Article(id=1321927634708181936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, issueId=1321926982078681131, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000762, pmid=null, cstr=32421.14.j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000762, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731340800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1739030400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-09, onlineDate=1793101708342, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793101708342, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793101708342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793101708342, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321926982078681131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, year='2026', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='311', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793101552742, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793101552742, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=302, endPage=311, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321927634909508529, articleId=1321927634708181936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=EN, title=Temperature sensitivity analysis of impact dynamic characteristics of nitrile butadiene rubber, columnId=1220689384450478826, journalTitle=Journal of Materials Engineering, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reveal the temperature sensitivity of the impact dynamics of nitrile butadiene rubber(NBR) materials,SHPB impact test experiments under different combinations of conditions are designed by changing the loading strain rate,temperature and other parameters. The results show that: with the increase of temperature and strain rate,the specimen shows the deformation characteristics of “round cake-disc-disc crack” after impact;when the temperature is less than 70 ℃,the difference between the stress-strain curves of specimens with different strain rates is small,and the temperature sensitivity is weak,and higher than 70 ℃,the difference is larger,and the temperature sensitivity is enhanced;under the same strain rate,the yield strength is related to the temperature sensitivity of the specimen. Under the same strain rate,the yield strength is approximately linearly and negatively correlated with temperature,and under different strain rates,the larger the strain rate is,the smaller the slope of the straight line is,i.e.,the more significant the effect of temperature on the yield strength is;when the temperature is greater than 55 ℃,the dynamic modulus is negatively correlated with the temperature and shows strong temperature sensitivity,and the relationship between the two is insignificant when the temperature is less than 55 ℃. The results of the study further enrich the related research on the dynamic properties of NBR,which is of great significance for the selection of NBR materials under the complex temperature environment.

, authors=Shuai FU1, Shengqi NIU1, Zhenya WANG2, Haifeng YANG1, Qingmin SI1, Xinyao GUO1, authorsList=Shuai FU, Shengqi NIU, Zhenya WANG, Haifeng YANG, Qingmin SI, Xinyao GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuai FU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321927640425018318, articleId=1321927634708181936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, language=CN, title=丁腈橡胶冲击动力学特性的温度敏感性分析, columnId=1220689384622445292, journalTitle=材料工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示丁腈橡胶(NBR)材料冲击动力学特性的温度敏感性,通过改变加载温度、应变率等参数,设计了不同组合条件下的SHPB冲击测试实验。研究结果表明:随着温度和应变率的升高,试样受冲击后呈现“圆饼状-圆盘状-圆盘开裂状”的变形特征;温度小于70 ℃时,不同应变率下试样应力-应变曲线差异较小,温度敏感性较弱,高于70 ℃时,差异较大,温度敏感性增强;同一应变率下,屈服强度与温度近似呈线性负相关关系,不同应变率下,应变率越大,直线斜率越小即温度对屈服强度影响越显著;温度大于55 ℃时,动态模量与温度呈负相关关系,表现出较强的温度敏感性,小于55 ℃时两者关系不显著。研究结果进一步丰富了丁腈橡胶动力学特性的相关研究,对复杂温度环境下丁腈橡胶材料的选用具有一定的指导意义。

, authors=付帅1, 牛胜麒1, 王震亚2, 杨海峰1, 佀庆民1, 郭昕曜1, authorsList=付帅, 牛胜麒, 王震亚, 杨海峰, 佀庆民, 郭昕曜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=付帅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
付 帅(1988—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为安全检测与监控、风险评估、安全评价及应急管理,联系地址:河南郑州郑东新区文苑西路15号郑州航空工业管理学院 民航学院(450046),E-mail:
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Study on size effect analysis of dynamic compression properties of typical metals based on SHPB technique[J]. China Measurement & Test, 2024, 50(10): 142-149., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321927656912826439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927634708181936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1963, volume=11, issue=3, pageStart=155, pageEnd=179, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=35, authorNames=DAVIES E D H, HUNTER S C, journalName=Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAVIES E D H, HUNTER S C. The dynamic compression testing of solids by the method of the split Hopkinson pressure bar[J]. 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Molecular dynamics simulation of structure and properties of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber[D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321927657223204939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927634708181936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=18, pageStart=3892, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=39, authorNames=ZHU X, ZHANG X, YAO W, journalName=Polymers, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU X, ZHANG X, YAO W, et al. Split-Hopkinson pressure bar test of silicone rubber: considering effects of strain rate and temperature[J]. 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Xianyang: Journal of Special Purpose Rubber Products 2008: 242-243., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321927657424531534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927634708181936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=42, authorNames=李宏达, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李宏达. 基于分离式霍普金森压杆的硅橡胶率相关力学性能研究[D]. 太原: 太原科技大学, 2024., articleTitle=基于分离式霍普金森压杆的硅橡胶率相关力学性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321927657525194831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927634708181936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=43, authorNames=LI H D, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI H D. Research on rate-dependent mechanical properties of silicone rubber through split Hopkinson pressure bar[D]. Taiyuan: Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321927652101959712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927634708181936, awardId=72304253, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(72304253), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321927652177457185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927634708181936, awardId=24A620005, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省高等学校重点科研项目(24A620005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321927652311674914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927634708181936, awardId=232102240016, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省科技攻关计划(232102240016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321927652374589475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927634708181936, awardId=232300420331, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省自然科学基金(232300420331), fundOrder=null, 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(a)0.12 MPa;(b)0.14 MPa;(c)0.16 MPa

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(a)0.12 MPa;(b)0.14 MPa;(c)0.16 MPa

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Main components of sample(dosage/phr)

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NBRStearic acidAntioxidant RDAntioxidant MBPlasticizerMicrocrystalline waxAccelerator DMAccelerator TMTD
1005212011.81.7
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试样主要成分(用量/phr)

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NBRStearic acidAntioxidant RDAntioxidant MBPlasticizerMicrocrystalline waxAccelerator DMAccelerator TMTD
1005212011.81.7
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Experimental design and condition parameters

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CodeDiameter/mmLength/mm

Impact gas

pressure/MPa

D10L6-11060.14
D10L6-21060.16
D13L8-11380.14
D13L8-21380.16
D16L10-116100.14
D16L10-216100.16
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实验设计及条件参数

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Impact gas

pressure/MPa

D10L6-11060.14
D10L6-21060.16
D13L8-11380.14
D13L8-21380.16
D16L10-116100.14
D16L10-216100.16
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Inspection results of different samples

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CodeDiameter/mmLength/mm18μ2D2-16l2
D10 L61062.887
D13 L81385.407
D16 L1016108.699
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不同试样的检验结果

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D10 L61062.887
D13 L81385.407
D16 L1016108.699
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Experimental parameters of plastic slices

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CodeDiameter/mmLength/mm

Impact gas

pressure/MPa

D6L1610.14
D6L2620.14
D8L2820.14
D8L3830.14
D10L31030.14
D10L41040.14
D12L31230.14
D12L41240.14
D14L41440.14
D14L51450.14
), ArticleFig(id=1321927652005490718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038251117760515, articleId=1321927634708181936, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

整形片实验参数

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CodeDiameter/mmLength/mm

Impact gas

pressure/MPa

D6L1610.14
D6L2620.14
D8L2820.14
D8L3830.14
D10L31030.14
D10L41040.14
D12L31230.14
D12L41240.14
D14L41440.14
D14L51450.14
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丁腈橡胶冲击动力学特性的温度敏感性分析
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付帅 1 , 牛胜麒 1 , 王震亚 2 , 杨海峰 1 , 佀庆民 1 , 郭昕曜 1
材料工程 | 研究论文 2026,54(2): 302-311
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材料工程 |研究论文 2026 , 54 (2) : 302 -311
丁腈橡胶冲击动力学特性的温度敏感性分析
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付帅1 , 牛胜麒1, 王震亚2, 杨海峰1, 佀庆民1, 郭昕曜1
作者信息
  • 1.郑州航空工业管理学院 民航学院,郑州 450046
  • 2.长安大学 地质工程与测绘学院,西安 710054
通讯作者:
付 帅(1988—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为安全检测与监控、风险评估、安全评价及应急管理,联系地址:河南郑州郑东新区文苑西路15号郑州航空工业管理学院 民航学院(450046),E-mail:
Temperature sensitivity analysis of impact dynamic characteristics of nitrile butadiene rubber
Shuai FU1 , Shengqi NIU1, Zhenya WANG2, Haifeng YANG1, Qingmin SI1, Xinyao GUO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Aviation,Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics,Zhengzhou 450046,China
  • 2.College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000762
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为揭示丁腈橡胶(NBR)材料冲击动力学特性的温度敏感性,通过改变加载温度、应变率等参数,设计了不同组合条件下的SHPB冲击测试实验。研究结果表明:随着温度和应变率的升高,试样受冲击后呈现“圆饼状-圆盘状-圆盘开裂状”的变形特征;温度小于70 ℃时,不同应变率下试样应力-应变曲线差异较小,温度敏感性较弱,高于70 ℃时,差异较大,温度敏感性增强;同一应变率下,屈服强度与温度近似呈线性负相关关系,不同应变率下,应变率越大,直线斜率越小即温度对屈服强度影响越显著;温度大于55 ℃时,动态模量与温度呈负相关关系,表现出较强的温度敏感性,小于55 ℃时两者关系不显著。研究结果进一步丰富了丁腈橡胶动力学特性的相关研究,对复杂温度环境下丁腈橡胶材料的选用具有一定的指导意义。

丁腈橡胶  /  冲击  /  动力学特性  /  温度敏感性

In order to reveal the temperature sensitivity of the impact dynamics of nitrile butadiene rubber(NBR) materials,SHPB impact test experiments under different combinations of conditions are designed by changing the loading strain rate,temperature and other parameters. The results show that: with the increase of temperature and strain rate,the specimen shows the deformation characteristics of “round cake-disc-disc crack” after impact;when the temperature is less than 70 ℃,the difference between the stress-strain curves of specimens with different strain rates is small,and the temperature sensitivity is weak,and higher than 70 ℃,the difference is larger,and the temperature sensitivity is enhanced;under the same strain rate,the yield strength is related to the temperature sensitivity of the specimen. Under the same strain rate,the yield strength is approximately linearly and negatively correlated with temperature,and under different strain rates,the larger the strain rate is,the smaller the slope of the straight line is,i.e.,the more significant the effect of temperature on the yield strength is;when the temperature is greater than 55 ℃,the dynamic modulus is negatively correlated with the temperature and shows strong temperature sensitivity,and the relationship between the two is insignificant when the temperature is less than 55 ℃. The results of the study further enrich the related research on the dynamic properties of NBR,which is of great significance for the selection of NBR materials under the complex temperature environment.

nitrile butadiene rubber  /  impact  /  dynamic characteristics  /  temperature sensitivity
付帅, 牛胜麒, 王震亚, 杨海峰, 佀庆民, 郭昕曜. 丁腈橡胶冲击动力学特性的温度敏感性分析. 材料工程, 2026 , 54 (2) : 302 -311 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000762
Shuai FU, Shengqi NIU, Zhenya WANG, Haifeng YANG, Qingmin SI, Xinyao GUO. Temperature sensitivity analysis of impact dynamic characteristics of nitrile butadiene rubber[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2026 , 54 (2) : 302 -311 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000762
橡胶作为一种典型的高分子材料,是一个国家重要的工业原料,因其优异的阻尼特性,被广泛应用于建筑、交通运输、机械设备、医疗、航空航天等各个领域[1]。因使用环境的复杂多变性,橡胶制品工作时多伴随有动态冲击载荷的非均匀撞击,其动力学特性经受着考验。前人研究证实,随着环境温度和应变率的变化,橡胶材料可呈现出3种不同的力学形态:黏流态、橡胶态和玻璃态,一旦力学状态发生改变,其良好的力学性能将较难体现,工程和经济价值也会大打折扣[2]。基于此,国内外研究学者对橡胶材料动力学特性的研究在不断加深。
有关橡胶材料动力学特性的研究由来已久,目前国内外在此领域的研究主要集中于橡胶材料的动力学理论模型、动力学性能以及动力学的影响因素等方面。在动力学理论模型研究方面,国内外学者构建了大应变率下弹性体材料如橡胶材料本构模型[3-5],同时,文献[6-7]在构建理论模型时考虑到外部因素如外形、温度、载荷频率等因素的影响,并将其融入理论模型,进一步完善了橡胶材料动力学理论。在动力学性能研究方面,一些学者通过理论与实验相结合的手段深入探究了特定橡胶材料的动力学性能,分析了不同类型橡胶压缩性能随应变率的变化规律[8-9]。考虑到橡胶成分对其力学性能的影响,部分学者通过加入不同的填充物或设计不同比例材料混合方式优化其力学性能,以探寻橡胶材料更优越的功能特性[10-13]。在橡胶动力学影响因素方面,多数学者开展了不同温度条件下橡胶材料的霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)冲击实验,发现多种橡胶材料动力学特性温度敏感性较强,不同温度下显现出了不同的力学行为[14-15]。
综上分析,当前国内外已经借助SHPB冲击实验等方式深入探讨了多种橡胶的动态力学特性。然而,对于丁腈橡胶(nitrile butadiene rubber,NBR)材料的相关研究仍显不足,尽管Lee等[16]通过SHPB实验探究了高应变率下NBR材料的动态变形行为,但其没有指出NBR动态力学参数随应变率的变化规律,且实验过程中未考虑温度因素的影响。鉴于此,本工作采用SHPB实验装置,深入探究NBR动力学特性的温度敏感性,研究结果进一步丰富了NBR材料力学性能相关研究,对于复杂多变温度环境下NBR制品的选用具有一定的指导意义。
霍普金森压杆[17]是一种基于霍普金森压杆原理设计的实验装置,常被用来研究材料的动态力学性能。图1为本次实验采用的SHPB装置,其主要包括发射及控制系统、组合基准主体平台导轨系统、温控系统、应变采集系统以及数据分析系统。
本实验以丁腈橡胶(NBR)为研究对象,NBR是丙烯腈和丁二烯的无规共聚物,其制作过程主要包括材料准备、聚合反应、脱气及后处理等环节[18],本次所选择试样委托上海邦篆橡塑制品有限公司制造生产,主要成分及用量组成见表1。
在SHPB实验中进行加载时,冲击波传播到样品处会在样品中产生应力波。根据一维应力波假设,理想状态下应力波会沿着子弹、杆件、试样一维传播。然而,在实际情况中,应力波不仅会沿着轴向传播,还会沿着杆件的径向传播,使得应力波发生弥散,不再满足一维度弹性应力波假设,此现象被认为是SHPB实验中的弥散效应;此外,在SHPB实验中,脉冲的宽度远大于试件厚度,应力脉冲在试件里大部分时间会处于均匀状态,但在加载的初始阶段,试件内部的状态却是不均匀的,这将不再满足应力均匀的条件,此现象被认为是SHPB实验中的应力不均匀效应。有研究显示合适的试样尺寸可有效削弱弥散效应与应力不均匀效应的影响[19],经调研国内外研究发现,对于丁腈橡胶尚未有明确规定SHPB实验试样尺寸,为使得实验结果更加可靠,可通过实验确定试样尺寸。
实验试样设计为圆柱形,所采用的冲击杆直径为19 mm,冲击压强为0.14、0.16 MPa。初步设计长径比为0.6,直径为杆直径的50%、65%、80%,即试样直径分别为10、13、16 mm,厚度依次为3、8、10 mm。具体实验设计及条件参数如表2所示,每种试样实验重复3次,并将同种条件下所得实验数据进行平均化处理,整理所得应力-应变曲线如图2所示。
对比分析所得应力-应变曲线,发现13 mm×8 mm与16 mm×10 mm两种尺寸试样实验所得的应力-应变曲线变化规律一致,均有较强的波动性(图2(b),(c));而10 mm×6 mm(图2(a))尺寸试样的应力-应变曲线更加直观,且波形较为稳定。
为降低纵向和横向惯性引起的误差对实验结果的影响,将3种试样尺寸代入应力修正公式(1) 进行检验,控制的18μ2D2-16l2数值越小则认为误差越小[20]。检验结果如表3所示。
σ=σ0-ρ18μ2D2-16l2ε¨
式中: σ0为测量所得应力;ρ为试样密度;μ为试样泊松比;D为试样直径;l为试样长度;ε¨为应变的二次导数。
检验结果说明直径为10 mm、长度为6 mm的试样引起误差最小,符合实验标准,故本次试样尺寸选择10 mm×6 mm。部分试样如图3所示。
为保证实验结果准确性,实验开始前在室温25 ℃、冲击压强0.14 MPa实验条件下开展丁腈橡胶SHPB冲击测试预实验。结果如图4(a)所示,可见入射波形上升下降趋势较为陡峭且中间部分存在剧烈振荡,由此推断出测试结果产生了明显弥散效应与应力不均匀效应,不满足SHPB实验要求。Lee等[21]的相关研究表明,整形片对于弥散效应与应力不均匀效应具有明显抑制作用。鉴于此,本实验预加入整形片以提高实验准确性。
预实验初步设计10种不同尺寸的整形片,开展冲击实验,实验参数如表4所示。经对比分析发现采用尺寸为10 mm×3 mm的整形片时所得到结果更为理想,其表面光滑,上升、下降幅度较缓,波形基本无振荡(图4(b)),同时借助实验验证了该尺寸可实现常应变率加载,符合SHPB实验要求。
丁腈橡胶作为热塑性软材料,随着温度升高,其力学形态会从玻璃态向高弹态再向黏流态转变,变形程度明显增大[22]。在高温条件下试样变形程度可能会过大甚至出现碎裂情况,使实验不满足应力均匀假设,进而影响实验结果准确性。因此,需通过实验确定温度阈值,该阈值下试样不会发生明显破裂,以确保实验测量结果更具实际意义。
本实验温控系统包括加热与恒温装置,其示意图如图5所示。加热系统采用双层不锈钢焊接,中空处使用铁铬铝炉丝加热,最高可达800 ℃。恒温系统包括恒温冷水装置与隔热炉,冷水装置最高控温40 ℃,通过水循环在双层不锈钢间流通保持外表面恒温,微调炉温。隔热炉使用多晶莫来石陶瓷纤维,隔热效果较好。相关研究表明[23],丁腈橡胶导热性能较差,故实验前应使试样在对应温度至少保温60 min。
丁腈橡胶适用温度环境在-40~120 ℃范围之内[24],本实验选取100 ℃和120 ℃两种高温阈值。此外,基于整形片设计实验的成功,以0.02 MPa为梯度,将冲击气压设为0.12、0.14、0.16 MPa,试样直径为10 mm、长度为6 mm进行实验,每组实验重复3次。
试样变形情况如图6,7所示,结果表明:100 ℃时,3种冲击气压加载下的试样均发生变形,但未出现明显破裂。120 ℃时,0.12、0.14 MPa两种压强下试样变形与100 ℃时保持一致,但在0.16 MPa的冲击加载下,试样发生明显破损(图6(c),7(c)),说明此情况下试件内部的应力波可能没有反复2~3个来回,试件便已经发生破坏,实验结果将有可能会不符合应力均匀性假设,故本实验将保留100 ℃温度阈值设计,舍弃120 ℃温度设计。实验设计温度为25、40、55、70、85、100 ℃。
为研究丁腈橡胶多种应变条件下力学性能的变化情况,本实验以0.02 MPa为梯度,采用直径10 mm、长度6 mm的试样,控制室温25 ℃,设计0.10、0.12、0.14、0.16、0.18、0.20 MPa 6组冲击压强进行应变率预实验,并根据试样压缩变形及破损情况,判断其是否满足应力均匀性假设以及入射波形是否满足避免弥散效应和应力不均匀效应要求,进而确定适用的实验应变率。
实验结果显示,冲击压力0.10 MPa下试样表面几乎无变化;0.20 MPa冲击压强下的试样发生了明显破损,变形过大。这两种情况无法确定在冲击过程中,应力波是否在试样中来回2~3次后才发生破坏,无法确定是否满足应力均匀假设,故舍去。而在0.12、0.14、0.16、0.18 MPa冲击压强下的试样均发生了变形,表面有着不同程度的损坏,且入射波形基本满足避免弥散效应和应力不均匀效应的要求,符合SHPB实验要求。故实验设计应变率为2330.3、2800.4、3410.8、3800.6 s-1。
根据上述预实验结果,实验设置4种应变率和6种温度梯度进行组合实验,实验共计24组,每组3次。
对试样破坏形态统计分析可知,其具有一定相似性,均未出现宏观可见的断裂破坏痕迹,仅为形态变形,大致变形趋势体现为截面变宽、长度缩短。此外,对比分析不同条件下试样破坏形态特征,发现随着温度与应变率的增加,试样形态变化趋势近似一致,呈“圆饼状-圆盘状-圆盘开裂状”。图8为实验所得到的3种典型试样变形形态。
图8(a)为温度25 ℃、应变率2330.1 s-1下试样变形情况,呈“圆饼状”,截面与长度变化并不明显。此时温度相对较低,试样处于高弹态,抵抗变形的能力较强,且加载应变率较低,故其纵横向变形较小。同时,实验也是在低应变率下进行加载,试样受到应力卸载阶段的摩擦力影响较小,故其横向变形也不明显。图8(b)为温度70 ℃、应变率3410 s-1下试样变形情况,呈 “圆盘状”,截面变化与长度变化较为明显。随着温度升高,试样内部分子间作用逐渐变弱,分子活动性增强,结构刚度下降,其抵抗变形的能力有所减弱,发生纵向变形。同时由于实验在中等强度的应变率下加载,随应变率的提高其应力卸载阶段的摩擦力对试样横向变形的影响也逐渐显现,一定程度上限制试样横向变形,最终使试样呈现“圆盘状”。图8(c)为温度100 ℃、应变率3800.6 s-1下试样变形情况,呈“圆盘开裂状”,截面变化与长度变化十分明显,但未发生明显碎裂。表明相比环境温度25、70 ℃条件下,环境温度升高至100 ℃时,试样分子间作用变得更弱,分子活动性明显增强,结构刚度明显下降,其抵抗变形的能力明显减弱,且实验所加载的应变率较大,故使得试样发生明显的纵向变形。同时由于应变率较大,其应力卸载阶段的摩擦力对试样横向变形的阻碍作用增强,导致试样出现纵向拉伸破坏,最终使试样呈现出“圆盘开裂状”。
对试样应力-应变曲线进行分析,发现曲线形态基本保持一致,大致分为线性形变、屈服、应力卸载3个阶段,如图9所示,与前人对于橡胶材料的研究结果一致[25],证实了实验结果的可靠性。
线性形变阶段中,随着应变的增加,丁腈橡胶的应力大体上呈现出线性趋势快速增加,在此阶段中丁腈橡胶试样的刚度受温度影响较小,材料的刚性强度变化不显著,试样满足胡克定律,整体呈现为弹性形变。
屈服变形阶段中,随着应变的继续增加,丁腈橡胶的应力却不再增加,仅有微小的波动,失去了抵抗变形的能力,截面开始逐渐变宽、长度缩短,从而产生显著的塑性变形现象。
应力卸载阶段中,应力开始卸载,试样两端的横向变形受到阻碍,对应的应变在小范围内发生变化。试样经过此阶段时,中心继续压缩,周围向外伸长,截面变宽,长度缩短,最后试样显现为“圆盘状”。
选用截面伸展率ψ作为试样横向变形的数量指标,其值为冲击后试件横截面积的增加面积与原横截面积的百分比,如式(2)~(4)所示。
A0=14πD02
A1=14πD12
ψ=A1-A0A0×100%
式中:D0表示试件冲击前的直径;D1表示试样冲击后的直径;A0表示试样冲击前的横截面积;A1表示试样冲击后的横截面积。
选用长度收缩率δ作为试样纵向变形的数量指标,其值为试样冲击后试件长度所缩短的长度与原试件长度的比值,如式(5)所示。
δ=l0-l1l0×100%
式中:l0表示试样冲击前的长度;l1表示试样冲击后的长度。
采用游标卡尺对实验前后试样的长度、截面直径等外形参数进行测量,并计算试样截面伸展率ψ与长度收缩率δ,整理绘制其随温度的变化趋势如图10所示。结果表明:随着温度的不断增加,试样的长度收缩率δ以及截面伸展率ψ均有明显增加,即弹性减缩塑性变强,呈现出较强的温度敏感性。此外,从图6仍可得,橡胶变形在不同温度区间内的差异性显著。25~70 ℃的范围内,4种应变率下试样的收缩率δ、伸展率ψ增量较平缓;而在70~100 ℃范围内,两参数增量明显提升。由此可见,高温条件下,试样变形温度敏感性更强。
对同种加载情况下的应力-应变曲线进行平均化,得到了各加载环境下的应力-应变曲线,如图11所示。
由图11可知,所有应力-应变曲线变化趋势大致相同。均出现“线性变形-屈服-应力卸载”三阶段特征。同一应变率下,不同温度对应的应力-应变曲线差异性越大则温度敏感性越强,鉴于此,本工作引入曲线差异值这一概念,其计算过程如下。
同一应变率下,以25 ℃下的应力-应变曲线为参考,计算其余温度与25 ℃应力-应变曲线的差异值G,计算公式如下:
Gm=∑i=1n(σmi-σ0i)2n
式中,Gm表示m ℃对应的应力-应变曲线与25 ℃所对应的应力-应变曲线(对照组)的差异值;σmi表示m ℃对应应力-应变曲线中第i个点所对应的应力值;σ0i则表示对照组应力-应变曲线中第i个点所对应的应力值。经计算,各应变率下应力-应变曲线差异值结果如图12所示。
由图12可得,随着温度的升高,不同应变率下应力应变曲线差异值的变化规律近乎一致,呈逐渐增加趋势,且当温度小于70 ℃时,差异值随温度变化的幅度较小,温度敏感性相对较弱;大于70 ℃时,随温度变化的幅度较大,温度敏感性较强。
图13为4种应变率下屈服强度随温度变化情况。由图可得,在相同应变率下,屈服强度值随温度的升高而减小,表明丁腈橡胶材料的屈服强度具有较强的温度敏感性。该现象是因为环境温度升高导致分子链整体及局部的运动加剧,分子间作用变弱,引起交联密度降低,进而使得结构刚度下降。因此,在外力作用下,材料更易发生形变,相较于室温状态,压缩橡胶至相同形态所需的力减小,最终导致屈服强度随温度升高而呈现下降趋势。
为便于详细分析,对4种应变率下屈服强度随温度变化趋势图进行回归分析,结果显示温度与屈服强度呈现出较好的线性负相关关系,即随着温度升高屈服强度线性减小。此外,在不同的应变率下试样的屈服强度的温度敏感性不尽相同,具体体现为:随着加载应变率的提高,试样的屈服强度随着温度升高而下降的趋势逐渐增加。由此推断随着应变率的不断提高,屈服强度的温度敏感性也在不断增强。经上述分析可知,在橡胶材料实际加工时,可选择在较高温度下进行,此时其抵抗外力的能力差,易发生塑性变形;但作为减振、密封等制品时,温度过高容易使其变形,会对安全性与使用寿命产生不利影响,因此,应通过实际使用情况来合理调节温度,以保证材料温度在合理范围内。
依据实验所得应力-应变曲线,选取线性形变阶段应力-应变数据,通过线性回归方程分别计算4种应变率下橡胶试样的动态模量。
以应变率2330.3 s-1、温度25 ℃下试样的应力-应变数据为例,设线性回归方程为
y=bx+a
其中b即为求得的动态模量E的值。
通过最小二乘法求得b的计算公式为
b=n∑i=1nxiyi-(∑i=1nxi)(∑i=1nyi)n∑i=1nxi2-(∑i=1nxi)2
代入该条件下试样线性变形阶段应力-应变数据求得该条件下动态模量E的值为2.8897×102 MPa,同理可求得其余条件下的动态模量E,以温度为横轴,动态模量为纵轴,绘制4种应变率下的动态模量变化图,如图14所示。
由图14可知,不同应变率下试样的动态模量差异显著,具体表现为:随着应变率的提高,试样的动态模量也在不断升高。此外,当温度为25~55 ℃时,随着温度的升高,动态模量随温度变化情况不明显,而温度为55~100 ℃时,试样的动态模量随着温度升高整体呈现线性下降趋势。由此推断,当温度小于55 ℃时,温度变化对丁腈橡胶材料动态模量影响较小,即动态模量对温度不敏感,而当温度高于55 ℃时,温度对材料的动态模量影响较大,即动态模量对温度较为敏感。
(1)丁腈橡胶材料的变形特征随温度和应变率提高而显著变化,体现了其温度敏感性。在不同条件下,丁腈橡胶试样的冲击变形特征呈现出明显的变化,具体表现为随着温度和应变率的提升,试样变形从“圆饼状”逐渐转变为“圆盘状”,并最终呈现为“圆盘开裂状”。
(2)丁腈橡胶的冲击应力-应变曲线在不同温度阶段表现出不同的温度敏感性。丁腈橡胶的冲击应力-应变曲线大致可划分为3个阶段:线性形变阶段、屈服阶段和应力卸载阶段。当温度低于70 ℃时,应力-应变曲线的差异值随温度升高而变化的幅度较小,表明其温度敏感性相对较弱;当温度高于70 ℃时,差异值随温度升高的变化幅度显著增大,表现出较强的温度敏感性。
(3)丁腈橡胶试样的屈服强度具有较强的温度敏感性,且温度与屈服强度之间呈负线性相关关系。此外,随着加载应变率的提高,屈服强度随着温度升高而减小的幅度不断增大,即应变率越高,屈服强度的温度敏感性越强。
(4)丁腈橡胶的动态模量随应变率提高而上升,且在高温环境下具有较强的温度敏感性。随着加载应变率的提高,丁腈橡胶试样的动态模量不断上升。在温度低于55 ℃时,温度变化对动态模量的影响较小,表明动态模量在此温度范围内对温度不敏感;当温度高于55 ℃时,温度变化对丁腈橡胶材料的动态模量产生显著影响,显示出较强的温度敏感性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(72304253)
  • 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(24A620005)
  • 河南省科技攻关计划(232102240016)
  • 河南省自然科学基金(232300420331)
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2026年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000762
  • 接收时间:2024-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-12
  • 录用日期:2025-02-09
基金
国家自然科学基金(72304253)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目(24A620005)
河南省科技攻关计划(232102240016)
河南省自然科学基金(232300420331)
作者信息
    1.郑州航空工业管理学院 民航学院,郑州 450046
    2.长安大学 地质工程与测绘学院,西安 710054

通讯作者:

付 帅(1988—),男,副教授,博士,研究方向为安全检测与监控、风险评估、安全评价及应急管理,联系地址:河南郑州郑东新区文苑西路15号郑州航空工业管理学院 民航学院(450046),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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