Article(id=1321927745970483964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321927171292123557, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000096, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000096, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706544000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1712505600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-08, onlineDate=1793101734869, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793101734869, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793101734869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793101734869, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321927171292123557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773936000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101597855, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101597855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=131, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321927746192782077, articleId=1321927745970483964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Development and performance evaluation of deep drilling process for GH3625 alloy seamless tubes in solar photo thermal power generation, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the requirements for specifications and performance of GH3625 alloy seamless tubes used in novel renewable solar tower-type molten salt photothermal power generation absorbers, and addressing the shortcomings of the traditional hot extrusion technology—such as long production cycles, high energy consumption, and difficulties in producing billets with large length-to-diameter ratios—this study adopts the deep drilling method to replace traditional hot extrusion for preparing GH3625 alloy billets. Subsequently, Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm and Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm GH3625 alloy seamless tubes are manufactured through multi-pass cold rolling and intermediate annealing. EBSD analysis reveals that the grain size of the finished GH3625 alloy seamless tubes prepared by the deep drilling method is comparable to that of tubes produced by traditional hot extrusion technology. Moreover, the alloy microstructure contains a large number of annealing twin boundaries, which refine the grains. In addition, mechanical property test results indicate that the room-temperature and high-temperature properties of the finished GH3625 alloy tubes prepared by the deep drilling method are equivalent to those of tubes made by traditional hot extrusion technology. The room-temperature mechanical properties of both specifications meet the requirements of the ASME SB-444-2021 standard: tensile strength≥690 MPa, yield strength≥276 MPa, and elongation after fracture≥30%.

, authors=Yu FAN1, Bing ZHEN2, 3, Yubi GAO2, 3, Duoping ZHAO1, Yutian DING2, 3, authorsList=Yu FAN, Bing ZHEN, Yubi GAO, Duoping ZHAO, Yutian DING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yubi GAO, Yutian DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321927752677176094, articleId=1321927745970483964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=太阳能光热发电用GH3625合金无缝管材深钻孔工艺开发与性能评价, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

面向新型可再生太阳能塔式熔盐光热发电吸热器对GH3625合金无缝管材规格和性能的需求,针对热挤压技术制备GH3625合金无缝管材周期长、能耗高等缺点以及难以生产出大长径比荒管的问题,本研究采用深钻孔法替代传统热挤压法制备GH3625合金荒管,随后经多道次冷轧及中间退火制备出Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm和Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm两种规格的GH3625合金无缝管材。EBSD分析发现,深钻孔法制备的两种规格的成品GH3625合金无缝管材的晶粒尺寸与传统热挤压技术相当,并且合金组织中含有大量的退火孪晶界细化晶粒;此外,力学性能测试结果表明,深钻孔法制备的两种规格的成品GH3625合金室温和高温性能与传统热挤压技术相当,且室温力学性能都达到了ASME SB-444-2021标准要求:抗拉强度≥690 MPa,屈服强度≥276 MPa,断后伸长率≥30%。

, authors=樊昱1, 甄炳2, 3, 高钰璧2, 3, 赵多平1, 丁雨田2, 3, authorsList=樊昱, 甄炳, 高钰璧, 赵多平, 丁雨田, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=高钰璧, 丁雨田, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
高钰璧(1991—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为镍基变形高温合金,联系地址:甘肃省兰州市七里河区兰工坪路287号兰州理工大学材料科学与工程学院(730050),E-mail:
丁雨田(1962—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为镍基变形高温合金,联系地址:甘肃省兰州市七里河区兰工坪路287号兰州理工大学材料科学与工程学院(730050),E-mail:
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(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

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(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

, figureFileSmall=tWUGfVQdeMlBdll7MNQYxw==, figureFileBig=wTlJ0WL4La59wtD0QNNV9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927892909535987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Grain size distribution of GH3625 alloy tubes with two specifications prepared by different processes, figureFileSmall=SZ/HAEowdAa72y4i5ajA3g==, figureFileBig=7OzE8dTWmdMKMY4KaJKgYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927892993422068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材晶粒尺寸分布(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

, figureFileSmall=SZ/HAEowdAa72y4i5ajA3g==, figureFileBig=7OzE8dTWmdMKMY4KaJKgYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927893060530933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Recrystallization distribution of GH3625 alloy tubes with two specifications prepared by different processes, figureFileSmall=4giHU0vky/j2FdtUrWNxdg==, figureFileBig=tmS8C4ARCA+8ZXYHWjwlkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927893169582838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材再结晶分布(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

, figureFileSmall=4giHU0vky/j2FdtUrWNxdg==, figureFileBig=tmS8C4ARCA+8ZXYHWjwlkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927893245080311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Statistical graph of recrystallization fraction of GH3625 alloy tubes with two specifications prepared by different processes, figureFileSmall=yGSypUeXT59DHuvFBT+4Qg==, figureFileBig=moJfayTzvQS+cDcKa1EpyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927893345743608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材再结晶分数统计图, figureFileSmall=yGSypUeXT59DHuvFBT+4Qg==, figureFileBig=moJfayTzvQS+cDcKa1EpyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927893433823993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Distribution of grain boundary features of GH3625 alloy tubes with two specifications prepared by different processes, figureFileSmall=8ymn3qqSVC+QoJgokrgYhw==, figureFileBig=+7LXS+hwcPejRltkc5R8xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927893496738554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材晶界特征分布图(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

, figureFileSmall=8ymn3qqSVC+QoJgokrgYhw==, figureFileBig=+7LXS+hwcPejRltkc5R8xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927893563847419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Histograms of special grain boundary proportions of GH3625 alloy tubes with two specifications prepared by different processes, figureFileSmall=eWChLL3DVgjv2U+lOJs6Yg==, figureFileBig=QR8hEO0jnSbWqbpg8ouXfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927893639344892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材特殊晶界比例柱状图, figureFileSmall=eWChLL3DVgjv2U+lOJs6Yg==, figureFileBig=QR8hEO0jnSbWqbpg8ouXfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927893727425277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=KAM distribution of GH3625 alloy tubes with two specifications prepared by different processes, figureFileSmall=HvWcpELUkmU7I1KPabmXZg==, figureFileBig=wWikOEeb2G9lzR7IcOyprw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321927893823894270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材KAM分布图(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

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(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

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(a)D-δ1.32;(b)D-δ4;(c)R-δ1.32;(d)R-δ4

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Chemical compositions of GH3625 alloy tube billet(mass fraction/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CCrNiCoMoAlTiFeNbSiMnPS
0.04421.66Bal.0.298.580.100.164.193.310.320.140.00330.0004
), ArticleFig(id=1321927896407585546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GH3625合金管坯化学成分(质量分数/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CCrNiCoMoAlTiFeNbSiMnPS
0.04421.66Bal.0.298.580.100.164.193.310.320.140.00330.0004
), ArticleFig(id=1321927896508248843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mechanical properties of GH3625 alloy forged bar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Heat

treatment

Room temperature mechanical propertyHigh temperature durability
Tensile strength/MPaYield strength/MPa

Elongation/

%

Section shrinkage/%Temperature/℃

Stress/

MPa

Time/

h

Elongation/

%

980 ℃/1 h/AC94262544.5608151142451
), ArticleFig(id=1321927896638272268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GH3625合金锻棒力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Heat

treatment

Room temperature mechanical propertyHigh temperature durability
Tensile strength/MPaYield strength/MPa

Elongation/

%

Section shrinkage/%Temperature/℃

Stress/

MPa

Time/

h

Elongation/

%

980 ℃/1 h/AC94262544.5608151142451
), ArticleFig(id=1321927896709575437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cold rolling passes and deformation amount of GH3625 alloy tubes prepared by traditional hot extrusion process

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PassΦ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mmΦ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm
Specification/mm

Actual outer

diameter/mm

Actual wall

thickness/mm

Deformation amount/%Specification/mm

Actual outer

diameter/mm

Actual wall

thickness/mm

Deformation amount/%
0Φ131×15.513115.5Φ131×15.513115.5
1Φ114×11114.111.534Φ114×11114.111.534
2Φ89×7.588.827.2350Φ89×788.827.2350
3Φ63×662.95.447Φ63×462.94.754
4Φ48×5484.636Φ48×2482.362
5Φ46×445.984.0216Φ44.45×1.3244.481.3246
), ArticleFig(id=1321927896789267214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

传统热挤压法制备GH3625合金管材冷轧道次及变形量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PassΦ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mmΦ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm
Specification/mm

Actual outer

diameter/mm

Actual wall

thickness/mm

Deformation amount/%Specification/mm

Actual outer

diameter/mm

Actual wall

thickness/mm

Deformation amount/%
0Φ131×15.513115.5Φ131×15.513115.5
1Φ114×11114.111.534Φ114×11114.111.534
2Φ89×7.588.827.2350Φ89×788.827.2350
3Φ63×662.95.447Φ63×462.94.754
4Φ48×5484.636Φ48×2482.362
5Φ46×445.984.0216Φ44.45×1.3244.481.3246
), ArticleFig(id=1321927896877347599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Cold rolling passes and deformation amount of GH3625 alloy tubes prepared by deep drilling process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PassΦ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mmΦ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm
Specification/mm

Actual outer

diameter/mm

Actual wall

thickness/mm

Deformation amount/%Specification/mm

Actual outer

diameter/mm

Actual wall

thickness/mm

Deformation amount/%
0Φ87.5×9.2587.59.25Φ87.5×9.2587.59.25
1Φ63×663.056.0153Φ63×4.563.14.6562
2Φ48×4.848.74.6740Φ48×248.42.2961
3Φ46×445.984.0218Φ44.45×1.3244.481.3246
), ArticleFig(id=1321927896961233680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

深钻孔法制备GH3625合金管材冷轧道次及变形量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PassΦ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mmΦ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm
Specification/mm

Actual outer

diameter/mm

Actual wall

thickness/mm

Deformation amount/%Specification/mm

Actual outer

diameter/mm

Actual wall

thickness/mm

Deformation amount/%
0Φ87.5×9.2587.59.25Φ87.5×9.2587.59.25
1Φ63×663.056.0153Φ63×4.563.14.6562
2Φ48×4.848.74.6740Φ48×248.42.2961
3Φ46×445.984.0218Φ44.45×1.3244.481.3246
), ArticleFig(id=1321927897028342545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Contribution of different strengthening mechanisms to yield strength in GH3625 alloy tubes prepared by different processes

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Strengthening mechanismYield strength/MPa
D-δ1.32D-δ4R-δ1.32R-δ4
Solution strengthening[21]105105105105
Grain boundary strengthening[22]127141129130
Twin strengthening[23]751259094
Dislocation strengthening[24]84837688
Total strengthening391454400417
), ArticleFig(id=1321927897103840018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927745970483964, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同工艺制备的GH3625合金管材中不同强化机制对屈服强度的贡献

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strengthening mechanismYield strength/MPa
D-δ1.32D-δ4R-δ1.32R-δ4
Solution strengthening[21]105105105105
Grain boundary strengthening[22]127141129130
Twin strengthening[23]751259094
Dislocation strengthening[24]84837688
Total strengthening391454400417
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太阳能光热发电用GH3625合金无缝管材深钻孔工艺开发与性能评价
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樊昱 1 , 甄炳 2, 3 , 高钰璧 2, 3 , 赵多平 1 , 丁雨田 2, 3
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(3): 131-143
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (3) : 131 -143
太阳能光热发电用GH3625合金无缝管材深钻孔工艺开发与性能评价
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樊昱1, 甄炳2, 3, 高钰璧2, 3 , 赵多平1, 丁雨田2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.金川集团股份有限公司 镍钴共伴生资源开发与综合利用全国重点实验室,甘肃 金昌 737100
  • 2.兰州理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,兰州 730050
  • 3.兰州理工大学 省部共建有色金属先进 加工与再利用国家重点实验室,兰州 730050
通讯作者:
高钰璧(1991—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为镍基变形高温合金,联系地址:甘肃省兰州市七里河区兰工坪路287号兰州理工大学材料科学与工程学院(730050),E-mail:
丁雨田(1962—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为镍基变形高温合金,联系地址:甘肃省兰州市七里河区兰工坪路287号兰州理工大学材料科学与工程学院(730050),E-mail:
Development and performance evaluation of deep drilling process for GH3625 alloy seamless tubes in solar photo thermal power generation
Yu FAN1, Bing ZHEN2, 3, Yubi GAO2, 3 , Duoping ZHAO1, Yutian DING2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Ni&Co Associated Minerals Resources Development and Comprehensive Utilization,Jinchuan Group Ltd. ,Jinchang 737100,Gansu,China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Lanzhou University of Technology,Lanzhou 730050,China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals,Lanzhou University of Technology,Lanzhou 730050,China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000096
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面向新型可再生太阳能塔式熔盐光热发电吸热器对GH3625合金无缝管材规格和性能的需求,针对热挤压技术制备GH3625合金无缝管材周期长、能耗高等缺点以及难以生产出大长径比荒管的问题,本研究采用深钻孔法替代传统热挤压法制备GH3625合金荒管,随后经多道次冷轧及中间退火制备出Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm和Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm两种规格的GH3625合金无缝管材。EBSD分析发现,深钻孔法制备的两种规格的成品GH3625合金无缝管材的晶粒尺寸与传统热挤压技术相当,并且合金组织中含有大量的退火孪晶界细化晶粒;此外,力学性能测试结果表明,深钻孔法制备的两种规格的成品GH3625合金室温和高温性能与传统热挤压技术相当,且室温力学性能都达到了ASME SB-444-2021标准要求:抗拉强度≥690 MPa,屈服强度≥276 MPa,断后伸长率≥30%。

GH3625合金  /  无缝管  /  深钻孔  /  微观组织  /  力学性能

Aiming at the requirements for specifications and performance of GH3625 alloy seamless tubes used in novel renewable solar tower-type molten salt photothermal power generation absorbers, and addressing the shortcomings of the traditional hot extrusion technology—such as long production cycles, high energy consumption, and difficulties in producing billets with large length-to-diameter ratios—this study adopts the deep drilling method to replace traditional hot extrusion for preparing GH3625 alloy billets. Subsequently, Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm and Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm GH3625 alloy seamless tubes are manufactured through multi-pass cold rolling and intermediate annealing. EBSD analysis reveals that the grain size of the finished GH3625 alloy seamless tubes prepared by the deep drilling method is comparable to that of tubes produced by traditional hot extrusion technology. Moreover, the alloy microstructure contains a large number of annealing twin boundaries, which refine the grains. In addition, mechanical property test results indicate that the room-temperature and high-temperature properties of the finished GH3625 alloy tubes prepared by the deep drilling method are equivalent to those of tubes made by traditional hot extrusion technology. The room-temperature mechanical properties of both specifications meet the requirements of the ASME SB-444-2021 standard: tensile strength≥690 MPa, yield strength≥276 MPa, and elongation after fracture≥30%.

GH3625 alloy  /  seamless tube  /  deep drilling  /  microstructure  /  mechanical property
樊昱, 甄炳, 高钰璧, 赵多平, 丁雨田. 太阳能光热发电用GH3625合金无缝管材深钻孔工艺开发与性能评价. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (3) : 131 -143 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000096
Yu FAN, Bing ZHEN, Yubi GAO, Duoping ZHAO, Yutian DING. Development and performance evaluation of deep drilling process for GH3625 alloy seamless tubes in solar photo thermal power generation[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (3) : 131 -143 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000096
能源问题是我国发展面临的重大挑战和需求,而新型可再生聚焦式太阳能光热发电(concentrated solar thermal power,CSP)技术是解决我国能源问题、实现“碳达峰”和“碳中和”等国家远景战略目标的革命性途径之一。其中塔式熔盐光热发电系统由于其光电转化效率高[1]、成本低、容量大等优势而被广泛应用[2],同时由于二元硝酸盐(40%KNO3-60%NaNO3,质量分数)具有良好的储热密度和热传递特性等优点而被大量用作熔盐储热介质[2]。但是熔盐吸热器作为塔式太阳能光热发电系统的核心部件,由于其吸热管材料长期处于二元硝酸盐腐蚀与高温工作环境的双重作用下,在选材时应重点考虑材料在熔盐工质运行温度下是否具备优良的高温性能、持久性能、疲劳性能、抗氧化[3]与抗腐蚀性能。同时,实际工况需要采用长径比较大的薄壁管材来输送熔盐介质,这也对储热介质输送管材的制备工艺提出了新的要求。
GH3625合金是一种以Mo、Nb为主要强化元素的固溶强化型Ni-Cr管材合金,在650 ℃以下具有良好的持久性能、抗氧化和耐腐蚀性能同时兼具良好的强度和塑性[4-5],因此可作为制备输送储热介质管材的首选材料。镍基高温合金无缝管材作为一种整体成形、高温性能优异的合金管材,其耐压性和耐腐蚀性均显著优于焊接管,如今被广泛地用作光热发电等领域的管道系统[5]。目前国内镍基高温合金无缝管材的制备工艺主要是热挤压工艺。其成型容易受到挤压比、挤压速率和温度等因素的多重影响,同时热挤压工艺具有生产工序多、周期长、能耗高等缺点,尤其是生产超薄、超长管材时更加明显。此外,高温合金具有合金化程度高、变形抗力大、热加工窗口窄等问题,在热挤压过程中容易出现闷车、开裂、混晶等现象[6]。
由于管坯在热挤压前同样需要进行钻孔及扩孔等步骤,因此本研究提出采用深钻孔工艺直接代替传统的热挤压制备过程[7-8],对GH3625合金锻棒进行深钻孔制备荒管,以期同时达到满足轧机尺寸要求和大长径比荒管制备的目的,同时突破热挤压工艺受长径比限制的难题。此外,深钻孔工艺还能够规避难以精确控制的“热挤压”过程。基于此,本研究通过热挤压和深钻孔两种工艺制备Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm和Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm两种规格的GH3625合金无缝管材,并对其微观组织和力学性能进行对比分析,从而为高温合金无缝管材的制备工艺提供一种新方法。
实验采用的GH3625合金棒材化学成分如表1所示,其合金成分满足GB/T 14992—2005《高温合金和金属间化合物高温材料的分类和牌号》标准。工艺流程如下所示:将经过真空感应熔炼 (vacuum induction melting,VIM)+气保电渣重熔 (electro-slag remelting,ESR)双联工艺冶炼、均匀化处理(1140 ℃/10 h/空冷+1210 ℃/48 h/空冷)后的铸锭进行锻造开坯和固溶处理(980 ℃/1 h/空冷),制备GH3625合金棒材,合金锻棒的力学性能如表2所示。随后分别将GH3625合金棒材通过热挤压法和深钻孔法制备荒管,并对两种工艺制备的荒管坯进行冷轧及热处理,制备成Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm和Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm两种规格的GH3625合金无缝管材。
热挤压法制备高温合金无缝管材是目前国内最常用的工艺[6]。传统热挤压法制备GH3625合金无缝管材流程图如图1所示。将规格为Φ213 mm×550 mm的GH3625合金锻棒经机加工钻孔和扩孔工序加工成规格为Φ213 mm×51.5 mm×716 mm的GH3625合金管坯,之后在6300吨卧式挤压机上挤压成规格为Φ131 mm×15.5 mm×2500 mm的热挤压荒管,其中热挤压温度为1200 ℃,挤压比为5.55,挤压速率约为50 mm/s。随后将规格为Φ131 mm×15.5 mm热挤压荒管进行固溶处理(1150 ℃/20 min/空冷),并在二辊轧机上冷轧4道次,每道次冷轧后进行1150 ℃/30 min/水冷中间退火处理,随后在三辊轧机上进行精轧。将精轧后的两种规格GH3625合金无缝管材进行1150 ℃/40 min/水冷退火处理,最终将成品管材进行酸洗、矫直和锯切成相应规格的GH3625合金无缝管材。每道次轧制变形量如表3所示。
高温合金本身存在合金化程度高、变形抗力大、热加工塑性低以及热加工温度范围窄等不足,同时这类合金管材在热挤压过程中,外部变形与内部组织重组易同步发生[6],这就导致采用热挤压法制备荒管时,往往容易出现开裂、晶粒组织不均匀以及难以生产大长径比荒管等问题。本研究提出采用深钻孔法制备空心管坯,再经冷轧、退火热处理制备所需要的成品管材[8],其工艺流程如图2所示。将固溶处理后的规格为Φ87.5 mm×1100 mm的GH3625合金锻棒经深钻孔法加工成规格为Φ87.5 mm×9.25 mm×1100 mm的GH3625合金管坯,并在二辊轧机上冷轧2道次,每道次冷轧后进行1150 ℃/30 min/水冷中间退火处理,随后在三辊轧机上进行精轧。将精轧后的两种规格GH3625合金无缝管材进行1150 ℃/40 min/水冷退火处理,最终将成品管材进行酸洗、矫直和锯切成相应规格的GH3625合金无缝管材。
表3和表4均显示了不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材的目标规格尺寸、实际外径尺寸和实际壁厚尺寸。通过对比计算表3和表4中成品管材轧制后的壁厚波动可以看出,热挤压法制备的尺寸为Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm管材的壁厚波动幅度为+0.5%,Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm管材壁厚波动幅度为0,表明热挤压法制备的无缝管材具有较高的尺寸精度;而深钻孔法制备的尺寸为Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm的管材壁厚波动幅度为+0.5%,Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm管材壁厚波动幅度为0,表明深钻孔法制备的无缝管材同样具有较高的尺寸精度。为方便分析,在下文将采用以下简称:热挤压法制备的尺寸为Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm管材简称为R-δ4,Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm管材简称为R-δ1.32;深钻孔法制备的尺寸为Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm管材简称为D-δ4,Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm管材简称为D-δ1.32。
在两种方法制备的两种规格GH3625合金无缝管材上采用线切割方法沿轴向切取金相试样和力学性能检测试样。采用EBSD对不同成品管材试样的表面微区进行表征,以获得试样的晶粒尺寸、取向关系和再结晶情况等;采用WDW-100D微机控制电子万能试验机测试不同成品管材的室温力学性能,其试样尺寸如图3(a)所示;采用Instron5582双立柱电子万能试验机进行600 ℃高温力学性能测试,其试样尺寸如图3(b)所示;最后采用SEM对室温和高温下拉伸断口形貌进行表征。
图4为不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材EBSD图。图中蓝色表示〈111〉取向,红色表示〈001〉取向,绿色表示〈101〉取向。由图4可知,所有合金管材中的晶粒都是随机分布的,这与合金管材轧制后退火过程中发生的静态再结晶密切相关,在静态再结晶过程中形成了均匀细小的等轴晶,并伴随着大量板条状的退火孪晶的形成[9]。同时,为了直观描述不同工艺制备的两种规格合金管材试样的不同类型晶界特征分布(grain boundary characteristic distribution,GBCD),采用取向差角分布来表征GBCD。图5为不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材的晶界取向差角分布图。图中亚晶界(Sub-GBs)是指相邻晶粒取向差小于2°的晶界,小角度晶界(low-angle grain boundaries,LAGBs)是指相邻晶粒取向差2°~15°的晶界,大角度晶界(high-angle grain boundaries,HAGBs)是指相邻晶粒取向差大于15°的晶界,孪晶界(twin boundaries,TBs)是指相邻晶粒取向差关系满足(60±5)°/〈111〉的晶界[10]。由图5可知,所有合金管材试样的取向差角分布均呈双峰分布,一个峰在2.0°附近,此峰对应于有大量位错缠结形成的几何必须位错(geometrically necessary dislocation,GND)边界[11];而另一个峰在60°附近,对应于退火孪晶[12]。这表明在冷轧变形过程中大量位错出现并缠结形成GND边界,在随后的退火过程中大量位错湮灭或消失[13],并产生大量的退火孪晶。同时,通过统计晶界比例发现,所有合金管材试样中HAGBs占主导地位,并伴随有高密度的退火TBs。此外,高密度的退火TBs可以细化合金管材的晶粒尺寸。
图6为不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材晶粒尺寸分布图。图中deff为有效平均晶粒尺寸(计算时将孪晶视为晶粒),d为平均晶粒尺寸(计算时未将孪晶视为晶粒)。由图6可知,深钻孔法制备的规格为Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm和Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm合金管材的平均晶粒尺寸d分别为35.07 μm和28.35 μm,而有效晶粒尺寸deff分别为13.88 μm和7.93 μm;热挤压法制备的规格为Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm和Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm合金管材的平均晶粒尺寸d分别为33.55 μm和33.36 μm,而有效晶粒尺寸deff分别为11.68 μm和11.18 μm。可见,TBs细化晶界的作用与其含量密切相关。由此可知,深钻孔法制备出的两种规格合金管材晶粒尺寸与热挤压法的基本一致,合金微观组织均为均匀细小的等轴晶和大量的退火孪晶。
图7为不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材的再结晶分布图。图中蓝色表示再结晶晶粒,黄色表示亚晶粒,红色表示变形晶粒。结合再结晶分数统计图(图8)可知,所有合金管材试样中变形晶粒基本消失,微观组织由均匀细小的再结晶晶粒和亚晶粒组成,这与冷轧后退火过程中静态再结晶程度密切相关。在静态再结晶过程中,新晶粒是亚晶界通过迁移、形核和长大产生的,逐渐取代了变形组织[14]。随着保温时间的延长,新的再结晶晶粒进一步长大,并伴随产生大量的退火孪晶[15]。因此,所有合金管材试样发生了部分再结晶,其微观组织均由均匀细小的再结晶晶粒和大量的退火孪晶组成。
图9为不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材的晶界特征分布图。图中Σ3晶界(TBs)用红色表示,Σ9晶界用蓝色表示,Σ27晶界用绿色表示,其他低ΣCSL晶界(1<Σ≤29)用黄色表示,CSL(coincident site lattice)即重合位置点阵,随机大角度晶界则用黑色表示。结合不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材特殊晶界比例柱状图(图10)可知,所有合金管材试样中Σ3晶界占主导地位,并且Σ3晶界和Σ9晶界、Σ27晶界构成的Σ3-Σ3-Σ9或Σ3-Σ9-Σ27的三叉晶界可以阻断随机晶界网络的连通性[13],优化了合金的晶界特征分布。此外,大量研究结果表明孪晶界面作为一种具有较低界面能和较高稳定性的特殊界面[16],其本身具有较强的耐腐蚀性,特别是Σ3晶界(共格孪晶界)同样具有较强的耐腐蚀性[16],同时Σ3晶界会阻碍晶界的贫Cr[17],从而改善合金的耐晶间腐蚀[18](intergranular corrosion,IGC)和晶间应力腐蚀开裂(intergranular stress corrosion cracking,IGSCC)性能[19]。因此,退火孪晶的存在对提高GH3625合金管材在高温熔盐中的耐腐蚀性具有重要意义。
图11为不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材的核平均取向差(kernel average misorientation,KAM)分布图。图中不同颜色代表不同的局部取向差大小,颜色越接近蓝色表示局部取向差越小,同时表示位错密度较小,而颜色越接近红色表示局部取向差越大,同时表示该区域位错密度较大。从图11中可以看出,不同工艺制备的两种规格成品管材KAM分布图均以蓝色为主,表明不同工艺制备的成品管材局部取向差较小、位错密度也较小。
图12(a)为不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材的KAM分布柱状图。KAM值大于1°的表示变形晶粒,KAM值小于1°的表示再结晶晶粒[20]。从图12(a)可以看出,不同工艺制备的成品管材局部取向差均集中分布在0°~1°,表明合金中存在大量的再结晶晶粒。通过应变梯度来进一步计算合金的几何必须位错密度ρGND,如式(1)所示[20]:
ρGND=2KAMavμb
式中:KAMav为该区域的平均KAM值;μ为EBSD的步长(1 μm); b 为burger矢量长度(0.253 nm)。根据式(1)可计算得出不同工艺制备的两种规格GH3625合金管材的平均ρGND,结果如图12(b)所示。D-δ1.32、D-δ4、R-δ1.32、R-δ4的ρGND值分别为4.95×1013、4.75×1013、4.05×1013、5.11×1013 m-2,进一步表明不同工艺制备的成品管材具有相近的平均几何必须位错密度。
为进一步研究不同制备工艺对合金无缝管材力学性能的影响,对两种规格的成品管材切取试样通过WDW-100D微机控制电子万能试验机进行室温拉伸实验,拉伸试样尺寸如图3(a)所示,室温力学性能如图13所示。图13(a)显示了两种制备工艺的成品管材在室温下的拉伸曲线,可以看出,成品管材均具有较高的强度和良好的塑性,深钻孔法制备的合金管材D-δ1.32和D-δ4的屈服强度分别为363 MPa和360 MPa,抗拉强度分别为800 MPa和828 MPa,断后伸长率均为56%(图13(b))。这主要归因于冷轧态管材在退火时发生了静态再结晶、晶界的迁移以及晶粒长大,并伴随着TBs的形成,从而提高了合金的强度和塑性。同时,与ASME SB-444-2021标准(抗拉强度≥690 MPa,屈服强度≥276 MPa,断后伸长率≥30%)对比发现,通过深钻孔法制备的合金管材室温力学性能均在标准要求以上,同时与热挤压管材相比其力学性能也十分接近。
表5[21-24]为不同工艺制备的GH3625合金管材中不同强化机制对屈服强度贡献的理论计算结果。主要计算了固溶强化(σss)、孪晶界强化(σTB)、晶界强化(σGB)和位错强化(σD)分别对合金屈服强度的贡献。可以发现,不同工艺制备的GH3625合金管材由于化学成分相同,因此具有相同的固溶强化贡献;同时这些管材具有相似的微观组织结构,致使它们的孪晶界强化、晶界强化和位错强化贡献值也较为接近。因此,深钻孔法制备的成品管材具有与热挤压法相近的力学性能。
由于熔融二元硝酸盐的运行温度为290~565 ℃[25]、极限温度为600 ℃[26]。在实际应用中,成品管材需要在高温下长期服役,为此有必要研究成品管材在高温下的力学性能。因此对成品管材进行了600 ℃的高温拉伸实验,拉伸试样尺寸如图3(b)所示,拉伸速率为1×10-3 s-1,实验结果如图14所示。由图14可知,深钻孔法制备的合金管材的高温力学性能较之热挤压管材,其强度有所降低但塑性仍保持较高水平。同时,两种工艺制备的管材在600 ℃高温下均具有较高的高温强度,同时也保持着良好的塑性。这是因为退火孪晶界具有较低的界面能和较高的热稳定性[27],能够在高温下有效阻碍位错运动,从而提高合金的高温强度,而对塑性的贡献则源于能够有效阻挡裂纹沿晶界扩展[28]。
为了分析合金管材的室温和高温断裂机制,对不同工艺制备的两种规格合金管材室温和高温拉伸断口进行SEM表征。图15为两种制备工艺下不同规格的成品管材室温拉伸断口形貌。可以看出,经过相同退火处理(1150 ℃/40 min/水冷)后,成品管材的室温拉伸断口主要由数量众多、分布均匀且深度较大的韧窝组成。这是由于在拉伸过程中材料内部分离形成空洞,在滑移的作用下空洞逐渐长大,并且和其他空洞连接在一起形成了韧窝状断口,表明深钻孔法和热挤压法制备的成品管材均具有良好的塑性。
图16为两种制备工艺下不同规格的成品管材600 ℃的高温拉伸断口形貌。由图16可知,不同制备工艺下管材的高温拉伸断口呈现不同的形貌。图16(a)和图16(b)为深钻孔法制备的两种规格管材拉伸断口形貌,可以看出,断口表面分布有数量较多且深度较大的韧窝状组织,属于韧性断裂,管材表现出良好的塑性。图16(c)和图16(d)为热挤压法制备的管材高温拉伸断口形貌,可以看出,断口形貌呈现出解理断裂,断口表面分布着解理舌及河流状花样,同时还有少量韧窝,且部分韧窝内存在夹杂,因此热挤压管材的断口为韧脆混合断裂,但整体上呈现出塑性断裂。
(1)与传统热挤压工艺相比,深钻孔法制备的Φ44.45 mm×1.32 mm×9000 mm和Φ46 mm×4 mm×3000 mm两种规格GH3625合金无缝管材不仅微观组织细小均匀,而且其性能与热挤压法相当。其平均晶粒尺寸分别为35.07 μm和28.35 μm,屈服强度分别为363 MPa和360 MPa,抗拉强度分别为800 MPa和828 MPa,断后伸长率均为56%,此外,其室温力学性能指标达到ASME SB-444-2021国际标准。
(2)通过对GH3625合金深钻孔制备工艺过程中的显微组织及力学性能的综合分析,表明采用深钻孔法制备无缝管材不仅是可行的,而且能够缩短工艺流程、提高无缝管材制备效率。
  • 甘肃省国资委关键核心技术攻关项目(2023GZ007)
  • 甘肃省教育厅青年博士支持项目(2025QB-022)
  • 2023兰州理工大学红柳优秀青年人才支持计划(01/062311)
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000096
  • 接收时间:2024-01-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-30
  • 录用日期:2024-04-08
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甘肃省国资委关键核心技术攻关项目(2023GZ007)
甘肃省教育厅青年博士支持项目(2025QB-022)
2023兰州理工大学红柳优秀青年人才支持计划(01/062311)
作者信息
    1.金川集团股份有限公司 镍钴共伴生资源开发与综合利用全国重点实验室,甘肃 金昌 737100
    2.兰州理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,兰州 730050
    3.兰州理工大学 省部共建有色金属先进 加工与再利用国家重点实验室,兰州 730050

通讯作者:

高钰璧(1991—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为镍基变形高温合金,联系地址:甘肃省兰州市七里河区兰工坪路287号兰州理工大学材料科学与工程学院(730050),E-mail:
丁雨田(1962—),男,教授,博士,研究方向为镍基变形高温合金,联系地址:甘肃省兰州市七里河区兰工坪路287号兰州理工大学材料科学与工程学院(730050),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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