XD1434900)
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2026年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000542
  • 接收时间:2025-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-23
  • 录用日期:2025-10-23
基金
新材料重大专项项目(2024ZD0600400)
新材料重大专项项目(2024ZD0601000)
国家自然科学基金(52474416)
上海市优秀学术/技术带头人项目(22XD1434900)
作者信息
    1.上海应用技术大学 智能技术学部,上海 201418
    2.上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院 上海市先进高温材料与精密成形重点实验室,上海 200240
    3.中国航发北京航空材料研究院 先进高温结构材料重点实验室,北京 100095

通讯作者:

何林(1991—),男,助理教授,博士,研究方向为高温合金反重力精密铸造,联系地址:上海市闵行区东川路800号上海交通大学材料学院(200240),E-mail:
佘欢(1986—),女,讲师,博士,研究方向为新型生物医用钛合金,联系地址:上海市奉贤区海泉路100号上海应用技术大学智能技术学部(201418),E-mail:huanshe @sit.edu.cn
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/clgc/CN/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2025.000542
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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